=Russia=, aggrandizement of, i. 22;

_N.'s_ ambition to serve, 216, 319; ii. 15; iv. 256;

share in the partition of, and relations with Poland, i. 220, 425;

iii. 45, 316, 318;

relations and alliances with Austria, i. 325, 425; ii. 44, 61, 72,

145, 154, 209, 312, 355, 360, 363, 381; iii. 169, 178, 311-316,

328, 331, 342, 419; iv. 75, 76;

death of Catherine II, i. 425;

foreign policy (1797), 425;

_N._ intercepts despatches from the Czar to Malta, 424;

weakness of revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 45;

alliances and relations with, schemes of conquest of, and wars

with Turkey, 67, 72, 418; iii. 20, 51, 52, 55, 64, 99, 106-114,

162, 176, 236, 248, 309, 310, 321, 350;

plans military operations in Italy, ii. 72;

the second coalition, 86, 90, 136, 142;

military operations in Holland, 90;

military operations in Switzerland and Italy, 91;

successes on the Trebbia, 92;

defeats Joubert at Novi, 92;

defeated at Zuerich by Massena, 93;

withdraws from the second coalition, 142;

interest in, and activity concerning Malta, 141, 154, 193, 210, 285;

alliances and general friendly relations with France, 154, 203,

209-211, 263, 266, 347, 394, 401; iii. 36, 38, 43-46, 49, 65,

73, 107, 115, 166, 176, 178, 244, 255, 329;

organizes the "armed neutrality," ii. 194, 209, 210;

schemes of Oriental extension and conquest, 194, 209, 262, 330,

347, 348, 401; iii. 50, 55, 64, 108, 167, 236; iv. 41, 67;

intercedes for Naples, ii. 203;

_N.'s_ relations with and attitudes toward, 203, 293, 356, 361;

ii. 440-442; iii. 45, 103, 115, 280, 304, 306, 313-318, 392;

relations with, subsidies from, and wars with England, ii. 209,

210, 263, 357, 401, 406, 421; iii. 49, 55, 64, 99, 100, 102,

105, 117, 265, 266, 287, 288, 316, 321, 351, 398, 417; iv. 41,

76, 164;

assassination of Paul I and accession of Alexander I, ii. 210;

abandons the "armed neutrality," 263;

hostile and general unfriendly relations with France, 293, 312,

330, 347-349; 355, 356, 361; iii. 287, 288, 305, 309-318, 329,

392, 408;

mourns the death of the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311;

stains on reigning houses of, 317;

protests against seizure of Enghien, 331;

occupies Ionian Islands, 330, 353, 357, 405;

demands indemnity for the king of Sardinia, 330, 348, 418;

attitude in 1805, 352;

relations (friendly and hostile) with Prussia, 353, 376-378, 417,

418; iii. 1, 18, 21-23, 55, 225, 316, 320, 331, 382, 385, 397,

424;

her troops in Galicia, ii. 363;

Bernadotte and Davout watch her army, 366;

military position on the Inn, 367;

defeat of Mortier at Duerrenstein, 368;

military position on the Enns, 367;

outgeneraled by _N._, 376;

the battle of Austerlitz, 382 et seq.;

Czartoryski's view of her policy in 1803, 381;

occupies Naples, 395;

excluded from councils of Western Europe, 402;

occupies Bocche di Cattaro, 405;

strengthens Corfu, 405;

pretensions in Germany, 419;

military operations on the Danube, ii. 441;

military operations against, iii. 1;

concentrates troops at Pultusk, 1;

driven from Warsaw, 2;

character of the population, 3;

a new seat of war for _N._, 3;

battle of Pultusk, 4;

retreat to Ostrolenka, 5;

_N.'s_ new experience in campaigning in, 5;

defects in the army, 9;

devotion of the army to the Czar, 9;

the Cossacks, 9;

defeat at Mohrungen, 10;

condition of troops at Eylau, 14;

financial difficulties, 20, 35, 304, 305;

Turko-Persian alliance against, 20;

successes on the lower Danube, 20;

weakness of, 22, 23;

requests Francis's adherence to convention of Bartenstein, 22;

proposal for a new coalition, 22;

bravery of her soldiers, 27;

dissensions in the court, 28;

forces engaged at Friedland, 31, 32;

military sacrifices, 35;

peace party in, 35;

fighting the battles of others, 34, 35;

destitution in the army, 35;

schemes of territorial aggrandizement, 34, 35;

_N._ demands pledges from, 36;

proposed Baltic boundary line, 36;

ambition to be regarded as a European power, 45;

_N._ a foil to her ambition, 45;

representatives at Tilsit, 49;

schemes for the partition or acquisition of the Danubian

principalities, 50, 55, 98, 99, 105, 310, 314;

to mediate between England and France, 55;

acquires Bielostok, 56, 62;

refuses to seize Memel, 62;

dislike of Savary in, 64;

court and social manners and customs, 64;

discontent with the Czar, 64, 109, 117;

intrigues to acquire, and the invasion and acquisition of Finland,

64, 98, 113-116, 236, 248, 268, 281, 310, 316;

attempts to bring Spain into the coalition, 71;

effect of the treaty of Tilsit, 72;

diplomatic intrigues in, 98;

her good offices sought with Denmark, 98;

frontier menaced by France, 99;

Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in, 99;

commerce of, 99;

effects of the peace of Tilsit on, 99;

_N._ intervenes between Turkey and, 99;

terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105;

Tolstoi defends, 105;

diplomatic crisis in, 108-110;

sends a fresh mission to _N._, 110;

proposed invasion of Sweden, 113;

court intrigue in, 115;

Caulaincourt conducts negotiations with, 116;

blockade of the fleet by England, 117;

outwitted by _N._, 129;

the Spanish question discussed with, 158;

_N.'s_ proposed naval cooeperation with, 166;

the anti-French party in, 167, 195;

urged to occupy Warsaw, and parts of Prussia and Austria, 177;

_N._ makes technical call for the aid of, 198;

invades Galicia, 236;

acquires part of Galicia, 239;

menaced by the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 244;

news of the Austrian marriage in, 255;

treaty with Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809, 268;

evades the Continental System, 280;

Mme. de Stael in, 299;

rivalry of France, 309;

effects of the Continental System on, 310;

an incident that changed the course of history, 314, 315;

advances an army to the Danube, 314;

prepares for war, 314;

opens negotiations with England and Sweden, 316;

war with France inevitable, 317;

acquires a boundary on the Pruth, 321;

treaty with Sweden, April 12, 1812, 321;

withdraws troops from the Danube, 321;

thoroughness of _N.'s_ preparations for war with, 323-325;

Caulaincourt's knowledge of, 326;

agricultural distress in, 328;

concentration of troops in, 328;

intrigues leading to the war of 1812, 328-333;

ukase of Dec., 1810, 329;

the neutral trade of, 329;

Narbonne's mission from Dresden to, 331;

_N.'s_ scheme to expel her from Europe, 332;

_N.'s_ military knowledge of, 333, 334, 340;

menacing outlook for, 334;

_N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 333, 338;

disposition of her army, 335;

_N._ strikes the first blow at, 335;

military weakness, 336;

military enthusiasm in, 337;

sufferings of both armies in, 337, 357 et seq.;

battle of Smolensk, iii. 339;

"the Ney of," 339, 340;

despotic character of her government, 340;

lack of centralization in, 340, 374;

horrors of the campaign in, 340, 341;

_N._ fails to pass counterfeit money in, 341;

the lessons of Eylau and Austerlitz, 341;

_N.'s_ ignorance of the strength of feeling in, 342;

speculation on the Czar's military policy, 342;

battle of Borodino, 343-345, 346;

the Kremlin, 345, 347;

claims the honor of burning Moscow, 349;

temper of the peasantry, 350;

the Old Russian party for peace, 351;

Alexander's advisers, 351;

founding of the Russian Bible Society, 351;

English military mission to reorganize the army, 351;

causes of the French disasters in, 353;

_N.'s_ retreat from Moscow, 353-356;

partizan warfare in, 359;

adopting the tactics of Egypt in, 359;

the terror of _N.'s_ name in, 360, 363, 365;

her allies, Want and Winter, 360, 373;

massacre of French stragglers in, 362;

_N.'s_ contempt for, 363;

treatment of French prisoners in, 367;

hopes in, of capturing _N._, 367;

_N.'s_ excuse for defeat in, 372;

compared with Spain, 374;

poor generalship in, 374;

diminishing strength of, 382;

invades the grand duchy of Warsaw, 385;

treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391;

Metternich seeks to embroil Sweden and, 395;

possession of Warsaw, 399;

apathy of, 403;

Nesselrode's appearance in, 409;

secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 421;

issues paper money, 417;

treaty with England, 417;

to maintain a standing army, 417;

guarantees a war loan, 417;

inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424;

strength, iv. 6;

_N._ attempts to separate Prussia from, 17;

concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22;

the campaign of 1813, 39;

at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;

anxiety for peace, 41;

troops on the Rhine, 55;

_N._ endeavors to separate Austria from, 75;

the triple alliance, 76;

treaty of Chaumont, 76;

suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude, 89;

barbarity of her troops, 102;

party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;

Alexander proposes a home for _N._ in, 133;

attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;

quota of troops, 164;

member of the Vienna coalition, 164;

the campaign of the Hundred Days, 167 et seq.;

claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;

claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of _N._, 225;

_N.'s_ horror of being sent to, 227;

expansion of, 298.

_See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =St. Petersburg=.

=Rustan=, _N.'s_ body-servant, ii. 426; iii. 74; 410; iv. 134;

Queen Louisa's allusion to, at Tilsit, iii. 61.

=Rustchuk, Pasha of=, appointed grand vizir, iii. 162;

attempts to restore Selim III, 162.

S

=Saalburg=, military operations at, ii. 428.

=Saale, River=, military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. 19, 23, 25.

=Saar, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58.

=Sachsen, Gen.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72.

=Sacken, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;

checks Schwarzenberg, 369;

reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, iv. 63;

held by Mortier, 74;

battle of Craonne, 78.

=St. Aignan=, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. 42;

imprisoned at Gotha, 42;

conducts negotiations with _N._, 42, 43, 45.

=St. Amand=, d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. 186.

=St. Andre=, mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning _N._ and, iii. 421.

=St. Bartholomew's Day=, fears of a repetition of the massacre of,

iv. 147.

="St. Bartholomew of privilege," the=, i. 110.

=St. Bernard range=, Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171.

_See also_ =Great St. Bernard=; =Little St. Bernard=.

=Saint-Cannat=, _N._ at, iv. 139.

=St. Cloud=, proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.;

Bernadotte plans to head a force at, 109;

Murat commanding guard at, 109;

the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 111 et seq.; iv. 258;

_N._ declines a gift of, ii. 244;

promulgation of the decree creating the empire from, 322;

return of _N._ from Tilsit to, iii. 72;

social vices at, 92;

important levee at, Aug. 15, 1808, 169;

_N._ and Maria Louisa at, 258;

the imperial court at, 258;

_N._ returns to, iv. 39, 47.

=Saint-Cyr=, Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182;

the Academy at, 176, 182.

=Saint-Cyr, Carra=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221.

=Saint-Cyr, Gen.=, military successes of, i. 274;

at battle of Biberach, ii. 167;

engagement on the Mettenberg, 168;

fails to come up at Messkirch, 167;

reinforces Moreau at Engen, 167;

enters Naples, 287;

ordered to occupy Naples, 362;

Villeneuve ordered to cooeperate with, 371;

at La Junquera, iii. 183.

=Saint-Cyr, Gouvion=, strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324;

losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 337;

Wittgenstein resumes offensive against, 359;

junction with Victor, 360;

checks Wittgenstein, 361;

holds Dresden, iv. 7, 8, 25, 27;

battle of Dresden, 9;

sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15;

guarding roads from Bohemia, 18.

=St. Denis=, tumults at, i. 86;

restoration of the cathedral at, iii. 74;

defense of, iv. 109.

=St. Dizier=, military movements near, iv. 58, 60, 95;

_N._ at, 95, 96, 101;

military council at, 103.

=St. Florent=, _N._ prepares plans for its defense, i. 91;

French fleet at, 125;

disorders at, 126, 191;

expedition against Ajaccio from, 203-208;

French power in, 207;

English capture of, 260.

=St. George=, Provera at, i. 414.

=St. Gotthard Pass=, Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141;

French passage of, 169, 172-174;

Austrian watch on, 170.

=St. Helena=, _N.'s_ will made at, i. 127;

_N.'s_ reminiscent statements made at, 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47,

75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. 16,

62, 153, 156, 177, 191;

_N.'s_ death at, ii. 82; iv. 234;

_N.'s_ ambition concerning, ii. 289;

early proposition to deport _N._ to, iv. 145;

chosen as the place of exile, 224-229;

_N.'s_ objections to the rock, 226;

special form of government for, 227, 229;

the voyage to, 227, 287;

landing of _N._ at, 229;

topography, climate, etc., 228, 232;

_N.'s_ life on, 229-235;

violent storm in, 234;

the exile's court at, 288.

=Saint-Hilaire, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388;

in Eylau campaign, iii. 15.

=St. Ildefonso=, the treaties of, ii. 204.

=St. Jean d'Acre=.

_See_ =Acre=.

"=St. Jerome=," Correggio's, i. 374.

=St. Julien, Count=, blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188;

imprisonment of, 188.

=St. Lambert=, Grouchy ordered to, iv. 190;

Buelow at, 193.

=St. Leu=, proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276.

=St. Mark=, actions at, i. 410, 412, 413.

=St. Maximin=, Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238.

=St. Michael=, seizure of, by Massena, i. 436.

=St. Michel=, battle of, i. 410.

=St. Napoleon=, i. 39.

=St. Peter, island of=, capture, ii. 13.

=St. Peter's, Rome=, _N._ claims coronation in, ii. 396.

