=England=, France's emulation of, i. 22;

hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet, 22;

the American uprising against, 23, 24;

Paoli's relations with, asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169,

196-198, 205-207, 260;

gives aid to, establishes protectorate over, and takes possession

of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262;

transformation of parties in, 24;

_N.'s_ study of history of, 78, 95, 114, 156;

sympathy with France in, 142;

French admirers of the constitution of, 143;

constitutional government in, 152;

closes the Scheldt, 194;

republican ideas in, 195;

effect of execution of Louis XVI in, 195;

hostility between France and, 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208,

269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378;

_N.'s_ ideas of serving, i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. 255;

subsidizes European powers, i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351,

358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425;

iv. 30, 31, 55, 67, 76, 164;

naval establishment, expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421;

ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237;

captures Ollioules, i. 225;

in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 230, 239;

naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than

specifically mentioned items), 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262;

iii. 111, 112;

influence in Genoa, i. 243;

prints counterfeit French money in Genoa, 246;

fails to help the allies in Piedmont, 257;

_N.'s_ attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 257;

naval supremacy, 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375;

iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. 41;

alliances with Austria, i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188;

sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 298;

subsidizes French royalists, 325;

the fleet driven from Leghorn, 373;

seizes Porto Ferrajo, 398;

insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 402;

blamed by _N._ for embroiling France and Austria, 435;

rupture of the coalition with Austria, 441;

military condition in 1796, 449;

desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading thereto,

449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415;

interest in the Netherlands and Belgium, i. 450;

prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc.,

of, 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49,

110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. 38, 140;

defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 456;

price of consols, March, 1797, 456;

effect of the treaty of Leoben in, ii. 12;

conquest of Dutch colonies, 12, 38;

_N.'s_ personal hostility to, 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444;

iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. 75;

speculations in Paris as to operations against, ii. 32;

financial condition, 32, 208;

Talleyrand expelled from, 33;

defeats Holland at Camperdown, 38;

acquires the Cape of Good Hope, 38;

protects Sardinia, 39;

_N.'s_ schemes of invasion of, 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362;

_N.'s_ views on political history of, 50;

her Indian possessions, and French and Russian schemes to strike

her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114;

naval operations at Acre, ii. 71, 73;

fleet at Alexandria, 79;

joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 143;

military operations in Holland, 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294;

completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. 139;

relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia, 141, 210,

356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105,

117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417;

reception of Russian soldiers in, after Alkmaar, ii. 141;

siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations

concerning its cession and tenure, 141, 193, 210, 262, 267,

273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401;

attitude toward the Bourbons, 143;

declines to negotiate with _N._, 143;

prepares to invade France, 143;

denounced by _N._ as author of the war of 1799, 143;

debate in Parliament on _N.'s_ accession as First Consul, 143;

hatred of revolutionary excesses, 143;

alliance with Portugal, 154;

opposes spread of revolutionary ideas, 157;

blockades Genoa, 165;

formation of the "armed neutrality" against, 194;

accused by Paul I of treachery, 193;

the Continental System and the embargo, _N.'s_ commercial warfare

against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441;

iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265,

268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420 (_see also_

=Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan Decree=);

Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with, ii, 205;

reply to the "armed neutrality," 209;

_N.'s_ demands for colonial cessions, 210;

concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801, 211;

retains Ceylon and Trinidad, 211;

treaty of Amiens, 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. 264;

treaty of commerce with the United States, 1794, ii. 212;

recognizes neutrality of United States, 212;

attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection, 237;

surrender of Rochambeau to, 237;

schemes for restoration of Charles X in, 240;

to evacuate Egypt, 262;

Paul I's antipathy to, 263;

efforts to discredit France in Europe, 264 et seq.;

disapproves _N.'s_ reconstruction of Europe, 266;

appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 267;

refuses to admit French consuls, 270;

protests against the slave-trade, 269;

commerce of, 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294,

309, 316, 424; iv. 41;

position with regard to the Alien Act, ii. 171;

freedom of the press in, 270;

complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons, 271;

attacks of the French press on, 271, 294;

_N._ attempts to muzzle the press in, 270, 356;

_N.'s_ answer to remonstrances from, 272;

occupation of Alexandria, 280;

suspects France's war preparations, 280, 282;

_N.'s_ treatment of her representative, 280;

the royal message of March 8, 1803, 282;

the militia called out, March 10, 1803, 282;

diplomatic rupture with France, 285;

publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in, 284;

declares war against France, May 18, 1803, 285;

declares embargo on French ships, 287;

commencement of hostilities, 287;

attacks Spanish commerce, 289;

panic in, 290;

plans for defense, 291, 329;

puts Caraccioli to death, 300;

interest in Jacobin insurrection, 300;

active diplomacy in, 301;

the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of, 302;

_N.'s_ attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on, 311;

Pitt's return to power, 329;

nature of the war with, 329;

expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich, 330;

naval aid from Portugal, 332;

war with Spain, Dec., 1804, 332;

acquires Trinidad, 332;

blockades Brest, 333;

Addington succeeded by Pitt, 337;

justice of the war with, 352;

European alliances, 351;

bad faith of, 351;

_N._ insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in, 356;

fails to secure Prussia's alliance, 358;

_N.'s_ policy toward, 360;

author of the Third Coalition, 360;

Mack's ideas of her invading France, 365;

naval shortcomings, 370;

battle of Trafalgar, 373-376;

reception of the news of Austerlitz in, 393;

lethargy after Trafalgar, 399;

declares war against Prussia, 400;

Fox assumes power, 400;

_N._ considers peace with, 400;

Lord Yarmouth's negotiations, 404;

_N._ offers European territory to, 404, 405;

end of negotiations with, 405;

alliance with Prussia and Russia, 406;

demands the surrender of Sicily, 405;

proposal to give Hanover to, 418, 420;

state of war with Prussia, 422;

her vulnerable point, iii. 441;

"enemy's ships make enemy's goods," 441;

the soul of continental coalitions, 441;

right of search and impressment, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100;

Orders in Council, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378;

Turkey declares war against, iii. 20;

sends fleet to Constantinople, 20;

refuses subsidy to Russia, 20;

Afghanistan incited against, 21;

Persia stirred up against, 21;

proposal for a new coalition, 22;

naval operations in the Baltic, 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117;

withholds subsidies, 35;

troops in Pomerania, 36;

Alexander promises to oppose, 41;

opposed to Prussia's neutrality, 44;

necessity for _N.'s_ humbling, 44-49;

France declares war against (1793), 47;

"All the Talents" ministry, 46;

Duke of Portland's ministry, 46;

commercial rivalry with the United States, 46;

the "rule of 1736," 46;

understanding with the United States, 47;

declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe, 42;

war with France (1803), 47;

decline of manufactures, 47;

failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia, 48;

French demands on, 55;

Russia to mediate between France and, 55;

seizes the Portuguese fleet, 67;

gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn, 67;

offers to seize Denmark's fleet, 69;

Denmark ordered to declare war against, 69;

threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent, 71;

bombards Copenhagen, 70;

enmity of Alexander I to, 70;

Parliament compared with the French tribunate, 83;

decadence of primogeniture in, 84;

seeks to conciliate Denmark, 98;

Egyptian expedition, 100;

expedition to Buenos Ayres, 100;

Russia declares war against, 100, 102, 105;

retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council, 100;

announces blockade of European ports, 100, 101;

decline of trade with the United States, 101;

the war of 1812, 102, 322;

Austria's secret sympathy with, 104;

_N._ urges her restoration of the Danish fleet, 104;

_N.'s_ desire for peace with, 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. 46;

contempt for the blockade, iii. 109;

withdraws troops from Sicily, 111;

sends troops to Portugal, 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284;

supposed assistance to Sweden, 114;

proposed menace to, 113;

blockades the Russian fleet, 117;

promised cooeperation of the Papal States against, 118;

Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against, 119;

fate of her allies, 121;

supports the House of Braganza, 121;

outbreak of the Peninsular war, 123;

benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain, 131;

scheme to capture Cadiz, 133, 155;

negotiations with Austria, 163;

proposed humiliation of, 170;

plans of _N._ and Alexander at Erfurt concerning, 177;

_N._ fears an alliance between Turkey and, 177;

exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra, 186;

supposed plan to abandon Portugal, 187;

tardiness at Corunna, 192;

offers to subsidize Austria, 194;

Austria appeals for assistance to, 225;

escape of the Duke of Brunswick to, 234;

expedition to Flushing, 236-237;

necessity of bringing her to terms, 249;

_N.'s_ allegations against, 260;

the lesson of Trafalgar, 264;

paper blockade by, 268;

the neutralization system, 267;

licenses violations of the Orders in Council, 267;

Louis opens negotiations with, 271;

rejects Fouche's agent, 271;

loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest, 272;

threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland, 272;

United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with, 274;

the Walcheren expedition, 272, 284, 294;

_N._ proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807, 272;

proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish

Louis XVIII in America, 271;

seizure of American ships by, 273;

Fouche's English-Dutch conspiracy, 273;

destruction of her wares on the French borders, 279;

Denmark's hostility to, 280;

divided councils in, 284;

expedition to Sicily, 284, 294;

finds support in Spanish popular feeling, 283;

strength of forces in the Peninsula, 284;

attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula, 288;

depreciation of the currency, 294;

expedition to Spain, 294;

Mme. de Stael in, 299;

_N._ hopes to meet her on the sea, 304;

threatened with bankruptcy, 304;

exchange of prisoners with, 307;

her colonial interests, 309;

Russia opens her ports to, 316;

refuses _N.'s_ offer of peace in Spain, 319;

armistice with Russia, 321;

threatens to bombard Constantinople, 321;

under Castlereagh's leadership, 328;

to be driven from Spain, 328;

arouses Sweden against France, 350;

negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia, 350;

distracted condition of politics in, 377;

naval defeats, 378, 379;

United States declares war against, 378;

assassination of Mr. Perceval, 378;

negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812, 392-393;

in grand European coalition against _N._, 392;

Metternich's negotiations with, 395;

returns to Pitt's policy, 399;

abandons Hanoverian schemes, 399;

proposal to bleed her colonies, 408;

proposed isolation of, 408;

the allies' reliance on, 422;

guarantees a war loan, 417;

treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813, 417;

treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813, 417;

issues paper money, 417;

to be kept out of the continental peace, 419;

Metternich proposes that she continue the war, 419, 420;

commercial agreement with Sweden, 424;

influence in Holland, iv. 30, 41;

determination to crush France, 31;

at the Congress of Frankfort, 41;

proposal that she hand back French colonies, 41;

"maritime rights," 41, 45;

prolongation of the war in Spain, 51, 52;

desire to establish equilibrium in Europe, 67;

signs treaty of Chaumont, 76;

effect of the triple alliance on, 76;

troops occupy Bordeaux, 87;

party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133;

distinction in, between the two Napoleons, 133;

_N._ contemplates taking refuge in, 135;

_N.'s_ eulogy of her civilization and chivalry, 140;

negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France, 145;

regency in, 161;

lack of suitable leaders in, 161;

her dynastic alliances, 161, 162;

effects of _N.'s_ restoration on, 162;

member of the Vienna Coalition, 164;

campaign of Waterloo, 170-173;

losses at Waterloo, 214;

claims the glory of annihilating _N._, 214;

watches the harbor of Rochefort, 220;

_N._ throws himself on the generosity of, 221;

reasons for _N.'s_ surrender to, 222-223, 227;

asylum for political refugees, 223;

intolerance of death penalty for political offenses, 225;

resolves to banish _N._, 225-229;

_N._ desires to acquire citizenship in, 226;

sympathy for _N._ in, 227, 230;

passes special acts for government of St. Helena, 228;

_N.'s_ last wishes for, 233;

the Seven Years' War, 261, 297;

character of the wars with France, 265;

_N.'s_ struggles with, 297;

wars with the United States, 300.

=English Channel, the=, marching French troops to, ii. 24;

naval operations in, 52;

obstacles to _N.'s_ crossing, 291;

_N.'s_ hope to hold, 332;

French plans for seizing, 334;

Villeneuve ordered to, 359;

Villeneuve's attempt to enter, 371.

=Enns, River=, military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216.

=Entail=, restoration of the right of, iii. 82;

abolition of the law of, 84.

=Enzersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227.

=Enzersfeld=, military movements near, iii. 217.

=Epernay=, captured by the allies, iv. 94.

="Epochs of My Life,"= i. 82.

=Eppes=, Marmont at, iv. 79.

=Equality=, _N.'s_ affectation of love for, ii. 30;

one of the meanings of the word, 221.

=Equality of citizenship=, decreed, i, 110.

=Erasmus=, tomb of, iv. 247.

=Erding=, battle of, iii. 211.

