1672. This structure is chiefly found in_Elements of Physiophilosophy

The stalk is mostly woody; the foliage either aciculiform or leathery

in texture, and never pinnated. The leaves are either arranged in

whorls or opposite, a position which indicates a lower grade of

development. Moreover, they are related to the plants of the preceding

class; they are either _Epigynous_ or _Perigynous_. The corolla and

ovarium follow the opposite position of the leaves; the former being

quadripartite, the latter bi-and quaternary. Most of them grow in hot

countries upon dry ground, and their virtues reside in the stalk, e. g.

the Peruvian bark.

1673. The Stellatæ or Rubiaceæ are without doubt the lowest, because

they are epigynous and have a quadri-petalous corolla, with a binary

and frequently only follicular ovarium.

1674. First order. _Cauliariæ parenchymatosæ._ The _Stellatæ_ proper

along with the _Coffeaceæ_, all of them being two-seeded.

1675. Second order. _C. vaginatæ._ The Rubiaceæ with bilocular

many-seeded capsules--_Rondeletiæ_ and _Cinchoneæ_.

1676. Third order. _C. axonales._ _Rubiaceæ_ with

fruits--_Guettardidæ_, _Hameliæ_, _Gardeniæ_.

1677. Fourth order. _C. florales._ Quadripetalar Perigynæ, with similar

capsules or berries--_Epacrideæ_, _Vacciniaceæ_, _Ericaceæ_.

1678. Fifth order, _C. fructuariæ._ Quaternary Perigynes with

fruits--_Myrobalaneæ_, _Olacineæ_, _Diospyroideæ_ and _Sapoteæ_. (For

the arrangement of their families vid. Tab. B.)

_CLASS IX._

_Leaf-plants._

1679. Herbs having broad leaves, quinary hypogynous corollæ, and

bilocular capsule. Here the whole stem has become leaf; all the parts

are soft; they are _herbs_ in the propermost sense of the word.

1680. Here belong the _hypogynous_ Monopetalæ: _Primulaceæ_,

_Personatæ_, _Solaneæ_, _Gentianeæ_, _Asclepiadæ_, _Cariceæ_,

_Asperifoliæ_, _Sambuceæ_. The roots are fibrous; the stalk herbaceous,

being wholly covered, and that indeed with large leaves; calyx and

corolla quinquepartite, frequently bilabiate; the germen a bilocular

membranous capsule, which seldom becomes fleshy, and contains few

seeds. It is these plants which serve chiefly as food for cattle, and

whose whole trunk is officinally known under the name of _herbage_;

relations which express the leafy character.

1681. First order, _Foliariæ parenchymatosæ_. Herbs with bilocular

capsules, in which there are many seeds placed upon a median

cone. The capsule dehisces, while both carpels separate from each

other--_Primulaceæ_, _Scrophulariæ_, _Solaneæ_.

1682. Second order, _F. vaginatæ_. For the most part herbaceous,

their many-seeded carpels springing open at the dorsal

suture--_Orobanchaceæ_, _Rhinanthaceæ_, and _Bignoniaceæ_.

1683. Third order, _F. axonales_. Regular quinary corollæ with seeds

borne upon the margins of the two carpellar valves--_Gentianaceæ_,

_Asclepiadaceæ_, _Jasmineæ_.

1684. Fourth order, _F. florales_. Few seeds in one capsule; the

pistil becomes nut-like or trilocular--_Labiatæ_, _Polemoniaceæ_,

_Convolvulaceæ_.

1685. Fifth order, _F. fructuariæ_. Herbs and shrubs with fruits; as

nuts, plums and berries. For their sixteen families (vid. Tab. B.)

B. BLOSSOM-PLANTS.

1686. Flowers polypetalous.

SECOND CIRCLE.

_Flower-plants._

1687. Calyx, corolla, stamina and ovarium perfectly separated from each

other--_Pedunculate corollæ_, _Stielblumen_ or _Hypogynes_. The blossom

must be here developed in the most perfect manner; i. e. all its parts

must be complete and separated from each other. This is the case only

in the hypogynous Polypetalæ.

1688. The lowest organized kinds must, from being a repetition of

them, remind us of the grasses and Syngenesia. They are therefore

polycarpellar or multi-ovarial.--_Ranunculaceæ_, _Malvaceæ_,

_Magnoliaceæ_.

1689. Unto these are allied those plants whose ovaria consist of

several carpels, but that are connate with each other, and mutually

separate for the first time with their maturation or decay, as in

the _Rutaceæ_, _Polygaleæ_, _Malvaceæ_, _Aurantiacæ_, _Platanaceæ_,

_Malpighieæ_, _Sapindeæ_.

1690. The highest are characterized by coalition of the carpels

into a single ovarium with stunted dissepiments, and by corollæ

that are well developed and distinguished for colour, delicacy, and

magnitude--_Carnations_, _Violets_, _Cistaceæ_, _Siliquosæ_, _Poppies_,

_Gamboge-trees_.

_CLASS X._

_Seed-plants._

1691. Plants having a preponderance of seed, that draws after it all

the floral parts.

1692. The ovaria have become seed-like, have separated from each other,

and inclose for the most part only a single seed.

1693. As in the grasses and Syngenesia many flowers are collected

into a spike or upon a receptacle, so here are many carpels in a

single corolla--_Ranunculaceæ_, _Geraniaceæ_, _Tiliaceæ_, _Malvaceæ_,

_Magnoliaceæ_.

1694. The stamina are usually of indefinite number, and mostly connate.

1695. All forms of stalks are here met with; such as herbs, bushes,

shrubs, and trees. All forms also of leaves; spathose leaves,

petiolated leaves, simple and divided, yet rarely pinnated.

1696. The component parts are usually mucilage, as in the roots of the

Syngenesia.

1697. They divide into two great groups, into the quinary and

sexanary. Since among the quinary, herbaceous stalks with nodes and

spathe-leaves, but capsules only, occur; they must be arranged in the

lowest rank. The sexanary bear fruits.

1698. First order, _Seminariæ parenchymatosæ_. Herbs with nodes and

spathose leaves, together with numerous, mostly one-seeded, carpels,

attached in an irregular manner to a median columella--_Ranunculaceæ_

and _Geraniaceæ_.

1699. Second order, _S. vaginatæ._ Trees having many-seeded carpels,

coalesced like the style, _Theaceæ_, _Tiliaceæ_, _Elæocarpaceæ_.

1700. Third order, _S. axonales._ Bushes and shrubs with free,

mostly simple, leaves, ovaria, mostly one-seeded, and arranged

in a circle around the mediate axis or columella; anthers

bilocular--_Hermanniaceæ_, _Dombeyaceæ_, _Sterculiaceæ_, and

_Büttneriaceæ_.

1701. Fourth order, _S. florales._ For the most part trees, having

frequently divided leaves and similar ovaria, yet mostly many-seeded

and connate--_Malvaceæ_ and _Bombaceæ_.

1702. Fifth order, _S. fructuariæ._ Corollæ mostly sexanary, ovaria

in a circle without a columella--_Magnoliaceæ_, _Menispermaceæ_,

_Dilleniaceæ_, _Anonaceæ_. They divide into sixteen families. (Vid.

Tab. B.)

_CLASS XI._

_Ovarium-plants._

1703. Hypogynous Polypetalæ with perfect multilocular

ovarium--_Polygaleæ_, _Melieæ_, _Aurantiaceæ_, _Platanaceæ_,

_Malpighieæ_, _Sapindeæ_.

1704. While in the preceding class the number of the carpels was

usually indeterminate; it is here limited to three and five. In the

one, they usually stood around a middle columella or axis, in the

other, they form a true capsule with perfect partition-walls or septa,

and a single style. The number of the seeds is moderate, i. e. there

are more than one, but they are easily counted. They are therefore of

mediate size, having no kernels, as is the case in the nuts, but also

no granules, as in the berries or poppy capsules. In the preceding

class the fruits were rare; here they occur frequently in the upper

orders. The number of the floral parts is, throughout the present

class, five, that of the stamina five or ten, and they are seldom

coalesced; the stalk also passes through all the stages of development

from that of the herb through the shrub into the tree. The leaves are

seldom spathe-like, but frequently coriaceous and aciculate, as in

their predecessors the _Heaths_; many are pinnated.

1705. First order, _Capsulariæ parenchymatosæ_--_Rutaceæ_. Herbs and

shrubs frequently provided with aciculate and coriaceous leaves;

corollæ regular with ten stamina; ovarium consisting of five carpels,

which separate when ripe, and contain few seeds--_Rutaceæ_, _Diosmaceæ_.

1706. Second order, _C. vaginatæ._ Shrubs and trees with similar

corollæ and ovaria, which are nevertheless frequently separated and

fleshy--_Quassiaceæ_, _Ochnaceæ_.

1707. Third order, _C. axonales._ Mostly shrubs and trees with

irregular corollæ and bilocular ovarium--_Polygalaceæ_, _Vochysieæ_,

_Pittosporeæ_.

1708. Fourth order, _C. florales._ Trees with a woody or berry-like

ovarium, having several cells--_Cedreleæ_, _Melieæ_, _Aurantiaceæ_.

1709. Fifth order, _C. fructuariæ._ Trees; flowers quinary, ovarium

mostly ternary, becoming a winged or fleshy fruit. (Their sixteen

families probably pursue the order indicated at Tab. B.)

_CLASS XII._

_Corolla-plants._

1710. Corollæ stipaceous, having free stamina; ovaria with stunted

septa, and numerous marginal seeds--_Carnations_, _Violets_,

_Cistaceæ_, _Siliquosæ_, _Papaveraceæ_, _Guttiferæ_.

1711. The stalk passes through all the stages of formation, from the

nodose herb unto the shrub and tree. The leaves occur likewise under

all forms, modes, division, and arrangement. The plants of this class

are found in all climates, and yield etherial or volatile and fatty oil

with resins. They divide first of all into quinary and quaternary; the

former being mostly herbs with a hollow capsule; the latter herbs,

shrubs, and trees, with siliquæ or berries.

1712. Their strength or virtue resides in the flower, which, is

therefore of large size, beautifully coloured, sweet-scented, is

frequently appreciated and adopted as an ornament. On the contrary,

the ovarium and seed are stunted. The former is a siliqua or hollow

capsule, which therefore supports the numerous smaller seeds on the

septum.

1713. First order, _Corollariæ parenchymatosæ_. Nodose herbs with

spathose leaves, quinary corollæ, and ten stamina; many seeds

upon a columellar or median placenta situated within a hollow

capsule--_Portulaceæ_, _Carnations_.

1714. Second order, _C. vaginatæ_. Herbs, shrubs, and trees, with

similar but mostly multi-staminal corollæ, and seeds on the capsular

septa--Droseraceæ, _Hypericineæ_, _Violaceæ_, _Cistaceæ_, and _Bixeæ_.

1715. Third order, _C. axonales_. Herbs with quaternary corollæ and a

siliqua--_Siliquosæ_.

1716. Fourth order, _C. florales_. Bushes and shrubs with quaternary

corollæ and numerous stamina; ovarium a siliqua or multi-valvular

hollow capsule--_Capparidæ_, _Berberideæ_, _Papaveraceæ_.

1717. Fifth order, _C. fructuariæ_. Trees with quaternary and quinary

corollæ, numerous stamina, and a fruit--_Guttiferæ_. They divide into

the usual sixteen families. (Vid. Tab. B.)

THIRD CIRCLE.

_Fruit-plants--Apetalæ, Perigynes._

1718. Stunted calycine corollæ, with nuts, plums, berries, or apples.

1719. They are perigynous Polypetalæ, and include the Apetalæ and

Diclines.

1720. The nut consists of a large seed, connate with the woody ovarium,

and frequently with the calyx.

1721. The plum is a legumen, between the coats of which fleshy matter

has accumulated, and whose internal tunic or endocarp has become woody.

The berry is a many-seeded hollow capsule, which, as well as the calyx,

has become soft and succulent.

1722. The apple is an ovarium surrounded by a fleshy calyx.

_CLASS XIII._

_Nut-plants--Apetalæ, Diclines._

1723. Ovarium woody, and inclosing only one seed. Here belong the

Apetalous and Diclinous Exogens.