=St. Petersburg=, the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348;

return of the Czar from Tilsit to, iii. 64;

the peace of Europe in, 65;

the French ambassador at, 87;

diplomatic intrigues at, 97;

Alexander fears for, 98;

diplomatic crisis in, 108, 109;

court intrigue in, 115;

terror of the British fleet in, 117;

situation at, 118;

social and diplomatic life in, 166;

Caulaincourt's mission to, 165, 168, 169;

Frederick William III at, 194;

news of the Austrian marriage at, 255;

_N._ threatens to march to, 304;

Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at, 318;

defense of, 336;

demoralization at, 336;

military enthusiasm in, 337;

founding of the Russian Bible Society in, 351;

England's diplomacy in, 417.

_See also_ =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =Russia=.

=St. Pierre=, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. 154.

=Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de=, rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297.

=St. Priest, Gen.=, captures Rheims, iv. 80;

killed at Rheims, 82.

=St. Quentin=, the canal of, ii. 349.

=St. Roch=, the melee at the church of, i. 301-303.

=Saint-Ruff, Abbe de=, _N.'s_ social relations with, i. 69, 81;

death of, 149.

=St. Stephen=, attack on, i. 192.

=St. Sulpice=, banquet to _N._ in church of, ii. 100, 101.

=St. Tropez=, _N.'s_ embarkation from, iv. 135, 137, 139;

place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed to Frejus, 139.

=Saladin=, founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58.

=Salamanca=, Sir John Moore at, iii. 186;

battle of, 290, 377;

defeat of Marmont at, iii. 343.

=Salicetti, Christopher=, represents Corsica in the National

Assembly, i. 116-121;

succeeds Buttafuoco, 133;

influence in Corsica, 185, 197, 204;

plans invasion of Sardinia, 187-189;

arrives in Corsica, 201;

relations with _N._ and influence on his career, 201, 202, 205-209,

219, 225, 228, 252-257;

adheres to France, 202;

defends the Corsican commission, 205;

arrives in Paris, 207;

heads a commission to Corsica, 219;

in siege of Toulon, 232, 233;

influence in France, 233;

plans expedition to Corsica, 233;

ambition, 238;

blamed for insurrection in Corsica, 254;

seeks his own safety, 254;

influence among the Thermidorians, 254, 255;

friendship with Mme. Permon, 285;

concealed by Mme. Permon, 285, 286;

_N.'s_ address to, 285, 286;

levies forced contributions in Genoa, 345;

plans of the Directory concerning, 364;

rapacity, 376;

duplicity, ii. 109, 110;

gives Genoa a consular constitution, 233.

=Salm=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Salo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 436;

engagement at, 437, 441.

=Salzburg=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266;

ceded to Austria, 391;

Lefebvre at, iii. 211;

embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, 239.

=Sambre, River=, military movements on the, iv. 170, 173-175, 181.

=Sampiero=, i. 14;

resemblance to _N._, 26;

_N.'s_ sketch of, 92.

=Sand, George=, in Madrid during the war, iii. 292.

=San Domingo=, influence of Louverture in, ii. 237;

declares its independence, 237;

unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 237;

failure of _N.'s_ ambition concerning, 289;

plan for French recovery of, 333.

=Sandoz-Rollin=, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31.

=San Giuliano=, military operations at, ii. 178, 179.

=San Miniato=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 30.

=Sansculottes, the=, i. 249.

=Sansculottides, the=, i. 249.

=San Sebastian=, captured by the French, iii. 132.

=Santa Lucia=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.

=Santander=, besieged by Bessieres, iii. 156.

=Santarem=, Massena withdraws toward, iii. 286;

"Marshal Stockpots" deserters at, 291.

=Santerre, A. J.=, leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178;

favored by _N._, 178;

_N.'s_ threat against, ii. 108.

="Santissima Trinidad," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Santon, Mount= (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387.

=Saorgio=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255.

=Saragossa=, siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186.

=Sardinia=, weakness of, i. 22;

compared with Corsica, 25;

hostilities between France and, 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247,

261, 262;

goes to defense of Toulon, 221;

operations in Piedmont, in 1794, 341;

revolutionary spirit in, 345;

signs armistice, 350, 354, 356;

Victor Amadeus, king of, 352;

conclusion of peace with France (1796), 363, 364, 400;

_N._ opens negotiations with, ii. 11;

provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 87;

_N.'s_ bad faith with, 144;

Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 330, 417-418;

Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 377.

=Sardinia, island of=, Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356;

Charles Emmanuel retires to, ii. 39, 141;

Nelson seeks shelter at, 57.

=Sart-a-Walhain=, Grouchy's movements via, iv. 188, 193.

=Sarzana=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27.

=Satschan Lake=, Russian disasters at, ii. 388.

=Saumarez, Sir James=, blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117.

=Sauvinieres=, military movements near, iv. 185.

=Savary, Gen.=, aide-de-camp to _N._, ii. 306;

share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution, 306, 308-310;

mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz, 382, 383;

reports interview of Alexander I with _N._, 389;

unsavory career, 412;

marries Mlle. de Coigny, 412;

in Eylau campaign, iii. 13;

on _N.'s_ mental and personal vigor, 19;

expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka, 19;

in battle of Heilsberg, 29;

report of the meeting at Tilsit, 41;

accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg, 64;

French ambassador to Russia, 98, 105;

influence over the Czar, 64;

disliked in Russia, 64;

created Duke of Rovigo, 86;

mission to Madrid, 142, 143;

recognizes Ferdinand as king, 143;

reproached by Ferdinand, 143;

encourages Ferdinand to rely on _N._, 143, 144;

accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne, 143, 144;

notifies Ferdinand of his deposition, 145;

hatred of, in Paris, 275;

minister of police, 275, 376;

episode of the Malet conspiracy, 376;

provides for time of danger, 51;

records _N._ correspondence, 97;

alarm for the safety of Paris, 97;

member of the Empress-regent's council, 105;

character, 105;

reproved by _N._, 107;

Talleyrand to, on the flight of the Empress, 109;

surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together, 109;

accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219;

negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.

=Save, River=, territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Savigny, F. K. von=, characterization of the Code, ii. 223.

=Savona=, military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160;

imprisonment of Pius VII at, iii. 243, 306.

=Savoy=, military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213;

captured by France, 222;

France's ambition to conquer, 276;

France's claims to, 327;

lost to Sardinia, 352;

Kellermann in, 365;

Chabran's forces in, ii. 169;

proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.

=Savoy, House of, the=, French schemes against, i. 187;

importance of France gaining over, 342;

its system of government, 345;

vicissitudes, 352;

Francis I's hostility to, ii. 141;

loses the support of Paul I, 232;

lineage, 317.

=Saxe-Gotha=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;

spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxe-Weimar=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443;

spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxony=, withdraws from the coalition, i. 385;

neutrality of, 1796, 385;

seizure of the English minister to, ii. 330;

excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, 403;

proposal to include her in North German Confederation, 418;

reported French advance on, 420;

proposed independence for, 420;

military movements in, 424-425;

alliance with Prussia, 429;

takes part in the Jena campaign, 443;

spread of liberal ideas in, 443;

abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality, 443;

proposed exchange of territories, iii. 50;

united with the Rhine Confederation, 56;

acquires Kottbus, 62;

independence, 73;

the Archduke Charles proposes to march into, 198;

furnishes troops to France, 202;

troops in Dresden, 203, 324;

defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion, 234;

in vassalage to France, 279;

supports _N._, 322;

the levies in, 387;

peculiar relations toward _N._, 394;

turns to Austria, 394;

threatened war in, 394;

secret agreement with Austria, 399;

Prussian designs on, 399;

the campaign of 1813 in, 401 et seq.; iv. 1;

strategy of the campaign in, iii. 404;

abandons Austria, 407;

declares in favor of France, 407;

proposed allotment of territory to, 409;

Prussia promises to cede part of, to Hanover, 417;

invaded by Austro-Russian troops, iv. 8;

national spirit in, 19;

revulsion of feeling against France, 20, 22;

refuge of the allies in, 24;

defection of troops at Leipsic, 33;

character of the campaigns in, 38.

=Say, J. B.=, member of the tribunate, ii. 151.

=Scandinavia=, effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22.

=Schaffhausen=, _N._ plans operations at, ii. 163.

=Scharnhorst, Gen.=, plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429;

in battle of Eylau, iii. 16;

institutes military reforms in Prussia, 103, 161;

mission to Vienna, 320;

hostility to _N._, 396;

limits to his means, 403;

killed at Luetzen, 406.

=Scheldt, River, the=, reopening of, i. 194;

closing the navigation of, 450;

a French river, iii. 270;

scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399.

=Scherer, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344;

ordered to upper Italy, ii. 88;

driven behind the Mincio and Oglio, 88;

defeated at Magnano, 88;

succeeded by Moreau, 88;

incompetency, 88, 91.

=Schill, F. von=, _N.'s_ abuse of, iii. 213;

attempts to rouse the German spirit, 213;

final stand and death at Stralsund, 213, 233;

helps insurrection in Westphalia, 225;

denounced by Frederick William, 233.

=Schimmelpenninck, R. J.=, Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic,

ii. 233;

represents the Batavian Republic at Amiens, 262;

intrigues to make Louis Buonaparte king of Holland, 397.

=Schlapanitz=, military operations near, ii. 385.

=Schleiermacher, F. E. D.=, member of the reform party in Prussia,

ii. 416;

influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.

=Schleiz=, engagement at, ii. 428.

=Schleswig=, Denmark's loss of, iii. 70.

=Schloditten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Schoenbrunn=, _N._ establishes headquarters in palace at (1805),

ii. 369, 378; (1809) iii. 212;

interview between _N._ and Haugwitz at, ii. 399;

treaties of, 417; iii. 241, 244, 252;

_N.'s_ proclamations from, 215;

_N._ leaves for the Lobau, 226;

Prince Liechtenstein at, 239;

accident to _N._ near, 240;

attempt to assassinate _N._ at, 240;

_N._ returns to Paris from, 245;

virtual imprisonment of Maria Louisa at, iv. 143.

=Schrattenthal=, Kutusoff at, ii. 379.

=Schwarzenberg, Prince=, reliance on Peccadeuc, i. 65;

Austrian minister to France, iii. 253;

suggests the marriage of _N._ and Maria Louisa, 253;

toasts the King of Rome, 261;

commands Austrian contingent in Russian campaign of 1812, 324;

in Volhynia, 338;

holds back Tormassoff, 341;

opposed by Tormassoff and Tchitchagoff, 350;

retreats behind the Bug, 358;

expected to cover the crossing of the Beresina, 363;

driven back, 366;

checked by Sacken, 369;

lukewarmness, 382;

retreats across the Vistula, 385;

evacuates Warsaw, 385;

seeks shelter in Cracow, 393;

held back by Metternich, 395;

commanding the Army of the South, iv. 3;

hampered by presence of the allied sovereigns, 3;

military incapacity, cowardice, and reputation, 6, 64, 69, 89, 90-94;

_N._ moves against, 8;

battle of Dresden, 9;

Vandamme's pursuit of, 15;

Murat fails to check, 17;

protects Austria from invasion, 18;

moves on Dresden, 18;

southern movement by, 21;

gets to southward of Leipsic, 22;

Murat ordered to hold, 23;

contemplated attack on, 23;

proposed junction of Bluecher and Bernadotte with, 26;

battle of Wachau, 28;

battle of Leipsic, 27-32;

suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57, 58;

at Langres, 58;

crosses the Rhine at Basel, 58;

movement toward Auxerre, 60;

junction with Bluecher, 60;

strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 62;

_N.'s_ contemplated movement against, 62-65;

steady advance of, 65;

crosses Switzerland, 67;

danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau, 72;

sends flag of truce to Berthier, 73;

retreats to Troyes, 73;

quails before _N.'s_ advance, 73;

Macdonald and Oudinot in pursuit of, 73;

checks Oudinot, 73;

strength at Troyes, 74;

withdraws behind the Aube, 74;

justifies his course, 74;

at Bar-sur-Aube, 74;

_N._ prepares to attack, 74;

at Congress of Chatillon, 77;

Bluecher cut off from, 77, 78;

_N._ plans to attack him at Chalons, 77;

regains communications with Bluecher, 80;

moves against Macdonald, 84;

dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 85;

supposed retreat to the Vosges, 86;

engagements at Arcis and Torcy, 87;

sickness, 89, 90;

on the European policy of 1814, 88;

retreats to Troyes, 90;

_N._ misled by his actions, 90;

apprehensions of _N.'s_ strength, 92;

strength, 92;

battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 93;

Bluecher seeks a junction with, 94;

his communications threatened, 95, 96;

junction with Bluecher, 95, 97;

favors movement on Paris, 98;

determines to seek a battle, 98;

proposes to pursue _N._, 100;

at peace council in Paris, 114;

enters Paris with the allies, 114;

seduces Marmont, 119;

sows treason in the French army, 120;

Marmont reveals his plot to, 125;

plan for the campaign of the Hundred Days, 169.

=Schweidnitz=, the allied forces near, iii. 413;

_N.'s_ strategy at, 413.

=Science=, _N._ advises encouragement of, ii. 347.

=Scrivia, River, the=, Ott driven back to, ii. 176;

the country of, 176-178.

=Sebastiani, Gen. F. H. B.=, mission to Persia and the Levant,

ii. 272-274;

obtains thorough knowledge of the East, ii. 440;

strategy and diplomacy at Constantinople, 20;

end of his influence in Turkey, 33;

defeats a Spanish division, 237;

moves up the Aube, iv. 91;

battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92.

=Secret police=, license vice, iii. 92.

=Segovia=, French success at, iii. 156.

=Segur, Count=, minister to Russia, ii. 324;

appointed master of ceremonies at the Tuileries, 324, 328;

foresees France's discontent, iii. 326;

transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132;

plans the ratification of the Additional Act, 166.

