intestine--the mouth, and by the opening of the lungs--the nose, and
by the apex of the vascular system--the members which are repeated as
jaws. The month is the stomach in the head, the nose the lung, the jaws
the arms and feet.
2069. The salivary glands are the liver in the head, as the mouth is
its stomach. The liver that was originally also symmetric in form has
become wholly symmetric in the higher organized head and forms two
glands. The salivary ducts are the hepatic or biliary ducts.
2070. The tongue is the pharynx elongated upon the anterior side,
because in front there is more flesh. The tongue is the extremity of
the intestine converted into muscle.
2071. The nose includes pectoral muscles, the mouth arthric muscles or
those of the limbs.
2072. If pectoral and abdominal muscles are repeated in the face, so
also must the anterior bones, ribs, and limbs be repeated. It will be
shown, in treating of the organs, that the nose is a vertebra, the jaws
members, and their muscles those of the limbs. The head is the whole
trunk with all its systems. The brain is the spinal marrow, the skull
the vertebral column, the mouth intestine and abdomen, the nose lung
and thorax, the jaws are members.
_Senses._
2073. The perfect animal again consists of two animals, the spiritual
or solar, and the terrestrial or planetary. The animal nervous system
does not continue to remain simply in the service of the other
systems, but seeks also to gradually render itself self-substantial
or independent. Now, the operation of the nervous system for
itself is sensation. The parts of the nervous system having become
self-substantial, will be therefore pure organs of sensation. Yet as
the nervous system cannot emancipate itself from the other systems,
so will its highest development be attained only in combination with
the highest development of the other systems. There are therefore as
many stages of the self-substantial nervous development, as there are
special anatomical systems.
2074. Sensation must be modified according to the processes performed
by those systems, with which the nervous system combines. These systems
are, however specifically distinct from each other. Sensations that are
specifically distinct are sensorial sensations. Organs of sense are
accordingly the combination of the highest part of an anatomical system
with the nervous system. Sensorial sensations are different processes
of the anatomical systems perceived in the nervous system.
2075. The first combination of the nerves with the vascular system
that has become free, or with the integument, is the sense of
feeling--vascular sense. The intestinal system emancipated and combined
with the nerves, is the tongue--gustatory sense--intestinal sense.
The lung upon its highest evolution with the nervous system is the
nose--olfactory sense--pulmonic sense. These are thus the sensorial
organs of the vegetative systems--senses of vegetative life.
2076. There are indeed three animal senses; but as the osseous and
muscular system form in their conjoined operation but one system or
the motor system--there can be therefore only 2 animal senses. The
osseo-muscular or motor sense is the ear. If the nervous system becomes
wholly self-substantial, the nervous sense thus originates, or the
eye, in which the brain itself has been planted outwardly, and acts
independently of all other systems.
2077. The vessels form the general system, and therefore the
tegumentary sense surrounds the whole body. Its brain is the spinal
cord.
2078. The four remaining senses are perfections of individual systems
at their perfect extremity, and thus in the proximity of the mouth
and the brain. They together form the head. The jaws and the tongue
obtain their nerves from the medulla oblongata, and this is therefore
the brain of the gustatory sense. The brain for the nose is the gray
cerebral substance, because the olfactory nerves are its elongations.
The ears obtain their nerves from the cerebellum, which is consequently
the auditory brain. The eyes are developments of the great brain or
cerebrum--optic brain. Such is the rationale and signification of the
divisions of the brain.
2. OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
2079. The nervous mass consists of indifferent, deoxydized
blood-globules. If these be peroxydized, then the highest oxyd of
the planet is deposited in them, namely, the earth, and that indeed
which was the last remnant in the order of their production, or the
calcareous earth.
2080. Vesicles or cells replete with calcareous earth are globes. The
osseous texture consists therefore of globes; is only a dense cellular
tissue, and thus ranks nearest to the vegetable structure. The basis
of the bones is at first a cellular gelatine, which, with increased
oxydation, is converted into cartilage. Finally, calcareous earth is
deposited in this cartilage.
2081. In the lower organized animals, who breathe for the most part by
means of branchiæ, the acid combined with the calcareous earth is an
inorganic, or the carbonic acid, i. e. oxygen combined with carbon,
or the earthy Inflammable; in higher animals it is an organic acid or
phosphoric acid, i. e. oxygen combined with phosphorus, or the aerial
Inflammable. Phosphoric acid may be regarded as peroxydized gelatine,
as acid of gelatine. The bone is therefore earth, salt and Inflammable.
2082. The first appearance of the osseous mass is in the oxydizing
organs. It is formed from the dense or internal coat of the arteries,
since in old age bony lamellæ are deposited upon this. In the hearts
also of many animals bones are formed.
2083. The first regular formation of bones is exhibited in the trachea
or air-tube, which has been directly exposed to the oxydizing process
of the air. These first forms of the bones are rings.
2084. The antetype of the bone is, however, the intestine, as the
air-vessels are the antetype of the nerves. The bone is a tube, an
ossified intestine.
2085. There are two osseous systems, a vegetative and an animal; the
one surrounds the tegumentary systems, as, e. g. the scales of Fishes
and Reptiles, horny rings of Insects; the other the nervous systems.
a. _Vegetative Osseous System._
2086. The vegetative osseous system is divisible into dermal, tracheal,
intestinal, and vascular bones.
2087. The dermal bones are tegumentary rings, which surround the whole
body, and are tracheal rings in so far as the skin is originally a
respiratory organ. Such are the rings of the body in Insects, the
shells of the Gasteropods and Molluscs, with scales and scutes in
general.
2088. The tracheal bones are the branchial arches and tracheal rings.
2089. The intestinal or splanchnic bones are tubes environing the
intestine, as in the corals, or imperfect annular segments, which at
one time are found in the stomach, as in the Mollusca, at another
in the pharynx, as in the Worms, Snails, Sea-urchins, and
Holothuriæ; constituting what are called pharyngeal maxillæ. The
branchial organs are fundamentally also none other than pharyngeal
rings. The lingual and palatal bones, with the intermaxillary bones,
belong also to the same category.
2090. The vascular bones are displayed in the hearts of many animals.
The three last divisions may be called visceral or splanchnic bones;
and then we have tegumentary, splanchnic, and nerve-bones.
b. _Animal Osseous System._
2091. The animal or nervo-osseous system must separate from the
vegetative system of bones, and be placed upon the side exposed to the
light. The side of the inferior animal that is exposed to the light, or
averted from the earth, is the upper surface, dorsal region or _back_.
2092. The back holds the same relation to the ventral side as light
does to the darkness, as sun to the earth; therefore the dorsal side is
of a dark, the ventral of a faint or pale colour.
2093. Back and belly are related polarwise to each other.
2094. Through the medium of the bones the distinction between back
and belly has been definitely established in the animal, and, as a
consequence thereof, the distinction also of right from left. Before
a formation of bone exists, the animal is for the most part a round
cylinder.
2095. The osseous system can in itself be only symmetrically
constructed.
2096. The osseous is the only symmetrical system in an animal. The
other organs are so only in so far as they follow the arrangement of
the osseous system.
2097. The animal osseous system is, from its being a repetition of the
intestinal canal, a tube. This tube is surrounded, like the trachea, by
rings, between which the tegumentary tube suffers constrictions.
2098. The back is a series of numerous bony rings.
2099. These bony rings are the _bodies_ of the vertebræ.
2100. The vertebræ have originated through polar repetition, through
the muscular cysts.
2101. In addition to the series of vertebræ on the back, a vertebral
column is formed moreover along the ventral surface, and without doubt
there only where the air-organ, the branchia or lung, is situated. This
inferior vertebral column is the breast-bone or _sternum_.
2102. All the systems, even those that are of a subordinate character
in the animal, follow the direction of the main vertebral column. The
intestine, as well as the vessels, are placed in accordance with it.
Thus the principal trunks of the vessels take their rise along the
vertebral column, the other vessels being given off from them in this
situation, like the lymphatics from the intestine.
2103. The vascular ramules which surround the intestine and the skin,
run out from a main stem, and are directed in a symmetric manner
downwards and upwards (in the horizontal body of animals), or towards
the belly and back.
2104. If new bony rings originate, they must also take these
directions. They accompany the vessels that run in a circle,
as the vertebral column accompanies the vascular trunks. These
annularly-disposed bony twigs or apophyses constitute in the direction
downwards the ribs, in that upwards the vertebral arches. Anterior
and posterior to the vertebral column there consequently originates
a long canal formed by the bony rings. In the anterior canal lie the
galvanic or vegetative organs, in the posterior or upper, the organs
of light must be situated "par excellence." The former of these canals
is called the thoracic and abdominal cavity, the latter the vertebral
canal. The vertebral canal is not the bony or medullary cavity itself,
but it has been formed by several bony cysts in the same manner as
the thoracic cavity. It consists of the body and the two arches.
These are thus posterior (superior) ribs. The vertebral canal has the
same signification as the thoracic cavity has; it is only a posterior
thoracic cavity. It therefore contains, like the anterior canal,
viscera dissimilar in kind to bone; the one including the spinal cord,
the other vessels, intestine, and lung.
2105. The bony cysts that have originated through constriction do not
all harden into calcareous matter, but they remain as alternating
membranous cysts. Between the rings there are permanent cysts. The
membranous cysts form the _joint_, or articular capsule. An articular
capsule is a bone which has remained soft.
2106. This change in the ossific process takes place through the
attachment of muscles, concerning which we shall treat in the sequel.
2107. The whole osseous system is consequently a symmetrical
arrangement of several polar cysts and rings.
2108. The vertebra is not a single ring, but is at once a tolerably
compound osseous system. The whole osseous system is nothing but a
vertebra repeated.
2109. The number of the vertebræ necessarily conforms to that of the
pairs of nerves or ganglia of the spinal cord; for they are indeed
only the periphery or envelope of the latter. The number of nerves is,
however, adapted to that of the organs, which they have to take care of.
2110. Now, the nervous organs are the senses. There are consequently
as many divisions of vertebræ as there are senses. Thus there are
vertebræ appertaining respectively to the senses of touch, taste,
smell, hearing, and sight. Now as the four latter senses make up the
head, but that of touch or feeling is distributed over the whole body,
and superintended by the spinal nerves, the vertebræ thus divide into
two principal sections, into vertebræ of the head and trunk. The number
of cephalic vertebræ is 4; namely, nasal, ocular, lingual, and auditory
vertebræ.
2111. To a perfect vertebra belong at least five pieces, namely,
the body, in front the two ribs, behind the two arches or spinous
processes; every vertebra of the head consists therefore of five pieces
also. In those vertebræ which are removed from the respiratory organ,
the ribs are smaller, as in the ventral ribs, and anchylosed with
the body, as in the cervical vertebræ, where they are represented by
the perforated transverse processes, and in the lumbar vertebræ they
disappear entirely.
2112. The formation of the cervical vertebræ, where the ribs have
been impacted or interposed between the body and spinous processes,
is continued into the cranial vertebræ. These are only expanded
cervical vertebræ. At the base of the skull four vertebral bodies lie
in a series one behind the other; the body of the occipital bone, the
two bodies of the sphenoid, and the vomer. Upon the sides of each of
these bodies are situated alar processes, which correspond to the
transverse processes of the cervical vertebræ, or to the ribs; e. g.
the articular heads or condyles of the occipital bone, the alæ majores
and minores of the sphenoids, and the two sides or lateral surfaces
of the vomer. Behind these are placed the two broad cranial bones,
which correspond to the spinous processes; as the occipital ridge or
crest, the parietal, frontal and nasal bones. The occipital vertebra
consists of the body, the two condyles and the occipital crest. The
parietal vertebra consists of the body of the posterior sphenoid, the
alæ majores, and the parietal bones. The frontal vertebra consists
of the body of the anterior sphenoid, the orbitar wings or alæ, and
the two frontal bones. The nasal vertebra consists of the vomer, the
ethmoid and the two nasal bones. The occipital vertebra is the auditory
vertebra; it incloses the auditory bones and the cerebellum, which
gives off the nerves of hearing. The parietal vertebra is the lingual
vertebra; the maxillary and lingual nerves passing through its alæ
majores. The frontal vertebra is that belonging to the eye; through
the orbitar plates or wings the optic nerves pursue their course, and
it environs the cerebrum, from which these nerves originate. The nasal
vertebra contains the olfactory nerves.