1724. These plants repeat the fungi, grasses and Syngenesia, and have

therefore imperfect corollæ, the calyx of which has alone remained, and

usually closely surrounds the nut.

1725. The stalk is indeed usually woody; yet is still found to be also

herbaceous and nodose with spathiform leaves. The leaves are simple,

frequently needle-shaped or else arrested. The principal ingredients

are starch, as in the Gramineæ and Syngenesia.

1726. The inflorescence is mostly amentaceous, as in the Agarics,

Grasses and Syngenesia.

1727. They divide into androgynous and dioecious plants.

1728. First order, _Nucariæ parenchymatosæ_. Hermaphrodite herbs with

nodes and spathose leaves, calyx green, superior, and quinquepartite

with five opposite stamina; nut mostly triangular and utricular.

1729. Second order, _N. vaginatæ_. Form of vegetation pretty nearly

as in preceding order, but the calyx is corolla-like, and the stamina

mostly alternate--_Phytolacceæ_, _Illecebreæ_.

1730. Third order, _N. axonales_. Hermaphrodite, calyx corolla-like,

superior and wholly quaternary; herbs and shrubs bearing nuts and

plums--_Nyctagineæ_, _Daphneæ_, and _Santalaceæ_.

1731. Fourth order, _N. florales_. Trees, calyx corolla-like but

inferior; capsules, plums and berries--_Proteaceæ_.

1732. Fifth order, _N. fructuariæ_. Diclines; herbs, shrubs and trees

without corollæ, but with nuts or plums. (Their sixteen families stand

in the order exhibited at Tab. B.)

_CLASS XIV._

_Plum-plants--Papilionaceæ._

1733. Polypetalous calycine corollæ, with a drupe or its fundamental

form, the legumen. Here belong the papilionaceous plants, Rhamnaceæ and

Terebinthaceæ.

1734. The stalk is frequently herbaceous with nodes; but mostly

fruticose and arborescent.

1735. The leaves here attain their highest development, and are mostly

pinnated, sometimes endowed with the power of independent motion.

1736. The corollæ are mostly irregular, quinary, arranged like pinnate

leaves, with ten, rarely more, connate and free stamina.

1737. The ovarium is a single carpel, owing to the four others being

arrested; it is usually compressed and bivalved, with few seeds; it is

a legumen, frequently converted into a fleshy fruit.

1738. The Papilionaceæ are so rich in number that they include all the

orders of the trunk, and even transcend or exceed its limits; their

allied families are the Rhamnaceæ and Terebinthaceæ with fleshy fruits.

1739. First order, _Drupariæ parenchymatosæ_. Papilionaceæ with

herbaceous, nodose stalk and pinnated leaves; corolla-petals and single

stamen free; seed-lobes thin--Hedysareæ, _Astragaleæ_, _Glycineæ_.

1740. Second order, _D. vaginatæ_. Herbs and shrubs with ternary

or tendrilless leaves; the corolla-petals or stamina frequently

confluent--_Trifoliaceæ_, _Genisteæ_, _Galegeæ_.

1741. Third order, _D. axonales_. Bushes, shrubs, or trees, frequently

training with pinnate leaves and tendrils; calyx large, seed-lobes

thick--_Vicieæ_, _Beans_, _Dalbergiæ_.

1742. Fourth order, _D. florales_. Shrubs and trees, with tolerably

regular flowers and separated stamina; legumens with frequently

transverse septa, embryo straight--_Geoffroyæ_, _Swartzieæ_,

_Detarium_, _Mimosæ_, and _Cassiæ_.

1743. Fifth order, _D. fructuariæ_. Regular flowers with separate

stamina and multilocular plums--_Stackhouseæ_, _Empetreæ_,

_Celastrineæ_, _Rhamneæ_, and _Terebintheæ_. (For their sixteen

families vid. Tab. B.)

_CLASS XV._

_Berry-plants_--_Umbelliferæ_, &c.

1744. Ovarial and calycine corolla with a single perfectly soft fruit

or berry, on which are five corolla-petals, with a moderate number of

stamina. This fruit is wholly edible, and has only one or two styles;

stalk and leaves pass through all the stages of formation.

1745. They divide first of all into two groups, having few or many

stamina; of these the fruit of one is dry, of the other fleshy. The dry

fruits are also perfectly edible, as the Caraway-seeds.

1746. First order, _Baccariæ parenchymatosæ_. Epigynous; nodose herbs

with two seeds in the calyx; only five stamina--_Umbellatæ_.

1747. Second order, _B. vaginatæ_. Mostly shrubs with quinary corollæ

and bi-or quinquelocular berries--_Mistletoes_, _Elders_, _Araliaceæ_,

_Vines_.

1748. Third order, _B. axonales_. Bushes and shrubs with quaternary

corollæ, only one style and one multilocular many-seeded

capsule--_Epilobeæ_, _Salicariæ_.

1749. Fourth order, _B. florales_. Mostly shrubs with quinary corollæ

and manifold stamina; capsule or berry multilocular--_Melastomaceæ_.

1750. Fifth order, _B. fructuariæ_. Trees with many, frequently

fasciculated, stamina; fruit multilocular and many-seeded--_Myrtaceæ_.

These plants likewise divide into sixteen families. (Vid. Tab. B.)

_CLASS XVI._

_Apple-plants_--_Rosaceæ_.

1751. The fruit is an apple, i. e. several carpels, containing but few

seeds, adhere in one calyx, upon which there are five corolla-petals,

with four to six times as many stamina. Herbs, shrubs, and trees with

different kinds of leaves are here met with; the corollæ are mostly

small and perigynous, the style separated, and thus polycarpal.

Perigynous Polycarpæ. They grow, dispersed over the whole earth, in

dry situations; several of them yield edible fruits, and are pretty

generally cultivated.

1752. The apples are without doubt the most perfect fruit, as well

in reference to their structure as their chemical ingredients. The

apple consists of all the parts of the blossom: seed, capsule, and

fleshy calyx, and is besides polycarpellar, i. e. composed of separate

carpels. Its edible substance or flesh is not simply a sweet-meat, but

a true aliment, which admits of being eaten after it has been kept

fresh for a year, of being dried, exported, or cooked as a kitchen

vegetable; in cases of exigency too it occurs in such abundance that

the whole human race might live upon it, which cannot be said of any

other fruit. The apple quenches at the same time the thirst, and thus

supplies also the place of drink. All the other fruits are either a

dainty relish only against thirst, or a simple amylaceous medium of

nutrition. However, most of the plants belonging to this class produce

only dry capsules and calyces.

1753. They divide into two groups, having few or many stamina.

First order, _Pomariæ parenchymatosæ_. Herbs with few stamina and five

or more carpels, as the _Crassulaceæ_ and _Mesembryanthemaceæ_.

Second order, _P. vaginatæ_. Shrubs with few stamina, only two to three

carpels and few seeds.--_Tamaricaceæ_, _Bruniaceæ._

VEGETABLE SYSTEM Table B

+==========================================================================+

| FIRST PROVINCE. |

| |

| HISTOPHYTA--ACOTYLEDONES. |

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| |

+====================+=================+==================+================+

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

+--------------------+-----------------+------------------+----------------+

+====================+=====================================================+

| | SECOND PROVINCE. |

| | |

| | THECOPHYTA--MONOCOTYLEDONES. |

+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

| | |

+====================+==================+===================+==============+

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

+--------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------+

VEGETABLE SYSTEM. [TABLE B, p. 316.]

+=====================================================+

| |

| THIRD PROVINCE. ARTHROPHYTA--DICOTYLEDONES. |

| |

+-----------------------------------------------------+

| CIRCLE I. _Stem-plants--Monopetalæ._ |

+==================+================+=================+

| | | |

| CLASS VII. | CLASS VIII. | CLASS IX. |

| | | |

| Root-plants. | Stalk-plants. | Leaf-plants. |

| _Epigynæ._ | _Perigynæ._ | _Hypogynæ._ |

| | | |

| Root-leaved. | Stellatæ. | Personatæ. |

| | | |

| Cichoraceæ. | Galiaceæ. | Primulaceæ. |

| Carduraceæ. | Spermacocidæ. | Scrophulariæ. |

| Mutisiæ. | Coffeaceæ. | Solanaceæ. |

| | | |

| Opposite-leaved. | Cinchonaceæ. | Bignoniaceæ. |

| | | |

| Eupatorium? | Hedyotidæ. | Orobancheæ. |

| Helianthus. | Rondeletiæ. | Rhinantheæ. |

| Silphieæ. | Cinchoneæ. | Bignoniæ. |

| | | |

| Alternifoliar. | Hameliaceæ. | Contortæ. |

| | | |

| Senecionidæ. | Guettardidæ. | Gentianeæ. |

| Astereæ. | Hameliæ. | Asclepiadeæ. |

| Vernoniæ. | Gardeniæ. | Jasmineæ. |

| | | |

| Aggregatæ. | Ericaceæ. | Tetraspermeæ. |

| | | |

| Scabiosæ. | Epacrideæ. | Labiatæ. |

| Lobeliæ. | Myrtilli. | Polemoniaceæ. |

| Campanulæ. | Heaths. | Convolvulaceæ. |

| | | |

| Sicuonoidæ. | Diospyraceæ. | Pyrenaceæ. |

| | | |

| Asaridæ. | Myrobalaneæ. | Asperifoliæ. |

| Loaseæ. | Olacineæ. | Verbenaceæ. |

| Passifloreæ. | Diospyros. | Sambuceæ. |

| Cucurbitaceæ. | Sapotæ. | Myrsineæ. |

+------------------+----------------+-----------------+

+===================================================+

| |

| THIRD PROVINCE. ARTHROPHYTA--DICOTYLEDONES. |

| |

+---------------------------------------------------+

| CIRCLE II. _Flower-plants--Hypogynous Polypetalæ._|

+===============+=================+=================+

| | | |

| CLASS X. | CLASS XI. | CLASS XII. |

| | | |

| Seed-plants. | Ovarium-plants. | Corolla-plants. |

| _Polycarpæ._ | _Capsuliferæ._ | _Siliquosæ._ |

| | | |

| Ranunculaceæ. | Rutaceæ. | Caryophyllaceæ. |

| | | |

| Ranunculi. | Ruteæ. | Portulaceæ. |

| Helleboreæ. | Diosmeæ. | Spergula. |

| Geraniaceæ. | Zygophylleæ. | Carnations. |

| | | |

| Tiliaceæ. | Ochnaceæ. | Violaceæ. |

| | | |

| Theaceæ. | Xanthoxyleæ. | Droseraceæ. |

| Lime-trees. | Ochneæ. | Violets. |

| Elæocarpeæ. | Quassieæ. | Cistaceæ. |

| | | |

| Sterculiaceæ. | Polygalaceæ. | Cruciferæ. |

| | | |

| Hermanneæ. | Polygaleæ. | Radishes. |

| Dombeyaceæ. | Vochysieæ. | Cresses. |

| Sterculeæ. | Pittosporeæ. | Cabbages. |

| | | |

| Malvaceæ. | Meliaceæ. | Papaveraceæ. |

| | | |

| Malveæ. | Cedreleæ. | Capers. |

| Hibisceæ. | Melieæ. | Berberideæ. |

| Bombaceæ. | Aurantiaceæ. | Poppies. |

| | | |

| Magnoliaceæ. | Malpighiaceæ. | Guttiferæ. |

| | | |

| Magnolieæ. | Platanaceæ. | Dipterocarpeæ. |

| Menispermeæ. | Malpighieæ. | Calophylleæ. |

| Dilleneæ. | Hippocrateæ. | Marcgraviaceæ. |

| Anoneæ. | Sapindeæ. | Garcinieæ. |

+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+

+===================================================================+

| |

| THIRD PROVINCE. ARTHROPHYTA--DICOTYLEDONES. |

| |

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

| CIRCLE III. _Fruit-plants--Apetalæ_ and _perigynous Polypetalæ_.|

+==============+===============+================+===================+

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

+--------------+---------------+----------------+-------------------+

Third order, _P. axonales_. Herbs, shrubs, and trees, with similar

blossoms, but many seeds.--_Saxifrageæ_, _Cunoniaceæ_, _Hortensiæ_ and

_Lilacs_.