=Seine, River, the=, the quays of, iii. 74;

military movements on the, iv. 65, 69, 71, 73, 85, 90, 104, 112, 116.

=Selim III=, dismisses viceroys of Moldavia and Wallachia, ii. 441;

moves against Russia, 441;

declares war against England, iii. 20;

overthrow of, 33, 51, 106, 162;

held prisoner in the Seraglio, 162;

murdered by Mustapha IV, 162.

=Semaphore=, use of, in warfare, iii. 205.

=Semlino=, disposition of the spoils of Moscow at, iii. 358.

=Semonville, Huguet de=, envoy to Constantinople, i. 197;

dreads a new Terror, ii. 94.

=Senancour, S. P. de=, "Obermann," ii. 351.

=Senarmont, Gen.=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31.

=Senate, the=, in 1799; ii. 126, 127, 150-153;

orders deportation of suspects, 241;

subservience to _N._, 242-244;

new methods of electing to, 247;

enlargement of its powers, 247;

the tool of the First Consul, 320;

steps toward creating the empire, 319-322;

changes in, under the constitution of 1804, 322;

announces the result of the plebiscite, 341;

substitution of a hereditary house for the elective, iii. 82;

its members ennobled, 87;

confirms the divorce, 247;

decrees the annexation of the Papal States, 262;

decadence of constitutional forms in, 295;

speech of Maria Louisa before the, iv. 106;

ordered to draft a new constitution, 114;

absolves the army from allegiance to _N._, 119;

proclaims Louis XVIII, 129, 132.

=Sens=, military movements near, iv. 62, 68;

proposal to continue the war from a center at, 103;

_N._ at, 105;

the French garrison at, 118.

"=Sentimental Journey to Nuits,"= _N.'s_, i. 146.

=September 22=, celebration of, ii. 195.

=Serfdom=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102;

abolished in Warsaw, iii. 67.

=Serpalten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Serurier, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345;

at siege of Mantua, 415, 418;

storms Gradisca, 433;

delivers Venice to Austria, ii. 24;

action on the 18th Brumaire, 105;

commanding at the Point-du-Jour, 108;

excites the soldiery at St. Cloud, 116;

recreated marshal, iv. 167.

=Serves=, _N._ visits, i. 141.

=Servia=, the rise of, iv. 300.

=Seurre=, disorders in, i. 96.

=Seventh Regiment of the Line=, supports _N._ on his return from

Elba, iv. 156.

=Seven Years' War, the=, i. 17, 22; iv. 261, 296.

=Sextuple Alliance, the=, iv. 295.

=Seychelles=, deportation of suspects to the, ii. 241.

=Sezanne=, _N._ at, iv. 61;

Marmont at, 74;

_N.'s_ plan of movement via, 85.

=Shebreket=, Mameluke attack on the French at, ii. 59;

action at, 61.

=Shipping=, harassing regulations by France, ii. 269.

=Shuvaloff, Count=, Russian commissioner at Poischwitz, iii. 414, 417.

=Sicily=, Ferdinand IV king of, i. 421; iii. 319;

Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, ii. 57;

Nelson returns to, 61;

Joseph made king of, 395, 401;

proposal that the Bourbons retain power in, 401;

_N._ offers England territory as substitute for, 404, 405;

England demands the surrender of, 405;

withdrawal of English troops from, iii. 111;

proposed French seizure of, 111, 112;

English troops sent to Portugal from, 122;

England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;

English expedition to, 284, 294;

French expedition against, 308.

=Siena=, Pius VI withdraws to, ii. 39;

position in the French Empire, iii. 279.

=Sierra Morena=, defeat of Dupont in, iii. 156.

=Sieyes, Abbe=, pamphlet of the Third Estate, i. 107, 330;

character, 330, 331; ii. 92;

declines service in the Directory, i. 330, 331;

relations with _N._, 330, 331; ii. 35, 49, 94, 100-102;

president of the Ancients, 35;

venality, 35;

mission to Berlin, 41;

checkmates Prussia, 43;

charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;

theories of government, constitution-building, etc., 49, 96,

100-102, 117, 118, 125, 126, 149, 322;

member of the Directory, 83, 92;

relations with Joubert, 92;

schemes for a dictatorship, 94, 95;

suspected of plotting with the House of Brunswick, 95;

brought into the Bonapartist ranks, 96-98;

surrenders his leadership, 100;

proposed resignation of, 101;

scheme to make him consul, 102;

difficulty of holding him in the traces, 102, 103;

resigns from the Directory, 106, 115;

at St. Cloud, 19th Brumaire, 111;

consul of France, 123;

proceedings for election of First Consul, 129;

accepts the estate of Crosne, 130;

chief of the Senate, 129, 130;

keeper of the Directory's secret funds, 129;

negotiations and intrigues in Prussia, 155, 156;

relations with the Directory, 155;

monarchical schemes for France, 155, 156.

=Siguenza=, Castanos collects his troops at, iii. 185.

=Silesia=, wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 325;

Austria seeks compensation for, 325;

Austria's ambition concerning, ii. 358;

offer of part of, to Austria, ii. 445;

military operations in, iii. 20; iv. 17;

_N._ offers it to Austria, iii. 22;

_N.'s_ reserve forces in, 22;

Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42;

position in Europe, 55;

remains Prussian, 55, 56;

_N._ offers to offset the Danubian principalities against, 106-108,

112;

French occupation, 116;

Alexander demands relinquishment of designs on, 116;

Davout ordered to, 165;

Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320;

to be connected with Old Prussia, 398;

Austria rejects _N.'s_ offer of, 400;

the Army of the East in, iv. 3;

contemplated operations in, 7;

military operations in, 17;

strength of her forces under Bluecher, 62;

army of, moves on Paris, 98.

=Silk culture=, introduced into Corsica, i. 80.

=Simplon=, creation of the department of the, iii. 278.

=Simplon Pass=, to pass under French control, ii. 40;

the crossing of the, 169, 172;

military road through, 233, 349; iii 74.

=Sisteron=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154.

=Slave-trade=, revival of the, ii. 236, 237, 245, 269, 270;

England protests against, 270.

=Slobozia=, armistice concluded at, iii. 105;

treaty of, 163.

=Smith, Adam=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=Smith, Sir Sidney=, captures French transports, ii. 71;

at the siege of Acre, 71, 73;

occupies Jaffa, 75;

watching _N._ at Alexandria, 79;

allows _N._ to slip through his fingers, 82;

puts into Cyprus, 82;

concludes treaty at El Arish, 181;

commanding British fleet at Lisbon, iii. 121;

urges Don John to embark for Brazil, 121.

=Smohain=, the farms of, iv. 195;

fighting at, 206.

=Smolensk=, _N.'s_ plan to seize, iii. 333;

military movements near, 333, 336-340, 350, 355, 356, 362;

enthusiasm among the Russians at, iii. 338;

strategical position, 338;

battle of, 338-341;

_N.'s_ military blunder at, 340-343;

the shrine at, 339, 343;

compared with Acre, 340;

French garrison in, 342, 358;

concentration of French troops at, iii. 347;

guerrilla warfare around, 350;

arrival of the French army at, in its retreat, 362;

massacre of French stragglers in, 362;

shameful scenes in, 362;

abandonment of wounded at, 363;

the march to Lithuania from, 363;

reorganization of the army at, 363;

destruction of the fortifications of, 363;

Ney's perilous retreat from, 364.

=Smorgoni=, _N.'s_ desertion of his army at, iii. 373, 375.

=Social contract=, _N.'s_ views concerning the, i. 77, 267.

=Social customs, privileges=, etc., i. 100-103;

_N.'s_ study of, 137, 138, 145, 150.

=Soedermannland, Duke of=, attempts the siege of Hameln, ii. 416.

=Soignes=, fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. 190;

Wellington's position in front of, 192, 195.

=Soissons=, Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 257;

Mortier at, iv. 74, 86;

Bluecher recruits his forces at, 76;

surrenders to the allies, 77, 83;

French retreat to, 80;

_N._ at, 80;

the French army leaves, 81.

=Sokolnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385-388.

=Solano, Gen.=, makes ineffectual movement against the French, iii. 149.

=Solothurn=, the plundering of, ii. 40.

=Solre=, Gen. d'Erlon at, iv. 170.

=Sombreffe=, military movements near, iv. 171, 175-180.

=Somerset, Gen. F. J. H.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.

=Sommepuis=, military movements near, iv. 91.

=Sommesous=, military movements near, iv. 91.

=Somosierra=, crossing the pass of, iii. 186.

=Sophia Dorothea=, wife of Jerome, iii. 322.

=Sortlack, Forest of=, military movements in the, iii. 30.

=Souham, Gen.=, in battle of Leipsic, iv. 32;

at Nogent, 102;

left in command at Essonnes, 124;

seduced by Marmont, 125;

summoned to Fontainebleau, 126;

delivers his army prisoners to the Austrians, 126, 127.

=Soult, Marshal=, commanding force at Tarentum, ii. 204;

service in the Army of England, 291;

created marshal, 323;

character, 364; iii. 286;

seizes Memmingen, ii. 366;

reaches Hollabrunn, 379;

battle of Austerlitz, 384-388;

at Muenchberg, 428;

battle of Jena, 429-432;

invests Magdeburg, 436;

battle of Pultusk, iii. 4;

strength in Poland, 7;

campaign of Eylau, 15;

at Osterode, 18;

battle of Heilsberg, 28;

pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31;

created Duke of Dalmatia, 86;

yearly income, 87, 296;

movement against Blake, 185;

lack of vigor of movement, 185;

ordered to Mansilla, 188;

entrusted with the pursuit of Moore, 189;

battle of Corunna, 188;

crosses the Esla, 188;

defeated by Wellesley in Portugal, 236;

causes Wellesley to withdraw, 237;

service in Spain, 284;

ordered to Andalusia, 286;

ordered to join Massena in Portugal, 286;

jealousy of Massena, 286;

before Cadiz, 286;

fails to relieve Massena, 286;

defeated in attack on Sir John Moore, 286;

captures Badajoz, 287;

invasion of Portugal (1809), 287;

occupies Oporto, 287;

expelled from Portugal, 287;

failure in Spain, 287;

battle of Talavera, 287;

made commander-in-chief, 287;

bickerings with Joseph, 287;

battle of Ocana, 287, 288;

aims to win the crown of Portugal, 287, 296;

retreats toward the south coast, 289;

returns to Cadiz, 289;

defeated at Albuera, 289;

marches to relief of Badajoz, 289;

joins Massena, 289;

marches to Joseph's aid, 290;

abandons Cadiz, 290;

despatched on Pyrenean campaign, 421;

shut up in Bayonne, iv. 40;

thrown back on Toulouse, 81;

strength, March, 1814, 102;

available forces of, 118;

defeat at Toulouse, 148;

appointed minister of war, 148;

revival of imperial sentiment in his army, 157;

opposed to Murat, 157;

recreated marshal, 167;

chief of staff in the Waterloo campaign, 171, 190;

blunder before Charleroi, 173, 174;

cognizant of Bluecher's movement to Wavre, 191;

orders to Grouchy, 194, 214;

battle of Waterloo, 204;

on inspiration, 248.

=Sound, the=, threats to close it to English commerce, iii. 69.

=South America=, Spanish concessions to France in, ii. 205;

England's commerce with, iii. 55;

England threatens to make Spanish colonies independent, 71.

=Spain=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9;

Bourbon influence in, 22;

expected enmity of, i. 187;

goes to defense of Toulon, 221;

blockades Mediterranean ports, 239;

_N.'s_ relations with, and attitude toward, 247; ii. 18, 203,

et seq., 289, 332, 405; iii. 54, 71, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151,

157, 178, 190, 280 et seq., 293, 307, 319; iv. 30, 52;

growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276;

withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;

relations and alliances with France, 341, 421; ii. 203-206,

288-290, 332, 349, 358, 359, 371; iii. 78, 120, 132, 190;

_N._ proposes to hand Rome over to, i. 420;

drives Admiral Mann from the Mediterranean, 421;

destruction of fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 456;

diplomatic offset of Naples against, ii. 18;

war with Portugal, 18;

preparations for action in, 37;

schemes of revolutionary propaganda for, 44;

naval inaction, 67;

low intrigues in, 204;

effect of Marengo in, 204;

Godoy prime minister, 204;

proposed incorporation of Portugal with, 211;

recovers colonies under the peace of Amiens, 262;

exchanges Louisiana for Etruria, 272;

England attacks her commerce, 289;

exasperated over sale of Louisiana, 289;

treaties with France, 289, 332;

loses Trinidad and Louisiana, 332;

war with England, Dec., 1804, 332;

her maritime forces controlled by France, 332;

humiliates Portugal, 332;

naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 374;

_N._ offers part of her territory to England, 405;

called on for troops by France, iii. 22;

proposal that she acquire Portugal, 67;

attempt to bring her into the coalition, 71;

incapacity of the Bourbons in, 70;

_N._ encourages dissensions in, 71;

decay and humiliation, 71, 123, 126, 134, 150;

revolt against Godoy, 70;

embargo on English commerce, 72;

the fleet ordered to Toulon, 71;

necessity for the "regulation" of her affairs, 111;

the situation in, 118;

secret compact with France for partition of Portugal, 120;

new title for the king, 120;

plans for invasion of, 120;

scheme to acquire Portugal, 120;

depletion of the army, 123;

depopulation, 124;

corruption, 124;

social life, 124;

degradation of the Church in, 124;

primogeniture and land tenure, 124;

factions of the crown prince and of the prime minister, 125;

_N._ tempted by her colonies, 127, 133;

arrest of the crown prince, 126;

fortifying the French frontier, 126;

announcement of the crown prince's conspiracy, 127;

the "secret hand" in, 128;

expected regeneration by France, 127;

Dupont ordered to invade, 128;

benefits accruing to England from troubles in, 131;

_N._ on the intestinal troubles in, 131;

the crown given to Joseph, 131, 150, 169, 280, 318;