=Erfurt=, military movements near, ii. 425;

the Duke of Brunswick at, 427;

fall of, 436;

meeting of _N._ and Alexander at, iii. 170 et seq.;

treaty of, 177, 236, 244, 248, 315;

_N.'s_ maladroitness at, 177, 178;

_N.'s_ vacillation at, 180, 181;

the conference at, 193, 194;

Alexander redeems his promise made at, 236;

offered to Alexander and refused by him, 288;

the throne of, offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307;

Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for, 328;

French troops ordered to, 328;

French forces at, 393;

_N._ goes to, 401;

plan of winter quarters at, iv. 23;

Saxon and Bavarian troops at, 35;

Murat deserts at, 56.

=Erlon, Gen. d.=, in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 170, 176, 186;

battle of Quatre Bras, 181-187;

_N.'s_ expression of indignation at Ney to, 187;

battle of Waterloo, 200, 202, 206.

=Erskine, Lord=, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144.

=Escoiquiz, Canon=, tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124;

letter to _N._, Oct. 12, 1808, 124, 127;

defends Ferdinand's position, 143;

notified by _N._ of Ferdinand's deposition, 145;

infamy of, 150.

=Escorial=, Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127;

Charles IV a virtual prisoner in, 142.

=Escudier, J. F.=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219.

=Esdraelon=, battle on the plains of, ii. 72.

=Esla, River=, military movements on the, iii. 188.

=Espagne, Gen. J. L. B.=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.

=Espinosa=, defeat of Blake at, iii. 185.

=Essarts, Ledru des=, evacuates Meaux, iv. 99;

seduced by Marmont, 125.

="Essay on Revolutions"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.

=Essen, Gen. H. H.=, in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13.

=Essenbach=, military operations near, iii. 206.

=Essling=, battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232;

_N._ exposes himself at, 240-241;

effect of rising of the river at, 383.

=Essling, Prince of=. _See_ =Massena=.

=Essonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116.

=Essonnes=, _N._ at, iv. 105;

Marmont at, 124;

Marmont's defection at, 128.

=Establishment of St. Louis=, the female academy at St. Cyr,

i. 182. _See also_ =St. Cyr=.

=Estates, the=, meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107.

=Estates, the three=, i. 44;

in the seventeenth century, 107.

=Estates-General=, meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107;

fusion of the three bodies, 108;

troops ordered to control the, 108.

=Esterhazy, Prince=, at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256.

=Etoges=, battle of, iv. 65;

military movements near, 64, 94.

=Etruria=, creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205;

death of King Louis, 233; iii. 67;

exchanged for Louisiana, ii. 272;

under French protection, 357;

_N._ calls for alliance with, iii. 66;

neutrality of, 66;

scheme to incorporate in Italy, 120;

proposal that Lucien take the crown of, 129;

abdication of the Queen Regent, 128;

incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, 129;

the crown offered to Ferdinand VII, 145;

_N.'s_ disposition of, 164.

=Ettenheim=, residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302;

reputed emigrant conspiracy at, 303;

Ordener's expedition to, 304;

arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at, 305;

Caulaincourt's mission to, iii. 107.

=Eulen Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 413.

=Euphrates=, proposed military operations on the, iii. 113.

=Europe=, movement of civilization in, i. 2;

the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in,

2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156;

absolutism, its decay and abolition, i. 67; iii. 278; iv. 162,

254, 292;

aroused feelings, concerted movements, and coalitions against

France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145,

194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417;

iv. 145, 146, 161-163;

_N._ on the sovereigns of, i. 156;

the Directory and, 324-338;

neutrality of northern, 341;

conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796), 349;

the destinies of, dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385;

_N._ a citizen of, 404;

schemes of reconstruction of the map of, 425; ii. 265, 355, 402;

iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. 3, 6, 144, 145;

schemes of pacification of, i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307,

382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. 75;

France's foreign policy, in, ii. 2;

schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over, 10, 29, 214, 272,

336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408;

_N._ on the freedom of, ii. 31; iii. 82;

_N.'s_ relations to, and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272;

iii. 179; iv. 133, 298;

upheavals in the politics of, ii. 40-45, 255;

compared by _N._ with the Orient, 46;

general armament of (1798), 68;

_N.'s_ visions of military domination in, 73;

situation of affairs at close of 1799, 86;

jealousy in, concerning the Mediterranean, 136;

_N._ the destroyer of, 144;

influence of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 145,

187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398,

417-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 68, 76, 164;

situation of affairs at beginning of 1800, ii. 152 et seq.;

efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in, 155;

Prussia's place in, 155; iii. 18;

military situation in (1800), ii. 160;

the "armed neutrality," 194;

reduction of Austria as a power in, 194;

the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in, 194, 269, 317;

iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. 44;

anxiety in, as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261;

destruction of the balance of power, 266;

_N.'s_ warning to, March 13, 1803, 284;

_N.'s_ views on continental conquest, 290;

_N.'s_ notification to, in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316;

the embargo, blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347,

376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307,

328 (_see also_ =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan

Decree=);

outbreak of war in 1805, ii. 348;

_N._ arrayed against, 351;

the price of the hegemony of, 392;

Fox upholds existing sovereignties in, 404;

necessity of colonial produce to, 441;

Russia's ambition to be included in, iii. 45;

general warfare in, 47;

English monopoly of commerce, 46;

law of colonial trade, 46;

Alexander I on politics of, 52;

St. Petersburg holds the peace of, 65;

_N.'s_ hopes of a coalition in, against England, 65;

general Sanhedrim of, 76;

influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 95;

a moment of universal anarchy for, 104;

the situation in, 117, 118;

power of the word "legitimacy" in, 148;

growth of the national idea in, 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. 292

(_see also_ =Germany=; =Prussia=);

the right of force in, iii. 164;

the French idea of their great cause in, 214;

views on _N.'s_ second marriage, 256;

publicity of _N.'s_ domestic concerns throughout, 277;

system of private confiscations, 296;

rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome, 301, 302;

the condition of, set forth in _N.'s_ reply to the Paris Chamber

of Commerce, 303-305;

_N.'s_ coast system of protection 307;

apprehensions of war in, 315, 318;

tendency toward rupture of the peace of, 317;

the Russian march of French troops over, 330;

_N.'s_ scheme for two powers in, 329;

responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in, 374;

Austria a pivotal state in, 403, 409, 411;

_N._ desires to avoid the reprobation of, 414;

a neutral zone for, 414;

peace congress of, 415;

nervousness among the allies, iv. 5;

Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental, 37;

distrust among the allies, 40, 41;

the commercial key to central, 42;

struggle for manhood suffrage in, 43;

exactions of the allies in central, 54, 55;

the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814, 55;

jealousies among the powers, 57, 58;

England's desire to establish equilibrium in, 68;

military outrages in, 102;

mobilization of troops, 165;

notified that the Empire means peace, 165;

possible consequences of _N.'s_ success at Waterloo, 213;

the doctrine of legitimacy, 224;

France the teacher of, 253;

abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism, 254;

progress of reform in, 263;

a bellicose age in, 264;

influence of Charles the Great on, 292;

the armies of modern, 295;

the alliances of, 295;

the national politics of, 298.

=Eutritzsch=, military operations near, iv. 29.

=Exageres=, the, i. 234.

=Executive Council=, establishment of the, i. 188;

military preparations by, 194.

=Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I.=, corresponds with the Emperor, iv. 148;

in Waterloo campaign, 173.

=Extravagance=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105.

=Eylau=, the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. 173;

the causes of _N.'s_ weakness at, iii. 26;

the grand army after, 45;

the lessons of, 341.

F

=Family relations=, under the Code, ii. 223.

=Fanaticism=, iv. 263.

=Fauvelet=, _N.'s_ school friend, i. 178.

=Faypoult, G. C.=, French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10.

=Feltre=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396;

Clarke created Duke of, iii. 86. _See also_ =Clarke=.

=Feraud=, murder of, 284.

=Ferdinand, Archduke=, commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363;

escapes into Bohemia, 366;

at Ulm, 366;

commanding in Bohemia, 380;

invades Poland and captures Warsaw, iii. 199, 201;

vicissitudes in Poland, 212;

evacuates Warsaw, 212;

on the way to Charles's assistance, 225.

=Ferdinand of Parma=, ii. 205.

=Ferdinand I=, King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319. _See also_

=Ferdinand IV=.

=Ferdinand III=, flees to Vienna, ii. 87.

=Ferdinand IV=, position in 1797, i. 421;

evacuates the Papal States, ii. 204;

compelled to restore plunder, 204.

=Ferdinand VII= (_see also_ =Asturias, Prince of=), letters to _N._,

iii. 137, 143, 149;

seeks _N.'s_ favor, 137, 150;

enters Madrid, 138;

doubtful recognition of his throne, 140;

hinted order that he go to Bayonne, 142;

at Vitoria, 143;

revulsion of Spanish feeling against, 143;

goes to Bayonne, 143, 144, 145;

_N.'s_ attitude toward, 142-151;

orders for his arrest, 144;

deposed, 144-148;

character, 146, 149, 150;

offers to surrender his crown, 146;

the crown of Etruria offered to, 145;

trial at Bayonne, 146;

popularity in Spain, 146, 154;

pension and grant to, 147;

in virtual custody of Talleyrand, 148;

cowed into submission, 147, 151;

asks _N.'s_ adoption and permission to appear at court, 261;

release of, iv. 52;

relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52.

=Fere-Champenoise=, the Emperor at, iv. 87;

military movements near, 91;

retreat of the French through, 99.

=Fermo=, consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118.

=Ferrara=, the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398;

new scheme of government for, 402;

surrendered to France, 422;

ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438;

incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21.

=Ferrol=, reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359;

blockade of, 359;

Villeneuve's retreat to, 371;

supposed English schemes at, iii. 187, 188.

=Fersen, Count=, essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt,

ii. 27.

=Fesch, Joseph=, i. 32;

childhood with _N._, 40;

appointed to seminary at Aix, 44;

_N.'s_ correspondence with, 55, 79, 141;

enters the priesthood, 64;

returns to Corsica, 112;

literary collaborator with _N._, 124, 147;

member of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131;

custodian of _N.'s_ papers, 139;

supplanted as head of family by _N._, 161;

radical leader at Ajaccio, 184;

leaves Corsica for Toulon, 207;

in commissary department at Toulon, 208;

storekeeper in commissary department, 225;

escapes arrest, 254;

at Aix, 291;

conforms to the civil constitution, ii. 206;

archbishop of Lyons and cardinal, 258;

reenters the church, 258;

Grand Almoner, 324;

selects a physician for _N._, iv. 232.

=Feudal System=, in Corsica, i. 9, 18;

remnants of the, 67;

absorption of its power in the French crown, 100;

abolition of, 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. 254;

the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning, ii. 246;

_N.'s_ influence on, iii. 322;

French hatred of, iv. 43.

=Feuillants, the=, i. 153;

form a ministry, 174;

fall of the ministry, 179.

=Fichte, J. G.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416;

influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.

=Fifth Regiment= (French), _N._ offers himself to the bullets of

the, iv, 155.

=Fifty-second Regiment= (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Figueras=, captured by the French, iii. 132.

=Filangieri, Gaetano=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=Finance=, an occult doctrine of, iii, 390.

=Finisterre, Cape=, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359.

=Finkenstein=, _N._ at, iii. 18, 24, 25;

Persian envoy at, 18.

=Finland=, Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176;

Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 55;

acquired by Russia, 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316;

Russian invasion of, 115, 116;

Russia threatened with the loss of, 314;

offered to Sweden by _N._, 321.

=Fioravente, Gen.=, captured at Verona, i. 443.

=First Consul=, the office of the, ii. 127.

=Fischbach=, military movements near, iv. 18.

=Fismes=, _N._ aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. 77;

Marmont rallies his troops at, 81, 82;

junction of Marmont and Mortier at, 93;

Marmont retreats to, 100.

=Fitz-James, Edward=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.

=Fiume=, reoccupied by Austria, i. 435;

seized by _N._, 434;

_N._ proposes to cede, iv. 423.

=Five Hundred, the=, i. 270;

their representation of public sentiment, ii. 1;

inquiry in, as to _N.'s_ independence, 3;

its members proscribed, 8;

Jacobin majority in, 94, 97;

Bonapartes among, 95;

Lucien Bonaparte elected president, 97, 105;

_N._ at the meetings of, 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120;

counterplots against _N._ among, 109;

opposition by, 110-120;

meeting of Bonapartist members of, 118;

adopts the Consulate, 123;

deposition of members, 125;

rewards among, for complacency, 125.

=Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J.=, sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. 116;

advises a return to Lorraine, 116;

bearer of despatch from _N._ to Ney, 186.

=Flanders=, _N._ in, i. 79;

_N._ journey to, iii. 312.

_See also_ =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=; =Dutch

Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=.

=Fleurus=, battle of, i. 273;

Jourdan's victory at, ii. 323;

military operations near, iv. 173, 175, 180;

_N._ at, 180, 185.

=Florence=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45;

position in the French empire, iii. 279;

sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.

=Flushing=, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154;

English capture of, iii. 237;

_N._ builds ships at, 237.

=Fombio=, battle of, i. 359.