Fourth order, _P. florales_. Herbs and shrubs, with many stamina and

follicles.--_Rosaceæ_.

Fifth order, _P. fructuariæ_. Trees with multistaminal-corollæ and

fleshy fruits.--_Monimieæ_, _Pomegranates_, _Plums_, _Medlars_,

_Apples_. (For their sixteen families vid. Tab. B.)

1754. In order to prove that each class of vegetables commences from

below, and that all ascend in a parallel series beside each other, it

is requisite only to place them in a tabular form. Further details upon

this subject are to be found in my earlier works upon Natural History.

The adjoining Table may here suffice. I place the families according to

my "Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte," although I am very well aware that

all do not stand in the right place. That indeed no one will expect.

THIRD KINGDOM.

ANIMAL KINGDOM.

1755. The animal kingdom is the individual development of all four

elements.

ZOOSOPHY,

1756. Is the development of the animal kingdom in consciousness. The

repetition of the animal creation is spiritually divisible into Anatomy

(Zoogeny), Physiology (Zoonomy), and Zoology.

I.--_ZOOGENY_.

1757. Zoogeny represents the idea of the animal or the developmental

history of the individual animal.

IRRITABILITY OF THE BLOSSOM.

1758. The Highest to which the vegetable kingdom could attain was

the blossom; and of this the sexual parts are the completion. At the

instant when the sex originated, the vegetable functions became of a

nobler character; for the sexual organs are only the inferior organs

refined or purified by light. The electrical and chemical process of

the vegetable body are again represented, but in a spiritual manner,

in the blossom. The functions of the fruit were none other than those

of the elevated chemism; they were only the nobler processes of

digestion and nutrition. As their purest expression of life, and that

which has been produced simply by their co-operation, is the motion

which resides in cellular tissue, so also was it this only, which

obtained a preponderance in the fruit, and that indeed at the cost of

the material processes. The germen obtained a kind of motion; yet this

appears to be still imparted by material processes. In the corolla,

however, this expression of life attained to completion. It is no

longer simple nutrition or accumulation of sap that moves the stamina

upon the female stigma, but a purely polar act; the Immaterial, the

Spiritual produces the phenomena of life. These movements of copulation

are by no means a coalescence, are not a nutritive act, nor the result

of mechanical decissation, as is the case in many capsules; but true

elevated vital actions. The parts reassume after the motion their first

or original position, a feat which is performed by no capsule upon its

dehiscence. Of these movements, those of the leaves in the sensitive

plants, e. g. Hedysarum gyrans, are the antetypes or prefigurations.

There consequently originates with the highest development of the

light-organs in the plant, a motion independent of the material

processes, and of the terrestrial elements.

1759. A motion, that is liberated from the terrestrial elements, is

free from their mechanism; it simply obeys the nature of the æther,

which is of a spiritual, or voluntary, kind.

1760. The essence of volition or free-will does not reside, in a

physical sense, in the consciousness of the action, but in the

autocrasy; or in the ability to perform an action, without external or

terrestrial influence. The æther-actions have originated from special

polarity. Independent movements must therefore be such as have been

produced simply by polarity, apart from material intrusion.

1761. The ability or power upon the part of organic bodies to apprehend

polar excitation, to move themselves simply by its means, and again to

restore themselves to their former state, without regard being paid

to a material process, I call _Irritability_. That organ is irritable

which can move itself without any other object than that of automacy or

self-motion.

1762. Irritability belongs to the plant, but is only of that kind

where the perception cannot express itself otherwise than by direct

motion. In the sexual parts and probably in the highest leaf-formation,

the plant is elevated to irritability; unto motion through simple

perception, unto motion without design, to motion from mere lust or

desire. The highest spiritual operation, of which the plant is capable,

is irritability. But as everything which has attained its Highest,

stands at the end of its development, so also has the plant terminated,

when it has once exercised its power of irritability through copulation.

SEXUAL MOTION.

1763. All the irritable motion of the vegetable may be confined or

reduced to the movements of the stamen-filaments, the other movements

being merely precursors of these. What, therefore, the stamina would

achieve by their motion, that the irritability does in a general point

of view. The motion of the stamina is directed merely upon the stigma,

in order to impart the male pollen to the female body; and thus, simply

to evoke the spiritual tension, which resides originally in the male

semen, as in light-æther from the dead mass, but that originally dwells

in the female seed as in the dark mass of earth.

1764. Now, since the stigma bears simply relation to the contents

of the ovary, and conveys everything to this, and thus, to a female

utricle, which is the middle of the plant, or its body proper; so in

the motion of the male organs, the conatus or effort upon their part to

introduce an elemental matter, or rather its spirit into this utricle,

or this body, is rendered manifest or revealed. The highest Spiritual

of the plant is accordingly not a mere motion in the general sense;

but one that is definite and wholly special--_a motion of Ingestion_.

The direction or design of the first _independent_ motion is therefore

_Ingestion_; this again not being of a general, but a wholly definite

import, namely, an ingestion of the _male_ organ into the _female_.

1765. The Male is, however, characterized by its self-substantial

polarity, and by its self-intrinsic life; the Female by the want of

polarity, by a heterodependent life. The act of ingestion thus depends

upon polarization, upon evocation and maintenance of an independent

life. The fruit is vivified by impregnation, ay, for the first time

then obtains life; the female becomes self-active through the vital

spirit received from the male; the body is kept alive by, and only

by, ingestion. The act of ingestion is the act that tends unto the

self-substantial, independent life.

1766. The blossom dies, so soon as, by ingestion, it has attained this

independent life. If we assume that it could not die, but retain the

life that was momentarily won for several instants; then this would

happen only by repetition of the first act, whereby it had obtained

in an instant a self-substantial life; and thus by repetition of the

ingestion. By ceaseless ingestion only can the blossom gain a lasting,

self-substantial life of motion.

1767. But such a blossom, when self-dependently subsisting, could not

continue in further union with the vegetable stock or trunk, for this

is no longer requisite for its life's support; through the first act of

vivification, through the once sprinkled pollen, it virtually becomes

detached and falls as fruit to the ground; as a fruit certainly, or

as a female body, unto which is wanting the _continued_ excitation

produced by the male coition. A fruit thus detached or fallen off, and

retaining the male filaments, which ceaselessly exercise the function

of ingestion, will be of necessity engaged in constant motion; will be

a blossom, that incessantly practises copulation.

1768. As in this blossom the motion of ingestion is that alone

which sustains it, and nothing more can flow to it from a stem;

so also will this blossom be occupied in constant motion; and it

consequently comes to pass that the action, which broke forth at the

last and instantaneously in the plant, being thus the highest or most

individualized, is here the first, inferior, and most general action,

or one that lies at the foundation of all other processes. The free

blossom is naught but movement of ingestion.

1769. The blossom, however, concentrates in itself all the lower

vegetable processes, is itself naught but the aggregate of such

processes repeated in the body of the light; thus the blossom, having

been set free, is a vesicle of ingestion endowed with all terrestrial

functions.

ANIMAL FORMATION.

1770. The vegetable blossom loses its definition as plant, so soon

as it has acquired self-substantial life; it loses its definition,

because as blossom, it simply lives in light, while the plant must half

dwell in darkness; it loses it, because the copulating motion can be

frequently self-repeated.

1771. The self-moveable or automatic blossom has consequently passed

over into a new kingdom, or into one whose very definition is the

self-substantial motion.

1772. A blossom, which, when separated from the stem, maintains by its

own motion the galvanic process or the life within itself, and gets its

process of polarization, not from a body lying external to or coherent

with it (as is the vegetable stem); but only from itself--such blossom

is an _Animal_. An animal is blossom without stem or a flower, which of

itself produces its stem, this being the reverse of what takes place

in the plant. The essence of the animal consists in the maintenance

through its own motion of the galvanic vital process. It has been

already shown above, in speaking "quoad" the distinction of the organic

essences, that the exclusive or only valid difference between plant

and animal, was motion arising in the latter apart from any external

stimulus. We have now been brought by quite another route to the same

result.

1773. If the animal is the floral vesicle living from or by itself,

it can no longer lie fettered like the plant between two elements; it

must be nominally free from the chains of darkness, and thus from the

earth. No animal is so joined by growth with the earth, that like as in

a plant this should be a co-operating pole in its processes. No animal

must co-exist in two elements like the plant, but it has all elements

in itself, like the blossom includes all vegetable parts. It may be

said that the plant has been immersed in the earth, water, and air;

these three elements having, on the contrary, been immersed in the

animal. The animal is in respect to them the continent, the planet;

they, however, are the continent in respect to the plant. Thus the

relations to the world are completely reversed in both.

1774. An animal is a floral vesicle freely separated from the earth,

and living alone through its own motion in the water and air. And

here it is not locomotion that is treated of, since this by no means

belongs to the animal's essence. Yet on this account the poor oyster

was formerly adduced as an argument against this animal character, but

unjustly; for would a man frozen up in an ice-block lose his character

as an animal? The oyster opens its shell and shuts it too, as well as

the crocodile opens and shuts its jaws.

ANIMAL SIGNIFICATION.

We will now proceed to knit or associate with this genetic or

physiological, the physio-philosophical mode of development.

1775. Every Organic originates from a mucus-point. If this mucus-point

occur in the darkness, it thus becomes a terrestrial organism, a plant;

if it enter into the light, which is only possible in the water and

in air, it thus becomes a solar organism, independent of the planet,

self-moving around itself like the sun, an animal.

1776. An animal is a light-mucus-vesicle, a plant, so far as the root

is concerned, a darkness-mucus-vesicle; but it works its way unto air

and light, and becomes a light-mucus-vesicle in the blossom.

1777. A free blossom is consequently to be philosophically regarded as

equivalent to the primary mucus-vesicle, which has at once developed

itself in the water. Now, such an aqueo-mucus-vesicle is directly that

which the blossom can first become through a series of developments,

and by divestures of the Dark.

1778. The plant is an animal retarded by the darkness; the animal is a

plant blooming directly through the light, and devoid of root.

1779. The animal has been posited as a light-or æther-Total upon the

planet; the vegetable as a planetary Total in light.

1780. The animal is a whole solar system, the plant only a planet. The

animal is therefore a whole universe, the plant only its half; the

former is microcosm, the latter microplanet.

ANIMAL PLACE.

1781. No animal can become developed beneath the earth, or where it is

absolutely dark and dry. None simply or solely in air. Water is the

origin or source of all animals.

1782. They have originated upon the sea-shore, but not in the midst of

the sea, nor in that of the land. The deluge cast up the first men.

They were littoral inhabitants, and without doubt carnivorous, as

savages still are. For whence could they have obtained also fruits,

cabbage, and turnips?

SENSATION.

1783. In so far as the animal vesicle is a whole solar system, to it,

the characters that transcend the plant, such as motion, belong.

1784. But motion is not that alone which is displayed in the floral

cyst when it has become solar; but with it there is yet something

higher bestowed.

1785. Like light or sun the vesicle has the principle of its

polarization or determination in itself; and it is certainly itself

which moves its organs in conformity with this self-determination;

but it is withal in antagonism towards the elements, like the sun is

towards the planets. Through this antagonism the sun is destined unto

the development of light. Although the light is its own product, still

it perceives the object toward which the æther-polarity is directed.

This perception of the direction, whither motion should act by means

of the central polarity, is in the animal called _Sensation_.

1786. Sensation is the relation of the Central to the Peripheric, of

the sun to the planet; motion is the relation of the periphery to

the centre, of the planet to the sun. The Animal emerges into being

from the alternating play of the supremest antagonism in the heavenly

bodies, the Vegetable from that of the terrestrial antagonisms.

1787. Emission of light is discharging or unloading of the sun achieved

by the influence of the planets; sensation is unloading of the animal

by objects, by the world, and by its own organs.

1788. Sensation is therefore a positing of _want_ in the animal.

Through sensation nothing comes into, but rather something passes out

of us.

1789. The animal vesicle is a sentient or feeling blossom.

SEXUAL ANIMAL.