French invasion and occupation of, 132-135, 149, 151;

deposition of Godoy from office, 134;

Murat assumes command in, 135;

popular outbreaks, 135, 140;

abdication of Charles IV, 136;

patriotic and national spirit in, 137-141, 151-156, 284, 288, 290;

iv. 290;

enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII, iii. 138;

political intrigues in, 139-141;

Murat Protector of, 140;

attitude of the people toward Murat, 141;

deposition of the Bourbons, 145;

Murat appointed dictator, 146;

_N._ assumes the royal and hereditary rights of the throne of, 148;

Louis refuses the crown of, 148;

military movements in western Spain and on the Baltic, 149;

character of the people, 149-152, 153, 154, 190, 288;

convocation of notables at Bayonne, 149;

adoption of a new constitution, 150, 152;

destruction of her commerce, 152;

lack of centralization in, 151, 152, 374;

guerrilla warfare, iii. 152-155, 190, 291;

influence of the clergy in the rebellion, 154;

French disasters in, 154, 290, 291;

fate of French soldiers in, 155;

French movement against southern, 156;

French pillage in, 158;

national uprising against France, 158, 192;

difficulties of the French campaign in, 157;

offer of the throne to Archduke Charles, 166;

_N._ returns to, 182;

caliber of the French army in, 183;

_N.'s_ strength in, Nov. 3, 1808, 183, 184;

regular and irregular forces, 184;

_N._ assumes command in, 184;

lack of military genius in, 185;

Sir John Moore enters, 186;

sympathy between Portugal and, 186;

abolition of the Inquisition and of the feudal system, 189;

_N._ institutes reforms in, 189;

formation of a liberal constitution for, 191;

_N._ threatens to assume the crown, 191;

question of annihilating its nationality, 191;

statements as to _N.'s_ leaving, 196;

reinforcements for, 202;

Wellesley prepares for invasion of, 236;

need of prompt action in, 238;

the war in, 249;

the crown offered to Louis and rejected, 270;

England's loss of trade with, 272;

Fouche's offer to restore the Bourbons to, 271;

seizures of American ships in, 275;

annexation of part of, to France, 278;

open warfare in, 282;

seizure of northern provinces of, 282;

"the natural continuation of France," 282;

policy of total annexation, 282;

French rapine in, 282;

policy of military administration for, 282;

quality and strength of the French armies in, 283;

Massena in command in, 283;

Wellington's provisions for French victories in, 284;

blunders by the insurrectionary leaders, 288;

Wellington enters, 289;

French occupation, close of 1812, 290;

Soult abandons the south of, 290;

discipline of the French army in, 291;

England's expeditions to, 293;

confiscation in, 296;

troops withdrawn from Germany for service in, 307;

_N.'s_ offer of peace in, refused by England, 318;

England to be driven from, 328;

compared with Russia, 374;

French disasters in, 377;

exhaustion of, 382;

recall of commanders from, 386;

treaty with Russia, July, 1812, 391;

in grand coalition against _N._, 392;

_N._ offers peace to England in, 392;

Wellington's reverses in, 392;

proposal to restore Bourbon rule, 416;

_N._ abandons, 420;

Wellington's successes in, 423;

French defeats in, iv. 14;

_N._ offers to restore the independence of, 30;

rises in support of Wellington, 40;

proposed independence of, 41;

prolongation of the war in, 51;

restoration of the king to, 52;

relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52;

adoption of a new constitution, 52;

member of the Vienna coalition, 164;

_N.'s_ dread of capture in, 221.

=Spandau=, capitulation of, ii. 436;

proposed siege of, iv. 2.

=Spartel, Cape=, Nelson's fleet off, ii. 372.

=Specialist=, the work of the, iv. 251.

=Speculation=, mania for, in France, i. 288, 289; ii. 219.

=Spirding, Lake=, military movements near, iii. 10.

=Splueglen Pass=, proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii. 169;

crossed by Macdonald, 192.

=Spree, River=, military movements on the, iii. 407, 409; iv. 14.

=Stadion, Count=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381;

Austrian minister of state, iii. 21, 104, 194, 199;

letter from Metternich, July 26, 1807, 104;

urges prompt action, 199;

resigns, 253;

mission to the allies' camp, 408.

=Stael, Mme. de=, relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms of

_N._, ii. 22, 119, 139, 197, 199, 259; iii. 94, 297-301;

procures revocation of Talleyrand's exile, ii. 34;

_N.'s_ study of her writings, 53;

"Influence of the Passions," 53;

on liberty in France, 119;

her salon, 199;

her character, 259; iii. 297-301;

banishments of, ii. 411;

relations with Mme. Recamier, ii. 411, 412;

returns to Paris, iii. 26;

ordered back to Geneva, 26;

at Coppet, 298;

difficulties with the Directory, 298;

criticizes Josephine Beauharnais, 298;

difficulties with the Committee of Public Safety, 298;

poverty, 299;

her book on Germany, 300.

=Stage=, censorship of the, ii. 349.

=Standing armies=, i. 67.

=Staps=, attempts to assassinate _N._, iii. 240.

=Starhemberg, Count=, Austrian ambassador to London, iii, 104;

leaves London, 104.

=Starsiedel=, fighting at, iii, 406.

=State=, _N.'s_ conceptions of the, i. 78.

=State system=, the, iv. 298.

=States of the Church=, Pius VII strives to augment the, ii. 346.

=Steffens, Prof.=, summons German students into the ranks, iii. 398.

=Stein, Baron H. F. C.=, Prussian statesman, ii. 415; iii. 103;

frees the serfs, 103;

introduces military reforms in Prussia, 162;

resigns his ministry, 162;

_N._ demands his dismissal, 162, 178;

seeks refuge in Vienna, 178;

exile from Prussia, 193;

effect of his reforms, 320;

adviser to Alexander I, 351;

reorganizes Prussian provinces, 385;

formulates the treaty of Kalish, 385;

relations with Alexander, 385, 396;

hostility to _N._, 397; iv. 57, 67;

joins Frederick William at Breslau, iii. 396;

on the unification of Germany, 397;

character, 397;

leading part in Prussia's awakening, 398;

prepares to govern the conquered territories, iv. 34.

=Sterling, Adm.=, naval operations of, ii. 359.

=Stettin=, capitulation of, ii. 436;

Davout's force in, 202;

proposed French movement on, 393;

held by the French, 402;

relief of the French in, iv. 2.

=Stewart, Sir Charles=, English minister at Berlin, iii. 417;

influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417.

=Steyer=, armistice signed at, ii. 192.

=Stockach=, battle of, ii. 88;

captured by Lecourbe, 166.

=Stockholm=, installation of Bernadotte at, iii. 281.

"=Stockpot, Marshal=," iii. 291.

=Stoetteritz=, fighting at, iv. 33.

=Strabo=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=Stradella=, Desaix commanding corps at, ii. 177;

fortified camp at, 175;

military operations near, 185.

=Stralsund=, threatened by Mortier iii., 19;

Schill's final stand at, 213, 234;

capture of, 234.

=Strasburg=, Moreau's army at, i. 347;

Moreau and Desaix cross the Rhine near, 440;

retirement of Cardinal Rohan from, ii. 301;

imprisonment of Duc d'Enghien at, 304, 305;

French expeditions to, 304; iii. 203;

Caulaincourt's mission to, 107;

Maria Louisa's progress through, 257;

Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, iv. 95, 96;

sends troops to relief of Paris, 102.

=Strebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217, 218.

=Street of Peace, the=, iii. 74.

=Street of Rivoli, the=, iii. 74.

=Strehla=, fighting near, iv. 9.

=Striefen=, fighting near, iv. 9.

=Striegau=, Bluecher at, iv. 3, 6.

=Stuart=, British envoy to Vienna, ii. 302.

"=Study in Politics, A=," projected by _N._, i. 289.

=Studjenka=, the passage of the Beresina at, iii. 368-371.

=Stura, River, the=, Massena's advance through valley of, i. 243;

Austrian force on, ii. 170.

=Stuttgart=, Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 174;

machinations of Mehee de la Touche in, ii. 297, 298;

expulsion of the English envoy at, 330.

=Styria=, junction of Austrian troops in. ii. 367;

Prince Eugene in, iii. 225;

Archduke John banished to, 230.

=Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel=, retreat before Melas, ii. 165;

expected to attack Melas, 170;

military operations on the Var, 174;

pursues the Russians, 378;

battle of Austerlitz, 387;

service in Spain, iii. 283;

annihilates Blake's Spanish army, 289;

captures Aragon and Valencia, 289;

captures Tarragona, 377;

contrasted with Augereau, iv. 94;

strength, March, 1814, 102;

available forces of, 118.

=Sucy=, _N.'s_ letters to, i. 165;

prophesies as to _N.'s_ future, ii. 28.

=Suez, Isthmus of=, importance of, ii. 46.

=Suez Canal=, suggested by D'Argenson, ii. 46.

=Suicide=, _N.'s_ views concerning, and his attempts to commit,

i. 80, 81; ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 217, 232, 287.

=Sunday=, resumption of its observance, ii. 258.

="Supper of Beaucaire," the=, i. 212-221, 286.

=Survilliers, Comte de=. _See_ =Buonaparte, Joseph=.

=Suvaroff, Gen. A. V.=, defeats Macdonald on the Trebbia, ii. 92;

holds Piedmont, 141;

driven by Massena to Bavaria, 142;

disasters in the Alps, 141.

=Swabia=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450;

demonstrations of emigrants in, ii. 307;

withdrawal of Austrian troops from, 311;

French occupation of, 405.

=Sweden=, excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27;

joins the "armed neutrality," 194;

_N.'s_ hatred for the royal house of, 416;

Joachim I's aspirations to the crown of, 416;

Prussia recommended to go to war with, 420;

member of the coalition, iii. 20;

held back by Mortier, 19;

internal dissensions, 35;

neutrality of, 46;

failure of commercial negotiations with England, 49;

proposed commercial war against England, 55;

virtual dependence on France, 66;

English regulations concerning American trade with, 100, 101;

supposed assistance from England to, 113;

_N._ hints at rectification of her boundaries, 113;

proposed Russian invasion of, 113;

makes obstinate resistance in Finland, 117;

failure of the demonstration against, 159;

Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 165;

_N._ promises to restore Pomerania to, 268;

promises to exclude British commerce, 267;

treaty with Russia, Sept. 17, 1809, 268;

cedes Finland to Russia, 268, 281;

Frederick VI hopes to acquire, 280;

_N.'s_ ambitions concerning, 280;

accession of Charles XIII, 280;

selection of Bernadotte as heir to the throne, 280;

abdication of Gustavus IV, 280;

Mme. de Stael in, 299;

Alexander offers Norway to, 314, 321, 350;

Russia opens negotiations with, 316;

demands and acquires a liberal constitution, 317;

eagerness to escape from French protection, 318;

_N._ offers Finland to, 321;

bids for her alliance by France and Russia, 320, 321;

Davout occupies Pomerania, 321;

treaty with Russia, April 12, 1812, 321;

Alexander demands better terms for, 329;

in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392;

Metternich seeks to embroil Russia and, 395;

subsidized by England, 399;

ambition to secure Norway, 399;

_N._ attempts to win over, 399;

evacuates Hamburg, 407;

commercial agreement with England, 424;

inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424;

Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to, iv. 55;

struggle with Norway, 164;

member of the Vienna coalition, 164.

=Swiss Guard=, at the Tuileries, i. 299.

=Switzerland=, republican schemes and revolutionary movements in,

i. 329; ii. 27, 40;

_N.'s_ schemes and influence in, i. 448; ii. 12, 144, 233, 234;

French plundering of, 40;

organization of the Helvetian Republic, 86;

Massena ordered to command in, 87;

Russian military operations in, 91-93;

Berthier commanding in, 140;

Massena's successes in, 140;

Massena makes a forced levy in, 153;

falls into French hands, 164, 234, 281;

Kray's retreat via, cut off, 166;

jealousy of Piedmont, 233;

factions in, 234;

adoption of the name, 234;

neutrality of, 234;

the Act of Mediation, 234;

furnishes contingents to _N.'s_ armies, 234; iii. 3, 20, 323;

occupied by Ney, ii. 272;

lends aid to France in 1803, 289;

independence of, 354;

_N.'s_ claim to, 354;

Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377;

Mme. de Stael banished to, 411;

relations of France with, iii. 54, 73;

Valais separated from, 278;

violation of her neutrality by the allies, iv. 56, 57, 66, 67;

fails to support the Emperor, 57, 59;

reported rising in, 88;

Jerome and Joseph take refuge in, 135.

=Syria=, Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition off the coast of, ii. 57;

_N.'s_ schemes of conquest in, 61, 62;

Turkish movements in, 68-70;

the French advance into, 68, 69.

=Szuczyn=, Russian retreat to, iii, 8.

T

=Tabor, Mount=, battle near, ii. 72.

=Tabor Bridge=, Murat crosses the, ii. 368.

=Tacticus=, _N.'s_ references to, ii. 235.

=Tactics and strategy=, the lessons of Austerlitz, ii. 391, 392.

=Tafalla=, Moncey at, iii. 183.

=Tagliamento, River=, military operations on the, i. 430-432.

=Tagus, River, the=, British fleet in, iii. 121;

French attempt to capture the fleet in, 121;

Dupont holds, 156;

the lines of Torres Vedras, 285;

military operations on, 285.

=Taine, H. A.=, on the Napoleonic regime, iv. 294.

=Talavera=, battle of, iii. 236, 284, 287.