2113. Each cranial sense has thus only one vertebra, and the skull will
consequently be formed of four vertebræ, whereof three appertain to
the cranium, one unto the face. (See Oken's Ueber die Bedeutung der
Schädelknochen, 1807.--Isis, 1817, S. 1204.)
2114. Several vertebræ are, however, found for the sense of feeling
or touch, because it includes all the organs of the trunk. There must
be therefore as many vertebræ in the trunk as there are particular
organs placed therein. Of these there are three, the respiratory,
digestive, and sexual system, or thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. To
the thorax belong the neck, the arms, and the entire set of ribs. 5
vertebræ must appertain to the arms, because they have 5 digits and 5
nerves. But the ribs, and consequently also the digits, are determined
by branchial vessels, are only repeated branchial arches, whose number
in almost the entire class of fishes is 5. There are therefore also
5 thoracic or pulmonic vertebræ. Since the larynx consists of the 5
original branchial arches, and lies in front of the neck; so must the
5 superior cervical vertebræ stand in the signification of branchial
vertebræ. The odontoid process of the second vertebra must be regarded,
from its being separated from it in the foetus, as a particular
cervical vertebra. Accordingly, in the Thricozoa there are eight
cervical vertebræ. The 3 inferior cervical, and the 2 upper costal or
rib-vertebræ, give off through their interspaces the nerves of the
arms, and are consequently the brachial vertebræ. The 3-7th rib are
thus appended to the 5 proper thoracic vertebræ, which stand in the
signification of the pulmonary vertebræ. To these succeed the 5 short
ribs which belong to the abdomen; their vertebræ are thus intestinal
vertebræ. The succeeding vertebræ belong to the sexual system, and are
indeed the 5 lumbar or pedal vertebræ, because they furnish the pedal
or foot-nerves, the 5 sacral vertebræ being the proper sexual vertebræ.
The coccygeal or caudal vertebræ correspond to the cervical vertebræ,
and are present for the sake of the sexual branchiæ; usually one and
the other is arrested. Thus there are,--
3×5 Respiratory vertebræ.
3×5 Sexual vertebræ.
1×5 Digestive vertebræ.
The number of the sensitive vertebræ is consequently 7×5=35, which
are distributed into three groups, in accordance with the principal
cavities of the body, whereof the 2 terminal groups consist of 15, but
the abdominal group, which combines or unites them, only of 5. The body
is accordingly not merely laterally, but also in length, a perfectly
symmetrical structure, which has been parcelled out in the following
manner into its five stockworks, stories or floors:
I. _Dermal vertebra._
A. _Sexual vertebræ._
a. Coccygeal vertebræ 5,
b. Sexual vertebræ 5,
c. Pedal vertebræ 5.
B. _Abdominal vertebræ_ 5.
C. _Thoracic vertebræ_.
a. Pulmonary vertebræ 5,
b. Brachial vertebræ 5,
c. Cervical vertebræ 5.
II. _Auditory vertebra_ 1.
III. _Lingual vertebra_ 1.
IV. _Optic vertebra_ 1.
V. _Nasal vertebra_ 1.
This regularity is found too only in the human skeleton. The animals
are irregular men. (Vide Oken's Zahlengesetz in den Wirbeln. Isis,
1829, S. 306.)
_Cavities of the Trunk._
2115. The osseous system forms the trunk or body, because it follows
the vascular system; the two other galvanic systems, the dermal and
intestinal systems, form the large portions of the trunk or its
cavities; to them is added the sexual cavity or pelvis.
2116. There are thus three truncal cavities, a pulmonary, an
intestinal, and a sexual cavity, or thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
cavity.
2117. The osseous system will develop itself most feebly around the
abdominal, because it is the indifferent cavity. Therefore there are
either no ribs at all, or they are so short that they do not reach
to the anterior vertebral column or the sternum. The short or false
ribs are, according to their physiological sense, _abdominal_ or
_splanchnic_ ribs. The thoracic ribs must be perfectly developed, i.
e. abut against both vertebral columns, be entire ribs; the entire or
perfect ribs are thoracic or _pulmonary_ ribs. The sexual ribs are
arrested on the pedal and coccygeal vertebræ, but on the proper sexual
vertebræ, namely, the sacral bone, they are still present as rudiments.
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM.
2118. As the intestinal system reappears in what is animal under the
condition of a vertebral column, so also does the aggregate of the
vascular system ascend, and the vessels become animal.
2119. The animal vessels are the muscles, or filled-up vessels. The
polar process enters the body through the vessels; thereby the tubes
obtain two strong poles, and are drawn out lengthways. They are
_fibres_, and consist of a series of strongly oxydized blood-globules.
2120. The fibre is chiefly apparent in those vessels, such as the
arteries, in which the influence of air operates more forcibly. Now an
artery has, in addition to the external cellular coat, two coats, like
the first animal body, or one wall turned towards the mucus, and one
towards the air. The internal arterial wall is enteroid, the external
dermoid in character; the one being simply granular, the other fibrous
membrane. The two membranes separate into two cysts or tubes, which
likewise adhere within each other like intestine and skin. The external
will become fibre, the internal bone.
2121. There is a vegetative and an animal fibre-or muscle-system. The
one is associated with the tegumentary formations, the other with the
bones and nerves.
a. _Vegetative Muscles._
2122. The muscles of vegetative life are simply fibrous tunics, as in
the arteries, and are found in the skin, in the intestine, and in the
vessels.
2123. The tegumentary muscles lie under the skin, and are inserted into
it, or into the dermo-osteous system, when such an one is present. If
the fibrous membrane be strongly developed under the skin, then it
receives the name of a _Panniculus carnosus_.
2124. The intestine has also its fibrous coat, which, upon the stomach,
anus, and pharynx, is frequently developed as a panniculus
carnosus.
2125. The same holds good of the vessels, especially of the arteries
and trachea.
2126. The fibres are either elongated or else annular fibres. The
latter obtain the preponderance at the extremities of the tubular
formations, as on the pharynx, anus, lips, and eyelids.
2127. We have consequently a dermal, splanchnic, and osseo-muscular
system.
b. _Animal Muscles._
2128. In the oxydizing part of the vascular system the formation of
fibres must be preponderant over that of cells, and thus at the root of
the lungs.
2129. The vessel becomes in the lungs a fleshy cavity. The fleshy
vessel is the _heart_.
2130. The heart is a vascular fragment, with a preponderating
development of fibrous membrane.
2131. This fibrous membrane is developed at a spot where all vascular
systems enter into mutual proximity, such as the respiratory ducts and
the intestinal lymphatic vessel, the artery and the vein.
2132. In the union of all the highest galvanism is attained, and then
the formation may launch out into what is animal.
2133. The heart is the animal in the plant.
2134. The first heart is an arterial heart. There is originally no
venous heart. In the embryo, particularly in that of the bird, this is
extremely distinct; the arterial heart also emerges for the first time,
and per se, in the lowest animals, in the Molluscs, Snails, and even in
the Fishes, although in the latter it is regarded as a venous heart.
2135. The arterial heart is the central, the venous heart the
peripheric.
2136. The heart is the prototype of the muscular system. All muscles
must be a metatype of the heart.
2137. The muscle is hollow. It is a cyst.
2138. The muscular system is a manifold and serial juxtaposition of
fibrous cysts or of hearts. In this respect the muscle has been formed
in a corresponding manner to bone. Both are rows of cysts.
2139. But the muscle, as being the external fibrous tunic, is the
enveloping or external cyst.
2140. In idea, the muscle can only directly envelop the bones, and
not the other parts, for it ranks upon the same grade of development
with the bone; it is the arterio-fibrous wall, while the bone is the
internal arterial wall.
2141. Bone and flesh stand in antagonism like air and earth. The muscle
is that which is polarizing--moving, the bone what is polarized, moved.
The muscle is heart, the bone the moved blood. Bone and muscle are
related as that which is contained and what is containing. The muscle
is the wall of the cyst, the bone, the fluid which has been secreted
from it and rigidified.
2142. As therefore the muscle is an individual cyst, a heart, which
cannot invest the whole body like a single large cyst, so also must the
muscular contents be only a discrete cyst. The uninterrupted character
of the bones depends therefore upon that of the muscles, and the latter
upon the meaning of the heart.
2143. _A physiological rationale of the joints is accordingly afforded
in the heart._
2144. A bone is a rigidified, ossified heart; the osseous system is a
series of mutually dependent, alternately ossified and non-ossified
(arteriose and venous) hearts.
2145. The muscular cyst includes the soft bone, or the joint.
2146. At its two extremities there is preponderance of oxydation,
whereby the soft osseous cysts are combusted into hard calcareous
earth.
2147. The muscle is a cause of the alternating ossification.
RELATION TO THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
2148. As the formation of bone predominates upon the side exposed to
the light or the nervous, so does that of muscle upon the shady or
vascular side. The abdominal side of the animal is the muscular, just
as the dorsal side is the osseous. Upon the thorax, abdomen, on the
members which belong to the anterior region of the body, and on the
face, the muscular layer is by far the most predominant. Posteriorly,
however, or upon the back, it is slightly wanting, and the bones there
project.
2149. The back is related to the anterior surface (when regarded in
man) as bone is to muscle. What is _in front_ is muscle, what is
_behind_ is bone. The anterior side is therefore more active, nobler,
more powerful and more spiritual than the posterior. Posteriorly stands
the earth inert and rigidified, while in front is the air in ceaseless
capacity for, and actually in, motion. The anterior muscular layer is
more active and powerful than the posterior.
2150. In every muscular cyst there are two kinds of layers, an anterior
and a posterior, or stronger and weaker layer.
2151. The stronger layer is the flexing, the weaker the extending. For
the limbs have been necessarily bent forwards. The direction alone of
the joints at once resides in the structure, which is even determined
by these relations. Such a muscular layer, which mostly consists of
several bundles, is termed a muscle.
2152. A muscular cyst consists of flexor and extensor muscles. The
individual muscle is therefore only a piece of a cyst, and therefore
not in itself hollow. It is only an entire muscular layer of flexors
and extensors which is the pattern of the heart. The flexors are the
strongest and are placed in front, the extensors lie behind.
2153. In the heart the flexor layers have not yet separated from the
extensor layers, because the vegetable flesh has as yet no symmetry in
itself.
2154. Flexors and extensors occur in pairs; because the osseous system
is in pairs.
2155. There resides in the osseous and in the muscular system no cause
for a diversity in the two halves of the body. Thus, if there be a
difference, it must only reside in the asymmetrical galvanic systems.
3. _Organs._
2156. Organs are parts of an anatomical system, which separating,
combine with a part of another system, and thereby obtain a peculiar or
special function.
2157. For each system therefore there are as many organs, as there
are possible combinations of systems. There are vascular, intestinal,
pulmonary, sexual and tegumentary organs, with furthermore, osseous,
muscular and nervous organs.
A. VEGETATIVE ORGANS.
1. INTESTINAL ORGANS.
2158. The intestinal or splanchnic system falls first of all into
three great divisions, into that of the viscera, the sex and the
head; the visceral intestine separates moreover into pulmonic, venous
and tegumentary intestine, and this in constant accordance with its
combinations and functions.
a. _Visceral Intestine._
2159. In the digestive system it is the chemical process that takes
precedence. This, however, divides into three moments, into that of
_solution_, _separation_ and _formation_, or crystallization, which is
here _absorption_. Thus the intestine separates also into a solvent,
secernent and absorbent intestine, and that indeed through its
combination with the pulmonic, vascular and tegumentary system. The
solvent viscus is the stomach, the second or secernent, the duodenum,
the third or absorbent, the small intestine (jejunum and ileum).
_Pulmonic Intestine._
2160. All solution is accompanied by oxydation. The gastric juice is in
its action an acid.