1790. As the essence of the blossom consists in the sex, so indeed is

the blossom none other than the sexual system; thus it may be said that

the animal vesicle is none other than a _sentient Sexual cyst_. This

discovery is of the highest importance for the whole of zoosophy.

1791. Two fundamental properties are originally combined in the

animal, at the very instant when an animal can exist. There is never

one without the other, never simply sensation, but also motion; but

the latter is not simply this, but is at once also a _movement of

copulation_. The animal is a sentient genital.

1792. Both fundamental properties are however subordinated to each

other. The basis of the animal organism is the sexual system; with this

the animal commences; what is further developed in addition thereunto,

is only higher completion. But what it, as sexual system, does, it does

only through sensation.

1793. It is natural that the animal has not been concluded with the

sentient sexual system; but that the terrestrial processes also are

developed like as in the plant, and perfected indeed more individually

than in the latter. The main distinction is, however, this; that these

processes have preceded in the plant, and the sexual system grown out

of them; in the animal, on the other hand, the sexual system is the

foundation, the root, out of which these processes grow forth. The

first and simplest animal vesicle is a sexual cyst, a _matrix_ or

womb.

SENSITIVE ANIMAL.

1794. The animal is a twofold representation of the organization,

being at one time the planetary, and at one time the solar. There is

a planetary animal and a solar animal in the higher organism. The

planetary animal is the plant in the animal, the galvanic animal; the

solar animal is the sentient, the light-or æther-animal.

1795. The highest completion of the vegetable animal is in the

blossom. There is thus a sexual or _Sex's animal_ and a sensitive or

_Sensation's animal_.

1796. The completed animal consists of two animals, because it is at

once planet and sun, plant and animal.

1797. The vegetable and the sensitive animal have been formed parallel

to each other, yet in such a manner that the former being the lowest,

contains only the dispositions unto the highest. There are consequently

vegetative and animal organs, which take a parallel range. The animal

grows upon a vegetable body. It may be aptly said, that the root of the

plant becomes the mouth or head of the animal, the stem the trunk or

visceral body, the blossom the sexual parts. The three parts therefore

of the animal body, and the antagonism therefore of the head with the

sexual parts, unite through the medium of the vegetable stem, or the

visceral body.

ANIMAL ANATOMY.

1798. The parts of the animal body divide, as in the plant, into

tissues, anatomical systems, and into organs proper or members. The

tissues are the constituent parts of the systems, these of the organs,

and all collectively, or associated, of the body.

I. _Animal Tissues._

1799. These are the mathematical primary forms, whereof the animal body

consists, and divide into the animal and vegetative fundamental forms.

A. ANIMAL FUNDAMENTAL FORMS.

1800. As animality is the representation of the three conditions of

æther, and thus of the gravity, with light and heat or motion, so are

three tissues to be met with, which correspond to these three forms.

The light emerges from the centre; the gravity occupies the whole

mass; the motion oscillates between the two. The organic light-mass

will therefore, as sun, occupy the centre, the gravity-mass, like the

planets, the periphery, the motion-mass, like the heat, the radii

between the two. The primary form is, however, the primary vesicle.

If, therefore, new tissues appear in the animal, they can thus be only

metamorphoses of the vesicle. The vesicle, can only resolve itself into

three forms; either its contents become self-substantial--_Point_;

or in like manner the envelope--_Line_; or, finally, both become an

uniform mass--_Globe_.

1. _Point-tissue._

1801. We take up or commence the study of the animal substance, with

the condition under which it has originated, that of a vesicle or

sensitive blossom. The vegetable texture attained a form which was

prescribed by the light. Now, as the animal vesicle is, in the first

place, nothing else but a Sentient, so must the texture of the original

animal vesicle be commensurate with this property.

1802. The highest perfection of the blossom was, however, resolution

of the texture into the original form of vesicles or granules, a

retroconduction of the organic mass to the primary condition, yet under

the signification of light. The Highest of the blossom was an organized

and designedly-prepared granular texture--pollen.

1803. Now a substance which absolves itself from the terrestrial

forms, and would assume the form of the æther, and thus of that which

is most discrete, can represent no other form than that of the point.

The whole æther is an infinity of non-coherent atoms. This atomic

formation, when metatyped or copied in a terrestrial mass, can be none

other than a granular substance.

1804. The fundamental substance of the animal is point-substance; but,

since the essence of the animal consists in its being a sensitive

substance, so must it belong to the latter's essence, that it be atomic

or punctiform. The point-texture is equivalent to the sensitive mass.

1805. It might be believed, that as the animal is a floral vesicle,

the cystic or cell-form must also lie at its foundation; only, there

is another relation beyond that which occurs in the plant. This animal

cyst is an already organized cyst, an _organ_, no longer a component

part of an anatomical system; this cystic form cannot, therefore, enter

into the texture of the animal mass; yet meanwhile, as is natural,

the sensitive mass admits of being reduced, but only as organic in

a general sense, to the vesicular form. The lowest animals, such as

the Infusoria, Polyps, Acalephæ, or sea-nettles, in short, all Protozoa

or mucous animals consist of this point-substance, and are wholly

sensitive mass.

_Nervous Mass._

1806. The sensitive mass is called in higher animals, _Nervous

mass_. The nervous texture is a conjoined series of mucus-granules,

which have become albuminous in character. The nervous mass is the

least organized; it has selected the primary forms, which have been

preconstructed in æther, or the densely fluid solar matter. The

Dominant of the terrestrial organs can have also no other form, than

such as agrees with the Dominant or governing primary mass of the

planetary system; or it can have none other, because at the instant

when it exists, it is sentient. At the first instant of the origin of

organic matter, it can, however, originate only as infinitely numerous

points; at the termination of the plant, this mass would be displayed

as a light-organ; being thus engendered as such, it must forsake the

vegetable forms, and assume the universal form-susceptive primary form,

which is the form of the point. The floral mass, the delicate petals

of the corolla, the stamina and the pollen are to be deemed the first

onset or advance that is made to nervous mass. The cellular tissue

becomes delicate and gradually resolves itself into granules.

1807. Granular or point-mass is, however, an accumulation of centres.

The nervous mass is therefore, in accordance with the conception of the

Organic, a repeated, multiplied centre. The nervous mass has therefore

a light-function, i. e. the gentlest polarization in the organism.

Nervous mass is light-mass.

1808. The animal substance has commenced with the nervous mass; thus

with that which is the highest, and which physiologists have deemed to

be the ultimate mass. The origin of the animal is from the nerves, and

all anatomical systems are only free evolutions or separations from the

nervous mass. The animal is naught but nerve. What it is further or in

addition, is obtained elsewhere, or is a metamorphosis of nerves. The

mucus of the Infusoria, Polyps, and Acalephæ is nervous substance upon

the lowest stage or degree, where the other substances that are therein

involved and merged, have not as yet been perfected in an isolated

manner.

1809. The nervous mass indicates the absolute Indifferent in an animal,

and consequently that which is polarizable by the gentlest aura or

breath.

_Division of the Nervous Mass._

1810. The nervous mass behaves itself also in its production like the

solar mass. As from this the planets have through antagonism on the

periphery, emancipated themselves, so from the nervous mass have the

anatomical systems, which are subservient unto lower purposes.

1811. The development of the animal organs is a constant division

of the nervous mass, whereby it becomes more and more divested of

their coarse coverings, and traverses the same like radiating æther,

illuminant, heating, and moving æther. It is a positing of the centre

in the periphery.

1812. When also the other systems have been formed out of the identical

nervous mass, still the whole animal body is naught but nervous mass,

only, in a crude or inert condition. There is, consequently, no point

upon the body, on which the nervous phenomena are absolutely wanting,

or where they may not appear under certain relations.

1813. What remains behind of the nervous mass, has now the form of

filaments or rays, which are projected from one centre, the brain, to

all parts of the periphery.

1814. The nerves being individualized, and withdrawn from the coarser

mass, stand in need of no _actio in distans_, or no nervous atmosphere

(although for other reasons such a one may exist), in order that every

part of the body should have sensibility or feel; for every substance

is verily but an aberrant nervous substance, in which the original

spirit is still inherent or abides.

1815. Each part of the body has consequently irritability, and each

one has the capacity for sensation; and that, indeed, through and in

itself, or not borrowed from, what have been called, nerves; as it is

indeed only the coarse nervous envelope of the more delicate nerves.

1816. Yet, meanwhile it is certain, that nothing feels but the nervous

mass, because every thing, which feels, does, and hath the power to

do so, only in so far as it has been _nervous mass_. Precisely as all

metals are only magnetic in so far as they are metamorphosed iron,

which is the primary metal.

1817. Certain formations or textures must, on that account, have

different sensations, because they have deviated more or less remotely

from the primary texture; _without_ in this any regard being paid to

the number of nerves running to such systems.

1818. The transformation of the nervous mass upon the periphery is

chiefly imparted by oxydation, because here the oxygen of the water

exerts a direct influence. The transformation does not, however, simply

occur upon the periphery, but also internally, and that indeed in a

beamy or radial direction. The external parts will be harder, the

internal or radial continue soft, but be more solid than the nervous

mass itself.

2. _Globe-tissue._

1819. The nervous tissue alone cannot constitute the animal substance

concerned in all functions, but it must with further development pass

over into another. As the æther-mass cannot concentrate itself into

the sun without, from the antagonism with the refraction of light,

condensing into planets, so also a central mass cannot subsist in an

animal, without converting itself on the periphery into one that is

planetary or terrestrial.

1820. The antagonistic mass, originating in a peripheral relation

in the nervous mass, will surround the residue of the latter like a

cyst or cyst, just like the planetary masses, or the colours, have

primordially surrounded the sun as great hollow globes. The aggregate

and purer nervous mass becomes thus directly the central mass of the

animal--the _brain_.

1821. The limitary mass originates through oxygenation. Thus the

colours originate; they are an oxygenated light. Thus has every

terrestrial mass originated through combustion. The planets are suns

that have undergone combustion; the limitary mass is nervous mass

similarly treated and deoxydized.

1822. As having been already subjected to combustion, it therefore

becomes polarizable, and consequently susceptible of sensation in

the least degree. The limitary mass must be rigid or fixed; for it

has indeed originated through fixation of the poles, or through the

strongest oxydation. The limitary mass is the most rigid in the whole

animal; for it is the primary antagonism with the nervous mass, the

ultimate planetary matter, which is characterized by immoveability of

the atoms.

1823. The limitary mass must be typical of the earth-element, this

being the most rigid, and the end of the oxydation. The limitary mass

is the animal earth-mass, just as the median mass is the animal æther-

or fire-mass.

1824. The texture of the animal earth-mass must be that of a crystal,

but of a round globular crystal; for it is organic mass, and can

consequently have been only deposited as vesicle; it is, however,

earthy mass, so that the whole vesicle must be, with all its contents,

rigidified. Now, the rigidified substance of a vesicle is a globe--the

texture of the mass which is opposed to that of the nerves is

consequently the globular form.

_Osseous Mass._

1825. The rigidified limitary mass, which exhibits histologically

dense globes, consists of earthy substance, and surrounds the nervous

mass, is _osseous mass_. The osseous or bony texture is a solid globe

or rigidified vesicle, being thus ambitus or boundary, as well as

complexus or contents.

1826. Bone can only originate through oxydation of the animal mucous

or nervous mass, whereby it is converted into a vesicular form. These

vesicles are, however, by virtue of the highest oxydation, which must

necessarily enter into antagonism with the highest central organ,

converted wholly and thoroughly into rigid substance or earth, which is

the maximum of the oxydation or fixation of æther.

1827. The osseous mass, as the organic earth-mass, corresponds to

the gravity. It is the materiality in a general point of view in the

Organic, and consequently the Inert.

1828. Osseous or limitary organs will become more rigid in the air than

in water. The air-breathing animals must have more perfect bones or

harder limitary organs.

1829. Bones are therefore either wanting completely in the aquatic

animals, or they are mucus scarcely oxydized, in other words,

cartilage; or finally, almost entirely rough carbonated earth, in the

corals and shells.