=Talleyrand, Prince=, minister of foreign affairs, ii. 17, 34, 35,

130, 153, 323;

relations with and views on _N._, ii. 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33-35,

96, 97; iii. 81, 94-96, 133, 151, 168, 175, 179, 301; iv. 165,

233;

attempts to force _N.'s_ hand, ii. 23;

relations with Mme. du Barry, 33;

expelled from England, 33;

Mirabeau's opinion of, 33;

relations with the Directory, 34;

career, 33-35;

system of national education, 33, 225-227;

charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43;

member of the Institute, 47;

advocates seizure of Egypt, 47, 48;

intrigue with _N._, Barras, and Sieyes for a new constitution, 49;

ascribes the Egyptian expedition to _N._, 51;

proposed mission to Constantinople, 66;

dreads a new Terror, 94;

critical moment in his house, before the 18th Brumaire, 103;

influence on Barras, 107;

Bourbon sympathies of, 122;

_N._ proposes a constitution to, 126;

offers peace to Portugal, 154;

monarchical views of, 158;

discusses possibility of _N.'s_ death, 186;

negotiations with Count St. Julien, 188;

negotiations with Cobenzl, 189;

demands bribes from American envoys, 212;

the Pope's ban removed from, 216;

carves up German principalities, 265;

demands to know England's intentions concerning Malta, 273;

Lord Whitworth's utterances to, 284;

his explanation of the scene of March 13, 1803, 284;

urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;

notifies Baden of the seizure of Duc d'Enghien, 308;

charged with suppressing despatches, 306;

Josephine's dread of, 308;

blamed by _N._ for the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; iii. 198;

murder of the Duc d'Enghien sits lightly on, ii. 312;

Grand Chamberlain, 324;

attitude of Pius VII toward, 326;

excommunication taken off from, 326;

replies to Russia's demands, 330;

diplomatic replies to Pius VII, 346;

at Vienna, 382;

created Prince of Benevento, 396; iii. 94, 279;

negotiations with Lord Yarmouth, ii. 400, 401;

bribed by German princes, 403;

on the proposed North German Confederation, 420;

at Tilsit, iii. 49, 53;

warns _N._ against Queen Louisa's fascinations, 60;

author of treaty of Tilsit, 60;

Queen Louisa's sarcasm to, 61;

showy character of his diplomacy, 65;

responsibility for the treaty of Tilsit, 72;

advocates support of the Emperor, 80;

conversations with Mme. de Remusat, 80;

on the discords in the imperial court, 94;

resigns from the ministry, 94, 96;

salary, 96;

his influence on the wane, 96;

Vice-Grand Elector, 96; iv. 106;

policy after Austerlitz, iii. 125;

favors Ferdinand VII, 125;

resumes active diplomacy, 133;

negotiations with Izquierdo, 133;

at Bayonne, 145;

estimate of Ferdinand VII, 145;

constituted custodian of Ferdinand VII, 148, 169;

stinging rebuke addressed to _N._ by, 151;

prepares to return to public life, 169;

acts in the interests of Austria, 171, 178;

at the Erfurt conference, 171, 178-181;

ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181;

his treachery read by _N._, 197;

blamed by _N._ for the Spanish failure, 197;

member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 254;

on the natural extensions of France, 282;

meeting of _N._ and Mme. de Stael at house of, 298;

pecuniary losses, 301;

on the aims of the coalition of 1813, 400;

spreads alarming reports, iv. 51;

on the Spanish situation, 51, 52;

royalist intrigues of, 51, 106, 107, 113;

member of the Empress-regent's council, 106;

Murat's and Lannes's characterizations of, 107;

desires a violent death for the Emperor, 107;

opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris, 107;

_N.'s_ knowledge of his duplicity, 107, 108;

on the Empress's flight from Paris, 108;

Dalberg's characterization of, 107, 108;

simulated flight from Paris, 112;

interview with Prince Orloff, 112;

sends a "blank check" to Alexander, 113;

at peace council in Paris, 114;

gives adherence to Louis XVIII, 113;

negotiates with Nesselrode, 113;

member of the executive commission, 114;

learns of Marmont's defection, 125;

remonstrates with Alexander against the regency, 125;

suspected complicity in plots to assassinate _N._, 138;

negotiates secret treaty between France, England, and Austria, 145;

influence at the Congress of Vienna, 144, 145;

double intrigues of, 148, 149, 153;

ignores Russian and English protests, 153;

attainted, 157;

_N._ appeals to, 165;

at Carlsbad, 224;

returns to Paris, 224;

reception by Louis XVIII, 224;

resumes active functions, 224;

on the secret of empire, 250;

his value in European politics, 251;

correspondence with--French, ambassador at London, ii. 284;

Grenville, Lord, 143;

Napoleon, 34, 49, 361; iii. 18, 117;

Nesselrode, Count, iv. 106;

_character:_ ambition, iii. 96; iv. 106;

brilliancy, ii. 33; iii. 65;

capacity for intrigue, ii. 49, 130; iv. 51, 106, 108, 112, 148, 153;

diplomatic and political ability, ii. 33, 131, 346; iii. 65, 95, 133;

duplicity, ii. 33-35, 130-132; iv. 107;

gaming passion, ii. 33;

greed 131;

learning, 33;

licentiousness, 33, 131;

self-interest, iii. 193, 197, 253, 381;

treachery, 193, 197; iv. 106;

unscrupulousness, ii. 33, 35, 212; iv. 107, 138;

venality, ii. 34, 131, 265, 390, 391, 403; iii. 81, 94, 125; iv. 251;

versatility, ii. 33.

=Talleyrand, Mme.=, Pius VII refuses to receive, ii. 326.

=Tallien, J. L.=, opposes Robespierre, i. 251;

social life in Paris, 290;

influence for _N._, 296;

favors appointment of _N._ as Convention general, 299;

marriage, 315.

=Tallien, Mme.=, "the goddess of Thermidor," i. 290;

_N.'s_ social intercourse with, 291;

matrimonial experiences, 315.

=Talma, F. J.=, i. 319;

accompanies _N._ to Erfurt, iii. 174;

_N.'s_ intimacy with, iv. 250.

=Tanaro=, _N._ at taking of, i. 255.

=Tanaro, River=, the country of the, ii. 178.

=Taranto=, embargo on, ii. 287;

creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;

Macdonald created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Macdonald=.

=Tarentum=, Soult's force at, ii. 204.

=Tarragona=, captured by Suchet, iii. 377.

=Tarutino=, Kutusoff takes position at, iii. 350.

=Tarvis=, capture of, i. 433.

=Tatars=, characteristics of the, iii. 9.

=Tatary=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95.

=Tauenzien, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18;

during the Waterloo campaign, 172.

=Tauroggen=, Convention of, iii. 385, 395.

=Taxation=, Necker's problems of, i. 98;

exemption of privileged classes from, 98, 100, 105;

conditions of, at outbreak of the Revolution, 101-106;

the stamp tax, 106;

the land-tax, 105, 106;

outbreak against, at Auxonne, 111;

demand for equality of, in Corsica, 116, 117;

reform of the system of, ii. 134, 220.

=Tchitchagoff, Adm.=, joins Tormassoff, iii. 350;

pursuit of the French army by, 358, 366, 383;

hopes of capturing _N._, 367;

description of _N._, 367;

captures Borrissoff, 367, 368;

driven out of Borrissoff, 368;

at the crossing of the Beresina, 370;

blamed by Kutusoff and Wittgenstein, 374, 375;

bad generalship of, 375, 383.

=Tchernicheff, Gen.=, commanding Army of the North, iv. 2.

=Telnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385, 386.

="Templars, The,"= by Raynouard, ii. 350.

=Temple, the=, the royal family imprisoned in the, i. 175.

=Tenda Pass=, captured by the French, i. 243, 256;

_N.'s_ entertainment for Mme. Turreau at, 256.

=Teplitz=, Louis's flight to, iii. 276;

Bennigsen reaches, iv. 22.

=Terror, the=, i. 250-252, 266, 272, 314, 333; iv. 262;

fears of a revival of, ii. 92.

=Terrorists, the=, growing influence of, ii. 93;

assassination schemes among, 239.

=Testamentary rights=, under the Code, ii. 224.

=Tettenborn, Gen.=, relieves Hamburg, iii. 402.

=Texel, the=, Marmont ordered to Mainz from, ii. 362.

=Thann=, battle of, iii. 210.

=Tharandt=, Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. 10.

=Themistocles=, his refuge with the Persians, iv. 227;

_N._ draws parallel between his case and that of, 227.

=Thermidorians, the=, i. 252;

prominent members of, 254;

adopt Roman systems, 269, 270, 271;

establish the Directory, 271;

anger the people of Paris, 273.

=Thielemann, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172;

at Wavre, 194.

=Third Coalition, the=, ii. 354 et seq.;

Prussia induced to join, 376, 377;

rout of the allies at Austerlitz, 388;

destruction of its strength and morale, 388.

=Third Estate, the=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101;

constitution of, 108;

assumes to represent the nation, 108;

forces a junction with the two upper Estates, 108;

Sieyes's pamphlet on the, 107;

_N.'s_ care for, iv. 258, 261.

=Third Republic=, the constitution of the, i. 267.

=Thirty Years' War=, Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 264.

=Thome=, alleges attempt to stab _N._, ii. 116.

=Thonberg=, _N._ at, iv. 32.

=Thorn=, siege of, iii. 2;

French occupation of, 12;

military movements near, 13;

_N._ in, 331;

French military stores in, 333.

=Thought=, influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46.

=Thouvenot, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283.

=Three Emperors, Fight of the=, ii. 391.

=Thugut, Count=, greed for territorial aggrandizement, i. 325;

determines on Italian conquest, 425, 426;

opens negotiations at Leoben, 436;

warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna, 452; ii. 42;

not deceived by treaty of Campo Formio, 22;

Paul I demands his dismissal, 142;

repudiates St. Julien's negotiations, 188;

overthrow of, 189.

=Thuin=, military operations at, iv. 173.

=Thumery, Marquis of=, suspected of plotting against _N._, ii. 303.

=Thuringia=, military movements in, ii. 427.

=Tiber, River=, military operations on the, i. 421.

=Ticino, River=, military operations on the, i. 358; ii. 173.

=Tierney, G.=, on England's attitude toward France, ii. 144.

=Tilly, Count=, _N.'s_ letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 253.

=Tilsit=, Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at, iii. 31;

meeting of the Emperors at, 34-65, 93;

treaty of, 34, 35, 54, 60, 63-66, 69, 72, 95, 97, 99, 104-110,

116-120, 132, 166-172, 177, 245, 248, 255, 265, 294, 304, 309,

313, 314, 328;

neutralization of, 42;

reasons leading to the peace of, 44 et seq.;

Queen Louisa at, 44, 57-62;

French representatives at, 49;

fraternizing of Russia and France at, 49-53;

decoration of the Russian grenadier at, 63;

_N.'s_ position at, 179;

Macdonald reaches, 384.

="Times," the= (London), on the allies' capture of Paris, iv. 108.

=Tissot, Dr.=, _N.'s_ letter to, i. 84.

=Tobacco=, establishment of state monopoly in, iii. 304.

=Toledo=, Dupont's forces near, iii. 156.

=Tolentino=, treaty of, i. 350, 421; ii. 326.

=Toll, Gen.=, meets Alexander I after Austerlitz, ii. 388;

proposes concentration of the allied forces, iv. 89;

advises movement on Paris, 98.

=Tolosa=, French forces at, iii. 183.

=Tolstoi, Gen.=, _See_ =Ostermann-Tolstoi=.

=Torbay=, the "Bellerophon" at, iv. 221, 226.

=Torcy=, battle at, iv. 86;

military operations at, 90.

=Torgau=, Saxon troops withdrawn from, iii. 407;

French occupation of, iv. 2;

Ney driven into, 19;

battle of, 267.

=Tormassoff, Gen.=, confronted by Schwarzenberg, iii. 342;

joined by Tchitchagoff, 351.

=Torres Vedras=, the lines of, iii. 285.

=Tortona=, surrendered to France, i. 355;

_N._ at, 453;

scheme to relieve Massena via, ii. 169;

the key of Genoa, 172;

topography of the country, 177, 178;

the Consular Guard at, 178.

=Tortugas, the=, death of Leclerc in, ii. 237.

=Touche, Mehee de la=, contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 296-298;

English plots with, 330.

=Toulon=, the recovery of, for the Convention, i. 148;

military and naval preparations at, 187, 220, 221, 261; ii. 40,

47, 57, 332;

return of the Sardinian expedition to, i. 198;

anarchy in, 207, 213;

the Buonapartes in, 212;

the Buonapartes driven from, 216;

siege of, 220, 233, 289;

Marseilles refugees at, 221;

Lord Hood's seizure at, 221;

the "treason" of, 221-223;

_N._ at, 223, 240, 255, 257, 289, 307;

_N.'s_ plans for capture of, 230;

_N._ seeks mercy for rebels at, 233;

the National Convention's vengeance on, 233, 234;

massacres in, 234;

British occupation of, 239;

recapture of, 249;

news of the Terror in, 251;

English fleet driven from, 260;

the Corsican expedition leaves, 262;

_N._ at siege of, 289;

forced military loans in, 345;

departure of Egyptian expedition from, ii. 52-56;

Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57;

_N._ sails from Alexandria for, 82;

failure of Villeneuve's expedition from, 333;

_N._ orders the Spanish fleet to, iii. 71.

=Toulouse=, Soult thrown back on, iv. 81;

defeat of Soult at, 147.

=Tournon, the Chamberlain de=, mission to Spain, iii. 128.

=Tours=, the French garrison at, iv. 118.

=Trachenberg=, military council at, iv. 6.

=Trade=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.

=Trafalgar=, _N.'s_ reception of the news of, ii. 334;

battle of, 373-376; iii. 47;

effect in France, ii. 394;

_N.'s_ reply to, ii. 441;

the lesson of, 264.

=Trannes=, military movements near, iv. 60, 89.

=Transpadane Republic, the=, i. 367, 400, 402, 428;

question of a constitution for the, ii. 10.

=Trasimenus=, creation of the department of, iii. 262, 263.

=Traun, River=, military movements on the, iii. 211.

=Treaties=, the value of, iv. 263.

For specific treaties see the names of parties signatory

(countries or rulers) and of the places at which signed.