2161. The gastric juice obtains its oxygen from the spleen. The spleen
is the stomachic lung. This is attested by its position and close
approximation to the stomach; by its black, venous, and deoxydized
blood, which in certain diseases has been secreted even in the stomach;
by its want of any excretory duct; by its tissue, which resembles that
of the oxydized placenta; furthermore by the natural character of this
function when contrasted with the unnatural quality of other useless
functions that have been assigned to it; and lastly too, by the fact
that, without this opinion be admitted, it must remain a superfluous
organ, and as regards use, unknown. After a series of years, during
which this doctrine has been combated upon all sides, without, however,
a single reason, save and except that it was not believed, being
advanced by its opponents, I must still persist in the correctness of
the above view.
_Vascular Intestine._
2162. In the duodenum the _analysis_ of the food takes place through
the medium of the bile. It is consequently the _biliary_ intestine or
stomach.
2163. The biliary intestine does not stand upon a par with the other
intestines, but has an equal rank with the stomach. It is therefore not
confined within the mesentery, but can expand itself like the stomach;
it has its vessels and nerves. In it the separation of the chyme into
chyle and excrementitious matter takes place.
2164. What the spleen is for the stomach, that is the liver for the
duodenum; it is the hepatic stomach, and consequently the vascular
stomach.
2165. The liver is the ramification of the intestinal canal along with
the whole vascular system.
2166. Now, as the analysis is the principal function in the whole
process of digestion; so is the liver the chief organ of all digestive
organs.
2167. The liver is the centre, the brain of the digestive system,
because it is the blossom, the synthesis of the vascular system.
From it everything emanates, and upon it everything which concerns
digestion, ay, the whole body, retrogressively operates. If the liver
suffers or undergoes functional derangement, the whole vascular and
tegumentary formation then becomes a liver, as is exemplified in the
disease called jaundice.
2168. The bile effects the analysis or separation through its basic or
alkaline character, since it combines with the acids of the chyme, and
thereby forms the excrementitious matter.
2169. That which mediates between the acid and what is alkaline is the
fluid secreted by the pancreatic gland. The pancreatic gland is the
ramification of the intestine along with the arterial system.
_Tegumental Intestine._
2170. That in the jejunum and ileum or the small intestine proper,
and in that alone, absorption and thus the tegumentary function, but
nothing else, occurs, is well known. By this absorption the chyle
becomes removed from the intestine, so that the excrement alone is left.
b. _Sexual Intestine._
2171. The sexual is pre-eminently that which is exsecernent or
excretive, since one sex strives to redintegrate itself upon the other,
becomes ingestive for the other, but egestive for or in relation to
itself. It is therefore an essential property of the sexual parts, that
they secrete and excrete.
2172. Every galvanic system, which has been adjoined or appended to
the sexual parts, is excretive. They are, taken in a rigid sense, the
only system of excretion. The co-operative processes of the sex are
those of the vegetative systems, but they take place in the reverse
direction. The latter convey inwards, the former outwards. The kidneys
are a reversed or evacuating lung, an excrement-forming liver; the
urinary cyst is an exspirant, a trachea containing refuse matter;
the urethra is a glottis reversed; their diseases are therefore
similar. They thus expel products of the individual respiratory system.
2173. And in this is the sexual apparatus distinguished from them,
namely, that it expels the products of _all_ systems, the products of
the whole organism, or the organism itself. In the semen the whole male
body with all its parts transudes, or passes over in a fluid state,
into the female parts; in a child, the female together with the male
body, passes over--formed or fashioned into the world.
2174. The sexual intestine must therefore be expulsive also. It is that
which conducts the intestinal juice and the refuse of the aliment out
of the body.
2175. The evacuating or efferent intestine is the large intestine. It
is consequently the _Sexual intestine_.
2176. The large intestine is related to the abdominal or small
intestine, exactly like the urinary cyst is to the kidney, and
this to the vascular system. The small intestine passes therefore by
perforation into the large, not the latter into the former. The small
enters by perforating the large intestine, and therein evacuates its
alimentary residue, as into a special-cyst, that has nothing to do with
the intestinal system. The large intestine is the _excrement_-cyst,
just as that which has been called bladder is the _urinary_ cyst.
2177. The large intestine no longer digests, but only receives what is
left from the process of digestion and expels or casts it out.
2178. The large intestine begins with a cæcal extremity, or with an
obtuse cyst, and opens into the anus, exactly like the original animal
cyst, the polyp. The blind extremity is called cæcum. With this the
small intestine communicates by perforating it at an acute angle, and
that indeed in a direction which runs towards the obtuse cystiform
extremity; so that both intestines lie in mutual juxtaposition like a
fork, whereof the pharynx and the rectum are the two prongs, while
the cæcum is the handle.
2179. The two intestines are consequently by no means correlated.
In the perfect animal there are two intestinal systems thoroughly
distinct from each other; two intestines, which belong to two different
animals, the sexual and encephalic animal, or the plant and the animal.
The genesis of the large intestine and all its relations, which are
principally seen in the cæcum and rectum, plead for this philosophical
derivation of the two intestines.
2180. The rectum appertains wholly and entirely to the sexual system,
and especially to the uterus. It is devoid of mesentery, and supplied
by special vessels; it stands in most obvious sympathy with the uterus,
with its diseases, and with menstruation. Even hemorrhoids are a sexual
disease, a disease of the _sexual_ intestine.
2181. The anus is thus the intestinal mouth of the sexual animal. In
the lowest organized animals, the oviducts seminal and urinary ducts
together run into it, as into a proper mouth. The anus is a true oral
cavity in the fishes, reptiles, and even in the whale.
2182. The pharynx opens into the mouth, and so does the rectum
into the anus; the trachea opens into the month, and so does the
urethra into the anus; the salivary ducts open into the mouth, and so
into the anus do the oviducts, with the spermatic canals in the lower
animals. The rectum moreover lies behind the urinary cyst, like the
gullet behind the trachea.
2183. The sphincter or occlusor muscles of the anus have been formed
like the sphincter muscles of the pharynx. The anus is a mouth without
a head, and therefore a mouth without lips, or an pharynx.
_Cephalic Intestine._
2184. The union or combination of the intestine with the animal
systems, such as the nervous, muscular, and osseous, occurs in the head.
2185. In so far as it combines with bones and muscles, it becomes an
organ of motion, and, when with the nerves, an organ of sensation. The
animal or sarcal intestine is pharynx and mouth.
2186. The motor organ is an organ of prehension. The organs of
prehension are endowed with independent motion, and therefore move
towards the food. The first general organs of motion are the members
of the body. In the higher animals the thoracic members are at once
the prehensible organs. Instead of the aliment being obliged to flow,
as unto the plant, in a state of suspension in water, the animal moves
itself toward its food.
2187. The members are the first organs of prehension. But these are
repeated in the head as jaws and teeth. The teeth are the second organs
of prehension, but the first which belong to the cephalic intestine;
they are called _organs of seizure_ or prehension.
2188. The organ of digestion is, however, one of a chemical character.
It must be therefore repeated as such in the head. This is shown in
the _salivary glands_. The saliva is the animal gastric juice, and is
therefore directly solvent in its properties. It is _poison_.
2189. After and during the operation of the saliva, the aliments in
the mouth are subjected to the action of the molar teeth and ground or
_chewed_. These comminuting or crushing organs are only a repetition
of the act of prehension, and consequently belong to the prehensile or
biting organs.
2190. The mouth is the stomach repeated in the head.
2191. The union of the intestine with the nervous system is the
_tongue_.
2192. The intestine, when repeated in the head's muscular system, is
the organ of deglutition, as is seen in the pharynx and oesophagus.
2193. The prehensile and manducatory, venomous, gustatory, and
deglutitory organs, are the forms into which the intestinal system
divides, when it is repeated in the after-animal, or in the sphere of
animal life. The gustatory organ is the nerve-intestine; the prehensile
organ the bone-intestine; the organ of deglutition the muscular
intestine; while the poison-organ is the proper cephalic intestine, or
the stomach.
2. VASCULAR ORGANS.
2194. The vascular system regarded "en masse," or in a general sense,
has to participate in the nutrition of the body; so far it takes the
place of the cellular tissue, and cannot therefore be developed for
itself into any special _organs_. If, however, certain vessels separate
from the general system, and combine with other systems unto the
performance of special offices or functions, _organs_ then originate,
which, nevertheless, do not, in a rigid point of view, belong to these
systems.
2195. There are therefore as many vascular organs as there are possible
combinations; thus with the tegument, the lung, the intestine, the
sexual parts, and with the systems of animal life.
a. CUTANEO-VASCULAR ORGANS--BRANCHIÆ.
2196. The development of the vessels unto a special organ in the
integument are _Respiratory organs_; or, more properly speaking,
the development of the integument to constitute a special organ in
combination with the vessels, is a respiratory organ.
2197. In the commencement the branchiæ are only a vascular network
upon, and therefore subordinate to, the integument. They pass, however,
through all possible stages of development, until they have subjected
and converted also the integument into a vascular system; a point which
is attained in the formation of the lungs.
2198. The branchial membrane already commences in the earthworm to
concentrate itself and dilate, so as to form what have been called the
sacculi or pouches; in the leech it is folded inwards, so as to form
lateral vesicles or cysts, that prognosticate the air-passages or
stigmata of insects; in the Nereids the vessels project upon the back
from above the integument as free branchial ramules, a formation, which
is again found in the nudibranchiate Gasteropods.
2199. These branchial ramules form at first two rows extending along
the whole dorsal region; by degrees, however, the posterior set
disappear, and the cervical branchiæ only are left, as antetypes of the
gills of fishes.
2200. In the Mollusca the branchial vessels unite to form laminæ
upon the ventral sides, and are already surrounded by a kind of
thoracic cavity, the mantle, as is exemplified in the tectibranchiate
Gasteropods. Here again the branchiæ are either a simple vascular net
enveloped in a fold of the mantle, or elongated into filaments disposed
like the teeth of a comb, or into laminæ, &c.
2201. The lateral branchiæ of the Nereids usually emit filaments
resembling feet, upon the root of which the true branchiæ are then
placed. In the Crustacea these filaments harden into actual feet
provided with joints. The feet are therefore nothing else than
branchial filaments, which have lost their vegetative function.
2202. In many worms the same branchial filaments are converted into
hairs or bristles, which are therefore none other than desiccated
branchial filaments.
2203. Even the hairs of Mammalia and the feathers of Birds have been
left as remnants of the original branchial formation.
2204. Where the branchiæ have assumed the laminated form, they are
surrounded by a similarly formed covering or operculum. The shells
of the Mollusca are, as regards their signification, none other than
branchial opercula, or gill-covers; the same holds good also of the
gasteropodal and crustacean shells, and at bottom of every calcareous
and horny covering of the body.
2205. To the same category belong also the opercula of Fishes, and even
their scales. Fundamentally, the whole epidermis is only a product of
respiration or oxydation.
2206. The first saccular or cæcal inversion of the integument, as in
the Leeches, Molluscs, and Snails, is at once a predominance of the
tegumentary, obtained through the medium of the branchial formation,
whereby the skin commences to become a self-substantial organ of
respiration.
2207. In the Scorpions the branchiæ are introverted sacs or cysts, into
which, however, instead of water, air already enters.
2208. This insaccation is converted in the Spiders into more distinct
air-cysts, which finally ramify in the higher insects and become true
tracheæ.
2209. Lastly, the respiratory system obtains the upper hand to such
an extent, that, together with internal air-tubes, external branchial
laminæ are also developed, as in the Molluscs; but in them the tracheæ
obtain the preponderance over the blood-vessels, so that these laminæ
dry up and become wings or fins.
2210. The wings of Insects are branchial laminæ, converted into
air-organs.
2211. The wing-coverings or elytra are branchial opercula, and
correspond to the shells of bivalve Mollusca.
2212. Every insect therefore must properly possess four wings and two
wing-coverings, of which last, however, rudiments only appear to be
left in the nocturnal Lepidoptera.
2213. In the higher organized animals those gills only which are nearer
the head are persistent, the posterior or lateral branchiæ being
gradually arrested.
2214. These lateral branchiæ remain in Fishes as lateral mucous
openings, which constitute the lateral line.
2215. The cervical branchiæ are limited to the number five, which
has already begun to be established in the Crustacea; namely, at the
origins or roots of the five anterior pairs of feet.