1830. This theory is most beautifully proved in the corals. Internally

they consist of granular substance, like the polyps, or of sentient

nervous mass; externally they are simply earth or globular form, which

is the rudest antagonism presented to the likewise rude central mass.

1831. Bone essentially surrounds the nervous mass. The skull environs

and incloses the brain, the vertebræ the spinal cord, the ribs, the

visceral nerves the snail's shell all the soft parts of that animal,

the coral stem its polyp-tube, the horny coat the insect.

1832. The purest and highest antagonisms in an animal are nerve and

bone, and as such they are demonstrated on every occasion. The nerve

is that which is soft, powerless, changeable, sentient, governing,

and motion-imparting; the bone, what is hard, strong, unchangeable,

non-sentient, governed, and becoming moved; the one properly speaking

the spiritually vitalizing, the other the spiritually dead, or

self-subsistent simply in a mineral point of view. The bone is the

obedient planet of the nerve.

1833. Point-and globe-form are consequently, as regards the tissue of

the substance, the first two forms of the animal body.

1834. What develops itself apart from nerve and bone in the animal,

must either range between or below both; it must participate of both

forms, or be only their incompletion.

3. _Fibrous Tissue._

1835. The nervous and osseous substance could not range opposite to

each other, without a transition or a something interposing; as little

as could æther and Terrestrial, or sun and planet, between which the

moved æther or the heat oscillates, and conditionates the planetary

motion.

1836. Between the soft point-form of the nerve and the hard globe-form

of the bone, a semi-oxydation stands midway, just as the air stands

between the æther and the earth. As this is the medium element, wherein

the light is refracted into colours, and thereby warms and moves the

planet, so must this median animal formation be the element, through

which the nerve imparts its motion to the bones.

1837. This organ stands, like the air, upon the middle rate of

oxydation; the oxygen becomes alternately united with it and set free;

which is neither possible in the point-form, as being that which

incessantly liberates oxygen, nor in the globe-form, as being that

which always holds or retains the oxygen in union with it.

1838. This tissue must consist of firm or solid nervous granules, which

have been serially co-arranged in lines or radii. Such organic lines

are called _Fibres_.

1839. The fibrous is the third original tissue, which appears in the

animal organization.

1840. The nerve acts upon the fibres as upon the bone, or as a Central

upon a Peripheric, as the light upon the air.

1841. Thereby the soft fibre is polarized; the poles are mutually

attracted and repelled, and motion of the fibres originates, their

extremities approximating or withdrawing by virtue of the polarity.

Contractile fibres are called _sarcose or fleshy fibres_.

_Flesh._

1842. The flesh is the median formation between nerve and bone. It is

half nervous mass, therefore sentient, half bone, therefore moving.

1843. The essence of the motion resides in the muscle, not in the

nerve. Such is the cause of motion, the muscle being the self-moving,

the bone that which is moved.

1844. The flesh must surround the bone, as the air or water surrounds

the earth.

1845. The flesh is a terrestrial substance, just as the bone is; the

nerve is a cosmical substance, and on that account the mediator of

everything.

B. VEGETABLE TISSUES.

4. _Cellular Tissue._

1846. There are three, and only three constituent forms essential to

the animal substance, the point, the globe, and the line; equivalent to

centre, periphery, and radius.

1847. Out of these three all other forms, of whatever kind, are

developed, through degradation unto vegetable structure. This form can

be none other than the _Cell-form_. In the animal there are therefore

four fundamental forms, while in the vegetable only one occurs.

1848. The cellular form may be also called the water in the animal, the

globe-form the earth, the fibrous the air, the point-form the fire.

Thus is the animal even in its tissues a whole universe, for it cannot

otherwise be thought of.

1849. The cellular substance is the last division of the

point-substance, because the nervous granule becomes hollow. A true

cellular tissue first makes its appearance therefore in the higher

animals.

1850. Bone, flesh and nerve are the highest organs of the animal; the

viscera, which mostly consist of cellular tissue, will indicate the

Vegetative in the animal. Proper animal organs can only present the

above-mentioned triplicity. What is not bone, flesh or nerve, is not

animal, but vegetable.

1851. Nerve, flesh and bone are mutually excited, and are independent

of the cellular tissue. They are moreover the animal in the animal, the

thoroughly Free and Voluntary.

1852. These three substances have therefore nothing to do with the

three terrestrial processes; they do not digest, respire, nourish nor

transport about the galvanic sap, but live for themselves or to their

own satisfaction.

1853. The origination of the three inferior substances out of the

nervous mass, is perfectly similar to the original creative process

of the three terrestrial elements from the æther. The animal organism

is a second world-creation, for in the organic æther an organic air,

earth and water, have been produced, or it has itself become these

through fixation of the poles. This capacity for resemblance between

the organic and inorganic elements is marvellous; but yet there would

be more to wonder at, ay, it would be thoroughly incomprehensible, if

the organic elements had been created according to some other type.

1854. When once the nervous mass has become separated from the three

other masses, each then commences to be self-substantially perfected,

and become a particular organ, though it is still under the supremacy

of the primary mass.

1855. The principal mass which constitutes the animal body, after

complete separation of the chaotic nervous mass, is without doubt the

fundamental mass of everything organic; being the mucus or cellular

mass, in which the other elements have only been included like veins of

ore. It is the cellular mass therefore which we will first consider in

its process of formative evolution.

1856. As cellular mass it must be the seat of the galvanic process, and

thus of the life proper. In the cellular mass consequently the three

vegetative processes, or the three terrestrial elementary processes,

must be firmly established; as there digestion, respiration and

nutrition are.

1857. With these three processes, the three superior elementary forms,

which are peculiar to the animal, as nerves, bones, and muscles, will

have nothing to do, excepting in so far as they govern them. As in the

plant, so also in an animal, the terrestrial processes are only the

appurtenance of the cellular tissue.

1858. In cellular tissue is therefore the seat of life. But the

vegetative mass simply lives that it may live, while the animal lives,

in order to combine the universe with the life. The animal elements

live only in order to feel and move, in order to act freely like the

world; the vegetative only, that they may subsist as planet. The latter

are an image of the planet, the former of the world; the one deal with

matter, the other with spirit.

_Integument._

1859. The cellular tissue does not continue a mere parenchyma in the

animal as in the plant, but it obtains a definite anatomical form.

1860. The animal cellular tissue has issued forth from its highest

formation in the plant, or out of the blossom, which is a great bladder

or cyst composed of primary vesicles. It is the secondary cystic

form, wherein the animal cellular tissue appears, when it becomes an

anatomical system.

1861. The animal cellular tissue forms therefore everywhere _large

bladders_ or _cysts_, whose walls consist of primary vesicles, or of

the vegetable cellular tissue. Cyst-walls are teguments.

1862. The cellular system in the animal is _Tegumentary system_.

1863. The idea of the integument is the wall of a cyst. There is

no tegument apart from the meaning of circumscription, inclusion, and

limitation. There is no flat integument, or one that could be designed

after the idea of the plane. Every tegument is periphery, just as there

is nowhere a surface in the universe, which could have been produced

according to the level or plane.

1864. All terrestrial processes, as digestion, respiration, and

nutrition, are consequently tegumentary processes. All these organs

must be tegumentary organs. Intestine, vessel, lung, in a word all

viscera are naught but tegument.

1865. The vegetable tissue becomes in the animal, tegumentary

tissue. The tegumentary formation is the vegetable in an animal--the

parenchyma, the _Visceral_.

1866. The lowest distinction between animal and plant resides

accordingly in this, that the vegetable tissue consists of actual

vesicles, which form everywhere closely compressed masses; the animal

cellular tissue on the contrary of granules, which inclose a hollow

space. The animal body is a hollow globe of vesicles, the vegetable

body one full of vesicles. (Ed. 1st, 1810, § 1870.)

1867. Every animal cyst is necessarily composed of the element of

the vesicles, and is then for the first time an organ. The vegetable

bladders are, however, single vesicles, and as such are already an

organ. In the plant therefore the cellular tissue is upon the lowest

stage, being only an aggregate devoid of secondary form; in the animal

along with its aggregation a secondary form has been imparted. In this

the higher character of the animal is at once demonstrated.

1868. The above is certainly a distinction between the two organisms,

but it is not the _essential_ one; for with it, what is animal has

been by no means expressed; this being first imparted in the three

cosmic elemental forms, which manifest themselves through sensation and

motion, and then admit of being recognized as an animal. The corolla is

also a cyst, but without being an animal; because, to this animal-like

tegumentary formation, the proper animal elements are still wanting.

1869. Now as the tegument is none other than the form, under which

the cellular tissue exists in the animal, we must regard it as an

elemental form, which has stepped into the place of the cellular. The

tegumentary form constitutes the fourth form, and is none other than

the primo-vesicular form elevated to a higher rank, by being composed

of cell-granules, which have been formerly nerve-granules.

1870. The animal body must consist of nerve, muscle, bone, and

tegument, and of no other fundamental form; in other words, of point,

line, globe, and cyst.

II. _Anatomical Systems._

1871. All anatomical systems are developments and separations of the

four tissues, which are prolonged as sheaths through the whole body,

like as in the plant are the bark, liber and wood.

1872. They are divisible next of all into two great parties, into the

terrestrial and cosmical, or vegetative and animal.

A. VEGETATIVE SYSTEMS.

1873. The vegetable systems can only be different developments of the

tegument. They accord with the galvanic factors. Any further derivation

of them is unnecessary. The tegumental development must be represented

as the systems of digestion, respiration, and nutrition, since from it

these have been sufficiently borrowed or derived.

1874. Except these three systems there can be no other tegumental

system; and, if such appear to be present, they must be subordinate

to these. For there cannot be subsequently any more than there was

fundamentally or at bottom.

1875. In the animal, however, the galvanic processes do not remain

entangled in _one_ mass, as in the plant. But they are even

characterized as animal by their individual liberation from the whole

mass. In the plant digestion or absorption, and nutrition or the course

of the sap, were in one kind of mass or one kind of cellular tissue,

all three processes (together with respiration) being in a tolerably

confused condition.

1876. The animal appears in its dignity by separation of these

processes, and by the perfection of each individually, or "per se."

1877. As all life consists only in the constant conversion of what

is inorganic into the Organic, so is the process of digestion or

absorption necessarily the first in animals.

1. INTESTINAL SYSTEM.

1878. The chemical process of the galvanism is conversion of the

Inorganic into mucus, and thus an assumption of this matter into the

organic body. Now as every limit of the body is tegument or cellular

tissue, so can this assumption take place everywhere. Adoption of what

is external into an organic body is _absorption_.

1879. Absorption originates from the antagonism of the body with the

earth, which is organizable, and thus with the mucus.

1880. We call this slime or mucus, nutritive matter. Wherever such

matter can operate upon the body, a corresponding organ of absorption,

and thus a cell or integument, will be formed.

1881. The whole body is surrounded by integument; it was originally

nothing but integument.

1882. The essence of the integument consists in absorption, or in the

intervention of the chemical process.

1883. The integument is the root of the animal.

1884. The animal cellular mass is, however, in conformity with its

origin, a bladder or cyst that has been opened by light and air. The

integument is a large cyst not closed all round, but open at _one_

end. It is the open floral cyst, which has just become an animal.

The original integument is thus _Intestine_. The intestine is the

water-organ.

1885. The integument presents therefore to the external world, or

to the nutritive matter, two parietes or walls, an external and an

internal.

1886. Both walls are opposed to each other like light and darkness,

like air and water. The external is the light-and air-wall, the

internal the darkness-and water-wall.

1887. It is consequently only the internal wall that stands in the same

relation as the root. The internal is "par excellence" root, and is

thus a main organ of absorption.

1888. The external wall comes under the idea of the stem-bark, and

in so far only as this has a root-nature in itself, is it likewise

absorbent.

1889. As upon the external animal wall the light and air constantly

operate--for without light indeed no animal originates--so is this

wall more and more removed from the idea of the root, and becomes,

by virtue of the influence of light and air, instead of an absorbent

organ, an organ rather of decomposition--an _evaporation's organ_.