=Trebbia, River=, French disasters on the, ii. 83, 92.

=Treilhard, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92.

=Trent=, military operations near, i. 384, 409, 414;

abandoned by Vaubois, 387;

Brune advances to, ii. 192;

apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 266;

ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Treuenbrietzen=, Prussian pursuit of Oudinot to, iv. 14.

=Treviso=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;

Mortier created Duke of, iii. 86 (_see also_ =Mortier=);

the Buonaparte family princes of, iv. 44.

=Trianon=, _N._ retires to, after the divorce, iii, 257;

the imperial court at, 301.

=Trianon Decree, the=, iii. 279.

=Tribunate, the=, ii. 126, 150-153;

constitution of, 241;

opposition to _N._ in, 242, 243;

secret sessions of, 247;

new method of electing to, 247;

form of addressing the First Consul in, 293;

Carnot remonstrates in, against adulation of _N._, 295;

independence of, 320;

initiates the imperial movement, 321;

condition under the imperial constitution of 1804, 322;

destruction of, iii. 82;

compared with the English Parliament, 83;

its functions, 83.

=Tricolor=, Louis XVI, adopts the, i. 109;

_N.'s_ scheme to unfurl, in Corsica, 122;

insult to, in Naples, 192.

=Triest=, _N._ threatens to seize, i. 404;

seized by _N._, 434;

reoccupied by Austria, 435;

rise of, 447;

importations of English goods at, iii. 165;

ceded to France, 239;

England's loss of trade with, 272;

basis of possible Oriental operations, 331;

French occupation of, 423;

_N._ offers the city to Austria, 424.

=Trinidad=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262;

ceded to England, 332.

=Triple Alliance, the=, iv. 21, 76, 295.

=Triumphal Arch, Paris=, erection of the, iii. 74.

=Tronchet=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.

=Troyes=, recall of the Parliament to Paris from, i. 106;

battle of, iv. 60;

military movements near, 60, 68, 72-76, 86, 88-91, 95, 104, 105.

=Truchsess-Waldburg, Count=, Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau,

iv. 134;

_N.'s_ attitude toward, 134;

allegations concerning _N.'s_ physical ailments, 139, 168.

=Tudela=, French success at, iii. 156;

scheme of operations at, 158;

Spanish forces near, 184, 185.

=Tuileries, the=, the mob at, i. 176;

the carnage at, 178;

Robespierre orders the destruction of, 251;

storming of, Aug. 10, 1702, 273;

defense of, 299-303;

_N._ at, on the 18th Brumaire, ii. 105, 106;

Lannes's guard at, 108;

decoration of, 147;

rechristened "the palace of the government," 147;

_N._ takes possession of, 148;

residence of the Buonapartes at, 195, 196;

social functions at, 255, 256, 279, 327-328, 406;

consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280;

_N.'s_ interview with Lord Whitworth at, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;

scene between Whitworth and _N._, March 13, 1803, 281, 282;

the imperial court at, 324, 326-328;

refurnishing the, iii, 25;

social vices at, 92;

_N._ at, 110;

the divorce scandal in, 180;

the divorce decree pronounced in, 247;

imperial family life at, 323, 381;

depository of the Emperor's funds, 366, 389; iv. 50, 141;

the officers of the National Guard summoned to, 53;

flight of the Empress from, 109;

changes in the court at, 148;

_N._ reenters, 158;

struggle between royalists and imperialists at, 158;

loneliness of, 159.

=Turas=, military operations near, ii. 385.

=Turenne, Marshal=, military genius, i. 348;

_N._ compared with, 348, 349;

_N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232, 266.

=Turin=, military operations around, i. 353, 354;

_N.'s_ influence in, 448;

Gen. Clarke's mission to, 452;

_N._ in, ii. 27;

revolutionary movements in, 39;

Bonapartist agency in, 89;

Charles Emmanuel IV invited to return to, 141;

Melas hastens to, 170, 174;

topography of country near, 178;

sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.

=Turkey=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95;

seeks to organize its armies, 292;

France seeks alliance with, 293;

_N.'s_ plans for service in, 292, 296-298;

Austria's gaze on, 325;

_N.'s_ eye on, 424;

France's influence on, 424;

disaffection in, ii. 17;

schemes for the dismemberment of, 16, 18, 33, 42, 44, 382, 405;

iii. 37, 51, 55, 99, 105-114, 165, 169, 176, 245, 311, 313, 316;

France's justification of Egyptian schemes to, ii. 47;

_N._ seeks alliance with, 48;

refuses alliance with France, 67;

negotiations and alliances with Russia, 67, 72; iii. 51, 56, 99,

105, 322; 350;

alliance with Russia and Austria, 56;

military activity, 1799, 74;

joins the second coalition, ii. 90, 93;

checked by Franco-Russian treaty of peace (1800), 154;

defeat of, at Heliopolis, 181;

Egypt restored to, 211;

treaty between France and (1801), 211;

integrity of her boundaries, 262;

suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt, 262;

_N._ on her policy, 347;

source of discord between France and Russia, 417;

Oubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity, 417;

_N._ resolves to assert supremacy over, ii. 441;

military operations on the Dniester, 441;

_N.'s_ scheme of protectorate over, 441;

hostilities with Russia, iii. 1, 163, 236, 248, 310;

declares war against England, 20;

_N._ arranges a treaty between Persia and, 20, 21;

Austria espouses the cause of, 22;

overthrow of Selim III, 33, 51, 106, 163;

revolt of the Janizaries, 33;

alliance with France, 33;

end of Sebastiani's influence in, 33;

Russian acquisitions in, 64;

French influence in, 99;

_N._ intervenes between Russia and, 100;

terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105;

Russia's ambition to acquire territory of, 108;

usurpation of Mustapha, iv, 162;

threatened anarchy in, 163;

reform in, 163;

threatened loss of French prestige in, 163;

accession of Mahmud II, 163;

Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 166;

_N._ fears her alliance with Russia or England, 177;

England's trade under the flag of, 280;

Russian designs against, 309;

Austria seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of, 316;

pivotal in European politics, 318;

_N._ endeavors to form alliance with, 322;

in grand coalition against _N._ (1813), 392;

European support of, iv. 295;

_N.'s_ influence on modern, 300.

=Turreau, Gen.=, at Mont Cenis Pass, ii. 170;

crosses Mont Cenis, 172.

=Turreau, Mme.=, _N.'s_ ghastly entertainment for, i. 256.

=Tuscany=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27-29;

favors the French Revolution, 262;

peace between France and, 262;

withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324;

military operations against, 357-421;

French proposition to revolutionize, 373;

treaty with France, Jan. 11, 1797, 410;

plunder of, ii. 16;

involved in Italian quarrels, 87;

France acquires temporary possession of, 87;

_N.'s_ bad faith with, 144;

Austrian occupation of, 160, 170, 182;

reinforcements for Melas from, 170;

creation of kingdom of, 205;

British ships driven from harbors of, 287;

the situation in, iii. 118;

ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 264;

Elisa created Grand Duchess of, 279.

_See also_ =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.

=Tuscany, the Grand Duke of=, i. 345;

flees to Vienna, ii, 87;

loses his territory, 193;

territories acquired by, 266.

=Tutschkoff, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.

=Twelfth Light Dragoons=, at the battle of Waterloo, iv. 211.

=Two-Cent Revolt, the=, i. 79.

=Two Sicilies, the=, i. 421.

=Tyrol, the=, the road to Vienna through, i. 342;

military operations in, 371-373, 383-387, 392, 414, 431, 433-436;

ii. 367, 380; iii. 201, 212, 213, 234;

_N.'s_ unsuccessful attempt to conciliate its people, i. 385;

loyalty to Austria, 409;

the insurrection in, 436;

Kray's retreat to, cut off, ii. 166;

Iller commanding in the, 188;

Soult cuts off the Austrian retreat to, 366;

Ney sweeps the Austrians from, 380;

_N._ threatens to seize, 389;

ceded by Austria to Bavaria, 391;

insurrection ripe in, iii. 195;

Archduke John to excite revolt in, 199;

rising against Bavarian rule, 201;

repression of priestly tyranny in, 201;

revolution against bondage in, 201;

characteristics of its people, 201;

Maximilian's reforms in, 201;

guerrilla warfare in, 210, 234;

abandoned by Archduke John, 211;

its people abused by _N._, 213;

French evacuation of, 225;

rising in, 234;

French invasion of, 241;

effects of the armistice of Znaim, 241;

reduced to submission, 241;

amnesty offered by Prince Eugene, 241;

opened to the allies, iv. 56.

U

=Ucciani=, _N.'s_ escape to, i. 203.

=Udine=, congress at, ii. 20.

=Ulm=, Austrian retreat to, ii. 168;

Austrian troops in sight of, 363;

the French at, 363-365;

the capitulation at, 366, 367;

concentration of troops in, iii. 203.

="Undaunted," the=, _N._ sails for Elba on, iv. 140.

=United Irishmen=, misunderstanding between the Directory and the,

ii. 67.

=United States, the=, constitutional government in, i. 152;

the French idea of the system of government in, 269;

Talleyrand's residence in, ii. 33;

Talleyrand's views on, 33, 34;

mission concerning protection of commerce, 34;

treaty of commerce with England, 1794, 212;

arrogance of the Directory toward, 211, 212;

imbroglio with France, 212;

suspension of diplomatic relations with France, 212;

commercial convention with France, 212;

neutrality declaration, 1793, 212;

Jerome Buonaparte's residence in, 257;

events leading to the war of 1812, 288, 289; iii. 274;

purchases Louisiana, ii. 289, 332; iv. 300;

_N.'s_ relations with, and influence on, ii. 289; iii. 101, 275;

iv. 300;

Carnot's comparison of France with, ii. 321;

Moreau's banishment to, 299;

commercial rivalry with England, iii. 46;

British claim of right of search, 47, 48;

effect of British "orders in council" upon, 47;

ocean commerce, 48;

authorizes reprisals, 48;

French attacks on commerce of, seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273,

274, 296, 321, 322;

rising naval power, 49;

liberty of testamentary disposition in, 85;

English provisions concerning the carrying trade of, 100-102;

permitted to trade direct with Sweden, 100, 101;

_N._ attempts to force them into the French system, 101, 102;

decline of trade with England, 102;

Jefferson's administration, 101, 102;

agricultural policy of the Democrats, 101, 102;

the embargo, 102, 274, 275;

the war of 1812, 102, 322;

policy of the Federalists, 102;

the Non-intervention Act, 102;

indispensability of cotton in Europe, 266;

"neutralized" commerce of, 267;

proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in, 271;

alleged seizure of French vessels by, 274;

the Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 274;

prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France, 274;

seizure of ships by England, 275;

Lucien attempts to escape to, 277;

chafing under restrictions of commerce, 318;

crippled commerce of, 321;

declares war against England, 378;

naval successes of, 378;

Moreau summoned from, 407; iv. 2;

_N._ plans escape to, 219, 220;

Hamilton's treasury system, 259;

the independence of, 261;

the war for independence, 297;

wars with England, 300, 301;

popular interest in _N._ in, 300, 301;

expansion of constitutional law, 301;

growth of, 301;

_N.'s_ influence in, 301;

the slavery question in, 301.

_See also_ =America=.

=University of Berlin=, iii. 103.

=University of France=, ii. 228; iii. 89.

=Ural Mountains=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Urbino=, annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118.

=Uscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 340.

=Ussher, Capt.=, conveys _N._ to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. 140, 141.

=Usury=, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77.

=Utizy=, military movements near, iii. 344.

V

=Valais=, declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233;

Chateaubriand French representative in, 260;

scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266;

separated from Switzerland, 278;

independence of, 278;

annexed to the French empire, 278.

=Valeggio=, _N.'s_ narrow escape at, i. 393.

=Valencay=, the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261.

=Valence=, _N._ joins his regiment at, i. 67;

_N.'s_ life at, and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149,

150, 154-158, 184, 223;

the garrison at, and people of, 143;

obsequies of Mirabeau at, 153, 154;

friends of the Constitution in, 155;

reception of _N._ and Elisa at, 184;

occupied by Carteaux, 215;

death of Pius VI at, ii. 39;

burial of Pius VI at, 216;

meeting of _N._ and Augereau near, iv. 138.

=Valencia=, massacre of the French at, iii. 154;

Moncey advances on, 156;

French defeat before, 159;

captured by Suchet, 289;

temporary French government at, 377.

=Valenciennes=, evacuation of, i. 222.

=Valenza=, military operations near, i. 358.

=Valetta=, French plot to seize, ii. 18;

the sword of, given to Paul I, 154.

=Valjouan=, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. 71.

=Valladolid=, captured by the French, iii. 132;

French success near, 156;

French communications at, 157;

_N._ at, Jan. 6, 1809, 189.

=Valmaseda=, Blake driven back to, iii. 184.

=Valmy=, defeat of the allies at, i. 194.

=Valtellina, the=, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11;

incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 40.

=Vandamme, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388;

dread of _N._, iii. 93;

in battle of Eckmuehl, 209;

at Linz, 216, 225;

relieved by Lefebvre, 225;

strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;

commanding division in Eugene's army, 393;

junction of Danish troops with, 407;

captures Hamburg, 407;

goes to Davout's assistance, 413;

in battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10;

at Pirna, 8-10;

pursues the allies, 10;

battle of Kulm, 15;

captured at Kulm, 15;

character, 15;

in the Waterloo campaign, 169-173;

advances toward Fleurus, 180;

battle of Ligny, 181.

=Vandeleur, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Vanne, River=, iv. 105.

=Var, River=, military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174.

=Vatican=, relations of Paoli with the, i. 16.

=Vauban=, disgrace of, i. 332;

eulogized by Carnot, 333.

=Vaubois, Gen.=, service in the Alps, i. 347;

defeated by Davidowich, 387, 388, 392;

service in Egypt, ii. 53.

=Vauchamps=, battle of, iv. 64.