2216. The number five probably derives its origin from the vegetable
kingdom, and that indeed from the genesis of the pinnate leaves, so
that one kind of numerical law appears to prevail with respect to this
organ in both organic kingdoms. It is probably also an imitation of
the five organs of sense.
2217. The vessels of the branchiæ of Fishes are accompanied by bony
rings, which correspond to the feet of Crustacea.
2218. All Fishes have, with few exceptions, five branchial arches.
2219. When in Fishes the sarcous system begins to produce viscera, then
the five branchial foramina pass inwards, and only a single respiratory
aperture is left for them in the fleshy body; namely, the external
branchial foramen.
2220. In the lower animals water or air passes in and out through
the same respiratory aperture, but in Fishes these two courses are
preserved distinct; for, except in the Lampreys, the water enters
through the mouth, and passes out through the branchial aperture.
2221. Here the attempt is manifested in a still greater degree, to
bring the process of respiration wholly under the control of what is
animal, this being in the next place, and for the first time attained,
when respiratory apertures only are left upon the head.
2222. The respiratory apertures of the head are the nostrils, which are
suddenly manifested in Fishes, but are in them simply subservient to
the sense of smell, and not as yet to the respiratory act.
2223. All the higher animals have, like fishes, branchial apertures in
the neck, only they coalesce and become obliterated at an early period,
or so soon as that respiratory process appears, when air passes through
the nostrils. In the Salamanders and Frogs these branchial foramina are
persistent for a longer time, frequently through the whole period of
life; but in Birds and Mammalia they disappear, while they are in the
embryo state.
2224. When the branchial apertures close, the vessels separate from
the arches, and betake themselves to a glandular body lying in front
of them. The thyroid gland is the remnant of the former branchial
formation, and is therefore found only in Reptiles, Birds, and
Mammalia.
_Lungs._
2225. In Fishes the internal organ of respiration is already indicated
by a cæcal eversion of the pharynx, which is surrounded by
the branchial arches. This membranous cæcal eversion is called the
swimming-cyst, which in the higher animals becomes double on account
of their symmetry, and is then called lung.
2226. In the Fish the aquatic and aerial process of respiration are
present together, the former being external, the latter internal.
2227. The branchial arches having coalesced, are converted in the
higher animals into tracheal rings, into the larynx and the posterior
cornua of the hyoid bone, if these are present, as in the Reptiles.
The larynx is therefore no special organ, but only a remnant of the
branchial respiratory apparatus.
2228. The laryngeal vessels are, like the thyroid glands, branchial
vessels, and in Fishes, therefore, the branchial vessels do not
correspond to the pulmonary vessels, but to those of the trachea.
The pulmonic vessels of Fishes are the blood-vessels of the
swimming-cyst, which convey blood directly into the heart, whereby
this organ obtains the signification of the left or arterial heart.
2229. When the branchial apertures have coalesced, the nose then opens
into the mouth or into the trachea, and in this way the nostrils assume
the complete character of aerial foramina.
2230. The nose is therefore originally an organ of smell, and then a
part of the respiratory system. It is the animal lung.
2231. As the secretion of bone is a product of the more powerful
process of oxydation, so do the bony rings multiply beneath the
branchial arches or the larynx, and are called tracheal rings. In
the feebly respiring Reptiles the trachea is therefore still in a
membranous condition, but in Birds and Mammalia, it is surrounded by
many rings, or is a repetition of the larynx.
2232. In Birds even a kind of inferior larynx originates, which is
provided with muscles and can produce tones.
2233. The ramification of the trachea into two bronchi or branches is
constantly progressing, and at length these tubes divide into a great
number of vesicles, which together form the lungs. The lung, which was
in the commencement a simple saccular inversion of the integument, has
now become a self-substantial organ, to which the respiratory vessels
have been subordinated. The lung also divides upon each side into five
lobes.
b. VASCULAR ORGANS OF THE INTESTINE.
_Liver._
2234. The self-substantial development of the vascular, and its
separation from the general, system, is most perfectly attained in the
_Liver_.
2235. In the liver, as being the vascular system, which combines with
the intestinal canal, the venous system has become independent. The
portal vein arises from the intestinal canal, collects into one trunk,
and again ramifies in order to unite with the biliary ducts, which are
only a ramified saccular eversion of the intestine. This conjunction is
represented by the liver.
2236. The liver as being a venous organ stands therefore in opposition
to the lung, and produces, instead of oxydes, a basic body, or the
_bile_. The liver, as being the venous system which has become free, is
to be regarded as the highest development or blossom of the vascular
system.
2237. It is for the vegetative body, what the brain is for the animal;
and hence, therefore, the similarity of structure and the sympathy
between both organs.
_Spleen._
2238. As opposed to the liver, the arterial system also develops
itself upon the intestine as a respiratory or branchial organ. These
intestinal branchiæ are found in several of the lower organized
animals, especially in the Holothuriæ and Aphroditæ.
2239. In the higher animals they are aggregated into a special organ,
through which the gastric juice obtains oxygen; this is the spleen. The
spleen is the branchia of the stomach; it has therefore no excretory
duct and requires none.
2240. Lastly, the salivary glands also in the mouth as well as in the
duodenum, the abdomino-salivary glands, and even the odoriferous glands
on the rectum, such as the castor-and civet-pouches, are complications
of vessels with intestinal ramifications.
C. VASCULAR ORGANS OF THE SEX.
_Kidneys._
2241. The vascular organ of the sexual system is the kidneys.
2242. As the urine is chiefly characterized by the urea and thus by a
basic principle; it thus corresponds to the bile, and consequently the
kidneys directly to the liver or the lung reversed.
2243. But there is also a sexual branchia in those inferior animals
which breathe through the anus, such as many aquatic larvæ.
2244. The remnant of this in the higher animals appears to be the
allantois, and in the body itself probably what have been called the
primordial kidneys.
2245. The combination of the vascular system with the animal systems is
the sense of touch.
3. RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
2246. The respiratory organ is a development of the integument.
2247. The perfect organ of respiration is an air-organ or _lung_;
combined with the tegumentary system, it is a water-organ or _branchia_.
2248. There are _dermo-branchiæ_ or the _branchiæ_ proper, as in the
Worms, Molluscs, Snails, and Crabs.
2249. Intestinal branchiæ in the Holothuriæ, constituting in the higher
animals a _spleen_.
2250. The sexual branchiæ are probably the primordial kidneys.
2251. The branchiæ when united with the osseous system are the
branchial arches of Fishes, which subsequently separate into larynx and
thyroid gland.
2252. The self-substantial development of the integument into the
respiratory organ is a lung.
2253. When united with the vascular system or the vegetative systems
generally, the integument forms the tracheal system of Insects.
2254. The tracheæ are spiral vessels as in plants.
2255. The respiratory organ, united with the motor system, is the lung
proper, which is situated within the thorax, and covered by ribs.
2256. The proper lung divides also, like the intestine, into two parts,
into the cystiform, pharyngeal expansion of the larynx, and into the
pulmonic substance, which is equivalent to the stomach, and wherein the
analysis of the air takes place.
2257. The trachea, and especially the larynx, is moreover an entire
thorax, a ribbed skeleton upon a small and membranous scale. In the
larynx, the animal thoracic structure, consisting of ribs and muscles,
resides prognosticated. The larynx has originated from the coalescence
of branchial arches. The ribs are a repetition of the branchial arches.
2258. The diaphragm is a formation, which admits, by no reasoning from
its anatomy, but only genetically, of being explained. Originally,
the whole body was only an abdomen, upon the external surface of
which the branchiæ were appended. A remarkable instance of this is at
once afforded by the Snails, and also the Fishes. As the gills were
converted into lungs, a special body or the thorax originated for them,
which encroached upon the abdomen. Now, the abdominal wall left between
these two cavities, was just the diaphragm.
2259. The diaphragm is not a transverse wall or septum. The idea of
such a cross-rail gainsays all sound physiology. It has been the
abdominal wall.
2260. The union of the lungs with the nervous system is the nose.
2261. The nose is the cephalic thorax; but it has also the thoracic
contents, or the very lung repeated in itself.
2262. The multicavernous ethmoid bone is the lung in the nose, the two
nostrils being the stigmata or foremost openings of the trachea. The
nasal muscles are homologous to the cartilages of the trachea, and
especially to those of the larynx.
2263. The velum palati is the diaphragm between nose and mouth, or
between the cephalic thorax and the cephalic abdomen.
_Coverings._
2264. The animal coverings are desiccated respiratory organs
appertaining to the integument.
_Capillary Vessels._
2265. The principal function of the vessel is that of secretion,
whereby nutrition is imparted. This secretion must take place in the
whole body, in so far as it is opposed to the lung. The vessels then
pass over into the finest canals, and are called _capillary vessels_.
2266. The capillary system of vessels is an organ in antagonism to the
lung; what enters the latter organ, passes out through the former.
2267. The capillary system of vessels is the property of the
tegumentary system. It may almost be said that wherever there is
integument, there capillary vessels are present. The most perfect
evolution of capillaries is the integument. It is the proper
exsecernent, in opposition to the intestine, which is the absorbent
organ.
2268. Evaporation is the essential tegumentary process.
2269. The product of the evaporation is mucus.
2270. In the evaporation, however, the mucus becomes analyzed by the
influence of the air and light.
_Epidermis._
2271. The external mucus exuding from the skin becomes oxydized, the
inferior on the contrary reduced; the oxydized becomes vitreous and
transparent. It is the _Epidermis_.
2272. With the maximum of oxydation the epidermis passes over into a
vitreous transparent horn, e. g. _scales_.
2273. The scales, which invest the toes and digits are called claws,
and finally become nails. The finger-nail is nothing but a scale, which
in this situation has become particularly large and strong.
2274. That which is reduced beneath the vitrified epidermis determines
the colour of the skin. With a demi-oxydation it is uncoloured, appears
white. Where the integument is thin, the red colour of the blood
appears through it; such integument is therefore white upon the whole,
but red in individual places.
2275. With the most complete reduction effected by the highest
operation of light, its substratum or under-layer becomes black. The
mucus passes over into reduced carbon. Beneath the vitreous epidermis
there is thus a metallic _pigmentary membrane_.
_Hairs._
2276. Capillary vessels, which simply convey mucus, but are elongated
singly above and from out the cutis, are _Hairs_. The idea of the hair
is a _capillary vessel_, the contents of which are no longer blood,
but reduced mucus. It is an indifferent capillary vessel. The hair is
hollow and contains an oil, which determines the colour.
2277. In the hairs the nutritive system is prolonged above the body.
2278. The hairs and scales are the general terrestrial system of the
body determined by the air.
2279. Thus the earth has sprung up into a plant. Scales and hairs are
like true vegetable leaves, which still continue their process in the
animal; they can no longer it is true make their respiratory process
hold good for the animal process itself, but are at present content
with only oxydizing the material of evaporation. It is properly the
integument only, not the entire body, which respires through hairs and
scales.
2280. The hairs are dried branchial filaments, and therefore continue
to occupy in Man, those situations only where in the lower animals
branchiæ or tentacula are placed. Around e. g. the mouth, upon the
head, under the arms or in the axillæ, and around the sexual apertures.
2281. The feathers are dried ramified branchiæ, pinnate leaves.
2282. The hairs participate in the electric process of the whole body.
2283. What determines the colour in the plant, determines it also in
the animal; only in the plant the colour is more coarsely precipitated,
and nothing therefore glimmers from the interior of the body, but all
is green. In an animal, however, the colouring matter is transparent,
and the interior is thus rendered visible.
2284. With the external coverings, such as scales, and lastly with the
hairs, all organs of the trunk, in so far as they are derived from
what is vegetable, are exhausted. The vegetable animal, as trunk, is
completed, and we must now therefore turn to the sexual organs.
4. SEXUAL ORGANS.
2285. The sexual organs are developments of the integument upon a
higher grade, and combinations of the same with the animal systems,
like as the blossom is a repetition of all vegetative systems.
2286. They range in the middle between the vegetative and the
encephalic animal, and are therefore a totality for themselves, or a
sexual animal.
2287. There are vegetative and animal sexual parts.
I. _Vegetative Sexual Organs._
2288. Are special developments of the intestine, vessels and branchiæ.
a. SEXUAL ORGANS PROPER.