=Fontainebleau=, Pius VII, at, ii. 340;

treaty of, iii. 70;

social vices at, 92;

treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807), 104;

_N.'s_ court at, 108, 245, 301;

diplomatic negotiations at, 118;

treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal, 119, 120,

121, 133, 149, 151;

_N.'s_ harsh treatment of Josephine at, 179;

imprisonment of Pius VII at, 243, 377, 390, 391;

the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810), iii. 279;

the Concordat of, 391, 392;

military movements near, iv. 68, 72, 104;

_N._ at, 105, 116, 158;

_N._ reviews the Guard at, 116, 117;

treasonable utterances of the marshals at, 119;

scene of _N.'s_ abdication, 120-122;

council of war at, 128;

treaty of (April, 1814), 133-136, 137, 139, 144-146, 152;

_N._ leaves, for Elba, 139.

=Fontanes, Marquis de=, oration on Washington by, ii. 148;

retires from presidency of the senate, iii. 294;

grand master of the university, 294.

=Fontenaye, Mme. de=, i. 315.

_See also_ =Tallien, Mme=.

=Forchheim=, _N.'s_ base, ii. 424.

=Forez Regiment=, the, i. 143.

=Forfait, P. A. L.=, Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130.

=Foerstgen=, military operations near, iv. 20.

=Fort Bard=, ii. 171.

=Fort Carre=, _N.'s_ confinement in, i. 253-255.

=Fortification=, _N.'s_ essay on, iv. 232.

=Fort Luco=, fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446.

=Fort Mulgrave=, capture of, i. 230.

=Fouche, Joseph=, describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233;

opposes Robespierre, 251;

Minister of Police, ii. 92, 323, 412;

joins the Bonapartist ranks, 106;

detection of plots by, 110;

_N.'s_ confidence in, 149;

attitude toward the conspirators of Nivose, 241;

suspected of Jacobinism, 241;

disgraced, degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275;

character, ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. 148;

instigates Moreau's letter to _N._, ii. 299;

urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304;

ordered to supervise correspondence from the army, iii. 25;

created Duke of Otranto, 87;

licenses vice in Paris, 92;

whips in the nobility to the imperial court, 93;

favors Ferdinand VII, 125, 126;

share in the matter of Josephine's divorce, 179, 180;

raises national guards for service in the Netherlands, 237;

on the second marriage of _N._, 253;

advocates alliance with Russia, 253;

member of extraordinary council on _N.'s_ second marriage, 253;

raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition, 253;

the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire, 271;

intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England, 271;

English-Dutch conspiracy, 275;

returns from exile in Italy, 326;

memorializes against war, 326;

warns _N._ of the fate of Charles XII, 326;

recalled to active service, 421;

double intrigues of, iv. 149;

neutrality of, 157;

member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, 159;

military conspiracy of, 161;

plots against _N._, 165, 166;

attitude after Waterloo, 217, 218;

member of the new Directory, 218;

refuses responsibility for _N.'s_ safety, 219.

=Fouge, Mme.=, _N.'s_ relations with, ii. 329.

=Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q.=, execution of, i. 272.

=Fourcroy, A. F.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214;

organizer of the educational system of France, 227, 228.

=Fourth Artillery=, treason in the, i. 173.

=Fourth Regiment=, _N.'s_ service in the, i. 149, 159.

=Fox, Charles James=, on French military successes, i. 275;

reports _N._ as favorable to peace, ii. 273;

defends France in Parliament, 273;

visits _N._ at Paris, 273;

bias toward France, 282;

lays aside French sympathies, 292;

secretary of state, 394;

becomes prime minister, 399;

declares war against Prussia, 400;

negotiations with _N._, 400, 404;

supposed peace policy of, 401;

upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe, 404;

compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 405;

death, 405; iii. 46.

=Foy, Gen. M. S.=, Massena's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289;

brings orders for reinforcements, 289;

in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 171;

battle of Waterloo, 199.

=France=, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21;

emulation of England, 22;

her colonial ambitions, possessions, and losses, 21, 450;

ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. 295, 296;

precedent for her aid to American colonies, i. 23;

relation of the army to the throne, 67;

_N._ studies her history and politics, 78, 95, 176;

_N.'s_ bitterness against, 80, 81, 92, 122, 136;

outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in, 100 et seq.;

social conditions and customs, the domestic relations, etc.,

100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318;

iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. 48, 49, 259-262,

295-296;

financial troubles, issues of paper money, financial policies and

reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318,

409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390;

iv. 259;

declared a limited monarchy, i. 106;

the rise of popular government, 109;

destruction of feudalism, 110; iii. 85, 322;

adoption of the tricolor, i. 109;

the end of absolutism, 119;

the title and position of the king, 119, 151, 158;

Corsica and Navarre joined to, 120;

disorganization of the army, 140;

changes in, 140-144;

patriotism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc.,

140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319;

iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. 73, 171;

the first stage of transformation in, i. 150;

famine, 151;

the problem of government, 151-154, 158;

geographical reconstruction, 152;

failure of reform, 153;

split on the subject of monarchy, 153;

the national oath, 155;

fear of war, 155;

vicissitudes of royalism in;

Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues, 155, 268, 278,

297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. 49, 50, 81, 113-115, 126;

desertion of troops to Austria, i. 173;

anarchy, 173, 234;

outbreak of insurrection, June 20, 1792, 174;

the republic, 176;

expected coalition against, 187;

efforts at and failures of constitutional government, 187, 268;

ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. 157, 159, 166,

257 (_see also_ specific constitutions mentioned infra);

abolition of the monarchy, i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317;

declaration of the republic, i. 189;

establishment of an executive council, 189;

political parties, 188;

the republican calendar, 188; ii. 258, 346, 406;

the dictatorship, i. 194;

preparing for foreign war, 194;

declares war against England, 195;

_N.'s_ personal relations with and influence on;

the likes and dislikes of the French people for _N._, 209-211,

323, 369; ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272,

293, 329; iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316,

379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 41-45, 48-50, 53, 54, 101, 102, 123,

124, 131-133, 146, 147, 150, 152, 233, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263,

293, 298;

civil war, i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145;

massacres, i. 234;

militarism, 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160;

difficulties of a new political program, i. 267-271;

confiscation of lands, 268;

adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems, 270;

the Directory, 270, et seq.;

land and labor troubles, 272;

purging of the army, 275;

military successes, 275;

territorial ambitions, 276;

suspected influences in the army, 278;

the constitution of 1795, 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309,

330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96;

reaction in, i. 280;

condition of the press, 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294;

growth of science, literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26,

88-91, 297, 300;

woman in, i. 290;

British views of affairs in, 297;

English fleet on northern coast, 298;

military dictatorship, 305;

parties, 305;

the regicides in, 309;

coalitions against, 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136;

cursed by absolutism, i. 327;

the popular conception of its boundaries, 327;

struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights, 326-329;

ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. 38, 160, 295;

the 13th Vendemiaire, i. 328;

foreign policy, 329;

intestinal troubles, 329;

military dictator of Europe, 333;

condition at opening of 1796, 333;

a new lease of national life for, 340;

military strength and recuperative power, 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14,

160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. 47, 48, 50, 59, 60,

102, 103, 105, 148;

vicissitudes of her naval power, i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359,

360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. 75;

apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 351;

preeminence in Europe, 351;

rejoicings over Lodi, 361;

foreign populations well disposed toward, 387;

Eastern policy, 423; ii. 47;

dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben, i. 441;

desire for peace, ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197;

iv. 19, 52, 157;

suicide among naval officers, ii. 3;

internal administration, offices and office-holders, and public

works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160,

249, 296, 297, 301; iv. 48, 296;

the 18th of Fructidor, ii. 8;

martial law in, 8;

punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities, 13;

exasperation at England's mastery of the seas, 16;

aspirations toward "liberty of the seas," 16;

educational methods and reforms, 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91;

iv. 261, 296;

_N._ constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 36;

makes war only against tyrannical dynasties, 42;

schemes of world-conquest, 46;

popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign, 67;

_N._ summoned to take supreme command, 80;

elections, May, 1799, 91;

relations between Church and state, religious sentiment,

the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318,

398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. 147, 160, 253, 259,

296;

fears of a revival of the Terror, ii. 92;

the draft in, 93; iii. 387 (_see also_ =Conscription=);

arbitrary tariff in, ii. 93;

thirst for glory and booty in, 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323;

iv. 49, 248;

the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149,

150, 162, 242, 246, 261;

"the pear is ripe," 98, 103;

need of a Cromwell, 119;

feelings of the various parties, 122;

adoption of the Roman consular system, 123;

the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136;

the new charter, 129;

compulsory loans, 134;

disgust at demagogues, 134;

results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133;

taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389;

end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137;

two policies open to _N._, 137;

confidence in the new administration, 140;

English preparations to invade, 143;

the inveterate foe of England, 146;

salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150;

the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83 (_see also_ titles

of its various branches);

the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153,

222-224, 306, 319; iv. 260, 295;

isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156;

_N.'s_ scheme of leadership among nations, 156;

her fate identified with that of _N._, 158;

inefficiency of the department of war, 165;

use of the term "citizen," 194;

public festivals, 195;

use of the term "empire," 194, 248;

the center of a system of republics, 205;

characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261,

315; iii. 260; iv. 44, 171, 254;

satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213;

_N.'s_ reorganization of, 213 et seq.;

aspirations toward a European empire, 214;

position in Europe in 1801, 214;

political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. 92, 97, 260, 294;

usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. 48;

speculation in, ii. 219;

the Ministry of the Interior, 218;

crime in, 218;

confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219;

levy of forced contributions by, 220;

revival of the public credit, 220;

commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75,

76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. 48;

compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222;

tendency toward one-man government, 229;

discontent of the republicans, 230;

tendency toward a paternal government, 235;

the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235;

plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247;

prerogatives of the government, 248;

her cup of satisfaction full, 248;

_N._ the personification of, 251;

autocratic power of the government, 254;

restoration of public confidence, 259;

sanctions _N.'s_ schemes of European reorganization, 265;

arbitrary shipping regulation, 270;

protective policy, 270;

restores the slave-trade, 270;

sequestrations of English property in, 270;

influence of the bourgeoisie, 278;

prepares naval armaments, 280;

importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288;

disregard for treaty stipulations, 288;

seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288;

declares embargo on British ships, 287;

failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293;

effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300;

police system, 300, 412; iv. 260;

law of treason in, ii. 306;

indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311;

the days before the empire, 317 et seq.;

_N.'s_ conception of the empire, 317, 318;

question of consular heredity, 317;

reforms in, 318;

creation of the empire, 322 et seq.;

the constitution of 1804, 322;

the question of hereditary empire, 322;

imperial titles in, 322;

creation of marshals, 323;

_N.'s_ civil list, 323;

the imperial heraldic device, 323;

_N.'s_ distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404;

scheme of a great empire, 330;

her generals and admirals contrasted, 334;

blockades European ports, 334;

destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346;

restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346;

European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348;

decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. 48;

union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352;

position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46;

military commanders, ii. 364;

naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375;

preeminence of, 393;

the court of (1806), 406, 411;

the imperial catechism, 408;

venality of officials, 410; iii. 295;

continental conquests, ii. 441;

right of search and impressment, 441;

the supports of the empire, iii. 24;

likened to a cephalopod, 24;

founding of military factories, 25;

declares war against England (1793), 47;

colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47;

closes harbors to English ships, 47;

to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55;

desire for naval allies, 66;

effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72;

her European relations, 73;

lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74;

journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74;

the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. 259;

panic of 1805, iii. 78;

appreciation of government bonds, 79;

prosperity, 80;

creation of hereditary legislators, 82;

the right of entail, 82, 85;

the aristocracy, 85-87;

creation of a noble class, 86, 87;

salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87;

the prefecture, 89;

restriction of commerce with the United States, 102;

lack of an heir to the throne, 112;

proposed supremacy in Europe, 114;

secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119;

negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133;

welcome to the grand army in, 182;

rival schools of history in, 196;

the army and nation exhausted, 224;

discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. 49-52;

cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239;

growing independence of the nobility, 250;

absolutist tendency, 256;

enthusiasm over _N.'s_ second marriage, 258-261;

transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to,

258, 263;

creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263;

overpowered by England at sea, 264;

monopolies in, 267;

violations of the Continental System in, 266;

scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266;

seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321;

part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287;

enlargement of the empire, 279;

vassal states, 279;

a central bureaucracy in, 279;

proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282;

the natural extensions of, 282;

principle of punishment by confiscation, 295;

Russian discrimination against goods from, 288;

enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302;

the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304;

military expenses, 305;

revenue from contributions, 304;

the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308;

exchange of prisoners with England, 307;

expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308;

Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312;

effect of the Continental System on industry, 323;

"flying columns," 323;

admiration for the empire in, 323;

general confidence in, 326;

intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332;

scarcity of provisions in, 329;

Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376;

revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376;

effect of the Russian failure in, 377;

civil officials whipped into line, 379;

relief for soldiers' families, 379;

plan of regency for, 380;

reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386;

the stimulus of bad news in, 386;

seizure of communal domains, 389;

proposed "guard of honor," 390;