1890. As a cyst the internal wall incloses the nutritive matter,

which originates from the mucus, and thus from the organic water. The

internal wall is therefore constantly immersed in the water, and is

consequently in every respect a root.

1891. As the animal is only developed in light, so must the function

of the root languish in the external wall, and decay, because it is

devoid of the earth, which protects it from or against the light. This

deficiency is compensated for in another way, or by the formation of a

cavity, into which the media of nutrition enter, and which is dark like

the earth.

1892. Internal and external wall stand also opposite to each other,

like water and air. The one is the water-, the other the air-wall.

1893. The nutritive matters are not decomposed upon the internal wall

by extraneous influences, but they remain identical; ay, they become

indifferent, because they enter into darker and warmer water.

1894. On the other hand such nutritive matters are decomposed upon the

external wall; and there here therefore gradually originates, instead

of the chemicalizing root-process, the polarizing process of air.

1895. In a perfect light-animal it is only the internal wall that is

chemicalizing; the external has become oxydizing. The internal is a

mucus-wall, but the external, on account of the decomposition of mucus,

an oxygen-wall.

_Division._

1896. The more an animal has been exposed to the air and light, by so

much the greater is the antagonism between its internal and external

wall. In aquatic animals the antagonism is at its minimum, because

externally and internally there is water; both parietes are therefore

mucus-walls. The external wall of the fishes secretes an abundance of

mucus, as does that also of the worms, snails, and molluscs.

1897. But an internal wall is still the more mucous of the two, because

it is darker and warmer.

1898. At first the animal is content with the antagonism of the walls;

especially so long as it remains occluded in dark and deep water,

or within other animals. Many intestinal worms, polyps, and even

Acalephous animals, are but simple sacs.

1899. When the animal organization, however, ranks upon a higher stage,

light, or even air, operates more upon its external wall, but upon its

internal, water; thus the antagonism of the two walls is carried out to

the utmost degree.

1900. Through the different, ay, opposed processes, the two walls

finally adopt another structure. The external becomes denser and

harder, on account of the decomposition by light and dessication

by air; the internal, however, retains its original structure and

consistence. Soft, aqueous, indifferent, and constantly absorbent, it

is only a viscous mucus.

1901. In place of an integument of similar tissue throughout, one will

originate, whose external tissue is dense and oxydized, but whose

internal is loose or spongy, and indifferent. The previously uniform

integument will now separate or fall into two distinct layers; into a

soft muco-cellular layer, and into a tough coriaceo-cellular layer.

1902. With the last attainable antagonism the layers finally separate;

two bladders or cysts, disunited from each other, originate; of these

the internal is the _mucous_, the external the _coriaceous cyst_.

1903. Now the internal cyst alone is the _intestine_, the external the

_cutis_ or _skin_.

1904. Intestine and cutis belong to _one_ formation, or to the

integument. They pass directly into each other at the mouth and anus.

Their structure also is wholly similar.

1905. They are merely distinguished by darkness and light, but more

closely by water and air. The intestine is the _water-tegument_, the

skin the _air-tegument_.

1906. The functions of both are therefore co-related like dissolution

is to combustion, along with which the evaporation has been bestowed.

1907. Intestine and skin stand in antagonism with each other.

1908. The first animal, as being sentient integument, is a sac; the

first skin is also a sac; an animal around the animal.

2. DERMAL SYSTEM.

a. _Branchiæ or Gills._

1909. The external wall, being constantly exposed to the air that is in

the water, can adopt no other than the aerial character, and is thus

like the leaf of the plant. The skin is the organ of evaporation, and

with this of oxydation also.

1910. A self-oxydizing integument is called a _Branchia_ or gill.

1911. The skin is essentially nothing else than a gill; and, if it

subsequently appears as anything else, this happens only through a

higher state of perfection being attained by its branchial function.

1912. The lowest animals, such as most of the worms, molluscs, and

snails, breathe through the external integument; even the gills of

fishes are none other than a piece of skin.

1913. Thus gills and intestine would be the first two organs, which are

developed out of the tegumentary system by the antagonism of air and

water. Through the gills, air, and through the intestine, water enters

the body. The gill is the atmosphere of the animal, the intestine is

its sea.

b. _Tracheæ, or Air-tubes._

1914. As the intestine, and in general every water-tegument is

prolonged into mucous tubes or absorbent vessels; so also, with a more

vigorous formation, the branchial membrane is drawn out into tubes, in

order to conduct the air or oxygen towards the intestinal vessels, just

as the intestine conveys through its absorbent ducts the water to the

vessels of the skin.

1915. This saccular inversion of the skin constitutes the tegumentary

lymphatic vessels, whose original function has been to transport

the oxygen, combined with the water, to the intestine. They are the

original respiratory vessels, which in the higher animals become,

through the pure influence of air, true _Air-tubes_, like the spiral

vessels.

1916. The air-vessels traverse the thickness of the body toward the

intestinal membrane, like the mucous vessels do toward the branchial

membrane.

1917. Thus an infinite number of air-vessels will and must originate.

1918. The air-tubes are consequently the formation which is properly

opposed to the lymphatic vessels. They are for the air or for the skin,

what these are for the water or the intestine. Air-vessels are first

displayed in insects, then in fishes, reptiles, birds, and Thricozoa or

Mammalia.

1919. If the infinitely numerous air-vessels concur to form one stem,

they are then called _lungs_, as in the higher animals.

1920. The pulmonary vesicles are nothing but ramified air-tubes, such

as the insect has.

1921. The formation of air-tubes is one of a higher character than that

of the gills. For in it, indeed, the function has been separated from

all other functions. It is simply destined to convey the air without

water.

1922. As they pass into the dark, light does not operate upon them;

and they will therefore less promote evaporation than mediate unto

combustion.

1923. The anatomical idea of the air-vessels, or of the lung, is

a saccular inversion of the skin. The skin is prolonged into, and

ramifies towards, the body. The intestine is prolonged through the

absorbent vessels, as being also small inversions, toward the lung,

and becomes a stem--thoracic duct. Then the thoracic duct finally

unites with the lungs through the medium of the heart, which is a new

formation.

1924. Everything becomes stem which attains a higher grade, and which

approximates the air and light. The stem strives to be a centre, but

the ramification devolves upon the periphery; the former upon the Solar

or Animal; the latter upon the Planetary or Vegetative.

1925. The nobler therefore a formation, by so much the more single and

stemmy is it: such is the case with the trachea of the lungs, such with

the lymphatic duct.

3. VASCULAR SYSTEM.

1926. The earth or the nutritive mass acts also upon its formation,

and destines the tegument to a peculiar structure. The result of the

electric and chemical process, or of the oxydation of the mucus, is

precipitation, mass-and earth-formation; it is thus a process of

nutrition, since through it the Solid of the body, with even the

branchial and intestinal membranes, originates.

1927. The earth-system can only be developed where the two last systems

coincide, or where the intestinal and branchial processes enter into

mutual contact; in short, where the mucus is oxydized, and thereby

separated into what is aerial and rigid.

1928. This spot is only in the middle between the two. The process

of precipitation and the formation of elemental matter occurs,

consequently, between the two layers of integument, or at present

between the two teguments that have become self-substantial, or between

intestine and skin.

1929. A new formation must be evolved, whereby the two shall be held

together; a formation, whereby the antagonism shall be conducted from

one to the other; and thus whereby the mucus shall be conveyed to the

skin, but the air to the intestine.

1930. Were intestine and skin entirely separated from each other, each

would perish; the former would no longer be oxydized, the latter no

longer nourished.

1931. With their separation they must continue to be attached to each

other at certain points, and thus undergo eversion at certain points.

Thereby tubes originate in the intestine, which pursue their course

toward the skin; in this again tubes, which pass to the intestine.

1932. A tube, which receives mucus from the intestine, air from the

skin, and includes both within itself, is a long cyst. A cyst,

which conducts mucus to the skin and air to the intestine, is a

_Vessel_, a _vein_.

a. _Unclosed Vascular System._

1933. The vessel has, in virtue of its essence, two extremities,

an air-extremity, which is polar, and a water-extremity, which is

indifferent. Every vessel has been rooted in two systems, in the

intestine and skin, and is subservient to both.

1934. The vessel is no longer a something single, like the

last-mentioned or preceding cysts, but double. Every vessel hath two

poles.

1935. The organization necessarily produces two kinds of vessels.

A vessel, which conducts the mucus to the skin, cannot also convey

the air to the intestine. There is consequently a mucus-vessel and

an air-vessel, or a water-and an air-vessel, an indifferent and a

different.

1936. The mucus-vessel is called _absorbent_, the air-vessel

_respiratory duct_ or trachea.

1937. Air-and absorbent vessel stand in antagonism like skin and

intestine, like water and air. The air-vessel is the skin or the

branchia, which passes to the intestine, the absorbent vessel is the

intestine, which passes to the air; the one the intestinal branchia,

the other the branchial intestine.

1938. So long as intestine and skin were one in kind, this vascular

process was in every situation. With their separation therefore the

vascular structure has of necessity originated between two opposed

situations. There is no point in the skin and none in the intestine,

where there might not be an air-and a water-vessel, a respiratory and

absorbent duct.

1939. There are therefore _numerous_ vessels, and consequently a

_Vascular system_.

1940. Air-and water-vessel must abut against each other; because they

are polar, because the one leads to this place and the other to that.

1941. The system of water-and air-ducts can form no closed vascular

system; for they only grow towards each other, as did formerly

intestine and skin.

1942. They would not have originated if both cysts had not separated

from each other. These vessels are not therefore to be met with in

animals that have no intestine. The transition of the water-into the

air-ducts takes place in the higher animals through the union of

the thoracic duct with the subclavian vein, which conveys the blood

directly to the lungs.

1943. The vascular system is properly the primo-cellular tissue, which

occupies the middle, and at whose extremities the two cysts remain

approximated, in order that they may continue to live.

1944. The vascular is the original system, since its two extremities

already carry in themselves the air-and mucus-process, so that branchia

and intestine are only to be viewed as peculiarly perfected conditions

of these extremities. I would even have developed the vascular system

first of all, had not another course been required to render the

subject intelligible.

1945. The first animal cyst is a vessel with two kinds of extremities,

whereof, like the plant, one draws its supply from the water, the other

from the air; but in the animal this is effected by its own motion.

1946. The branchia is nothing but a vascular tissue in the air, the

intestine none other than a vascular tissue in the water. Thus, do I

wish that these organs should be understood, and not as mere cystic

walls.

1947. Every point therefore in the intestine and skin absorbs, and thus

every part is perforated with infinitely numerous holes or pores. Here

they absorb air, there water.

1948. Every absorbent point of integument is drawn out as a tube

towards the respiratory system, in order to let what it has absorbed

become oxydized. These tegumentary prolongations into tubes are the

_lymphatic vessels_.

1949. In all teguments there are necessarily lymphatic vessels, but

more of them in the water-than the air-teguments. On that account the

lymphatic vessels are much more numerous in the intestine than the

skin. They are there called chyliferous, or lacteal vessels.

1950. The lymphatic vessels are the first of all vessels. Many animals,

as perhaps the Acalephæ and Distomata, appear to have only this kind of

vessel.

1951. Lymphatic vessels are present in the skin, only in so far as it

has resigned the respiratory function to special organs.

_Meaning of the Unclosed Vascular System._

1952. The action of this unclosed vascular system is wholly similar to

the motion of sap and air in the plant, there being only an ascent of

the first, and a fall or descent of the last. In the absorbents the sap

ascends out of the root (intestine) into the leaves (branchiæ); in the

respiratory vessels the air descends from the foliage (skin) to the

intestine and the whole body of cells.

1953. This vascular system is therefore the pure remnant of the plant,

and has as yet assumed no properly animal character, except that both

its sets of vessels or tubes are self-substantial, and ramify, while in

the plant they are only intercellular passages or non-ramified spiral

vessels.

1954. In insects this system has been most perfectly evolved; there

the air-tubes, being well parcelled out, are in great number, and run

directly to the intestine and dorsal vessel, which is, as it were, only

the trunk of the lymphatic vessels, or the chyliferous duct.