2289. The proper sexual parts are a repetition of the digestive system
on its transition to what is animal, or to the organs of sense.
1. _Female Organs._
2290. The female parts are a floral capsule, consisting of an ovary
or sac, stigma and ova. All higher development takes place, however,
through separation of the complicated organs and processes.
2291. The three parts therefore of the gestative sac or matrix
separate, each part becoming self-substantially perfected. The orifice
elongates into a cervix or neck, which is gradually rendered more
distinct from the matrix, and in its highest and self-substantial
completion is called oviduct.
2292. The matrix elongates also at its cæcal extremity or fundus,
as well as at its open end. The germinal bodies also become
self-substantial, separate gradually from the fundus of the matrix, and
are then independent ovaria.
2293. As in the highest animal formation they also assume the animal
symmetry, while at first they were only single, or manifold, as in the
plicated capsules of Star-fishes, and therefore remained stationary at
the number two; so is the ovisac prolonged into two long cornua, or
trumpet-like tubes, which at the commencement, indeed, still include
the ova, as in Insects and Fishes, but are subsequently left entirely
free.
2. _Male Parts._
2294. The leaf-formation is elevated to the corolla or the male parts
in the plant. They are, however, only the repetition of the plant upon
a higher stage. Hence in the animal also the male parts will be upon a
higher grade of position to the female.
2295. As the stamina surround the ovarian capsule in the plant, so do
animal stamina stand around the orifice of the oviduct; as _penes_.
2296. In the lowest ovisacs the penes are circularly disposed around
the orifice; as is exemplified by the tentacles of a Polyp; by degrees,
however, they are resolved, for the sake of symmetry, into two, and
then project upon the sides of the orifice, as in the Serpents and
Lizards. In the higher animals the two penes coalesce into _one_.
2297. This penis situated at the orifice of the oviduct is the
clitoris. The vagina is separated from the clitoris; but in the male
organs they both combine or blend with each other, and the vagina
becomes the seminal canal or that of the penis.
2298. As the orifice begins to assume a male character, and the
external parts to be more forcibly developed in the direction outwards,
so, on the other hand, do the internal parts recede the more, and
remain simply as ovaria or ovisacs, in which the ova, instead of being
formed as such, dissolve into pollen, mucus, or male semen. These
ovaria, which now secrete semen instead of vitelline vesicles, are
called testes.
2299. The testes originate, while the mucous ova are being reduced to
primary mucus, or to infusoria.
2300. What is male originates through an organic process of
decomposition or putrefaction of the ova. The semen is an organic
product of decomposition.
2301. The semen must contain infusoria. A semen which does not contain
infusoria, is ovum-like, or feminine. Except at the time of heat or
rut, and thus when the animals have a female character, the semen
possesses no infusoria, and is in that case simply albumen.
2302. Semen, which is devoid of infusoria, is incapable of
impregnation. How can one wretched female ovum impregnate or fructify
another?
2303. As the trumpet-like tubes or oviducts belong to the ovaria, so
are they developed with the testes, and now convey semen instead of
ova. The female tubes become the vasa deferentia or _spermatic ducts_,
the uterine cornua, the vesiculæ seminales.
2304. Between the vesiculæ seminales and the vagina or the penis
the uterus shrivels up into the prostate gland, into which the vasa
deferentia open, like the oviducts do into the uterus.
2305. As the matrix is the proper female organ, so will the
spermatic ducts seek to combine with the penis, or at least open
self-substantially upon the os uteri. The testes open either through
the spermatic ducts into the vagina, as in Fishes, Reptiles, and Birds,
or into the penis, as in the Gasteropods, Insects, and Mammalia.
2306. Male and female parts are therefore perfectly homologous, the
former having a greater development of the external division, the
latter of the internal.
2307. The female parts have undertaken the business of vegetation, or
that of the viscera, the male that of the animal excitation.
2308. Since the male parts are no new formation, but the female parts
themselves, only characterized by internal arrest, and external
increase of development, so do male and female parts appear incapable
of occurring together in any animal. Perfect hermaphrodites would,
accordingly, be impossible; for where testes are, no ovaria could
be, because the testes are themselves the ovaria, or the latter only
changed.
2309. Hence androgynism would be possible only by one ovarium remaining
as such, and the other being converted into a testis.
2310. This development appears only possible when the two halves of the
body are unequal. Asymmetrical animals only can be androgynous. In
the snails one of the two molluscan shell-valves has been more largely
developed than the other, and therefore one half also of the body is
greater than the other. On this account many hermaphrodites are found
among these animals.
2311. Thus, there ought to be no androgynous animals with at the same
time two ovaria and two testes. Nevertheless, this very peculiarity
occurs in many of the lower organized animals, e. g. the worms.
2312. Accordingly, the principle of androgynism is in general to be
found in the want of symmetry. Symmetrical animals are as a rule
dioecious. No hermaphrodite is found among the Insects, Fishes,
Reptiles, Birds, and Mammalia.
2313. If such occur, they are formations that have remained persistent
at the lower stage of development, or upon the transition of the
embryo through the Snail-type of organization; they are thus
monstrosities, or malformations.
2314. These malformations also, when occurring in the higher animals,
can never possess more than one testicle and one ovarium. The uterus
then ranks midway between its condition as such, and that of a prostate
gland; the spermatic tube or urethra opens after a female fashion below
the root of the penis.
_Impregnation._
2315. Since the male sex is related to the female, as corolla to
capsule, as leaf to stalk, as air to water, and as light to matter; so
is it related also as integument to intestine, as lung to lymphatic
vessel, as artery to vein, as nerve to flesh or muscle, as Animal to
Vegetative.
2316. Copulation is therefore an _irradiation_.
2317. Already, in the course of the heavenly bodies, has the highest
act of the animal, that of copulation, been preindicated or portrayed.
The creation of the universe or world is itself nothing but an act
of impregnation. The sex is prognosticated from the beginning, and
pursues its course like a holy and conservative bond throughout the
whole of nature. He therefore who so much as questions the sex in the
organic world, comprehends not the riddle or problem of the universe.
2318. If the female parts have effected a complete transition into the
male, so are the sexes necessarily separate and distinct.
2319. Since the male parts are the female that have been more highly
developed, so there resides in the latter the constant conatus or
effort to convert themselves into the male.
2320. This metamorphosis, or conversion, is, however, no longer
possible in the female parts, when already finished or fully formed,
but is only attainable in a new attempt being made upon their part, to
transform the fluid mass into ova.
2321. Gestation or pregnancy is none other than the propensity of the
Female to convert itself into the Male.
2322. The foetus is the male in a female, or the foetus is the male
sexual parts in the female.
2323. In idea, every foetus should be male. But, if mascularity
be attained with the first production, then the second necessarily
subsides into the female. In this manner there of necessity originates
an equiponderance in the number of both sexes.
2324. Moreover, if the sexual parts be regarded according to their
proper signification in the animal, they are the upper intestinal
system, as it has been developed in the mouth, and that indeed in such
a manner, that the female parts are the vegetative form or the oral
cavity, the male, the animal form, or the tongue with the salivary
glands; the former represent the process of deglutition, the latter
that of taste.
2325. Into the uterus or into the prostate gland the excretory ducts
of the sexual glands, or the spermatic canals and oviducts, pursue a
convergent course, like the salivary ducts do into the oral cavity.
2326. The testes, as also the ovaria, are forebodent of the _salivary
glands_. The semen and oviducts are salivary ducts; they open by twos
and symmetrically. Semen and ova are secreted like saliva. Semen and
ova have also a salivary function, though of this the former is endowed
with more than the latter.
2327. The ova correspond, as being an object of the semen, to the
object of the saliva, which is the food or aliment. The saliva imparts
to the bole or mouthful of food its first animal signification; it
renders it for the first time capable of passing over into animal
organs; it impregnates the morsel. The semen renders the ovum capable
of effecting the transition into an animal; it spits upon the ovum.
2328. Impregnation is a process of smearing with saliva, conception a
process of deglutition.
2329. Pregnancy is a process of digestion and formation of blood.
2330. If the internal sexual parts denote the internal visceral parts
of the mouth, so must the external parts of the one correspond to
the external of the other. The labia pudendi correspond to the lips,
and the clitoris to the tongue, which is more perfectly represented
in the penis. Both tongue and penis consist of two halves; in cases
where the former is fissured or divided, the latter is so also, as
in the Serpents and Lizards. In many animals, as the dogs and other
Mammalia, there is likewise a bone in the penis, which corresponds to
the os hyoides or linguale. The salivary ducts have combined with the
penis; or, taken in a more strict sense, it may be said, that in the
penis the tongue has coalesced with the oral cavity, so that both form
a canal,--that of the penis, into which the salivary ducts (vesiculæ
seminales) open.
2331. The sexual passion or venereal desire is a gustatory process of
the sexual animal, the copulation being at one and the same time a
matter both of taste and deglutition.
3. _Germ or Embryo._
2332. In the embryo the whole animal already resides in miniature, as
does the plant in its seed.
2333. The embryonic intestine is the vitellus or yelk.
2334. The embryonic integument is the amnion.
2335. The embryonic vascular system is the chorion.
2336. The embryonic sexual system is the allantois. The above
propositions can only be perfectly developed in the physiology.
b. VASCULAR ORGANS OF THE SEX.
2337. The hæmatopoietic or blood-preparing vascular system is the lung;
the blood-destroying, exsecernent vascular system is the kidneys. The
kidneys are the lung reversed. The liver decomposes the venous, the
kidneys the arteriose blood.
2338. The _kidneys_ are the individualized vascular system of the
sex, as the liver is that for digestion. They accord with the liver
in their glandular structure, in the renal pelvis, which is like the
gall-cyst, in the ureters that resemble the biliary ducts, and
lastly, in the general signification of the urine as a product, wherein
the whole organism, the whole blood-system has been excreted, like the
bile, in which the venous blood undergoes the same process.
2339. Every disturbance of the digestive function acts in a striking
and very direct manner upon the urine. The jaundice is apparent in
urine; and what else is diabetes than a malady analogous to diseases of
the liver? In urine we recognize what the bile has done with the food;
the urine is the fluid nutritive system, and consequently the fluid
organism "in toto;" the sexual blood, or sexual bile.
2340. The urine is the purest mirror or reflex of the bodily condition,
and hence ourology or the doctrine of urine is of the most universal
importance in semeiotics or symptomatic pathology: the ureters
correspond to the tracheal branches or bronchi; thus, the urinary
cyst to the trachea; the urethra to the larynx.
2341. In many animals the ureters open directly into the cloaca, as in
many Fishes, Reptiles.
2342. By degrees the cloaca is retracted towards the ureters, and then
originates a cloaca, which is both urethra and urinary cyst, as in
Birds.
2343. In the higher animals, where a perfect ourocyst or urinary
cyst has been evolved, the urethra opens into the anterior wall
of the vagina, in front of which the urinary cyst then lies, in a
similar manner to the trachea in front of the pharynx.
2344. In many Fishes the urinary cyst is absent, their pulmonic sac
being also but feebly developed and only remaining as an asymmetrical
swimming-cyst--the ureters too open directly into the cloaca, just
as the swimming-cyst opens into the oesophagus. The pharynx of
Fishes, as being surrounded by the branchial arches, is at once pharynx
and larynx, like as in many animals cloaca and urinary cyst are of
one and the same kind.
2345. In many Reptiles (such as the Tortoises and Frogs) the urinary
cyst gives off two cæca or blind sacs, as is the case in the larynx
of many apes.
2346. In the Bird the two cul-de-sacs of the urinary cyst are much
more developed and have assumed the form of two cæcal intestines, so
that they have been actually viewed as such, and their number two been
assigned as characteristic of the bird, the other animals meanwhile
having only one. The cæca intestinalia of Birds are the lateral and
upper extremities of the urinary cyst. The true cæcum of the bird
is the vitelline canal or duct, just as in the fishes and all higher
organized animals; this being distinctly retained in the aquatic birds.
2347. In the Bird the rectum properly opens into the urinary cyst
between the two blind sacs or cæca, and that indeed with a regular
vulva, which is a sphincter muscle.
2348. The cloaca of the Bird is an urinary cyst, into which the anus
opens.