_N._ threatens to abolish the legislature, 390;

value of the Austrian alliance to, 390;

possibility of _N.'s_ becoming king of, 400;

proposed territorial concessions by, 408;

scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423;

exhaustion of, iv. 1;

demoralization of the marshals, 13;

military reverses, 19;

revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19;

England's determination to crush, 31;

death throes of the empire, 37;

her "natural boundaries," 41;

the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45;

hatred of dynastic rule, 43;

failure of popular sovereignty, 43;

hatred of feudalism, 43;

movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44;

publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45;

losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47;

the home guard, 50;

radical agitation in, 49;

"sedentary" volunteers, 50;

panics, 51;

imperialist sentiment in, 52-55;

invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.;

disaffection in the National Guard, 53;

schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68;

the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68;

the Czar's determination to conquer, 68;

proposal that she continue the war with England, 75;

attempt to confine _N._ to the boundaries of royal, 77;

marauding excesses of the allies, 85;

irregular warfare in, 99;

empty arsenals in, 106;

the dissolution of the empire, 110;

proposed forms of government for, 114;

under three forms of government, 115;

the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by

assassination, 119;

regeneration of, 121;

proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120;

_N._ renounces the throne of, 131;

pensions _N._, 131;

the virtue of the French burgher, 141;

fails to pay _N.'s_ pension, 142, 144, 150;

formation of the new upper chamber, 146;

restored to position of a great power, 146;

Louis XVIII's constitution, 146;

change of public opinion, 146-150;

comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147;

return of the emigrants to, 147;

restriction of the suffrage, 147;

release of prisoners of war, 147;

"paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149;

abolition of orphan asylums, 148;

_N.'s_ march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162;

visions of a reunited, 157;

_N.'s_ plans for, on returning from Elba, 157;

returned emigrants banished from, 157;

_N._ the "liberator" of, 157;

the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159;

abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257;

the new cabinet, 159;

reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160;

promulgation of the Additional Act, 160;

plebiscite in, 160;

the specter of war in, 161, 166;

bitterness of the nobles, 166;

pledged to self-defense only, 168;

reconstituted corps of marshals, 167;

the "French fury," 171;

Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214;

Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217;

organization of a new Directory, 218;

demands for _N.'s_ abdication, 218;

appointment of committee of public safety, 218;

the allies in, 219;

the White Terror, 222;

reconstruction, 224;

confiscation of the imperial domain, 233;

the Revolution in, 253-255;

the teacher of Europe, 254;

the heir of Rome, 253;

enthusiasm for principle, 254;

the Third Estate, 259, 261;

overthrow of the old regime, 260;

Protestantism in, 259;

the new regime, 260;

tendency toward revolution, 261;

the Terror, 262;

conspiracies in, 263;

rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264;

trial of a single-headed government, 265;

abandonment of the people to _N.'s_ purposes, 265;

character of the wars with England, 265;

the French tradition, 290;

present conditions of government, 295;

hopes for the future, 295;

progress between 1802 and 1815, 296;

_N._ the forerunner of modern, 295;

the Seven Years' War, 297.

See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim.

=Francis I= (Emperor of Austria), scheme of territorial

aggrandizement, i. 325;

opposes the army of the Rhine, 342;

greed for Italian territory, 425, 438; ii. 141;

prepares for flight into Hungary, i. 437;

offers _N._ a principality and settled income, ii. 19;

declines to send diplomatic agent to Paris, 42;

_N._ writes personal letter to, 142;

military plans for 1800, 160;

letter from _N._ to, June, 1800, 187;

his claims of empire, 329;

dismemberment of his empire, 352;

advised of _N.'s_ seizure of the crown of Italy, 352;

declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363;

attempts negotiations with _N._, 368;

inaugurates peace negotiations, 381;

secures an armistice, 389;

interview with _N._ after Austerlitz, 389; iii. 38; iv. 30;

proposes to continue the war, ii. 390;

abandons his Germanic crown, 404;

outwitted by Andreossy, 444;

resolves on neutrality, 445;

attitude during the Eylau campaign, iii. 21;

_N._ offers Silesia to, 22;

his "divine right," 38;

character, 38;

the Czar's influence with, 166;

_N._ demands that he disarm, 169;

compact between Russia and France against, 176;

reproached by _N._ from Erfurt, 178;

decides to strike _N._ during his Spanish difficulties, 194;

abused by _N._, 213, 251;

treatment of Hungary, 214;

seeks aid of Frederick William, 225;

fails to secure advantage after Aspern, 225;

obstinacy of, 225;

his position after Wagram, 232;

hopes of continuing the war, 235;

assumes command of the army, 235;

trusts to dilatory negotiations, 236;

concedes _N.'s_ demands, 236;

gets no support from Alexander, 236;

proposal that he abdicate, 238, 251;

peace negotiations between _N._ and, 238;

angered at the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 244;

at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256;

asks aid against Russian aggression, 314;

alarmed at Russian successes on the Danube, 320;

acquires Galicia, 331;

dean of the sovereigns at Dresden, 330;

_N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375;

lukewarmness toward _N._, 385;

dread of _N._, 394;

letter from _N._, 395;

_N.'s_ reply to his peace proposals, 408;

_N.'s_ dread of, 413;

at Gitschin, 415;

conference with Nesselrode, 415;

political use of his daughter, 416;

seeks alliance with Alexander, 419;

letter from Metternich, June 29, 1813, 420;

ratifies the treaty of Reichenbach, 422;

reception of _N.'s_ attempts to bribe Austria, 423;

fears French invasion of Vienna, iv. 3;

letter from _N._, Sept., 1813, 21;

declines to treat after Leipsic, 31;

anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40;

distrust of his allies, 40;

discovers the royal ancestry of the Buonapartes, 44;

proposed cession of Alsace to, 67;

to Maria Louisa on the situation, 68;

_N._ demands the Frankfort proposals from, 74;

narrow escape from capture at Bar-sur-Aube, 95;

joins the Army of the South at Lyons, 97;

relations with his allies, 97;

letter from _N._ to, March 28, 1814, 104;

at Dijon, 113, 128;

_N._ seeks the aid of, through Maria Louisa, 128;

Maria Louisa takes refuge with, 135, 143;

seeks the dissolution of his daughter's marriage, 135;

desires _N.'s_ exile, 138;

keeps his daughter a virtual prisoner, 143;

besought for _N.'s_ release, 231.

=Francisco, Don= (Infante of Spain), ordered to Bayonne, iii. 146.

=Franconia=, treaty with France, 1796, i. 450;

French occupation of, ii. 405; iii. 165;

the campaign in, 13;

exploits of the Black Legion in, 234.

=Frankfort-on-the-Main=, occupied by Custine, i. 194;

member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403;

French demonstrations near, 424;

the principality transferred from Dalberg to Prince Eugene, iii. 266;

furnishes new levies, 394;

parley of the allies at, iv. 40-46; 67, 70;

_N._ adheres to the proposals of, 70, 73, 75.

=Frasnes=, military operations at, iv. 176, 184, 189.

=Fraternity=, decreed, i. 110.

=Frederick VI=, signs treaty of Fontainebleau, iii. 70;

hopes to acquire Sweden, 280;

assists in the Continental System, 280.

=Frederick August I=, Elector of Saxony, accepts French terms after

Jena, ii. 443;

proposed exchange of Poland for Saxony, iii. 50;

made king of Saxony, 56;

acquires the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56;

interview with _N._ at Dresden, 394;

peculiar relations toward _N._, 375, 394, 408;

offers his troops to Austria, 399;

difficult position of, 399;

declares himself favorable to France, 407;

love for his capital, iv. 25;

sent prisoner to Berlin, 34;

released by _N._ from his engagements, 39.

=Frederick the Great=, opinion of Paoli, i. 18;

defeats Austria, 324;

his military genius and principles of warfare, 348, 379, 394;

ii. 419; iv. 266, 267;

contrasted with _N._, i. 348, 394; ii. 163;

attitude toward Austria, 41;

statue at the Tuileries, 147;

territorial acquisitions, 413;

_N.'s_ visit to, and spoliation of the tomb of, 438;

self-coronation, iii. 37;

end of his system, 103;

_N._ repudiates the military ideas of, 154;

_N.'s_ analysis of the wars of, iv. 232;

_N.'s_ study of, 266.

=Frederick William I=, his civil and military administration, ii. 414;

school system of, 414.

=Frederick William II=, reign of, ii. 414.

=Frederick William III=, Sieyes's mission to, ii. 41;

_N._ offers the friendship of France to, 155;

character and personality, 155, 400, 414, 422, 442; iii. 44, 45,

52, 57, 62; iv. 6;

refuses to make alliance with _N._, ii. 194;

neutrality of, 194, 311, 361, 414;

motive in joining the "armed neutrality," 194;

_N.'s_ threatening message to, 282;

friendly to France, 347;

letter to _N._, May, 1805, 356;

swears friendship with Alexander I, 377;

joins the third coalition, 376;

signs away Prussian independence, 400;

threatens to abdicate, 417;

proposes the organization of a North German Confederation, 418;

mobilizes the army, 420;

demands the French evacuation of Germany, 421;

declares war, 422;

at Naumburg, 424;

reluctance for war, 427, 428;

military blunders, 429;

in battle of Auerstaedt, 433, 434;

sues for peace, 435;

flight from Jena, 436;

refuses to accept an armistice, 442;

desperation of, 442;

precarious situation at Koenigsberg, iii. 9;

_N._ opens negotiations with, 18;

refuses _N.'s_ overtures, 18;

refuses to negotiate separate peace, 36;

desperate situation, 37;

his "divine right," 38;

_N.'s_ attitude toward, 42, 44, 104;

armistice arranged with, 42;

meeting with the Emperors at Tilsit, 42-45, 49-52;

humiliation of, 57;

calls on his queen for aid, 57;

spoils interview between _N._ and his Queen, 59;

death of, 63;

residence at Memel, 107;

in need of comforts, 107;

sequestration of his Westphalian estates, 162;

friendship with Alexander, 194;

at St. Petersburg, 194;

proposes alliance with Austria, 225;

refuses aid to Francis, 225;

secret armament by, 225;

denounces Schill, 233;

withdraws from offer of alliance, 236;

sounds Austria, 320;

offers alliance to Alexander, 320;

at Dresden, 330;

_N._ seeks to hold his adhesion, 375;

Prussian disregard of, 382;

nominally degrades York, 384;

forced to a decision, 395;

negotiates with _N._, 396;

removes the court to Breslau, 396;

grief at death of the Queen, 397;

mobilizes the army, 397;

declares war, 398;

proposed allotment of territory to, 409;

mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6;

in military council at Trachenberg, 6;

anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40;

distrust of his allies, 40;

dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, 41;

seeks the retention of Prussian acquisitions, 67;

letter to Bluecher, Feb. 26, 1814, 75;

at Congress of Chatillon, 76;

attitude toward Francis, 98;

favors movement on Paris, 98;

violates armistice before Paris, 110;

his relations with Alexander, 113;

enters Paris, 113;

at the peace council in Paris, 114;

approves the Bourbon restoration, 114;

deceived by the Parisians' reception, 114;

alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135;

system of promotion in the army, 171.

=Frederick William IV= (crown prince), a suitor for a Napoleonic

princess, iii. 331;

persuades York to rejoin Bluecher, iv. 80.

=Frederick, king of Wuertemberg=, at the Erfurt conference, iii. 172;

marries his daughter to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 399.

=Free trade=, demand for, in Corsica, i. 116.

=Freiburg=, Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to, ii. 302;

military movements near, ii. 430.

=Frejus=, _N._ lands at, ii. 83; iv. 139;

_N.'s_ triumphant progress to Paris from, ii. 84;

place of _N.'s_ embarkation changed from St. Tropez to, iv. 139;

arrival of _N._ at, 139.

="French Citizen," the=, change of name to "French Courier," iii. 88.

="French Courier," the=, iii. 88.

=French Empire, the=, the Emperor the head of, ii. 395;

distinguished from France, 404.

=French language=, _N.'s_ use of the, i. 86.

=Frere, Gen.=, success at Segovia, iii. 156.

=Freron, Louis S.=, in siege of Toulon, i. 232, 233;

bloodthirsty character, 233;

_N.'s_ friendship with, 236;

opposes Robespierre, 251;

influence among the Thermidorians, 254;

social life in Paris, 289;

a Dantonist, 289;

uses influence in _N.'s_ behalf, 292, 296;

flirtation with Pauline Buonaparte, 322;

commissioner at Marseilles, 322.

=Friant, Gen.=, marches toward Ingolstadt, iii. 207;

in battle of Borodino, 344.

=Fribourg=, the plundering of, ii. 40.

=Frick Valley=, to be ceded to Austria, ii. 40.

=Friedland=, battle of, iii. 30-33;

the campaign reviewed, 32-37;

Alexander's pliableness after, 351;

battle of, compares with that at Beresina, iv. 37.

=Friedrichshamn=, treaty of, iii. 248.

=Friedrichstadt=, fighting at, iv. 9.

=Friends of the Constitution, the=, i. 154.

=Frischermont=, the farms of, iv. 195;

the French position at, 196.