=Vaud=, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40;

French intervention in, 40;

Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. 68.

=Vaux=, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31.

=Venaissin, the=, annexed to France, i. 422.

=Vendee, la=, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207,

213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240,

241; iv. 102, 166, 218;

reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 387;

_N._ conciliates, ii. 146;

revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in, iv. 146;

_N._ seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220.

=Vendemiaire=, the 13th of, 301-305; ii. 22.

=Vendetta, the=, i. 10-15.

=Vendome, Column of=, erection of the, iii. 74;

placard on the, iv. 158.

=Venetia=, neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361;

jealousy between Venice and other towns of, 427;

coveted by Austria, 428;

the revolutionary movement in, 436;

the mainland ceded to Austria, 438;

the oligarchy of, 444;

French military operations in, ii. 13;

France's acquisitions in, 21;

incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 21;

plunder of, 38;

surrender to Austria, 38;

_N._ threatens to seize, 389;

incorporated with Italy, 395, 405;

admitted to the Concordat, iii. 118.

_See also_ =Venice=.

=Venetian Alps=, road to Vienna through the, i. 342.

=Venetian Republic=, political status in 1796, i. 345.

=Venice=, _N._ studies the history of, i. 95;

Austria's ambitions in, 325, 424; ii. 357, 363;

military operations against (1796), i. 357;

Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 371-373;

treaty with Austria, 371;

decadence and downfall of, 371, 451;

at _N.'s_ mercy, 373;

resents violations of territory, 401;

_N.'s_ violation of neutrality of, 427;

the humiliation of, 427-429;

the Golden Book of, 428, 429, 436;

pillage in, 427, 445; ii. 16;

Kilmaine's military watch on, i. 431;

revolution in, 435, 445-447;

concludes negotiations with _N._, 436-438;

acquires Bologna, Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438;

_N._ forbidden to interfere with, 441;

loss of independence, 441-446;

fires on French ship, 443;

_N._ "an Attila to," 443;

_N._ declares war against, 443;

the oligarchy of, 444;

attempts to bribe _N._, 445;

treaty between France and (1797), 446;

the new republic of, 446;

loses independence, 446, 447;

French occupation of, 445-447;

letter from _N._ to the provisional government, 447;

_N.'s_ characterization of the Venetians, 447;

_N._ offers the republic to Austria, 446;

_N._ reproached for the overthrow of, ii. 5;

Lallemant's propaganda in, 10, 11;

Junot's demands on the senate, 11;

dismemberment of, 16;

the Directory's ambition for the conquest of, 16;

ceded to Austria, 21;

the last doge of, 24;

destruction of the "Bucentaur" at, 24;

destruction of naval stores at, 24;

seeks to continue war with Austria, 24;

dragged into war by _N._, 144;

election of Pius VII at, 206;

_N._ threatens to seize, 361;

surrendered to France, 391;

Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to, iii. 68;

ceded to France, 109;

appropriations for the harbor, 109;

_N._ at, Nov., 1808, 128;

interview between Joseph and _N._ at, 129-132;

basis of possible Oriental operations, 332.

_See also_ =Venetia=; =Venetian Republic=.

=Ventimiglia=, seized by Massena, i. 243.

=Vercelli=, Melas proposes to attack _N._ via, ii. 174.

=Verdier=, success at Logrono, iii. 156;

occupies Aragon, 155.

=Verdun=, abandoned by the enemy, i. 186;

imperial troops at, iv. 102.

=Verhuel=, Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397.

=Verona=, _N._ at, i. 399;

French occupation of, 372;

military operations near, 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414;

insurrection in, 436, 442, 443;

disarmament of, 442.

=Veronese Vespers, the=, i. 436, 442.

=Versailles=, meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107;

luxury in, 151;

the Parisian mob at, 151;

prison massacres in, 188;

Macdonald's guard at, ii. 108;

_N._ retires to, after his divorce, iii. 257;

Souham delivers his army prisoners at, iv. 126, 127.

=Vicenza=, military operations before, i. 387;

creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Victor, Gen. C. P.=, attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415;

watches Rome, 431;

reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 176;

commanding corps at Marengo, 176-182;

service in the Army of England, 291;

battle of Heilsberg, iii. 29;

battle of Friedland, 30-32;

created Duke of Belluno, 86;

yearly income, 87;

character, 93;

_N.'s_ opinion of, 93;

at Amurrio, 183;

defeated by Wellesley at Talavera, 236;

strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324;

ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 347;

in retreat from Moscow, 359 et seq.;

effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 361;

checks Wittgenstein, 361;

abandons Vitebsk, 361;

driven back, 366;

at the crossing of the Beresina, 366-372;

ordered to hold back Wittgenstein, 369;

defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff, 369;

division commander under Eugene, 393;

in campaign of 1813, 402;

relieves Glogau, 413;

battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10;

guarding roads from Bohemia, 18;

battle of Leipsic, 28, 31, 32;

assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54;

ordered to Nogent, 62;

junction with Macdonald at Montereau, 64;

abandons Nogent, 64;

driven back to Nangis, 65;

drives the Austrians from Valjouan, 71;

fails to capture Montereau, 71-73;

moral exhaustion of, 71-73;

degraded, but restored to favor, 72;

commanding portion of the Young Guard, 72;

battle of Craonne, 78.

=Victor Amadeus=, king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352;

guards Lombardy, 342;

checkmated by _N._, 355;

death of, 336;

relationship to Louis XVIII, 355, 356.

="Victory," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374.

=Vienna=, plans for French advance on, i. 385;

Austria opposes _N.'s_ advance to, 426;

combined movements on, 430 et seq.;

the peace party in, 437;

rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 439;

Gen. Clarke's mission to, 451;

rejoicings in, over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22;

Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter, 42;

dread of revolutionary sentiment in, 42;

attack on the French embassy (1798), 43;

flight of Ferdinand III to, 87;

_N.'s_ plans to subdue, 163;

_N._ sends peace commissioner to, 186;

court intrigues at, 189;

Moreau advances toward, 192;

Stuart British envoy to, 302;

_N._ threatens, 361, 378;

French treachery at, 369;

the French enter, 367-369, 378;

Talleyrand at, 382;

Pozzo di Borgo's mission at, ii. 445;

Andreossy's mission at, 443;

French influence in, iii. 22;

decree of, May 17, 1809, 118;

belligerent tone at, 165, 178, 193, 195;

effect of _N.'s_ and Alexander's remonstrances at, 167, 168;

Metternich goes to, 193;

defensive measures for, 203;

_N.'s_ march on, after Eckmuehl, 212;

capitulation of, 212;

_N.'s_ characterization of its inhabitants, 213;

Charles's plan to free, 216;

proposed French retreat toward, 222;

_N.'s_ army around, 226;

consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage, 251;

French soldiers nursed in, 254;

marriage of Maria Louisa at, 254-257;

pro-Russian party in, 313, 314;

characterization of _N._ in, 415;

England's diplomacy in, 417;

Francis fears a French invasion of, iv. 3;

Congress of, 144, 145, 162, 164;

news of _N.'s_ escape in, 162.

=Vienna Coalition, the=, iv. 164, 251.

=Vigo=, Villeneuve at, ii. 359.

=Villach=, _N._ enters Germany at, i, 434;

Eugene and Macdonald at, iii. 217.

=Villanova=, military operations at, i. 389.

=Villefranche=, expedition against Corsica from, i. 189.

=Villeneuve=, _N._ at, iv. 105.

=Villeneuve, Adm.=, in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63;

commanding at Toulon, 332;

proposed naval expedition for, 333;

escapes from Toulon, and returns, 333;

ordered to the West Indies, 334;

character, 333, 358, 371-375;

returns to European waters, 358;

his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna, 359;

at Vigo, 359;

disheartened, 359;

dissatisfied with his fleet, 359, 371, 372;

encounter with Calder, 359, 371;

ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest, 359;

retreats to Cadiz, 359, 370, 371;

fails to appear in the Channel, 362;

chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back, 370;

retreat to Ferrol, 371;

orders for Mediterranean cruise, 372;

remonstrates against his orders, 372;

_N._ prepares to supersede, 372;

tries to evade disgrace, 372;

battle of Trafalgar, 373-375;

interview with _N._, 375;

his suicide, 375.

=Villetard=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445.

=Vilna=, _N._ in, iii. 331-335;

Barclay de Tolly's army confronting, 335;

the French retreat through, 370, 372;

_N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375;

Kutusoff enters, 383;

Alexander goes to, 383.

=Vimeiro=, defeat of Junot at, iii. 157-159.

=Vincennes=, the trial and execution of the Duc d'Enghien at,

ii. 305, 306, 308-310; iii. 196.

=Vincent, Gen.=, Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 178, 193.

=Visconti=, "Greek Iconography," iv. 219.

=Vistula, River, the=, _N.'s_ conquests west of, ii. 437;

plan of campaign on, 441;

bridging of, iii. 2, 3;

French positions on, 7;

attempt to drive the French across, 28;

proposed boundary line on, 36;

military operations on, 117, 393, 396;

Alexander promises assistance to Prussia on, iii. 320;

the French army reaches, 330;

French advance to the Niemen from, 337;

Murat's position on, untenable, 385;

Schwarzenberg retreats across, 385;

threatened expulsion of the French from, 416;

French garrisons on, iv. 35;

_N._ entertains hopes of returning to, 63, 66, 69.

=Vitebsk=, its strategical position, iii. 338;

_N._ at, 338;

military movements near, 339, 364;

French garrison in, 341;

the French abandon, 361.

=Vitoria=, Dupont ordered to, iii. 128;

Ferdinand VII at, 143;

French forces at, 183;

battle of, 420.

=Vitrolles=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 98, 106, 108;

captured with Weissenberg at St. Dizier, 104.

=Vitry=, military movements near, iv. 58, 91, 93, 94;

Prussian occupation of, 95;

French troops at, 102.

=Vives, Gen.=, besieges Barcelona, iii. 184.

=Vivian, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Volga, River, the=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209;

Cossacks of, iii. 9.

=Volhynia=, Austrian troops in, iii. 331, 338;

Bagration's position in, 335.

=Voelkermarkt=, Archduke John at, iii. 317.

=Volney, Constantin F. C.=, espouses the Corsican cause, i. 120, 121;

_N.'s_ friendship with, 163; ii. 97, 335;

member of the senate, 151.

=Voltaire=, on the character of Paoli, i. 18;

_N.'s_ study of, 78; ii. 256; iv. 231;

his "Essay on Manners," i. 150;

on the Hohenzollern territories, ii. 442;

performance of his "Oedipe" at Erfurt, iii. 172.

=Voltri=, military operations at, i. 353.

=Vorarlberg=, Kray's retreat via, cut off, ii. 166;

ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Vosges Mountains, the=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320;

the allies turn the line of, iv. 57, 58;

supposed retreat of Schwarzenberg to, 86;

reported rising in, 88;

_N._ urges guerrilla risings in, 90.

=Voss, Countess=, attendant on Queen Louisa, iii. 60.

W

=Wachau=, battle of, iv. 27-30.

=Wagram=, Charles's advance toward, iii. 218;

battle of, 225-232; iv. 173;

French demoralization after, iii. 231;

doubtful honors of, 231, 232;

_N.'s_ position after, 232;

position of Francis after, 232;

Berthier created Prince of, 256.

_See also_ =Berthier=.

=Walcheren=, the English expedition to, iii. 237, 253, 270, 272, 284.

=Walewska, Countess=, _N.'s_ amours with, iii. 11;

visits _N._ at Elba, iv. 142.

=Walhain=, Gerard at, iv. 192;

Grouchy at, 192, 213.

=Wallachia=, dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 440, 441;

alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55;

Russian evacuation of, 64;

Russian ambition to possess, 98, 115, 116, 176, 310;

Russian occupation of, 99, 105;

Alexander demands possession of, 105;

_N._ offers to offset Moldavia and, against Silesia, 106, 108, 113;

proposed evacuation of Prussia for that of, 108;

Alexander's fear of losing, 248;

Russia threatened with the loss of, 314.

=Wallenstein=, scene of his overthrow by Gustavus Adolphus, iii. 404.

=War=, _N.'s_ aphorisms, theories, and plans of, i. 346-349;

ii. 268; iii. 202;

barbarity in, ii. 70;

thirst for, in France, 93;

the art of, 180.

=Warens, Mme. de=, memoirs of, i. 76.

=Warfare=, progress in methods of, i. 394, 395;

in Napoleonic times, ii. 178-180.

=Warsaw= (city), Louis XVIII living in, ii. 239;

Polish national movement in, ii. 444;

the Russians driven from, iii. 1, 2;

French occupation of, 6-11;

frivolity in, 10;

_N.'s_ amours in, 11;

_N._ offers to evacuate, 167;

proposition that Russia occupy, 177, 178;

Archduke Ferdinand to march against, 199;

captured by Archduke Ferdinand, 201;

Polish troops at, 203;

reoccupied by Poniatowski, 212;

offered to Prussia, 225;

attitude of the Poles in, 313;

Jesuit influence in, 31;

proposition to make it capital of a Saxon province, 328;

_N._ in, 331;

the Diet begs the restoration of Poland, 331;

Schwarzenberg evacuates, 385;

Russian occupation of, 385;

proposed new capital for Prussia, 409.

=Warsaw, Grand Duchy of=, creation of, iii. 56, 64, 73;

acquires Prussian territory, 62;

new constitution for, 67;

_N._ seeks to add Silesia to, 106, 108, 113;

Alexander's jealousy of, 108;

_N._ promises to evacuate, 113;

fortification of, 117, 165;

acquires New Galicia, 239;

territorial acquisitions, 244, 310;

pro-Russian party in, 311;

Alexander proposes to accept the crown of, 311;

military operations in, 322;

open to invasion, 329;

_N.'s_ incognito journey through, 375;

interview between _N._ and De Pradt at, 375, 382;

Russian invasion of, 385;

_N._ refuses to give up, 392;

reft from Saxony, 394;

in Russian possession, 399;

threatened dismemberment of, 409, 423;

proposed extinction of, 415;

_N.'s_ scheme in, 298.