2349. The orifice of the cloaca is properly that of the urethra; ova
and fæces are moistened with urine. In a bird both these egesta are
combined.
2350. Like the urethra, so is the trachea membranous in Fishes, and in
most Reptiles also.
2351. Urinary cyst and urethra stand in sympathetic relation with
the trachea and larynx, and have also similar diseases, such as
catarrh, inflammation, &c.
2352. The proper proof, however, of the urinary cyst belonging to
the respiratory system resides in its genesis. It proceeds from the
allantois, which in Birds is a decided organ of respiration, a branchia.
2353. Out of this urinary cyst issue in the embryo what have been
called primordial kidneys, which shrink or dwindle down at a later
period, but have entirely the structure of branchiæ.
2354. Here then is a sexuo-respiratory process, which corresponds to
the anal respiration, upon a higher stage, of many worms and aquatic
larvæ, e. g. Holothuriæ and Libellulæ. This anal respiration is in its
signification a sexual respiration.
2355. Even in the acephalous bivalve Mollusca and Snails the respiratory
openings are almost always situated in the proximity of the anus; their
respiration is still a sexual respiration.
2356. For the first time in Insects it becomes a respiration of the
trunk; and for the first time in the higher animals a truly animal,
namely, a cephalic respiration.
2357. The urinary system is a double system; it conjoins in itself the
two highest galvanic processes, that of secretion and excretion.
2358. Secretion is an hepatic character, excretion a pulmonic
character. Secretion belongs to nutrition, excretion to respiration.
Excretion is an exspiration, secretion an influx or infusion. Secretion
is related to excretion as water is to air, as liver to lung, as basis
to oxygen.
2359. Secretion takes place, e. g. of bile and saliva, in so far as the
processes of the body, especially those of the digestion, are promoted.
Excretion is only effected in so far as that the organs, into which
what is secreted enters, may obtain a tracheal signification, i. e.
evaporation. All excretory orifices are in a certain sense larynges or
tracheal orifices. Thus, this relation between secretion and excretion
would have been discovered without recourse to conjecture being had
upon our part.
2360. The urine is "par excellence" a double product of this kind. It
is secreted in the kidneys for simply one object, like the bile. It is
excreted, because it belongs to the sexual system, which is essentially
exsecernent.
2361. The object or purpose of the urine has not been subverted in
all animals. In Birds, where the urinary cyst and intestine are
confluent, the urine enters like the bile into the intestine, at least
at a spot where there is intestinal matter, which it renders fluid.
2362. In Insects and Snails it appears to invest as a mucus the ova,
and serve for their attachment. The same appears to hold good of
the spider's web. What has been called purple juice and ink (in the
Cephalopods) ranks probably in the signification of urine.
c. SEXUAL INTESTINE.
2363. The sexual intestine is the colon or large intestine, which, in
this respect, belongs to the sexual system, as has been indicated at §
2171.
II. _Animal Sexual Organs._
2364. The bones of the sex are the feet with their appurtenances, such
as the pelvis with the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebræ. The
muscles, as well as the nerves, are self-understood. But of these we
will speak in the sequel.
B. ANIMAL ORGANS.
2365. All organs, which are purely animal, are penetrated or traversed
by the nervous system, just as the lower systems are by the tegumentary
formation. No higher organ is the wholly pure evolution of _one_
system, but the systems ever combine with each other; and this
combination, when individually represented, constitutes the organ.
2366. Organ is distinguished from system in not pursuing its course
through the whole body, nor consisting simply of one and the same mass,
but by its occupying a definite part of the body and being composed of
several systems.
2367. Every organ has therefore a special and specific function also.
2368. The systems of animal life divide only into two kinds of organs,
into those of sensation and those of motion, into the solar and
planetary, or central and peripheric.
a. MOTOR ORGANS.
2369. Bone and muscle are not societies, but only poles of one system.
There is therefore no mere bony organ, and no mere muscular organ.
Meanwhile we will here regard them in particular or "per se."
1. _Osseous Organs._
2370. The first bones were branchial arches or tracheal rings. When
the lungs were developed from the branchiæ, the branchial arches were
repeated as ribs or pulmonary arches. Lastly, should bones be formed,
which are to be wholly in the service of the animal or the nervous
system, so also must they be wholly liberated from the vegetative
organs, and become self-substantial, i. e. have nothing else to do, but
move. Free motor organs can be none other than ribs that have become
free.
2371. These free ribs must inclose the respiratory organ or the
integument, which has become an organ of animal life; they are the
members or _limbs_. If we think of ribs, whose office is no longer to
inclose lungs, which must no longer be subservient to the uninterrupted
vital motion of respiration, and which are no longer united by
pleura into a closed cyst or sac--will not such simply retain the
self-substantial voluntary motion in themselves? will they not abandon
the inferior cystic form, and represent the same, though but ideally
and voluntarily? will not such a thorax open in front, like the
intestine has opened at its nobler extremity?--will not such ribs be
members, arms, digits? The members or limbs are the _members of the
trunk_, or ribs that have opened in front; they are the thorax that
has opened in front; and hence are nothing new, but only something
emancipated or set free. Such ribs can be none other than motor organs;
for they were previously nothing else. Then, however, they performed
motion in the service of the viscera; at present, where they are
absolved from this service, they execute it only in accordance to the
will of the head, simply according to its will, for they are _verily
nothing more than motor ribs_. Where, however, or in what region of
the body will the ribs attain unto such freedom? Without doubt, in the
neighbourhood of the head, and thus at the very spot where the lungs
derive one of their extremities. The limbs are therefore _cervical
ribs_.
2372. The arms are a thorax, consisting quite purely of bone and
muscle, and represented as isolated or detached from the viscus, or the
lung; on this depends their nobility, or, in other words, upon what is
vegetative having been wholly left behind.
2373. The arms, when clasped together by the fingers, are a thorax
without viscera, without heart and lungs; they are destined to inclose
a whole body in the embrace.
2374. By an embrace that which is embraced has been made our viscus; it
has been adopted as our animal heart, and as our animal vital organ--or
lung. The embrace has an exalted physiological signification, and
precisely that which it unconsciously possesses in the state of pure
love. Nature always thinks more nobly than we do. We follow blindfold
her beautiful regulations, and she rejoices in the sport.
2375. As the fundamental number of the branchiæ is five, so also must
the limbs represent five ribs; they split into five digits or fingers.
The feet of the Crustacea and Insects generally do not correspond to
our feet; but to our fingers. The lower organized animals have only
toes, no feet. The five thoracic feet of the crab correspond to our
fingers; its five abdominal feet to our toes.
2376. There are three limbs in accordance with the three totalities of
the body, truncal, sexual, and cephalic members, or arms, feet, and
jaws.
2377. The members of the body or trunk belong to the thorax, because it
is the respiratory system. The abdomen has no members; what have been
so-called, are in their signification sexual limbs.
2378. Had the animal no sex, it would have no posterior limbs.
2379. As the three lower cervical and the two upper dorsal vertebræ
belong to the arms, so also they appear to commence with five ribs, but
then to become arrested, and again emerge to perfection in the digits.
2380. The shoulder appears to consist of five ribs, but this does not
as yet admit of being clearly pointed out. Meanwhile, it is certain
that the scapula, acromion, and coracoid are particular bones, to which
may be added the clavicle.
2381. The middle finger is the elongated radius, and is therefore
the longest or radial digit. It is that which is persistent, if only
one finger has been left, as in the horse. The ring-finger is the
ulnar finger. It is that which, along with the former, appears in the
bi-ungulate animals; the spurious or dew-claws are the auricular and
index-finger; the thumb is the last ramification, is therefore always
arrested, and frequently present only as a wart-like excrescence or
papilla.
2382. All animals, which have true digits, are furnished with five of
them, more or less completely developed. If what has been called the
metacarpal bone of the thumb be numbered, which it must, as a digital
articulation or phalanx, every finger has thus one carpal bone, and
each bone of the fore arm also one.
2383. The sexual members or feet correspond in all their pieces to the
arms: the pelvis is the shoulder repeated; and certainly, the iliac
bone is equivalent to the scapula, the ischium to the coracoid process,
the os pubis to the acromion, the marsupial bone to the clavicle.
_Cephalic Members._
2384. Both pairs of limbs are repeated in the head, because in it the
whole trunk is repeated; the upper jaw corresponds to the arms, the
lower jaw to the feet. Each jaw consists of two members, which are
ankylosed in the higher animals at their point of meeting or in front,
but in Fishes are partly, and in Insects completely, separated.
2385. Each jaw consists of the same bony divisions as the limbs of the
trunk, of scapula, humerus, and fore-arm; or of pelvis, femur, and
tibia. This is easily to be demonstrated in Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes.
2386. The digits are repeated in the teeth. The teeth are claws.
2387. There are therefore five kinds of teeth, which correspond to the
five digits. The thumb becomes the canine tooth; the index-finger the
false molars; the middle finger the laniary molar, the ring-finger the
second, and the little finger the third true molar tooth.
2388. The intermaxillary with its incisor teeth belongs, as well as the
palatal bones, to the pharynx; and is a visceral or intestinal maxilla.
2389. The lower animals therefore, as the Fishes, have almost nothing
but intermaxillary and palatal teeth. They act principally upon the
lingual teeth. The reptiles have still palatal teeth, which higher up
in the vertebrate series disappear.
_Symmetry._
2390. As the cervical ribs have nothing more to inclose, have no longer
to respire, but only to move; their symmetrical development is thus
undelayed. The symmetry is at first wholly attained by the act of
opening or apertion.
2391. The limbs are the most symmetrical organs. They are symmetrical
in each smallest part, and these parts again assume a symmetrical
arrangement in regard to each other. They are the ideal of symmetry.
2392. They are, however, the free living symmetry. They can create by
their motions symmetrical forms. The symmetry consists chiefly in, and
has been produced only by, the motion.
2393. The symmetry of the motion is the most exalted, for it is that
which is endowed with life. The symmetry of the form is that which is
dead.
2394. The symmetry of the form appertains to inorganic nature, the
symmetry of the motion is the property of animals.
2395. Dancing and acting are the highest organic symmetrical movements,
and also the highest symmetries. They are the symmetry of the motor
members, wrought by motion.
2396. Music is a much higher symmetry of motion.
2397. Speech is the highest spiritual symmetry; it is the dance and
histrionism of the spirit or mind.
2. _Muscular Organs._
2398. The muscles are everywhere attached to the bones, and help to
form with them the same set of organs.
2399. The muscles of the larynx are therefore the antetypes of the
costal muscles, these of the member-muscles, and the dorsal muscles of
the scapular and pelvic muscles.
2400. The muscles of the limbs are found in a state of treble
repetition. That the muscles of the arm and leg are of one kind, admits
of being demonstrated with tolerable facility. But it is necessary,
that in doing this regard be paid to the ligaments.
2401. The ligaments are only stunted muscles. Without bringing them
into account, the muscular system does not admit of being explained and
understood.
2402. The crural muscles are again found in the lower jaw.
2403. The brachial muscles, on the upper jaw or face.
2404. The movements of the facial muscles correspond to those of the
limb-muscles. Upon this depends the interpretation of dumb-show, or the
art of physiognomy.
3. _Nervous Organs._
2405. Nervous organs are liberations of individual parts of the nervous
system, and their endowment with a peculiar function or sensation.
2406. The liberations of the nerves are combinations with the other
anatomical systems at the spot where they have attained their highest
evolution.
2407. Each system, however, has its peculiar process. Through the
reception or adoption of the systems into the nervous system, a
peculiar sensation must therefore originate.
2408. Peculiar sensations are sensations of sense.
2409. The combinations of the anatomical systems with the nervous
system, whereby the former have been subordinated to the latter, are
consequently _sensorial organs_, or organs of sense.
2410. In the sensorial organs the processes of the several systems
attain unto sensation. They are brains of the anatomical systems.
2411. There are as many senses as there are different anatomical
systems, and consequently senses belonging to vegetative and animal
life.
2412. The number of vegetative systems is 3; the vascular, intestinal,
and pulmonary system.
2413. The most complete combination of the vascular with the nervous
system is the integument--constituting the tegumentary sense, or _sense
of feeling_.