=Friuli=, retreat of Wurmser's troops through, i. 384;

Quasdanowich's strength in, 386;

Archduke Charles in, 425;

campaign in, 430 et seq.;

ceded by Austria to Italy, ii. 390;

creation of hereditary duchy of, 395;

Duroc created Duke of, iii. 86.

_See also_ =Duroc=.

=Fromentieres=, military operations near, iv. 64.

=Fructidor, the 18th of=, ii. 8;

_N.'s_ responsibility for, 22, 31, 144;

Talleyrand's views of, 34;

counterstroke to, 92;

amnesty for the victims of, 130;

ruptures negotiations at Lille, 144.

=Fructidorians=, attitude toward _N._, ii. 22;

the radical wing of the, 42.

=Fuenterrabia=, _N._ seeks information concerning, iii. 128.

=Fulton, Robert=, tries to interest _N._ in steam, ii. 335.

=Fuentes de Onoro=, battle of, iii. 289.

=Fusina=, the French army at, i. 443.

G

=Gaeta=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Gaffori=, i. 116;

fails to arouse enthusiasm in Ajaccio, 118.

=Galicia=, Russian troops in, ii. 363;

Austria's forces on the frontier of, iii. 23;

Russian invasion of, 236;

_N._ demands cession of, 239;

part of, ceded to Russia, 239;

territory of, ceded to grand duchy of Warsaw, 239, 310, 311;

Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320;

ceded to Austria, 331;

Poniatowski commanding in, 402;

Alexander proposes to exchange Alsace for, iv. 67.

=Galitzin, Prince=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15;

invades Galicia, 236;

letter from Alexander I, 311;

Alexander's friendship with, 351;

character, 351.

=Gallican Church, the=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 150;

a voluntary, ii. 206;

_N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68;

regulation of its relations with Rome, 262, 263;

_N.'s_ failure to change, iv. 260.

=Gallo=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Leoben, i. 437;

Austrian plenipotentiary in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 19;

bribed by _N._, 19.

=Gambling=, suppression of, iii. 92.

=Ganteaume, Adm.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152;

commanding at Brest, 333;

plan of naval operations for, 334;

fails to run the blockade of Brest, 333.

=Gap=, _N.'s_ welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154.

=Garat, D. J.=, Bonapartist agent in Naples, ii. 89;

royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.

=Garda, Lake=, military operations near, i. 372, 379-383, 412-414.

=Gareau=, rapacity of, i. 376.

=Garfagnana=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte), ii. 395.

=Gasparin, A. E.=, member of Convention commission for Corsica, i. 219.

=Gassendi=, _N.'s_ host in Nuits, i. 146.

=Gassicourt, Cadet de=, story of Lannes's death-bed, iii. 224;

prepares poison for _N._, iv. 218.

=Gaudin, M. M. C.=, appointed to the treasury, ii. 130, 220;

member of _N.'s_ new cabinet, iv. 159.

=Gaza=, capture of, ii. 69.

=Gembloux=, _N._ at, iv. 179;

military movements near, 185;

Grouchy ordered to, 185, 187, 191.

=Genappe=, _N.'s_ flight through, iv. 211.

=Gendarmerie=, formation of the system of, i. 142.

=Geneva=, _N._ in, ii. 27;

to be ceded to France, 40;

Berthier sent to, 140;

Mme. de Stael's exile in, iii. 26;

Augereau confronting Bubna at, iv. 57;

surrenders to the allies, 67.

=Geneva, Lake of=, French forces on the, ii. 169.

="Genius of Christianity"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.

=Genoa=, relation of Corsica to, i. 10;

loses its hold on Corsica, 15;

convention with France regarding Corsica, 17, 20;

cedes Corsica to France, 22;

the Buonaparte family in, 28;

Paoli's fears concerning, 116;

claims to Corsica, 120, 126;

_N.'s_ relations with and attitude toward, 122, 246-248, 253, 346;

ii. 10, 15;

relations with France, i. 239, 243-244;

English influence in, 243;

seizure of French vessel in harbor of, 243;

counterfeit French money in, 246;

her neutrality violated, 245;

preparations for war with, 246-248, 253;

_N.'s_ scheme of operations against Sardinia and, 247;

neutrality, 248;

the road opened to, 257;

reopening of commerce with Marseilles, 257;

political status in 1796, 345;

levy of enforced contributions from, 345; ii. 153;

military operations against (1796), i, 357;

French proposition to revolutionize, 373;

guerrillas from, 373;

coercive measures against, 373;

makes alliance with the Directory, 403;

disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439;

French intervention in, ii. 10;

sends an embassy to Montebello, 11;

revolution in, 11;

disappearance of Genoa the Superb, 11;

commercial greatness, 15;

plunder of, 16;

transformed into the Ligurian Republic, 21;

trampled under foot by _N._, 144;

the French line at, 160;

Austria's plans against, 160;

English expedition against, 160, 164;

Massena forced back into, 165;

siege of, 165, 169, 172, 175;

the key of, 172;

surrender of, 175;

_N._ learns of Massena's disaster at, 176;

accepts a consular constitution, 233;

contributes men to France in war of, 1803, 289;

Massena's defense of, 323;

French acquisition of, 355, 357;

position in the French Empire, iii. 279.

=Gentili=, member of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133;

delegate to the National Assembly, 133;

places Ionian Islands under French protection, ii. 16.

=Gentz, Friedrich von=, manifesto against _N._, iii. 200;

on the campaign of 1813, iv. 40.

=George III=, recalls Paoli to England, i. 261;

incurs the ill will of Paul I, ii. 141;

receives personal letter from _N._, 142;

pasquinades on, 146;

quarrel with Pitt over Catholic emancipation, 208;

character, 270;

fears for absolutism, 270;

on treaty of Amiens, 276;

message to Parliament, March 8, 1803, 282;

Elector of Hanover, 287;

effect of his imbecility, 329;

letter from _N._, Jan. 2, 1805, 351;

negotiations for the return of Hanover to, 400, 418, 420;

use of German troops in the American colonies, 419;

ousts the "All the Talents" ministry, iii. 46;

joint letter from _N._ and Alexander to (1808), 181;

retirement of, iv. 161;

rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264.

=George IV= (Prince Regent), attitude toward France (1795), i. 297;

regency of, iv. 161;

character, 161;

besought for asylum for _N._, 221.

=Georgia=, France undertakes to drive the Russians from, iii. 21.

=Gera=, military movements near, ii. 432.

=Gerard, Gen. E. M.=, created baron, iii. 297;

battle of Borodino, 344;

seizes Montereau, iv. 73;

moves toward Vitry, 93;

attachment to _N._, 118;

strength after the surrender of Paris, 118;

in the Waterloo campaign, 171 et seq.;

at Chatelet, 174;

crosses the Sambre, 174, 179;

battle of Ligny, 181, 183, 190;

at Walhain, 192.

=Gerasdorf=, military operations near, iii. 228;

Archduke Charles advances to, 218.

=German Church=, _N.'s_ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.

=Germanic Diet=, Prussia's growing ascendancy in the, i. 425.

=German Empire=, _N.'s_ scheme to rival the, ii. 337;

abolished, 391.

=German-Roman Empire=, decadence of, ii. 41.

=Germany=, honors to Paoli in, i. 23;

_N.'s_ study of, 78;

opposition of, to democracy, 247;

cedes the left bank of the Rhine to France, 276;

growth of liberal ideas in southern, 276;

neutrality of northern, 276;

secularization of Church lands in, 276; ii. 264;

republican schemes for, i. 329;

to be forced to yield the Rhine frontier, 334;

military operations in (1795), 342;

Jourdan's disasters in, 385;

_N._ enters, 434;

_N.'s_ influence in, 448;

claim to Malta, ii. 18;

Augereau's blundering in, 37;

plundering in, 38;

French military arrogance in, 40;

attitude of the Directory toward the ecclesiastical

principalities of, 41;

anti-revolutionary sentiment in, 43;

Jourdan ordered to command in, 87;

Archduke Charles commanding in central, 141;

the seat of liberalism in, 155;

billeting of French troops in, 156;

France's pecuniary demands upon, 156;

_N.'s_ plan for a campaign in central, 164;

Moreau levies contributions on, 186;

adjustment of the temporal and spiritual principalities of, 193, 264;

reduction of Austria's ascendancy in, 193;

France's rights in, according to Peace of Luneville, 193;

Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211;

the Code Napoleon in, 223;

effect of the Concordat in, 264;

question of indemnifying displaced princes, 264;

England's active diplomacy in, 264 et seq.; 301;

_N.'s_ policy of reorganization in, 265;

rearrangement of territories, 265, 352, 391;

development of national spirit, regeneration, and unification in,

265, 352; iii. 95, 161, 200, 213, 320, 330, 383, 385, 394, 397,

423; iv. 1, 19, 37, 40, 57, 298;

strength of the military party and anti-French sentiment in 1875,

ii. 269;

_N.'s_ eye to invasion of, 291;

Moreau's levies on, 296;

homage to _N._ by the princes of, 329;

_N.'s_ claim to, 354;

Alexander I's scheme for partition of, 356;

_N._ threatens to invade, 361;

Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 363;

high-handed proceedings of the French army in, 376;

extension of the French empire in, 398;

humiliation of, 398 et seq.;

state of religion and morality in, 398;

scheme for unity of the Church in, 402;

good-will to _N._ in western, 402;

the Germanic empire abolished, 404;

French occupation of southern, 405, 418;

Russia's pretensions in, 418;

_N.'s_ intention to evacuate, 421;

Frederick William demands the evacuation of, 422;

Austria asks for rearrangement of, iii. 22;

its composite character, 56;

French nobility endowed with lands in, 87;

liberal movement in, 103;

Austria looks for indemnities in, 195;

hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain lost territory in, 199;

Archduke Charles's address to, 199;

insurrections in, 233;

hatred of _N._ in, 240;

French occupation of the coast, 266;

French evacuation of southern, 266;

confiscation in, 296;

Mme. de Stael's book on, 300;

withdrawal of French troops from, 307;

influence of Prussia in, 320;

proposed new boundaries for, 320;

feelings toward _N._ in, 322;

withdrawal of the Hapsburgs from the leadership of, 330;

conspiracies in, 375;

revolutionary feeling in, 382;

Russian proclamation to, 398;

Sweden sends troops to, 399;

Austria aims at recovering ascendancy in, 423;

purpose of the allies to restore states in, iv. 21;

the retreat from, 35;

proposed influence for _N._ in, 41;

Prussia's ambition for leadership in, 88;

_N.'s_ influence in the creation of modern, 299;

the federation of, 298.

="Germany in her Deepest Humiliation,"= ii. 417.

=Gernstaedt=, military operations near, ii. 433.

=Gerry, Elbridge=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.

=Ghent=, flight of Louis XVIII to, iv. 161.

=Giacominetta=, _N.'s_ childish love, i. 41.

=Gibraltar=, i. 22;

Nelson sails for, ii. 359;

Nelson waters his ships at, 372;

importance of, iii. 111.

=Gibraltar, Straits of=, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371.

="Gilded Youth," the=, i. 271.

=Gilgenburg=, Ney and Bernadotte escape to, iii. 10;

military movements near, 13, 14.

=Ginguene, P. L.=, Bonapartist agent in Turin, ii. 89.

=Gironde, Department of the=, exempt from legislation concerning

Jews, iii. 77.

=Gironde, River=, _N._ proposes to seek asylum on American ship in

the, iv. 221.

=Girondists, the=, form a ministry, i. 172;

the fall from the ministry, 174;

leaders of, 189;

position in the National Convention, 188;

struggle between the Jacobins and, 189;

favor Louis XVI, 194;

failure of their policy, 212;

defeat the Jacobins in Marseilles, 213;

movement of Marseillais on Paris, 213;

retreat from Avignon, 216;

their cause discussed in the "Supper of Beaucaire," 216, 219;

prepare Toulon for siege, 221;

deliver the fleet at Toulon to Lord Hood, 221;

murders of, at Toulon, 233;

overawed by Danton and Marat, 234;

effects of their policy, 249;

failure of, 266, 267;

their part in organizing the Directory, 271;

influence on the new constitution, 278;

royalism among, 309.

=Girzikowitz=, military operations near, ii. 386.

=Gitschin=, Francis I. at, iii. 415.

=Glatz=, siege of, iii. 20.

=Glogau=, held by the French, iii. 402;

relieved by Victor, 413.

=Glory=, the French passion for, ii. 249, 361; iii. 6.

=Gneisenau, Gen. August=, institutes military reforms in Prussia,

iii. 103;

military ability, iv. 14, 59, 183;

spurs up Bernadotte at Leipsic, 31;

aims to annihilate _N._, 57;

warns Bluecher against over-confidence, 62;

in Waterloo campaign, 172, 177;

orders the Prussian retreat to Wavre, 183, 184;

his title to fame, 182, 183;

holds Bluecher's troops, 194;

doubts Wellington's ability to stand at Waterloo, 194;

in battle of Waterloo, 211, 212.