1955. Now, such a vascular system, merely oscillating, as it were,

between intestine and skin, can be but persistent in animals,

which express only the vegetable type of organization. If other

significations be introduced, so also will this vascular system be

otherwise evolved.

1956. The unclosed vascular system will be present along with an

energetic antagonism between skin and intestine; with an antagonism

that is almost suppressed, there will be none. There are then only

cells, or there is only point-substance, as in the Infusoria, polyps,

and Acalephæ or sea-nettles.

1957. The dermal vessels exist only in the air-insects, because in them

nothing but air and water are engaged in conflict. Externally there is

desiccated horn, internally mucous water.

1958. A perfectly unclosed vascular system appears to be developed only

in animals which respire air. At least there are only genuine air-tubes

and lymphatic vessels in such as breathe air; e. g., in the Mammalia,

birds, reptiles and fishes, the latter set of vessels being probably

not present in insects.

1959. Through the predominance of the air-process, as in insects, the

mucus that is conveyed to it becomes so rapidly decomposed, that no

more remains behind, for which a new vessel would be necessary.

1960. The galvanic process is at every instant annulled, and only

renovated by a new afflux or supply. Here the galvanism does not

subsist in itself as a peculiar and independent system.

b. _Closed Vascular System._

1961. The unclosed vascular system is not yet self-substantial,

because it is a cæcal eversion of the intestine or inversion of the

skin, being itself only a ramified intestine and skin. Every system,

however, attains its perfection, by being rendered independent of its

origin. Thus the leaf is the spiral vessel that has become free, the

root the cellular tissue in a like condition, the blossom the liberated

vegetable trunk. The vascular system will therefore aspire also to the

achievement of its blossom.

1962. If the decomposition that is effected by an inferior amount

of polarization, does not happen rapidly enough, for what has

flowed thither, to disappear, during its afflux, by evaporation

or precipitation; the rest of the mucus which has obtained the

air-polarity, is now repelled by the respiratory vessels, because both

have become synonymous.

1963. The oxydized superfluous mucus is at once, however, attracted

by the intestine, because they are not synonymous. There consequently

originates a vessel in the mass of mucus or parenchyma, that has

been secreted between the intestine and skin, which begins in the

respiratory membrane and terminates in the intestine.

1964. This vessel will commence at the end of the absorbents, or at a

point, where it devolves upon the respiratory vessels, to take up their

contents, namely the oxygen, together with the nutritive substance, and

convey them to the intestine. The mucus, which previously stagnated and

moved but slowly from one spot to another, is now again carried back by

another vessel without interruption to the intestine.

1965. The vessel which conveys oxydized mucus from the respiratory to

the intestinal system, is called _artery_.

1966. On the intestine, however, this polar mucus is again reduced to

ordinary mucus. It has now become synonymous with the intestine, is

repelled from it and attracted by the branchial membrane.

1967. One and the same fluid or sap is consequently brought back from

the branchia to the intestine, and from thence again to the branchia.

This last vessel is called _vein_.

a. _Arteries._

1968. The artery is, according to its signification, an air-vessel,

which is prolonged or elongated as far as the intestine. Essentially,

the artery conveys nothing but air, though this is effected by means

of a medium or vehicle, which is the undecomposed mucus (blood). It

is an air-tube, that has been self-substantially dismembered from the

skin, in order to become a special independent air-tube, or such as is

commensurate with animal nature.

1969. In the artery the external integument has been repeated in the

nutritive system, and hence the galvanism has become of a continuous

character.

1970. The artery must therefore be the highest vessel, the most total

of all terrestrial processes. For it is the air-duct united with the

intestinal vessel. It contains mucus, which carries the properties of

both poles of the body in itself; there is oxydized mucus.

1971. The artery contains the whole body, lung and intestine, in short,

the whole animal, (whereas it was previously dispersed in two vessels,)

in a fluid state within itself. From the artery therefore nutrition

will directly take place; from it the animal will be formed.

1972. The air or respiratory vessels may be viewed as arteries carried

to the very extreme. In the lung the arterial system has attained its

highest purity, the oxygen only, without the indifferent substance,

being contained therein. The trachea is the roughest artery--Arteria

aspera.

1973. The arterial system, in accordance with its signification, makes

its first appearance in water, because the aquatic mode of respiration

is less energetic, and thus the mucus is more feebly decomposed. The

Mollusca, snails, and many worms have a perfect arterial system. The

branchiæ do not, like respiratory tubes, pass into the body, as in

insects; but there are vessels which take up the oxygen and convey it

into the body.

1974. As lung and absorbent belong to the pure air or the pure water,

so do artery and vein to the water combined with the air. The two

former are therefore present only where aerial respiration occurs, and

the two latter where water merely is respired.

1975. The last system is only present in animals, in so far as they are

aquatic in their habits.

1976. Insects, as being purely aerial animals, have therefore arteries

and veins only so long as they are in the larva or worm-like condition,

and as flies or perfect insects may continue to live without them. On

the contrary, the purely aquatic animals appear enabled to live without

true respiratory and absorbent vessels. It in fact appears, that

lymphatic as well as respiratory vessels are wanting in the molluscs,

snails, and worms, since the water directly bathes or washes the

arteries.

1977. Animals with both systems of vessels, the unclosed and closed,

must be more perfect in structure, and must at once combine worm and

insect in themselves. They are insects from having absorbent and

respiratory vessels, but worms as having arteries and veins.

b. _Veins._

1978. The veins are developed as mucus-vessels at the intestinal

extremities of the arteries, which absorb the arterial mucus (blood),

after it has deposited its air on the tegumentary substance, just as

the lymphatic vessels absorb their fluid from the intestine or any

other part of the body.

1979. As the artery is a respiratory vessel that has become

self-substantial, so is the vein a similarly conditioned, and

dismembered lymphatic vessel. In the one it is the lung, in the other

the intestine, that has become the free vascular system. But in the

proper vascular system both lung and intestine are repeated, the former

as artery, the latter as vein.

1980. These arterio-lymphatic vessels (veins) necessarily convey their

arterial mucus or blood into the stem of the original lymphatic system,

or the thoracic duct. For every Indifferent must be brought toward the

respiratory organ.

1981. The tegumentary lymphatic vessels (absorbents) consequently unite

with the arterio-lymphatic vessels (veins), before arriving at the

respiratory organ, and pursue their course thither in common, where

they pass over into the air-vessels. The usual notion or idea is, that

the lymphatic vessels, from conveying their fluid into the veins,

should be subordinated to the latter. But the true philosophical view,

is of reverse import, although the veins are larger than the thoracic

duct. In the investigation of such relations, recourse can by no means

be had to quantity or size, but to the importance of the quality or

contents.

1982. The veins are, properly speaking, subordinated to the lymphatic

vessels, just as the arteries are to the tracheæ, or air-tubes, and the

former therefore pass over into the lymphatic vessels.

c. _Circulation._

1983. Through the veins, as arterio-lymphatic ducts, the vascular

system has become a closed system in itself, because, on account of the

polarity, the vein unites at both extremities directly with the artery.

It is a continuation of the artery, like the air-duct is of the skin,

and the lymphatic vessel of the intestine. Thereby a _Circulation_ of

the arteriose mucus or blood originates.

1984. In its essence the circulation is a combination of the intestinal

with the branchial system into _one_ anatomical system.

1985. The circulation is therefore a higher formation, since through

it the vascular system repeats in itself the totality of the vegetable

organism.

1986. On that account the circulation is the vital process proper.

1987. But for that reason also, the circulation is impossible in the

plant, since it is devoid of arteries and veins.

1988. It makes its appearance in the aquatic animals, for they have,

generally speaking, vessels. Molluscs, snails, worms, and crabs already

possess a circulation; it is wanting, on the contrary, in those animals

that are without intestine, and ceases in insects, when, or in whom,

the air-vessels obtain the preponderance.

1989. In circulation the galvanism is restricted. In the skin,

intestine, air-and lymphatic vessel there is also galvanism, but

distributed upon organs that are remote and subservient to different

purposes.

d. _Blood._

1990. The blood signifies the earth in the animal, combined with water

and air.

1991. The blood is the proper nutritive matter for the animal.

1992. The blood is earth, which carries all terrestrial elements in

itself, such as the air through the medium of the gills, the water

through that of the intestine, and is consequently a complete planet.

1993. The blood is a fluid planet.

1994. The blood is the fluid body.

1995. The body is the fixed or rigid blood. Blood and body are wholly

equivalent, have the same elements in themselves; only here the latter

are stationary, there they course along. Both consist of mucus or

gelatine, albumen and fibrine.

1996. The blood is half combusted mucus, the body mucus, that has been

wholly subjected to combustion.

1997. After the vascular system has attained its own circulation, or

to the closed galvanism, no higher development of the tegumentary

formation is any longer conceivable; as little as after the blossom

anything more could originate.

1998. After all three elements are united into _one_ point, into _one_

system, as is the case in the circulation, where the venous blood

represents the water, the arterial blood the earth and air, no new

system can further originate in the vegetative body.

4. SEXUAL SYSTEM.

1999. In so far as the animal adopts into itself, or is rather based

upon, the whole plant, the blossom or _Sex_ is also developed in it.

The vegetable sex consists of seed, capsule, and corolla.

2000. The seed is the first part of the blossom which is put forth

in the plant. The most inferior or asexual plants have only seeds

devoid of capsule and corolla, and produced without the concurrence

of female and male parts. The blossom in the animal is therefore in

the beginning also nothing but seeds or ova. Thus these animals are

asexual. Such as the Infusoria, whose body directly divides into new

animals, like the fungi.

2001. The second floral organ is the capsule, which contains on its

borders or dissepiments the seeds, and on its apex the stigma, or the

opening of the cyst.

2002. So also in the succeeding forms of animal life the animal capsule

or uterus originates. The orifice corresponding to the stigma is the

mouth of the womb; the seeds upon the septum become _ovary_.

2003. The lowest animals, as the Polyps, are fundamentally none other

than such an uterine system. The polyp's mouth is the os uteri; the sac

formed by the polyp's body is the uterus, in which ova-cysts or ovaries

develop, that open into the margins of the month.

2004. In such animals the uterus and intestine, as likewise the mouth

and uterine orifice are fundamentally _one_ organ; nutritive matter and

ova are also one in kind. External tegument as branchial organ is at

the same time also a tegument of the uterus.

2005. The higher animals are distinguished from the lower by separation

of all these intricate and, as it were, coalesced organs.

2006. Digestion, respiration and nutrition, growth and propagation,

are originally of one kind. But with further development come the male

parts also, which belong to the category of the organs.

_Parallelism of the Animal and Vegetable Body._

All vegetative systems of the animal body being now developed, the

attempt to co-ordinate them with those of the plant admits of being

made.

2007. What the _sexual parts_ correspond to in plants, needs no

exposition.

2008. And just as little that the _lung_ is the parallel organ to

the leaves or _foliage_. The relation of the other organs is, on

the contrary, difficult; the striking resemblance, however, of the

sexual parts and the lungs to the same systems in plants, is ground

sufficient for assuming also the parallelism of the other organs.

2009. If the _root_ be compared with the intestine, then the _stalk_,

as being the medium of the _vascular system_, must be regarded as

_heart_.

2010. The _bark_ will correspond to the _skin_, the liber to the

_veins_, the _wood_ as a tracheal body to the _arteries_.

2011. The vegetable tissue will be transformed into the lowest organs

of the animal; the _cells_ into the _mucous tissue_, the _intercellular

passages_ into the _lacteal vessels_, the _tracheæ_, or spiral vessels,

into the lowest kind of respiratory tubes or the _cutaneo-lymphatic

vessels_. We have accordingly the following parallel series:

A. _Tissues._

1. Cells Mucous tissue.

2. Ducts Absorbents.

3. Tracheæ Cutaneo-absorbents.

B. _Systems._

4. Bark Skin.

5. Liber Veins.

6. Wood Arteries.

C. _Members._

7. Root Intestine.

8. Stalk Heart.

9. Foliage Lung.

D. _Sexual parts._

10. Seed Ovum.

11. Ovary Uterus.

12. Corolla Testes.

B. ANIMAL SYSTEMS.

2012. As in the blossom the light allows the whole vegetable trunk

to be once more developed, though with coloured signs or marks of

distinction, so also is the animal body taken up into the sense of

light, and the vegetative systems are elevated unto light-or rather

æther-systems.