2414. The most complete combination of the intestinal system with the
nerves is the tongue--intestinal or _gustatory sense_.
2415. The most complete combination of the lungs with the nerves is the
nose--pulmonary or _olfactory sense_.
2416. Among the three animal systems, bones and muscles produce, from
their association, only one action--the motion. The most complete and
perfect combination of the motor system with the nerves, is in the
ear--osseo-muscular or _auditory sense_.
2417. The nervous system has become a self-substantial organ in the
eye--the nervous, or _visual sense_.
2418. There are therefore only 5 senses; they are none other than
repetitions of the anatomical systems in the sensation; they are the
highest developments which are possible in the lower systems, being the
blossoms or heads of such systems.
2419. These systems are, however, processes of the universe taken up
into the organization. In its organs of sense, the processes of the
universe are thus felt or perceived. The senses are world-organs, and
are therefore placed in contact with the world, or occupy an outward
position.
2420. The vascular system is the nutritive system. In it the blood
coagulates into the solid parts of the body. The feeling-sense is
therefore sensible of the nutrition or rigidifying process of the
body. Now, the Solid of the planet is the earth. The sense of feeling
perceives therefore opposition--it is an _earth-sense_.
2421. The function of the intestinal canal is digestion. In taste,
the process of digestion is felt. But digestion is a solvent, a
hydrapoietic process; in taste the water is therefore felt--it is the
_water-sense_.
2422. Respiration is a process of oxydation. In smell the respiratory
process is felt. Oxydation is, however, an air-process--it is
_air-sense_. Thus do the three vegetative senses feel the elements of
the planet--are _planetary senses_.
2423. The animal systems are symbols of the æther, of the gravity with
the heat or motion, and of the light.
2424. The motion is only moved matter, and thus a combination of the
muscular and osseous system. The ear therefore perceives the motion
of the primary matter, or the atomic motion--it is _gravity-sense_,
_æther-sense_.
2425. The light is the tension-process of the æther; to see, is
therefore in an organism to emit light or shine--_light-sense_.
2426. The signification of the senses is twofold; they are anatomical
_systems_ which have become nerves, and on that account also _elements_
that have attained unto sensation.
1. Sense of feeling--vascular, tegumentary, nutritive sense,
_earth-sense_.
2. Gustatory sense--intestinal, digestive sense, _water-sense_.
3. Olfactory sense--pulmonic, respiratory sense, _air-sense_.
4. Auditory sense--osseo-muscular, motor sense, _æther-sense_.
_Matter-Sense._
5. Visual sense--nervous, tension-sense, _light-sense_.
2427. The sensorial organs are not simply combinations of the
anatomical systems with the nerves, but also with the bones and
muscles. These have been entirely taken up into the signification of
the animal body.
2428. Each sense has its own nervous, osseous, and muscular system.
2429. The sense of feeling has its bones and muscles in the limbs.
2430. The sense of taste, its bones in the lingual bone, its muscles in
and upon the tongue.
2431. The sense of smell, its bones in the nasal bones, its muscles
being frequently very much developed in the snout or proboscis.
2432. The sense of hearing, its bones in the auditory ossicles, its
muscles in the auditory conch.
2433. The sense of sight, its bones in a ring surrounding the sclerotic
coat and in the eyelids, its muscles in the ocular muscles.
2434. Besides the proper sensorial nerves, each organ of sense is
provided with nerves for the motor system and for the vegetative
systems, especially those of secretion.
2435. The integument has, besides the nerves of the tactile papillæ,
vascular and motor nerves.
2436. The tongue is supplied with nerves of motion and digestion, and
has therefore three pairs of nerves.
2437. The nose receives motor and respiratory nerves from the fifth
pair.
2438. The ear has likewise three kinds of nerves; the auditory nerves,
facial nerves, and a branch from the fifth pair, not to mention those
that are distributed to the auditory conch.
2439. The eye has, in addition to its wholly special motor nerves, a
number of others, which superintend its vegetative systems, such as the
iris and the secretions of the humours.
a. VEGETATIVE SENSES.
1. _Vascular Senses._
2440. All senses are only conditionated by the peripheric nervous mass
because they are combinations of the nervous mass with the blossoms of
the inferior systems.
2441. The most general system of the animal is the vascular system,
which is represented externally as integument. The animal was in the
commencement nothing but integument, and this again naught but vascular
and nervous mass, so that the whole integument was thus an organ of
sensation.
2442. Through the integument the animal becomes an individual, or a
something distinct from the aggregate of nature. Now as the integument
is principally the organ of sensation, so is the primary sensation that
act, by which the animal is distinguished from nature. The tegumentary
sense is the sense of _distinction_, of limitation.
2443. Through the act of discriminating, a something foreign or
extraneous is granted us. The immediate perception of what is
extraneous, is called feeling. Tegumentary sense is _sense of feeling_.
2444. The feeling-sense is the first in the animal.
2445. It is that which is general in the animal.
2446. The whole animal is naught but a sense of feeling.
2447. Out of the feeling-sense all other senses must be developed, just
as all other systems are developed out of the tegumentary formation.
_Organs of Touch._
2448. Where, however, the skin has attained to a higher grade of
formation, or where it has combined with higher systems, there also
will the sense of feeling be supplied by the former.
2449. The combination of the integument with the osseous and muscular
system, and with a nervous system of its own, takes place in the limbs.
Since the motor members are only a liberated thorax, so no other sense
can belong to them but that of feeling, which the thorax previously
possessed.
2450. But these sensitive organs are moved, and therefore voluntary
organs, digits, or former branchiæ. Moveable or voluntary organs of
feeling are called _tactile organs_. The feeling of the motor members
is touch.
2451. The highest feeling necessarily consists in touching, because it
has in that become active, while before it was only passive.
2452. In the situation of the sensitive papillæ, the origin of the
digits from respiratory organs admits of being still recognized. They
are arranged in spiral lines upon the points of the fingers.
2453. The sexual organs belong as tegumentary developments to the sense
of feeling. There is no special sexual sense.
2. _Intestinal Sense._
2454. Opposite to the general feeling or the integument, the function
of the intestine is evolved. In the trunk it is simply busied with
its own processes; when it first mounts or ascends into the head, it
becomes subordinated to the nervous action.
2455. The combination of the intestine with bones, muscles and peculiar
nerves, is presented in the tongue. This is the sensitive organ of the
intestine.
2456. The tongue is a feeling-sense in water, just as the skin was that
in the air. For it is the blossom of the digestive process. To the
tongue therefore belongs the digestive or water-organ of the mouth,
which is constituted by the salivary glands.
2457. The sensation of what is fluid in its chemical relations is
called _taste_. Gustation is not a peculiar process, but obviously only
the nervous commencement of the digestive process. On that account also
the gustatory sense still lies concealed in a cavity. The whole buccal
or oral cavity still belongs to the sense of taste.
2458. As in the sense of feeling the motor system still predominates,
so does it also in the tongue, as being the second sense, which has
been liberated from the plant. The nervous mass is in this sense not
preponderant over the muscular and bony mass.
2459. The tongue is still to be regarded as an organ of touch, though
one in which the flesh or muscle has gained a mastery over the bones,
while in the true tactile organ the bones determine the principal forms
and functions. The tongue is a nervous organ in the muscle, the hand is
such in the bone.
2460. The hyoid or lingual bone is none other than the first branchial
arch, and consists pretty nearly of the same pieces as the arm.
2461. Compound lingual bones, such as occur in many Reptiles, have
originated from coalescence of several branchial arches.
2462. Like the limbs, so is the tongue originally a double organ. In
most Reptiles it is longitudinally fissured. Such animals have usually
also a double penis. In all animals the tongue is divided into two
moieties, which are only connate by means of suture. The penis also
consists of two connate penes.
2463. As in the tegumentary sense, the nerves could not be peculiar
or special in kind, but took their origin from all parts, and
particularly from the spinal cord, so also is this the case with the
intestinal sense, which is still only an internal tegumentary sense.
The lingual nerves proceed from several situations, and that too from
the upper part of the spinal cord.
2464. The oral cavity also consists, properly speaking, of mere tactile
organs, which have been repeated in the head. Thus, there are tactile
organs which are subservient to the gustatory sense, in biting,
chewing, and swallowing.
2465. The lips are tactile organs upon the threshold or brink, as it
were, of the gustatory sense.
2466. In the oral cavity, however, the glands of the intestinal canal
are repeated. The salivary glands secrete fluid, like the pancreatic
glands.
2467. The sense of feeling is present in all animals. They are only
animals by virtue of it; but the sense of taste appears to be first
formed at a later period, after the intestine has separated from the
integument; in the animals that have no intestine, its existence is
problematical, and even in Fishes and Birds it is but poorly developed.
3. _Pulmonic or Lung-sense._
2468. When the respiratory organ is hoisted up into the head, and there
becomes an organ of sensation, it passes over into a sense.
2469. That the nose is the thorax, together with its viscera, repeated
in the head, has been already remarked. The many convolutions of the
turbinated or olfactory bones correspond to the ramifications of the
trachea; the nasal cartilages to the tracheal or laryngeal rings; the
olfactory membrane to the pulmonic vesicles.
2470. The process of the lungs repeated in the head becomes smell, like
that of the intestine became taste. The olfactory sense is the highest
blossom of the arteriose vascular system or the branchial net. On this
account the olfactory membrane is the most delicate, and the densest
tissue of arteries and veins.
2471. The nose is related to the mouth, as the thoracic is to the
abdominal cavity; the olfactory membrane to the tongue, as the lung
is to the stomach. It is a cephalo-thorax. The nose is not therefore
so completely closed as the mouth, but is opened through the two most
anterior air-holes or spiracula. The nasal apertures or nostrils are
the last persistent remnants of the spiracula, after all those upon the
sides of the body have been closed up.
2472. It is the last organ of sense, which has been evolved from the
trunk. It is therefore nobler than the two others, and has also a
nobler object, the air.
2473. The nerves of the olfactory organ are peculiar to it, and are
encephalic nerves. As the sense of smell is the pulmonic or arteriose
sense; so also does the arteriose substance of the brain combine
with this organ. The olfactory nerves consist of cineritious or gray
substance, and are only prolongations thereof.
2474. This is the only phenomenon of the kind met with among all
nerves, but it is commensurate with the character or signification of
this organ. A sensible pulmonary organ can only have arteriose nerves.
As the liver is throughout venous, so is the nose throughout arteriose
in quality.
b. ANIMAL SENSES.
2475. It now only remains for us to consider the motor and the
sensitive system proper upon their highest stage of development. The
motor system, when represented in the nervous system, is a peculiar
organ of sensation, as is likewise the nervous system itself upon
attaining its highest state of development.
4. _Osseo-Muscular Sense._
2476. The lowest condition of the motor system is the limbs, which
represent no peculiar sense, but only the sense of feeling refined or
set in motion. This motor system ascends into the head, and there no
longer exercises its motive powers in prehension, progression, &c.,
but solely unto sensation. Now, a system, which converts its function
into that of sensation, is a sense.
2477. The sensorial organ, which simply through motion, or a resistance
presented to that of the atoms, produces sensation, or wherein the
motion as such is felt, is the _Ear_.
2478. The ear is none other than the ultimate development of the bone
and muscle, when they are brought under the direct dominion of the
nerves.
2479. The auditory ossicles are the limbs subtilized or refined in
character. They have joints, are provided with muscles, and move
exactly like the limbs. It may be said; that the stapes is the scapula,
the incus the humerus, the malleus the fore arm, and the concha with
its cartilages, the hand with its digits.
2480. The ear, like the bulk of the limbs, has originated from
branchiæ. In Fishes, the auditory ossicles have degenerated into the
branchial opercula.
2481. The ear-trumpet (or Eustachian tube), which opens into the mouth,
is the internal branchial aperture.
2482. The motor system, however, belongs to the trunk, whose viscera
are repeated also in the ear, or in a cavity which has been called its
labyrinth. The three semicircular canals appear to correspond to the
intestine, the cochlea to the trachea.