=Godoy, Manuel de=, prime minister of Spain, ii. 204, 289;

relations with Queen Louisa, 204, 289, 332; iii. 71, 124, 144, 150;

the "Prince of the Peace," ii. 289; iii. 124;

proposed kingdom for, in Portugal, 67, 120;

Spanish revolt against, 71;

treachery to _N._, 71;

ill-gotten wealth, 124;

relations with _N._, 124, 131;

waning power and downfall of, 124, 128, 134, 135, 146;

causes arrest of Ferdinand, 126;

Ferdinand's charges against, 126;

becomes aware of _N.'s_ policy, 132;

skill in diplomacy, 131;

refuses to assent to French seizure of Portugal, 133;

appalled at the French invasion, 133;

contemplates a Bourbon monarchy in America, 134;

clamor for his death, 135;

capture of, 135;

seeks protection of Ferdinand, 136;

destruction of his property, 135;

proposed trial of, 135, 136, 144;

hinted order that he come to France, 140, 141;

summoned to Bayonne, 145;

popular hatred of, 146;

at Compiegne, 148;

infamy of, 150.

=Goethe, Johann W. von=, meetings with _N._, iii. 172;

decorated at Erfurt, 176;

on _N._, 319, 322;

the idealist among thinkers, iv. 242.

=Gohier, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92;

represents Jacobin element in the Directory, 94;

falls under Josephine's influence, 97;

president of the Directory, 97;

joins the Bonapartist ranks, 97;

proposed resignation of, 101;

seeks counsel with Barras, 106;

refuses to resign, 108;

imprisonment of, 108, 115.

=Gohlis=, military operations near, iv. 29-32.

=Goldbach, River=, military operations on the, ii. 385-388, 392.

=Golden Book, the=. _See_ =Venice=.

=Goltz=, at Tilsit, iii. 49, 57;

interview with _N._, 60.

=Golynim=, military operations near, iii. 4.

=Goerz=, ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Goess=, castle of, treaty of Leoben signed in, i. 437.

=Gosselies=, military operations near, iv. 175, 176.

=Gotha=, imprisonment of St. Aignan at, iv. 42.

=Goettingen=, Bernadotte ordered to, ii. 362;

patriotism in the university, iii. 398.

=Gourgaud, Gen.=, accompanies _N._ to Paris, iv. 105;

advises a return to Lorraine, 116;

requests interview with Souham, 126;

accompanies _N._ to Rochefort, 219;

goes to London to seek English asylum for _N._, 223;

accompanies _N._ to St. Helena, 227;

mission to secure _N.'s_ release, 231;

assists _N._ on his history, 232.

=Government=, Rousseau's views on, i. 8;

the centralization of, ii. 218;

the mystery of, iii. 389.

=Gradisca=, storming of, i. 433.

=Graham, Gen.=, commanding English troops in the Netherlands, iv. 57.

=Grain=, monopoly of trade in, i. 105.

=Grand army, the=, _N.'s_ distrust of, iii. 45;

passes from Prussia to Spain, 182;

Murat commanding the remnants of, 373;

demoralization of, 373;

crosses the Niemen, 384.

=Grandmaison=, charges plots among the Five Hundred, ii. 115.

=Granville, Lord=, on affairs in France, i. 297.

=Grasse=, _N.'s_ march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154.

=Graudenz=, precarious situation of the garrison of, iii. 10;

Bennigsen attempts to succor, 10;

demanded by _N._ as a pledge, 36.

=Gravina, Adm.=, escapes from Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Great Britain=, the modern empire of, ii. 55.

_See also_ =England=.

="Great Elector,"= the office of, ii. 126, 322.

=Great Goerschen=, fighting at, iii. 405.

=Great Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 382.

=Great St. Bernard Pass=, the passage of the, ii. 169-171.

="Great Terror," the=, i. 250.

=Greece= (=ancient=), influence on French art, iii. 88;

effects of ambition in, iv. 261;

the history of, 293.

=Greece=, Nelson seeks the French fleet at, ii. 61;

proposal that France take, iii. 50;

_N._ plans the liberation of, 51;

the national awakening of, iv. 300.

=Gregoire, Henri=, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195;

royalist intrigues of, 195.

=Gregorian calendar=, restoration of the, ii. 346.

=Gregory VII=, ii. 340.

=Grenadier Guards=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.

=Grenier, Gen.=, in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;

division commander under Eugene, iii. 393.

=Grenoble=, Pius VII a prisoner at, iii. 119, 242;

_N.'s_ march to, on return from Elba, iv. 154;

imperial proclamation at, 156;

obeys _N.'s_ summons to surrender, 156;

_N.'s_ welcome at, 156;

_N._ at, 165.

=Grenville, Lord=, letter to Talleyrand from, ii. 143;

on _N.'s_ wickedness, 144.

=Grisons, the=, quarrel between the Valtellina and, ii. 11;

Austrian violation of neutrality in, 72;

Kray's communications via, to be cut, 164.

=Grodno=, Jerome at, iii. 336.

=Gros, A. J.=, painter, ii. 351;

created a baron, 354.

=Grosbois=, residence of Barras, ii. 119.

=Grossbeeren=, battle of, iv. 14, 16, 19.

=Gross-Ebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217.

=Grouchy, Gen. E.=, in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191;

at Tilsit, iii. 52;

commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 324;

in battle of Vauchamps, iv. 64;

recreated marshal, 167;

movements and orders in the Waterloo campaign, 170 et seq., 179,

186, 191-194, 200, 213, 267;

letter to _N._, June 17, 1815, 187, 191;

suspected unwillingness of, 187;

Gerard to cooeperate with, 190;

uneasy conscience of, 191;

garbled account of Waterloo by, 191;

at Walhain, 192, 213;

criticism of, 192;

at Wavre, 194;

_N.'s_ reliance on, 207, 213;

ordered to retire on Namur, 211, 214;

responsibility for disaster at Waterloo, 213;

victory at Wavre, 214;

leads his army back to France, 214.

=Guadarrama Mountains=, _N._ crosses the, iii. 186-188.

=Guadeloupe=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.

"=Guardian Angel, The=," near Craonne, the Emperor's night at,

iv. 78, 79.

"=Guard of honor=," the proposed, iii. 390.

=Guards= (=English=), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Guastalla=, given to Pauline (Buonaparte), ii. 395;

granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.

=Guastalla, Duchess of=, Pauline created, iii. 279.

=Gudin, Gen.=, in battle of Pultusk, iii. 4;

in the Eckmuehl campaign, 208.

=Guerin, Pierre N.=, created baron, iii. 297.

=Guernsey=, Russian soldiers transported to, ii. 141.

=Guiana=, Pichegru escapes from, ii. 161.

=Guidai=, engaged in Malet's conspiracy, iii. 376.

=Guieu, Gen.=, in the Rivoli campaign, i. 410, 414.

=Guilleminot, Gen.=, mediator between Russia and Turkey, iii. 105;

in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199.

=Guillotine, the=, work of, i. 251.

=Gueldengossa=, military operations near, iv. 28.

=Guenzburg=, Mack essays to cross the Danube at, ii. 366.

=Gustavus Adolphus=, scene of his defeat of Wallenstein, iii. 404.

=Gustavus IV=, king of Sweden, hated by his subjects, iii. 35;

in Pomerania, 36;

weakness of, 36;

gives place to Charles XIII, 280.

=Guyot=, battle of Waterloo, iv. 203.

=Gyulaei=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381.

=Gyulay, Gen.=, battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32.

H

=Hadrian I=, Charles the Great's donation to, revoked by _N._, iii. 215.

=Hague, The=, removal of the capital to Amsterdam from, iii. 277.

=Hal=, Wellington's troops at, iv. 190, 195.

=Halberstadt=, the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234.

=Halkett, Hugh=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Halle=, Bernadotte's victory at, ii. 436;

the Black Legion's escape through, iii. 234;

patriotism in the university, 398;

Bluecher's advance to, iv. 26, 27.

=Hamburg=, negotiations between France and Prussia concerning, ii. 154;

laid under contribution, 286, 287;

closed to British commerce, 287;

seizure of Rumbold at, 330;

proposal to give it to Prussia, 400;

French occupation of, 443;

Spanish troops in, iii. 159;

Bernadotte's force in, 202;

smuggled commerce of, 265;

scheme to incorporate with France, 266;

position in the French Empire 279;

sends deputation to Paris, 380;

rising against the French garrison, 402;

captured by Vandamme, 407;

Danish troops sent to, 407;

occupied by Davout, 413;

the status quo to be maintained in, 414;

_N._ offers the city to Austria, 424;

end of _N.'s_ defensive line, iv. 1;

Davout besieged at, 55.

=Hameln=, attempt to besiege, ii. 416;

capitulation of, 436.

=Hamilton, Alexander=, U. S. treasury system, iv. 259.

=Hanau=, Oudinot's command in, iii. 203;

battle of, iv. 35;

compared to Krasnoi, 36.

=Hannibal=, _N.'s_ allusion to, i. 357;

his passage of the Alps, ii. 169, 186.

=Hanover=, _N._ threatens to seize, ii. 282;

George III, Elector of, 287;

French occupations of, 287, 331, 418, 443, iii. 202, 266;

Prussia negotiates with France for, ii. 356, 362;

the French garrison replaced by Prussians, 362;

ceded to Prussia, 390, 400, 405;

negotiations for its return to George III, 400, 418, 420;

attempt to drive the French from, 416;

troops in Pomerania, iii. 36;

allotted to Jerome, 266;

Jerome deprived of part of, 278;

excepted from the scheme of Prussian aggrandizement, 398;

England abandons scheme for extension of, 399;

Prussia promises to cede part of Saxony to, 417;

proposed cession of Hildesheim to, 417;

restored to its former ruler, iv. 40;

campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq.

=Hanover, the House of=, ii. 317.

=Hanseatic towns=, free cities, ii. 405;

Joachim I's aspirations concerning, 416;

proposal to include in North German Confederation, 418;

hesitate to reply to Prussia, 420;

neutrality of, iii. 46;

virtual dependence on France, 66;

smuggled commerce of, 265;

scheme to incorporate them with France, 266;

_N._ offers to evacuate, 272;

offered to Louis for Brabant and Zealand, 270;

England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;

_N._ refuses to cede points concerning, 392;

proposal that France evacuate the, 407;

proposed independence of the, 415; iv. 30.

=Happiness=, _N._ on, i. 137.

=Hapsburg, House of=, end of its policy of territorial expansion,

ii, 193;

effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, iii. 163 et seq.;

seeks indemnity for lost domains, 195;

hopes of regaining lost territory, 199;

demoralization in, 215;

matrimonial alliance with _N._, 249, 251; iv. 43;

democratic blows at the dignity of, iii. 256; iv. 37;

withdraws from the leadership of Germany, iii. 330.

=Harcourt=, on affairs in France, i. 297.

=Hardenberg, Prince K. A. von=, aims at consolidation of Prussia,

ii. 358;

dismissal of, 400; iii. 42, 49, 50;

Prussian minister, ii. 415. iii; 37;

at Tilsit, 50;

proposes the partition of Turkey, 50;

seeks refuge in Vienna, 178;

effect of his reforms, 319;

Metternich's negotiations with, 394;

hostility to _N._, 396.

=Harel=, share in the execution of d'Enghien, ii. 310.

=Hassenhausen=, engagement at, ii. 433.

=Hatzfeldt, Prince=, court-martialed and sentenced to death, ii. 439;

the sentence commuted, 439.

=Haugwitz, Count=, Prussian envoy to France, ii. 381, 399;

policy after Austerlitz, 389;

concludes treaty with France, 399;

demand for the disgrace of, 417.

=Hauterive, Duhoux d'=, royalist leader, i. 298;

reviews French situation in 1801, ii. 214.

=Havelburg=, French troops at, iii. 393.

=Havre=, France's alleged naval preparations at, ii. 284.

=Hebert, J. R.=, leader of the Exageres, i. 234;

terrorist, 250.

=Heddersdorf=, defeat of the Austrian, by Hoche at, i. 440.

=Heidenheim=, the French position at, ii. 365.

=Heilsberg=, Ney retreats from, iii. 10;

Bennigsen reaches, 10, 14;

battle of, 29;

_N._ concentrates his army at, 29;

the Russians abandon, 32;

_N.'s_ peril at, 33.

=Heinrichsdorf=, engagement near, iii. 30.

=Heliopolis=, battle of, ii. 181.

=Helvetian Republic, the=, alliance with France, ii. 40;

formation of, 40, 86;

neutrality violated by Austria, 72;

_N._ Grand Mediator of the, 234;

English efforts to discredit France in, 264;

in vassalage to France, iii. 279.

=Henry, Prince of Prussia=, ii. 415.

=Henry III=, _N._ likened to, ii. 340.

=Henry IV=, heads the Bourbon dynasty, i. 176;

_N._ discerns likeness to himself, ii. 350;

_N._ emulates in uxoriousness, iii. 258.

=Herat=, proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194.

=Herbois, Collet d'=, member of the National Convention, i. 188, 233.

=Hercules, Pillars of=, "the new," iii. 308.

=Hereditary nobility=, abolished, ii. 223.

=Heredity=, _N._ on, i. 137.

=Herodotus=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=Hesse=, French march through, ii. 362;

furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, iii. 324.