=Washington, George=, comparison of Paoli with, i. 18;

death of, ii. 147;

admiration of France for, 147;

statue at the Tuileries, 147;

festival in honor of, 147, 148;

compared with _N._, 148;

declares the neutrality of the United States (1793), 212.

=Waterloo=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179;

the Prussian pursuit after, iii. 210;

_N.'s_ attempt at suicide after, iv. 131;

_N.'s_ reminiscences of, 175;

Wellington indicates the battle-ground, 178;

the controversial literature of, 186;

the battle-field, 189 et seq.;

character of the French troops at, 196;

Wellington's headquarters at, 195;

the plans of battle, 197;

the battle, 199 et seq.;

application of the name to the battle, 212;

review of the battle, 212 et seq.;

political spoils, 214;

moral effect on the Emperor, 216;

the news in Paris, 216;

_N.'s_ monograph on, 232;

_N.'s_ delay at, 267;

epic character of, 288;

effect on the world, 289.

=Waterloo Campaign=, parallel between campaign in Piedmont and, iv. 170.

=Wavre=, military operations at, iv. 182, 184, 187, 191-195, 214.

=Wealth=, _N._ on, i. 137.

=Weapons of war in 1796=, i. 349.

=Wehlau=, military movements near, iii. 30.

=Weimar=, dissension in the Prussian camp at, ii. 429;

fighting at, 431;

meetings of _N._ with Goethe and Wieland at, iii. 72, 73, 176.

=Weimar, Grand Duchess of=, entertains _N._, iii. 174.

=Weirother, Col.=, at Austerlitz, ii. 381.

=Weissenberg, Gen.=, captured near St. Dizier, iv. 104.

=Weissenburg=, battle of, i. 273;

the French position at, ii. 365.

=Weissenfels=, taken by Bertrand, iv. 35.

=Weissensee=, narrow escape of Frederick William III at, ii. 436.

=Wellenburg=, acquired by Wuertemberg, ii. 391.

=Wellesley, Sir Arthur=, takes command of operations in Portugal,

iii. 122;

enters Portugal, 157;

defeats Junot at Vimeiro, 157;

recalled to England and vindicated, 186;

expels the French from Portugal, 236;

prepares for invasion of Spain, 236;

battle of Talavera, 236;

withdraws before Soult, 237;

created Duke of Wellington, 265;

_See also_ =Wellington, Duke of=.

=Wellesley, Lord=, succeeds Canning as prime minister, iii. 272;

Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 284;

reinforces the army in Portugal, 284;

succeeded by Castlereagh, 378.

=Wellington, Duke of= (_see also_ =Wellesley, Sir Arthur=), effect

of Moore's spirit on, iii. 189;

holds Portugal, 283;

reinforced by Lord Hill, 283;

battle of Talavera, 284, 287;

battle of Busaco, 284;

retreat down the Mondego, 284;

constructs the lines of Torres Vedras, 285, 286;

battle of Ocana, 287, 288;

difficult position at Lisbon, 288;

character, 288, 289;

summons famine to his aid, 289;

advances into Spain, 289;

battles of Albuera and Fuentes de Onoro, 289;

retreats to Portugal, 289;

recaptures Almeida, 289;

attacked by Lord Liverpool, 288;

on Massena's stand, 289;

battle of Salamanca, 290;

storming of Badajoz, 290, 319;

captures Ciudad Rodrigo, 290, 319;

advances on the Duero, 290;

period of inactivity, 290;

returns to Portugal, 290;

resumes the offensive, 290;

between two fires, 290;

demoralization of his army, 291;

moves against Madrid, 290;

defeats Marmont at Salamanca, 377;

withdraws to the Portuguese frontier, 377;

hampered by English political situation, 377, 378;

reverses in the Peninsula, 392;

battle of Vitoria, 420;

threatens France, 420;

successes in Spain, 420, 423;

Spain rises to support, iv. 40;

on the war in Spain, 52;

signs conditions with _N._, 52;

succeeds Castlereagh at Congress of Vienna, 145, 169;

proposes to deport _N._ to St. Helena, 145;

recalled by Lord Liverpool, 149;

desires to take the field, 169;

military genius, 169;

plan of campaign of the Hundred Days, 169;

dissatisfaction with his troops, 169;

_N.'s_ position with regard to Bluecher and, 171;

influence over troops, 172;

relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172;

awaits developments, 172;

reminiscences of Waterloo, 173, 178;

relations with Bluecher, 176;

interview between the Duke of Richmond and, at the ball, 178;

indicates the battle-ground at Waterloo, 178;

concentration of his troops, 178, 179;

criticizes Bluecher's tactics, 181;

meeting with Bluecher at Bry, 180;

battle of Quatre Bras, 181-188;

conversation with Col. Bowles, 184;

retreat to Mont St. Jean, 185, 189;

_N._ determines to attack, 185;

apprehended junction of Bluecher and, 187, 190;

his choice of position, 189 et seq., 193, 196, 213;

proposes to fall back to Brussels, 190;

strength at Waterloo, 190;

Bluecher promises support, 190;

Grouchy aims to prevent union between Bluecher and, 192;

his resolution to give battle in front of Soignes, 192;

his center at Mont St. Jean, 195;

Gneisenau's doubt of his standing at Waterloo, 194;

lack of confidence in the Dutch-Belgian troops, 195;

headquarters at Waterloo, 195;

lines of retreat, 195, 214;

the plan of Waterloo, 197;

battle of Waterloo, 199 et seq.;

repeated calls for Bluecher, 204;

stories of his anxiety, 207;

his conduct of the Waterloo campaign, 213;

faint-hearted cooeperation with Bluecher, 213;

restores Louis XVIII, 220;

danger of _N.'s_ surrender to, 323;

share in the reconstruction of France, 225;

alleged attempt to assassinate, 234.

=Wels=, Russian troops at, ii. 367.

=Wereja=, capture of the French garrison of, iii. 350.

=Werneck, Gen.=, capture of his division at Noerdlingen, ii. 367.

=Werther=, _N._ compared to, i. 81.

=Wesel=, ceded to France, ii. 390;

French garrison at, 404, 416, 424;

demand for its restoration to Prussia, 422.

=Weser, River=, French occupation of the coast near, iii. 266;

territory on, offered to Sweden, 399.

=Western Empire=, accomplishment of _N.'s_ dream of, iii. 73;

an end to the dreams of, 422.

=West Indies, the=, scheme for populating, ii. 236;

English blockade of the French fleet in, 257;

Jerome Buonaparte in, 257;

England watches French policy concerning, 267;

France looks to her power in, 280;

_N.'s_ ambitions in, 289;

French squadrons ordered to, 333;

Nelson enticed to, 358;

_N.'s_ ambitions in, iii. 308.

=Westphalia=, military movements in, ii. 425;

organization of the kingdom of, iii. 56, 62;

Jerome king of, 73, 279;

war indemnity exacted from, 78;

levy of troops in, 132, 322-324;

sequestration of Frederick William's estates in, 162;

insurrection in, 225;

Schill's failure in, 233;

scheme to incorporate part with France, 266;

French occupation of, 307;

French influence in, 423;

flight of Jerome to France, iv. 40.

=West Prussia=, Lestocq's retreat through, ii. 435.

=Whitbread, Samuel=, on the French Revolution, ii. 144.

="White Terror," the=, i. 277; iv. 222.

=Whitworth, Lord=, character, ii. 267;

ambassador to Paris, 266, 276;

evades declaration of England's Maltese policy, 273;

summoned to the Tuileries, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282;

at consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280-282;

his attitude, 284, 285;

on _N.'s_ reception of April 4, 284;

reports on France's naval preparations, 284;

publication of his despatches in England, 284;

_N.'s_ declarations to, on subject of invading England, 290;

a diplomatic method of, iii. 418.

=Wiazma=, battle of, iii. 350.

=Wieland, C. M.=, interview with _N._ at Wiemar, iii. 174;

decorated at Erfurt, 176;

estimate of _N.'s_ influence, 322.

=Wilberforce, William=, deprecates war with France, ii. 285.

=Willach= (Carinthia), ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Willenberg=, military movements near, iii. 13.

=William, Prince= (of Prussia), mission to Paris, iii. 178;

in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205.

="William the Conqueror," by Duval=, ii. 350.

=Willot, Gen.=, proposes to destroy the Directory, ii. 78;

suspected of plotting against _N._, 303.

=Wilson, Sir Robert=, endeavors to reorganize the Russian army, iii. 351.

=Wintzengerode=, captures Soissons, iv. 77;

defeated near St. Dizier, 95.

=Wischau=, junction of Austrian and Russian troops at, ii. 379.

=Wittau=, military operations near, iii. 227.

=Wittenberg=, captured by Davout, ii. 436;

French forces at, iii. 393;

French occupation of, iv. 2;

military movements near, 14.

=Wittgenstein, Gen.=, in the Russian campaign, iii. 341;

menaces the French left, 350;

resumes offensive against Saint-Cyr, 359;

checked by Victor and Saint-Cyr, 361;

pursuit of the French army, 366, 383;

Victor ordered to hold back, 368;

at the passage of the Beresina, 370;

defeats Victor at Borrissoff, 370;

bad generalship of, 374, 383, 384;

losses in the Russian campaign, 383;

fails to cut off Macdonald's retreat, 384;

commanding the allied army, 403;

the battle of Luetzen, 405;

loses his command, 411;

commanding Army of the East, iv. 3;

battle of Leipsic, 29;

driven from Nangis, 72.

=Wkra, River=, bridging of the, iii. 2.

=Wolkousky, Prince P. M.=, in military council with Alexander I, iv. 98.

=Women=, _N.'s_ attitude toward, and ideas concerning, i. 138, 143,

256, 311, 317, 448; ii. 197, 198, 255; iii. 326, 327;

education of, ii. 225, 226;

demands of German social custom on, iii. 259, 260.

=Wrede, Gen.=, in campaign of Eckmuehl, iii. 206;

movements before Ratisbon, 209;

defeated by Hiller at Erding, 212;

battle of Wagram, 229;

reaches Vilna, 373;

commanding Bavarian troops, iv. 35.

=Wright, Capt.=, lands the Cadoudal conspirators in France, ii. 297, 298;

Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412.

=Wurmser, Gen.=, _N.'s_ operations against, i. 350;

sent to reinforce Beaulieu, 357;

military genius, 378;

marches to relief of Mantua, 378 et seq.;

operations on Lake Garda, 381-383;

attempts to succor Mantua, 383, 384;

operations on the Brenta, 384;

advance-guard captured at Primolano, 384;

defeated at Bassano, 384;

demoralization of his army, 384;

makes ineffectual sally from Mantua, 392;

besieged in Mantua, his defense and surrender, 406-418;

_N.'s_ generosity to, 417, 418.

=Wuertemberg=, makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450;

grants to the Grand Duke of, ii. 265;

relations with Russia, 266;

French march through, 363;

friendly relations with and subservience to France, 377, 402; iii. 279;

created an independent kingdom, ii. 391, 398;

acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391;

member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 402, 403;

supplies contingents to _N.'s_ armies, ii. 404; iii. 3, 322, 324, 394;

Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 256;

allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;

turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40;

position in Germany, 298.

=Wuertemberg, Princess Catherine of=, marries Jerome Napoleon,

iii. 93, 94.

=Wuerzburg=, seized by Jourdan, i. 385;

reported French occupation of, ii. 420;

_N.'s_ base, 424;

French forces at, iii. 393.

Y

="Yamacks," the=, iii. 162.

=Yarmouth, Lord=, negotiates for peace, ii. 400, 401, 404.

=Yelin=, author of "Germany in her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 417.

=Yermoloff, Gen.=, pursuit of the French army by, iii. 383.

=Yonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116, 157.

=York, Duke of=, besieges Dunkirk, i. 222;

defeated by Brune at Bergen, ii. 93, 323;

capitulates at Alkmaar, 93.

=York, Gen.=, in correspondence with Alexander I, iii. 384;

concludes convention of Tauroggen, 385, 392, 395;

nominally degraded, 385;

desertion of the French cause, 393;

his action approved by the Estates of eastern Prussia, 397;

battle of Bautzen, 410;

battle of Leipsic, iv. 30;

reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, 63;

held by Mortier, 74;

routs Marmont at Athies, 79;

quits Bluecher's army, but returns, 80.

="Young Guard,"= the, iii. 222;

battle of Luetzen, 405;

battle of Dresden, iv. 9;

ordered to Bautzen, 18;

at Dresden, 21;

under command of Ney, 72;

Victor commanding portion of, 72;

"melts like snow," 78;

_N._ reviews, 117;

battle of Waterloo, 205.

Z

=Zaborowski=, _N._ seeks service with, i. 217.

=Zach, Gen.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 180.

=Zacharias, Pope=, on kingly power, ii. 325.

=Zamosc=, held by the French, iii. 402.

=Zampaglini=, Corsican patriot brigand, i. 139.

=Zante=, France's jealous care of, ii. 32.

=Zealand=, French occupation of, iii. 270;

_N.'s_ offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270.

=Zembin=, the Emperor's retreat through, iii. 370.

=Ziethen, Gen. J. J.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172;

at Charleroi, 173;

at Fleurus, 173, 174;

battle of Waterloo, 204, 205.

=Zittau=, French advance from Dresden to, iv. 6;

Bluecher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8.

=Znaim=, military operations near, ii. 367;

Kutusoff's retreat to, 379;

Charles withdraws toward, iii. 230;

fighting at, 230;

French repulse at, 235;

the armistice of, 241, 251.

=Zorndorf=, battle of, iv. 267.

=Zuerich=, the plundering of, ii. 40;

battles of, 93, 141;

Army of the Reserve ordered to, 164, 169;

Massena's victory at, 323.