2483. The ear has not only a nerve, but likewise a brain, of its own.
2484. The cerebellum is the auditory brain, and from it the acoustic
nerves take their rise. For, since the ear is the sense of the whole
motor system, and consequently of half the animal, it inevitably
follows, that an appropriate or special nervous mass must be developed
for it, just as the myelon or spinal chord has been for the trunk. An
organ, which is so constantly active, must necessarily have a large
nervous mass. The cerebellum is consequently not a brain in the general
sense, but one which is wholly individualized. It participates in the
motion, which, as sound, is transmitted to the animal.
2485. By its signification as well as by its own brain, the ear gives
us to recognize its elevated rank above the other senses.
2486. The ear must stand in relation with the body's limbs.
2487. The ears first make their appearance in animals, associated with
a tolerable development of the limbs. With the exception of a few
instances, the ears first become apparent in Fishes, being in them at
least furnished for the first time with true ossicles and semicircular
canals. The ear, like the limbs, with which it constantly maintains
a parallel course, is very slowly perfected. In the Fishes which
have only fins (as instruments of locomotion) it is wholly concealed
within the cranial bones; in the Reptiles it emerges or is more
exposed to view; but for the first time in Birds and Mammalia where,
generally speaking, the limbs also are first perfected, it attains
its completion; in them only is the cochlea fully developed, and an
auditory meatus which opens externally.
5. _Nervous Sense._
2488. In all lower organs, and even in the senses which have hitherto
been commented upon, the nervous system was not the chief, but only
the co-ordinate agent. It has only by its conjunction with, assisted
in elevating the character of, other systems, so that their material
might be converted into spiritual processes. But the nervous is also
a self-substantial system, and must therefore attain likewise a free
development.
2489. With the highest organs of the nervous system, the relation which
has been hitherto maintained, must be reversed. The inferior systems
will now be the co-ordinate agents.
2490. The highest nervous organ can only possess that function, which
is originally peculiar to the nervous system, i. e. the most delicate
polarization, the light-function. There is the _Light-sense_.
2491. The eye is nothing but a nervous system represented in a state of
purest organization, just as the ear was the purest system of motion.
2492. In the eye it is the brain itself, which expands, in order to
turn unto or face the light.
2493. As the ear has its own brain, so also has the eye; the cerebrum
is the optic brain. (Ed. 1st, 1811. §. 2317.) This is the rationale of
our having two brains.
2494. Now the cortical or gray substance has been already diverted from
the cerebrum to supply the olfactory sense. Its medullary or white
substance remains for the eye. The medullary brain is the optic brain.
The medullary is consequently the nobler part of the nervous system.
2495. The brain's medulla is homologous to the light; its exterior or
cortical portion is related to the material light, the air.
2496. The eye is only a medullary brain, posited peripherically and in
a nervous manner. The brain itself has elongated and become integument.
2497. The visual membrane (or retina) is the cerebral substance
cystically expanded. It must be regarded as being originally a closed
bladder or cyst. (Ed. 1st, 1811. §. 2321.)
2498. The optic nerve is itself hollow, and unites the cerebral with
the orbitar cavity.
2499. The vitreous body, which fills out the cyst of the retina, is
the cerebral medulla which has become transparent, or a semi-fluid
albuminous mass.
2500. The sclerotic coat of the eye is the continuation of the brain's
dura mater.
2501. The vascular or choroid coat of the eye is the continuation of
the encephalic pia mater. All parts of the brain have been consequently
continued into the eye.
2502. Now, what the brain is for the earthly body, that also must it be
for the eye. The eye is not simply brain, but a representation also of
the whole body. The brain can, forsooth, be nowhere without its body;
if therefore it is elevated into the eye, so also must it take up and
elevate the body along with itself.
2503. The eye is an entire body, a whole animal. Again, in the next
place, the animal systems, such as limbs, thorax and abdomen, have
been most distinctly represented in it. The light is seized, respired,
digested, and hence felt by the eye.
2504. As the light represents chaotically the whole of nature, but this
material nature enters completely into the animal through the processes
of the trunk, so does the light enter it through the eye. The eye is
the chaotic representation of all material processes of a body.
2505. The limbs or members of the eye are repeated in the ocular
muscles and the sclerotic or bony ring; in many Fishes the eye stands
upon a flexible pedicle, as in the Crabs. The ocular muscles move the
eye in different directions like a hand.
2506. The sclerotic corresponds to the corium, the cornea to the
digital unguis, or finger-nail.
2507. The choroid or vascular coat, is the respiratory system or lung
in the eye. The iris corresponds to the larynx, the pupil to the
glottis; its expansion and contraction is a respiratory movement.
2508. The choroid coat incloses also an osseous mass, the lens--a
vertebral body. The morbid states of the lens are osseous diseases,
such as gout.
2509. In the chambers of the eye, water, as being a product of
digestion, is constantly secreted.
2510. The orbitar cavity is a mouth with salivary glands--giving vent
to tears.
2511. The lachrymal canal is a branchial duct, which opens into the
nose, like the Eustachian tubes did from the ear into the mouth.
2512. The eyelids consequently correspond to the lips, and are in like
manner fringed with hairs.
2513. As the body has everywhere two halves, and laterally also
presents two entire organisms, so also is the formation of the nervous
system a double one. Each eye is an entire body.
2514. In the two eyes the halves of the body have completely separated
as entire bodies, and each has attained self-substantiality. Each
eye is a free animal in the animal body. Each eye is therefore
circumscribed by its own _integument_--is a free animal. It is endowed,
like the hand, with omnilateral motion; it has cavities, i. e. its
bodily cavities and humours, or inclosed masses--_viscera_.
2515. An organ, which again repeats in its miniature the whole animal
itself, of which it is only a part, must necessarily be the highest
point unto which an organism can attain. With the eye the organization,
and consequently nature, has been concluded.
2516. The eye is a parasitic animal, of the same kind with the animal
upon which it exists.
2517. In a certain sense all sensorial organs are parasitic animals in
the animal; only they are not all of the same kind with it. No one of
the other senses has e. g. repeated _all_ lower systems in itself, and
it is therefore to be regarded only as a subordinate or half-animal,
which lives upon that which is more perfect.
_Senses of the Sexual Animal._
2518. In essaying to speak concerning the sensorial organs of the
sexual animal, we shall only encounter in the latter the emotions of
the vegetative senses, and these indeed disposed according to their
rank.
2519. The sense of feeling is most perfectly developed in the legs,
whereof the pelvis represents the scapula.
2520. The external sexual parts are the analogues of the gustatory
sense; the female parts being indeed those of the mouth; the male,
which are frequently furnished with bone, of the tongue. The jaws are
not repeated in a sexual animal, except in Insects, namely, as the
pharyngeal maxillæ.
2521. The analogue of the nose is wholly stunted, and is only left
persistent as a trachea or air-tube in the urethra.
2522. In other respects the cavity of the sexual parts is a
trunk-cavity "per se," like the thoracic and abdominal; the pelvic
cavity contains the viscera of a whole animal.
II.-_PHYSIOLOGY._
2523. Physiology is the doctrine or science which treats of the
functions of the animal. Like the organology was, so also must the
science of the functions be developed. There will be functions of the
whole animal, and of the tissues, systems and organs.
_A._ FUNCTIONS OF THE ANIMAL IN GENERAL.
2524. The first act of the animal is an assimilation to the universe,
whereby it also receives or takes up into itself the primary function
of the universe. This is the perception of the circumscription and
totality in itself, its self-manifestation, the _feeling of self_. The
first action of the animal mass is that of self-sensation. Now, through
the self-sensation, self-substantiality has been granted.
2525. The animal is consequently a Whole in Singulars only through the
feeling of self.
2526. As the universe is only an analysis of the self-consciousness of
God; so also can the development of the animal and the formation of its
organs, be none other than an analysis of the self-sensation. All other
functions (just as all masses are only a metamorphosed nervous mass)
are but differently polarized self-sensations, or these as it were
dispersed.
2527. The self-sensation of an individual body is not, however,
inclosed within itself, like the primary relation of the universe;
because it is not the universe, but only a fraction of it, which
has sprouted forth like a bud from the great planetary body. The
self-sensation is not therefore a simple feeling of self, but a
feeling also of something _foreign_ or extraneous, and thus the
animal self-sensation becomes, in reference to Nature, an act of
discrimination or discernment.
2528. Now, the animal is distinguished only from Nature by the act of
being liberated from it. It is therefore comprehended in a constant
liberation or severance. The life of the animal continues only by a
constantly renewed and indefatigable severance, by a desertion or
falling off from Nature.
2529. In so doing, however, it detaches itself from Nature, as being
a part thereof; the severance is therefore a conversion of the nature
into an animal. In this consists the reciprocal action of both, viz.
that the animal is constantly seeking to assimilate the nature unto
itself.
2530. The ability or power to assimilate the nature, is called
_excitability_.
2531. Excitability is the most general phenomenon of the organic mass,
and appertains both to plants and animals.
2532. But in the animal excitability, the free self-sensation,
within which a free motion is necessarily inherent, is superadded or
originates. This excitability unto motion I call _irritability_.
2533. Thus this irritability belongs only to animals.
2534. Irritability does not depend directly upon motion, but throughout
upon sensation. Without sensation no irritability is possible. If the
sensation ceases, so also does mobility, or the capacity for motion,
cease.
2535. Since irritability originates from the antagonism of the animal
with the world; so is it parallel to an antagonism of the heavenly
bodies, or to that of sun and planets. The mutual operation of these
two heavenly bodies is, however, an interchange of polarity, a polar
excitation. The irritability is a polar process; but one which is pure
and devoid of material excretions, just as the sun excites the earth
without eliciting therein any material change or transition. The animal
becomes polarized by the incentive agent or stimulus.
2536. Through the irritability there originates a double polarity in
the animal. In the first place one between the world and the animal; in
the second, one between the exterior of the animal and its interior.
The world-polarity gives the feeling or sensation, the body's polarity
the motion.
2537. In the sensation the animal always transcends itself; there is
thus only excitability. In the motion the animal abides or remains
within itself; but the self-sensation proceeds from both conditions.
Accordingly, in self-sensation the world, and the animal within the
animal, convene or come together. The animal is itself universe, and
it at the same time comprehends the great universe. Now, in both
conditions or in both functions has the animal been turned towards
the world and also towards itself. In feeling it turns itself towards
the world, in order to adopt this spiritually into, or repel this
from, itself; in motion it turns itself towards the world, in order to
materially adopt or to repel it. In both cases of assumption it turns
itself towards itself.
2538. Both these properties belong to the animal body; if individual
organs are deficient in them, it happens therefore, from their having
superadded or adduced other properties, which are predominant, to the
original ones. This is the essence of what is animal in a living body.
Thus, if from an animal all the vegetable systems could be subtracted,
it would do nothing but feel and move.
_B._ FUNCTIONS OF THE ANIMAL IN SINGULARS.
I. _Functions of the Tissues._
a. FUNCTIONS OF THE ANIMAL TISSUES.
1. _Functions of the Point-Tissue._
2539. The point-tissue is also spiritually represented, and this
spiritual manifestation or expression is the stamp or impress of the
arrangement of the matter into points.
2540. The point-matter is the matter of sensation; the sensation is,
however, imparted by polarization. The act of feeling is a conduction
of the polarity from point to point; this is the light-polarity. This
light-like polarity transmitted from point to point is sensibility.
2541. The sensibility is not the result of a peculiar nervous fluid, or
even of mechanical vibration, &c., of the nerves; but of an antagonism
between animal and world, brain and tegument, sun and planet.
2542. The point-tissue is in every respect the æther which has become
the mucus, and has in every respect also to act in accordance thereunto.
2543. The sensibility or the nervous power, viewed in relation to the
smallness of the body, operates instantaneously upon every spot. It
is not first conducted or tardily conveyed hither and thither; but
everywhere, where an antagonism, a stimulus, a _planet_ is, there
also is the "vis nervosa." Where a planet is, there also is the solar
tension.
2544. But abstractedly or ideally considered, the nervous force
certainly requires a time to elapse for the propagation of the
stimulus, just as the light-tension darts through the æther only in a
given time. As light traverses at the rate of 40,000 miles per second,
so must the nervous power, if it obey similar laws to those of its
prototype, and the length of a man be estimated at 1-5000th of a mile,
glide through the human body in 1-200,000,000th of a second, which,
"quoad" the phenomenon, cannot, of course, be observed.