=Hesse-Cassel=, excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine,

ii. 403, 442;

proposal to include in the Confederation, 418;

hesitates to reply to Prussia, 420;

French occupation of, 443;

neutrality of, 443;

organized into the kingdom of Westphalia, iii. 56.

=Hesse-Cassel, House of=, extinction of, ii. 443.

=Hesse-Darmstadt=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403;

quota of men, 404;

turns from _N._ to the allies, iv. 40.

=Heymes, Col.=, records _N.'s_ orders to Ney at Quatre Bras,

iv. 176, 184.

=High Admiral=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

=Highways=, _N.'s_ scheme of, ii. 279.

=Hildesheim=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265;

proposed cession of, to Hanover, iii. 417.

=Hill, Lord=, joins Wellington in the Peninsula, iii. 283;

occupies Bordeaux, iv. 87;

in Waterloo campaign, 172.

=Hiller, Gen.=, military operations on the inn, iii. 199;

movements to support, 204;

movements before Ratisbon, 208;

driven back to Landshut, 208;

flees to Neumarkt, 208;

Bessieres pursues, 209;

crosses the Danube at Mautern, 212;

battle of Ebelsberg, 211;

defeats Wrede at Erding, 211;

effects junction with Charles at Bisamberg, 212, 216;

drives Eugene over the Adige, iv. 39.

=Hilliers, Baraguey d'=, capture of his command in Russia, iii. 359.

=History=, the functions and study of, i. 1, 2; iv. 251;

_N.'s_ study and theory of, i. 78, 127, 150.

"=History of Corsica=," i. 91, 93, 123, 126.

=Hoche, Gen. Lazare=, defeats Wurmser at Weissenburg, i. 273;

commanding Army of the West, 346;

military genius, 350; ii. 181;

campaign in the Netherlands, i. 427;

defeats Austria on the Rhine, 439;

expedition to Ireland, 449;

considered for minister of war, ii. 6;

distrusted by the people, 6;

death of, 9.

=Hofer, Andreas=, exploits in the Tyrol, iii. 234;

capture, trial, and death of, 241;

his family ennobled, 241, 242;

his patriotism and fame, 241;

compared to Tell, 242.

=Hohenems=, acquired by Wuertemberg, ii. 391.

=Hohenlinden=, battle of, ii. 190-194.

=Hohenlohe, Prince of=, commanding at Chemnitz, ii. 424;

at Blankenhain, 427;

defeated by Bernadotte at Schleiz, 428;

in battle of Jena, 433, 434;

retreats to Prenzlau, 434;

surrender of, 436.

=Hohen-Thann=, military movements near, iii. 206.

=Hohenzollern=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Hohenzollern, House of=, ii. 317;

_N._ in the palace of the, 437;

its territories, 442;

_N._ contemplates its extinction, 442;

provisions for French evacuation of its lands, iii. 62;

_N.'s_ attitude toward, 106, 319;

humiliation of, 163.

=Holitsch=, interview between Francis I and _N._ near, ii. 389.

=Hollabrunn=, Bagration's stand at, ii. 379;

Soult at, 379.

=Holland=, honors to Paoli in, i. 23;

_N.'s_ study of the history of, 156;

expected enmity of, 187;

closes the Scheldt, 194;

becomes the Batavian Republic, 276;

conquest and occupation by France, 324; ii. 5, 233;

republican schemes for, i. 329;

plunder of works of art from, 369;

organization of the Orange party in, 499;

efforts to check democracy in, 499;

English conquests of colonies from, ii. 12;

proposal to make her a dependency of France, 12;

loss of colonies by, 38;

compulsory enrolment in the republican system, 38;

Brune's campaign in, 87, 93, 323;

loyalty to _N._, 146;

indemnity for Flushing, 154;

the Code Napoleon in, 223; iii. 277;

a new constitution imposed on, ii. 233;

indemnity to House of Orange, 262;

French guarantees to, 289;

share in the war of 1803, 290;

independence of, 354;

_N.'s_ claim to, 354;

Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377;

Louis made king, 397; iii. 96, 269;

enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3;

Louis's reign in, 25, 270, 277;

vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, 54;

relations of France with, 73;

smuggled commerce of, 140, 265;

Louis's loyalty to the Dutch, 148, 149;

Oudinot ordered to coerce, 266;

England's paper blockade of, 267;

visit of _N._ to, 268;

violates the Continental System, 269-271;

_N._ reduces Louis to the position of a French governor, 271;

geographically a part of France, 270, 282;

_N.'s_ scheme for the annexation of, 271;

England threatened with loss of trade with, 272;

_N._ offers to evacuate, 272;

opposition to _N._ in, 275;

seizures of American ships in, 275;

Fouche's English-Dutch conspiracy, 275;

Louis abdicates, 276;

removal of the capital to Amsterdam, 277;

annexed to France, 277;

popularity of Louis in, 277;

prosperity under French rule, 277;

the national movement in, 278;

"the alluvium of France," 282;

English expedition to, 294;

incorporated into the French Empire, 294;

_N._ refuses to cede any part of, 392;

riots in, 392;

Eugene to guard, 393;

proposal that France evacuate, 407;

mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20;

_N._ offers to restore independence of, 30;

English influence in, 30, 41;

recalls the Prince of Orange, 40;

proposed independence of, 41.

=Holland, Lord=, advocates _N.'s_ cause in Parliament, ii. 143.

=Holstein=, threatened French invasion of, iii. 69;

Denmark's loss of, 70.

=Holy Alliance, the=, iii. 425; iv. 225.

=Holy Inquisition=, abolished in Spain, iii. 189.

=Holy League, the=, i. 177.

=Holy Roman Empire=, dismemberment of the, ii. 266;

abolition of, 418;

desire to substitute a Western empire for, 395;

title of the heir to, iii. 261.

=Hood, Lord=, seizure at Toulon, i. 221.

=Hortense, Queen=, at Malmaison, iv. 218.

_See also_ =Beauharnais, Hortense de=.

=Hostage Law=, the, ii. 94, 134.

=Hougomont=, the farm-house of, iv. 195, 197;

fighting at, 199-202, 207.

=Hoyerswerda=, _N._ moves toward, iv. 17.

=Hugo, Victor=, on _N._, i. 377;

at school in Madrid, iii. 292.

=Humanity=, the cause of, i. 266.

=Hyeres=, retreat of the Corsican expedition to, i. 262.

=Hulin, Gen. P. A.=, presides at trial of Duc d'Enghien, ii. 307-310;

transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132.

=Humboldt, William von=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415;

reorganizes the educational system of Prussia, iii. 103;

at Congress of Prague, iii. 422.

=Hundred Days=, the campaign of the, iv. 171 et seq.;

_N.'s_ monograph on, 232;

the political question of the, 296.

=Hungary=, Francis I prepares for flight into, i. 437;

French machinations in, ii. 42;

importance of securing to the allies, 381;

Archduke John in, iii. 213, 217, 225, 226, 230;

_N.'s_ policy of winning the people of, 214;

Leopold II's reign, 214;

Francis I's treatment of, 214.

I

=Iberian Peninsula=, proposed appropriation of, iii. 111.

=Ibrahim Bey=, in the battle of the Pyramids, ii. 60;

fails to assist the Rhodes expedition, 77.

=Ile Dieu=, landing of Count of Artois on, i. 304.

=Iller, Gen.=, commanding in the Tyrol, ii. 188.

=Iller, River=, Austrian forces on the, ii. 363.

=Illyria=, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386;

Marmont in, iii. 225;

constitution of, 239;

military government of, 279;

proposed surrender of, to Austria, iii. 320, 392, 407, 415, iv. 30.

=Imagination=, _N's_ prophetic utterance on a disordered, i. 138.

=Imperial Guard=, at Kronach, ii. 428;

discontent among the, iii. 5;

strength in Poland, 6, 7;

at Eylau, 15;

battle of Heilsberg, 29;

battle of Friedland, 30;

exclusiveness of, 87;

service in Spain, 133, 265, 283;

accompanies _N._ from Spain to Paris, 189;

strength in March, 1812, 323;

omission of _N._ to use them at Borodino, 346;

at Smolensk, 362;

at Krasnoi, 363;

on march from Smolensk to Lithuania, 5;

_N.'s_ address to, near Orcha, 366;

demoralization of, 365;

jealousy of the proposed "guard of honor," 390;

at Rippach, 404;

in battle of Luetzen, 404;

the allies' belief in _N.'s_ use of, iv. 4;

at Lauban, 7;

feat of marching, 8;

battle of Dresden, 8, 9;

its losses, 78;

_N._ reviews the, 117, 118;

in Waterloo campaign, 171-211;

battle of Ligny, 183;

battle of Waterloo, 196, 207, 208;

personnel and morale, 208;

"dies but never surrenders," 210.

=Imperial University=, founding of the, iii. 89.

=Imposts=, the regulation of, i. 44.

="Inconstant," the=, _N.'s_ escape from Elba in, iv. 153.

=India=, _N.'s_ attention turned toward, i. 78;

_N.'s_ aspirations for a career in, 207, 216, 317; ii. 15;

_N._ given leave to march on, 73;

importance of _N.'s_ conquering, 73;

Russia's ambition in, 154, 194, 263;

Franco-Russian plans for invasion of, 194, 209;

_N.'s_ dreams of empire in, 289; iii. 308, 352; iv. 256;

_N.'s_ plans for attacking England in, ii. 334;

proposed French expedition to, 441;

proposed Franco-Persian invasion of, iii. 21;

England's vulnerable heel, 109, 112-114;

the highway to, 111.

=Indus, River=, the, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Industry=, improved condition of, ii. 259;

_N._ advises encouragement of, 347.

=Infantado, Duke del=, leader of Ferdinand VII's party, iii. 124;

commissioned governor of New Castile, 126.

=Infantry=, _N.'s_ early views concerning, i. 56, 59.

="Influence of the Passions,"= _N.'s_ study of Mme. de Stael's, ii. 53.

=Ingolstadt=, Bernadotte marches to, ii. 365;

Davout to concentrate at, iii. 204-208.

=Inn Quarter=, ceded to Austria, ii. 40;

embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239.

=Inn, River, the=, military movements on, ii. 190, 363, 367;

iii. 199, 204, 211, 234.

=Innocent II=, contrasted with =Pius VII=, iii. 264.

=Innsbruck=, seized by the Tyrolese, iii. 201;

garrisoned by Austrians, 201;

Lefebvre drives Tyroleans from, 213.

=Inquisition, the Holy=, blamed for disorders in Spain, iii. 158.

=Institute of France=, reorganization of, i. 281;

Talleyrand a member of, ii. 33, 47;

elects _N._ a member, 98, 335;

part of the educational system of France, 226.

=Institutions=, _N.'s_ study of, i. 78.

=International law=, the law of colonial trade, iii. 46, 47, 48;

neutral ships and neutral goods, 46-49;

the "rule of 1756," 46, 47;

right of search, 47, 100;

contraband of war, 47;

sanctity of all flags on high seas, 55;

the law of neutrals, 264, 267, 280;

use of "simulated papers," 267, 274.

=International understandings=, a hoped-for system of, iv. 295.

=Invalides, Hospital of the=, trophies from Aboukir deposited at,

ii. 147;

inauguration of the empire at, 327;

distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 361;

relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437.

=Ionian Islands=, taken under French protection, ii. 16;

worship of _N._ in, 16;

France retains, 21;

suzerainty of Turkey over, 262;

occupied by Russia, 330;

compensation for, iii. 56;

England's naval watchfulness over, 112;

military government of, 278.

=Ireland=, Hoche's expedition to, i. 449;

plans of French invasion of, ii. 49, 67, 354, 371;

arrest and dismissal of French consuls in, 270;

_N._ foments disturbance in, 272;

volunteer forces in, 291;

English troops sent to Portugal from, iii. 122;

French expedition against (1811), 308.

=Iron Mask, the Man in the=, i. 27.

=Isar, River=, military movements on the, ii. 190; iii. 205-209.

=Isenburg=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Iser Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 7.

=Islam=, _N._ professes the religion of, ii. 66.

=Isola Rossa=, patriot success at, i. 119.

=Isonzo, River=, military operations on the, i. 433;

proposed boundary for Italy, ii. 23.

=Istria=, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438;

Austrian forces in, ii. 170;

ceded by Austria to Italy, 391;

creation of hereditary duchy of, 396;

Bessieres created Duke of, iii. 86.

_See_ also =Bessieres=.

=Italian Church=, _N._ threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.

=Italian Republic=, _N._ president of the, 252.