2013. A new animal originates upon the old animal and is equivalent to

it. Every perfect animal is twofold in its nature, being a planetary

and solar animal, a vegetative and animal being.

2014. Three animal systems must be developed out of the three

vegetative, an earth-, water-, and air-system, each being refined or

purified through the agency of light, and forming the bones, muscles,

and nerves, which correspond to the gravity or materiality, the heat or

motion, and the light or tension.

2015. Everything that is higher in its nature can only be developed out

of that which is its direct antecedent, like the blossom from the leaf.

Now the artery is the ultimate Vegetative. In this therefore, must the

elements of the osseous, muscular and nervous systems reside. Now, the

artery consists, of four parts, of the cellular, fibrous, dense serous

coat, and of the blood. The cellular coat or tunic is the remnant of

the whole tegumentary formation. The fibrous tunic is the embryo of

the muscular system. The serous tunic is the embryo of the osseous

system; for in old age it attains to ossification, bony lamellæ being

deposited around it. The blood is the embryo of the nervous system.

It is only requisite for it to coagulate, and it is then nervous

mass. Nervous globules are blood-globules quiescent, or in a state of

rest. Accordingly, in the artery, the whole body has been actually

prefigurated or typified.

2016. Every animal system necessarily exists under a duplex character,

being once in the service of the vegetative systems and once for

itself; or it exists as trunk and as blossom. There is, therefore,

a vegetative and animal nervous system, and, under such binary

conditions, osseous and muscular systems likewise.

2017. All three systems are offsets from the arteries, and therefore

their constant companions. The animal systems are called _flesh_.

1. NERVOUS SYSTEM.

2018. The nervous mass is coagulated blood. The nervous system is thus

a higher arterial system. The highest arteries, however, are the

air-tubes. The nerves therefore run parallel with the tracheal systems.

2019. What the tracheæ are for the vegetative body, namely, the

vitalizing and motor principle, such are the nerves for both the animal

and vegetative body.

2020. The nerves are distributed like the tracheæ of plants, in

individual threads or filaments, which run near to each other arranged

in a fascicular manner, and then mutually separate.

2021. The nervous filaments everywhere accompany the arteries, and, as

far as their ultimate ramifications, like the tracheæ of insects pass

to all parts of the body.

2022. The nervous mass has been separated into an arteriose and venous

mass, the former being the cineritious or gray substance, the latter

the medullary or white. The nervous system is therefore an entire

blood-system, with two poles; it is therefore alive and active for

itself, or independent of other systems.

2023. Both nervous masses are in a state of constant tension against

each other, and consequently in constant tension with the whole body.

2024. The nerves are filaments that, upon the separation of the

parts of the body, have remained behind, just like the arteries are

tubes individualized in the general parenchyma, throughout which the

sap was previously dispersed as in the vegetable trunk. The first

individualization necessarily takes place at the oral extremity. The

first nerve is a ring surrounding the pharynx or gullet. Thus,

if the body consists of several consecutive rings or cysts, as in the

Worms, each ring will or can have its nervous ring, which inferiorly

gives off nerves to the vegetative organs, and superiorly to the

animal, if these be present. Such a point for giving off nerves is

called a ganglion; since also every ganglion sends off nerves to join

other ganglia; so both below and above a nervous cord or string will

originate in the longitudinal direction. The nerves, which have been

left behind in the vegetative parts, form the vegetative nervous

system; those that remain in the animal parts, the animal system.

a. _Vegetative Nervous System._

2025. The vegetative nervous system is the nervous mass that has

remained behind, after the greatest part of it has become converted

into tegumentary formations. Now, as these tegumentary formations,

being surrounded in the higher animals by flesh, were thus viscera,

so may the vegetative nerves be called also _Visceral_ or _Splanchnic

nerves_.

2026. These visceral nerves govern the vessels, the intestine, and

lung; with the sexual parts also, yet in their case in combination with

the animal nerves, because the sexual parts are at one and the same

time organs of vegetative and animal life.

2027. These visceral nerves everywhere accompany the vessels, and are

therefore like these distributed in a cystic manner between intestine

and skin. They form a large cyst which concentrically surrounds the

intestine.

2028. They do not, however, like the intestine, form any closed cyst,

but only a cystimorphous net, like the vessels.

2029. The two nervous masses are in them separated from each other,

like as the branchiæ have been distributed along the whole body and

separated from the intestine. The gray or branchoid substance has

separated itself from the white medullary substance into individual

_ganglia_, or as it were into individual nervous branchiæ. The

medullary substance has also retained its connexion though only in

a ramular manner, and not uninterruptedly like an integument. It is

called _plexus_.

2030. The ganglia and the plexuses stand in mutual opposition, like the

branchiæ and intestine, like artery and vein, like blood and lymphatic

vessels. The ganglia oxydize, polarize; they are the active. The

plexuses suffer, digest, and are the recipient.

2031. The visceral nerves, like the viscera, act for themselves, being

unconcerned for the animal systems.

2032. The visceral nerves have a vegetable sensation for themselves,

a sense of touch, such as the blossom might have in the instant of the

pollenization.

2033. As all formations have become symmetrical through and in

accordance with the vascular system, so does the vegetative nervous

system separate into two parallel stems which accompany the arterial

trunk. They are called intercostal nerves. These ramify and form

plexuses that accord with the visceral organs, which they govern.

b. _Animal Nervous System._

2034. The animal nervous system is the repetition of the vegetative,

and is combined therewith to constitute an unity. The nervous cyst

that was previously dissevered in a reticular manner, becomes a closed

tube, which is placed upon the light-exposed side of the other animal

systems, and thus upon the vertebral column. This closed nervous tube

is called the _myelon_, or _spinal cord_.

2035. The spinal cord is worth as much as all the visceral nerves

taken together; it is the felted system of intercostal nerves; and

is, properly speaking, none other than the posterior double cord of

ganglia. It consists therefore also of ganglia and plexuses, but

both have coalesced, on account of the increase of the mass and its

endeavour towards the attainment of union.

2036. The ganglia form a tube, which is inclosed by the tubes of the

plexuses. The ganglion-tube is the gray, the plexus-tube the medullary

substance.

2037. If the gray substance appear to reside within the medulla, this

is the result only of involution or a folding in. The parietes of the

spinal marrow stand therefore in everlasting tension with each other,

like ganglia and plexuses, and like arteries and veins.

2038. The spinal marrow is the content of the bones and muscles, like

the intercostal nerves or the visceral cord are the contents of the

abdominal cavity, and as the blood is that of the internal and fibrous

coat of the arteries. Bones and muscles are the animal parietes of the

nerves, as the two vascular membranes are the vegetative walls of the

blood. The skin, as branchia, incloses all, like the cellular membrane

does the vessels.

2039. As the intercostal ganglia give off plexus-forming ramules; so

does the spinal marrow; there are the spinal nerves. The spinal marrow

is, first of all therefore, the coalescence of the two intercostal

nerves.

2040. These spinal nerves are, however, animal plexuses, which partly

encroach upon the visceral nerves, and partly pass to the animal

systems.

2041. There are therefore two kinds of spinal nerves, vegetative and

animal, and as many of them as there are divisions in the viscera and

in the animal systems.

2042. The nerves pass off symmetrically from the spinal cord, because

the nervous mass belongs to the symmetrical osseous system. They form

therefore rings both anteriorly and posteriorly.

2043. The nervous system does not consist of individual cysts, like

its two animal teguments, or bone and flesh. It is at one time the

type or image of the vascular trunk and its ramifications; at another

the indifferent æther-mass, which does not crystallize; it is lastly

the organic primary mass that has remained persistent, and must thus

be coherent in texture. It is the blood continually streaming from the

animal divisions of the heart.

2044. The whole animal nervous system is a tegumentary cyst with tubes

passing off from it symmetrically in the form of rings.

2045. The spinal cord cannot be the highest. It has only the lowest

signification, in so far as it stands in the service of the viscera and

the sense of touch, and thus follows the position and arrangement of

the bones. Thus the spinal cord is first of all an _osseo-nervous mass_.

2046. The nerves, as running for the most part _forwards_, are

musculo-nervous mass; those running backwards or outwards are

tegumentary or sensitive nerves. This signification furnishes us, also

with the physiological function of these two divisions of nerves. The

nerves are homologous with the flexors, the spinal cord with the

extensors; the nerves with the air, the medulla with the earth; the

former with the arteries, the latter with the veins; the nerves are

thus what is more active, the medulla that which is more inert.

2047. On that account the nerves only are in intercourse with the

world, while the medulla broods within itself. Consequently, both these

nerve-formations are not as yet the pure self-substantial nervous

blossom, which no longer imitates flesh and bone, but only itself.

_Brain._

2048. The highest point attained by the lower systems are the orifices

of the viscera, the mouth and the nose. The mouth is the first animal

sign, which the plant gives off in the blossom from itself. The Noblest

lies therefore at the anterior extremity of the animal, or in man in

the direction _upwards_.

2049. It consequently occupies the middle point, or one that is between

the anterior flesh and the posterior bones, and at the same time the

spot, from which all vital processes emerge, or the mouth.

2050. The oral nervous mass is the _Brain_. It forms originally the

posterior ganglia of the pharyngeal ring.

2051. The situation of the brain is essentially in front of or above

the body, in opposition to the sexual parts, which are the lower

totality.

2052. It is, however, above and behind; for it is originally situated

posteriorly. The brain can therefore originate only, when the posterior

medulla inclines from above forwards, making a curve in the latter

direction; the brain is a spinal cord that has been bent from above

forwards.

2053. The more the spinal cord is curved forwards, so much the nobler

is it. This is self-evident.

2054. The brain is a spinal cord which makes the transit from the

signification of bone to that of flesh.

2055. In the brain therefore the tendency must principally reside, to

give off nerves, and perfect them into self-substantial nervous organs.

2056. In man the brain with its nerves curves round like a crosier, and

that more perfectly than in any other animal. The spinal cord therefore

in the highest formation of the brain returns again parallel to the

direction, in which it has ascended.

2057. In the brain there is of necessity the greatest quantity of

nervous mass. The brain is the nervous trunk, as the _liver_ is

probably the vascular trunk.

2058. In the brain the cystic formation has been most purely

represented; as e. g. in the cerebral cavities or ventricles. The brain

is the stomach of the nervous system or its lungs.

2059. The brain consists essentially of two substances, of one

accommodated to the flesh, and one to the bones, or of one arteriose,

and the other venous. The former is the gray or cortical, the latter

the white or medullary substance. The cortex is the lung of the brain,

the medulla the liver or the intestine.

2060. The bark or cortex is the polarizing, active, oxydizing; the

medulla the patient or suffering.

2061. This nervous pulmonary substance is continued along the spinal

cord and even along the nerves, there as veritable gray substance, here

as the vascular membrane of the nervous mass.

_Head._

2062. The brain, as being a system that has been separated superiorly

from the other systems, determines the _Head_. The head is only there

in so far as a brain is there.

2063. Head and trunk are antagonistically disposed, as Animal and

Vegetable, or still more exactly, like nerve and bony flesh are to the

viscera.

2064. The head is naught but a nervous organ.

2065. The concomitants of the nervous mass follow the brain, but,

instead of the medulla having been previously subordinated to, or at

least co-ordinated with, these, it is they that are thus related to

the brain. The bones of the brain are the brain-case or cranium, the

flesh of the brain, the face or countenance. On the head, bones and

flesh have been disposed in the strictest manner according to their

dignity or worth. Posteriorly there is almost pure bone, in front

almost pure muscle.

2066. The cranium can be none other than the vertebral column continued

around the brain. It consists of three vertebræ, the face of one. This

will become clear in what follows.

2067. If the bones of the head are the repetition of those of the

trunk, so also must the flesh of the head be a repetition of that of

the trunk. Pectoral and abdominal muscles are ennobled in the muscles

of the face.

1672. This structure is chiefly found in the _Heaths_ and _Stellatæ_.