=Italy=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9, 10, 24, 25;

the root of the Buonaparte family in, 27;

expected enmity of, 187;

movements of the French fleet against, 191;

_N.'s_ plan of campaign in, 239, 244-246;

suspension of offensive operations in, 256;

opening the roads into, 257, 344;

uneasiness in, at English proximity, 261;

French schemes against English influence in, 261;

growth of liberal ideas in, 276;

_N._ claims the honors of the campaign in, 292;

adoption of _N.'s_ plan of campaign against (1795), 293;

Austria's gaze on, 325;

_N.'s_ peculiar relations to, and knowledge of, 340-345, 368;

the battle-field of rival dynasties, 345;

status in 1796, 345;

revolutionary spirit in, 345;

wealth, 345, 368, 375;

cost of the war in, 351;

_N.'s_ successes in (1796), 351;

French pillage in, 351, 423, 446; ii. 13, 17, 32;

the destinies of Europe dependent on fate of, i. 351;

"an artichoke," 352;

the garden of, 357;

crushed at Lodi, 361;

levying contributions in, 361, 366-369, 374, 375;

the fate of Europe dependent on campaign in, 385;

_N.'s_ personal views of his campaign in, 394;

_N.'s_ negotiations with, 397-404;

relations with France, 397-404;

the campaign in, 406 et seq.;

Austria's fourth attempt to retrieve position in, 406;

the key of, 411;

Spain's mastery of, 421;

Austria's greed for territory in, 425;

Austria's determination to fight in, 425;

spread of the revolutionary movement in, 428;

_N.'s_ organization of native forces in, 431;

scheme of a central republic for, 438;

general disarmament of, 442;

_N._ has free hand in rearrangement of, ii. 7;

_N.'s_ schemes to master, 9;

lands in, ceded to Austria, 21;

attitude of the Directory toward, 23;

_N.'s_ reports on the people of, 23;

_N._ the deliverer of, 26;

the enlightenment of, 37;

France's policy toward, 38;

keeping open gateways into, 40;

Polish troops in, 42;

_N.'s_ forces in, 42;

reasons for success of revolutionary propaganda in, 44;

proposed movements of the allies in, 72;

Joubert's command in, 72;

French disasters in, 80, 140;

dissolution of the republics in, 83;

France foments quarrels in, 87;

Scherer's blunders in, 88;

Russian military operations in, 90, 92;

Francis I determined to hold northern, 141;

_N.'s_ bad faith with the states of, 144;

French and Austrian troops in, 160;

_N.'s_ plan of campaign in, (1800), 162 et seq.;

the reserve army ordered to, 164;

Lecourbe ordered to, 168;

Austrian successes and forces in, 170;

open to _N.'s_ armies, 170;

Austria agrees to evacuate northern, 182;

Austria seeks concessions in, 189;

Massena's maladministration in, 190;

Murat commanding in central, 190;

Brune's and Macdonald's movements in, 192;

Austria's line in, as fixed at Luneville, 193;

alleged plans of _N._ to secure principality in, 194;

_N.'s_ problems in, 203 et seq.;

influence of France in, 207;

Franco-Russian agreement concerning, 211;

the Code Napoleon in, 223; iv. 40;

reorganization of the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 233;

_N.'s_ grip on, 263;

Austria's share in, 265;

Moreau's soldiers drafted into, 295;

the second campaign in, 295;

restriction of the temporal power in, 325;

necessity for reorganization, 347;

union of the crowns of France and, 352;

coronation of _N._ as king, 353;

_N.'s_ scheme of independence for, 355;

_N._ ignores Russian interference in, 356;

Prince Eugene Beauharnais viceroy of, 358;

_N.'s_ sojourn in, 357;

Austria's ambition concerning, 358;

Eugene Beauharnais to organize troops in, 362;

Austria's interest in, 363;

Archduke Charles commanding in, 363;

Prussia bound to secure the independence of, 377;

Austrian troops withdrawn to Vienna from, 380;

_N._ proposes to add Venetia to, 389;

acquires Friuli and Istria, 391;

acquires Dalmatia, 391, 405;

_N._ exacts tribute from, 396;

Venetia incorporated into, 395, 405;

enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3;

French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54;

temporal appointment of bishops in, 68;

ecclesiastical difficulties in, 67, 305;

relations of France with, 73;

proposal to lay under commercial tribute to France, 74;

French nobility endowed with lands in, 87;

_N.'s_ royal progress through, 109;

_N.'s_ firm hold on, 109;

as a highway to India, 111;

lack of an heir to the throne, 112;

abolition of the hostile strip between Naples and, 118;

annexation of Papal States, to, 68, 118;

Etruria incorporated with kingdom, 120, 129;

_N._ visits (Nov., 1808), 128;

_N._ offers the crown to Lucien, 129;

Austria looks for indemnities in, 195;

hopes of the Hapsburgs to regain territory in, 199;

defeat of Prince Eugene by Archduke John in, 201;

Archduke John in, 211;

consolidation of, under the Napoleon family, 215;

extinguishment of Austria's hopes in, 215;

the city of Rome incorporated with, 242;

Machiavelli and Daunou on the attitude of the Church of Rome

toward, 262;

breaking the chains of ecclesiastical oppression in, 264;

substitution of military despotism, 264;

allotment of Austrian lands to, 266;

England's paper blockade of, 267;

Eugene made viceroy of, 279;

"the flank of France," 282;

confiscation in, 296;

furnishes contingent to _N.'s_ army, 324;

_N._ ruler of, 382;

Roman Catholic influence in, 391;

_N._ refuses to cede any part of, 392;

Eugene ordered to raise a new army in, 408, 414;

proposal to liberate her from France, 416;

Austria seeks to regain ascendancy in, 423; iv. 30, 41;

_N._ offers to guarantee the unity of, 30;

sowing the seeds of unity for, 37;

effect of the battle of Leipsic on, 37;

confusion in, 39;

Alfieri's work in, 39;

humiliation of, 39;

proposed independence of, 41;

fails to support _N._, 56, 59;

lost to France, 56;

_N._ renounces the throne of, 131;

feels the Austrian yoke, 144;

revulsion of feeling toward _N._ in, 144;

plots against _N._, 150;

social reforms in, 255;

after-effects of the Revolution, 255;

_N.'s_ task in, 255;

French influences in, 299;

Austria driven from, 300.

=Ivan=, body physician to the Emperor, iv. 130.

=Ivrea=, attacked by Lannes, ii. 171;

capture of, 172.

=Izquierdo=, Spanish minister to France, iii. 120;

conducts negotiations between Spain and France, 133;

reports failure of his mission, 133.

J

=Jackson, Andrew=, at New Orleans, iv. 169.

=Jacobin Club, the=, foundation of, i. 107;

influence, 151, 153, 157;

letter from _N._ to,176;

closing of, 271.

=Jacobinism=, in _N.'s_ early life, i. 148;

_N._ renounces, 253;

its decline in France, ii. 2;

French hatred of, 36;

rising tide of (1799), 94;

Pitt's delusion concerning _N._ and, 143;

decadence and obliteration of, 195, 235, 258, 261;

effect on _N._, iv. 251.

=Jacobins, the=, declare open hostility to Louis XVI, i. 171, 194;

Danton's leadership in, 187;

struggle between the Girondists and, 188;

position in the National Convention, 188, 266;

connection of the Buonapartes with, 212;

supremacy of, 212, 236;

defeated by the Girondists in Marseilles, 213;

intensity of their movement, 220;

disorders of their rule, 248;

decline of their power, 266, 268, 297; ii. 2;

military successes, i. 268;

influence among the Thermidorians, 271;

tyranny of, 273;

strive for the mastery, 278;

reaction in favor of, 283;

_N.'s_ relations with, 183, 304;

influence in the Directory, ii. 49;

activity in May elections (1799), 91;

political faith, 94;

influence in the Five Hundred, 97;

suppression of their section of the press, 96;

attitude on the 19th Brumaire, 115;

end of the party, 120, 125;

financial effects of their rule, 134;

legislation against, 134;

attitude toward the Church, 205;

assassination schemes among, 239, 241;

reputed rising in France, 298;

England fosters the spirit of insurrection among the, 300;

alienated from _N._, iv. 166;

subservient to _N.'s_ will, 259.

=Jaffa=, bombardment of, ii. 69;

massacre and license at, 70;

the French hospitals at, 74, 75;

stories of _N.'s_ inhumanity at, 75;

the retreat from, 76.

=Jamestown, St. Helena=, iv. 228.

=Janina, Pasha of=, rebellious spirit of, ii. 17.

=Janizaries=, rebellion of the, iii. 33, 163.

=Jason=, _N._ likened to, iii. 387.

=Jauberthon, Mme. de=, marries Lucien Buonaparte, iii. 129.

=Jaucourt, ----=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107;

letter of, March 17, 1814, 107;

member of the executive commission, 115.

=Jay treaty, the=, ii. 212.

=Jemmapes=, battle of, i. 194.

=Jefferson, Thomas=, his embargo policy, iii. 101, 102.

=Jena=, battle of, ii. 429-434;

moral effect upon Prussia, 435;

practical results to the French, 437;

Prussia's humiliation at, iii. 57;

a royal hare-hunt on the field of, 178;

immediate effects of the battle, 190;

patriotism in the university, 398;

the strategy of, 404.

=Jena, the bridge of=, in Paris, iii. 74.

=Jerome= (king of Westphalia), violates the Continental System, iii. 266;

acquires Hanover and Magdeburg, 266;

hesitates about furnishing new levies, iv. 394.

_See also_ =Buonaparte, Jerome=.

=Jesuits=, Carlo Buonaparte's claims against the, i. 32, 43, 63;

Alexander seeks their influence in Poland, iii. 384.

=Jesus Christ=, _N._ compares Apollonius of Tyana with, ii. 206.

=Jews=, in Corsica, i. 16;

Paoli's relations with the, 16;

rights and duties under the Code, ii. 224;

the Semitic question in France, iii. 75-78;

general Sanhedrim of, 76;

_N.'s_ legislation concerning, 85;

liable to military service, 77;

regulations for Alsace, 77;

present standing in France, 77; iv. 259.

=Jezzar=, commanding Turkish troops in Syria, ii. 68-71;

N. reports his massacres to, 70;

reinforcements from Damascus for, 71.

=Joachim I=, grand duke of Cleves and Berg, ii. 403.

_See also_ =Murat=.

=John, Archduke=, succeeds Kray in command, ii. 188;

forces of, 188;

position on the Inn, 191;

battle of Hohenlinden, 191;

reaches Marburg, 367;

to excite revolt in the Tyrol, iii. 199;

defeats Prince Eugene, 201;

abandons the Tyrol, 211;

escapes from Macdonald into Hungary, 212;

ordered to Linz, 216;

at Voelkermarkt, 217;

in Hungary, 225;

driven into Hungary by Eugene, 226;

preparations to oppose, 226;

advances toward Raab, 226;

in Presburg, 227, 228, 230;

turns to guard Hungary, 231;

ordered to attack, 230;

accused of criminal negligence, 230;

banished to Styria, 230;

proposes to continue the war, 235;

quarrels with Charles, 235.

=John, Don=, regent of Portugal, iii. 119;

character, 119;

yields to demands of France, 120;

plan to capture, 121;

Bellesca organizes rebellion in favor of, 122.

=Jomini, Henri=, on the Eckmuehl campaign, iii. 210;

records _N.'s_ warlike spirit, 326;

_N.'s_ military confidences and conversations with, 333, 338;

alleged hostility of Berthier to, iv. 2;

goes over to the allies, 2;

military genius, 2.

=Jouan, Gulf of=, landing of _N._ on shores of, iv. 153.

=Joubert, Gen. B. C.=, in Rivoli campaign, i. 410-415;

occupies Rivoli, 410;

military operations in the Tyrol, 431, 435;

joins _N._, 435;

withdraws from the Tyrol, 436, 442;

French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38;

to succeed _N._ in Italy, 73;

defeated and killed at Novi, 83, 92, 96;

succeeds Moreau, 92;

relations with Sieyes, 92;

statue at the Tuileries, 147.

=Jourdan, Gen. J. B.=, defeats the Austrians at Fleurus, i. 273;

suspected of intrigue, 278;

a product of Carnot's system, 332;

saved from defeat at Maubeuge, 332;

commanding forces at Duesseldorf, 347;

military genius, 350;

seizes Wuerzburg, 385;

meets with disaster in Germany, 385;

defeated near Ratisbon, 385;

wins battle of Altenkirchen, 385;

disgraced, 450;

member of the Five Hundred, ii. 72;

commanding Army of the Danube, 72;

ordered to central Germany, 87;

defeated at Ostrach and Stockach, 88;

succeeded by Lenouf, 88;

carries out conscription measures, 93;

Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 94;

demands a vote of "public danger," 96;

fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice, 100;

warned to keep the peace, 109;

legislation aimed against, 134;

annexes Piedmont, 233;

victory at Fleurus, 323;

pacification of Piedmont, 323;

created marshal, 323;

military adviser to Joseph, iii. 183;

goes over to Louis XVIII, iv. 132;

recreated marshal, 167.

"=Journal of Debates=," the, iii. 88.

"=Journal of the Empire=," the, iii. 88.

=Joux=, imprisonment and death of Toussaint Louverture in castle of,

ii. 237.

=Judicial administration, the=, ii. 149-153.

=Judiciary=, reform of the, i. 152.

=July 14=, celebration of, ii. 195.

=Junot, Gen. Andoche=, _N._ wins the admiration of, i. 237;

letters from _N._, 255; iii. 356, 357;

accompanies _N._ to Paris, i. 263;

delivers _N.'s_ terms to Venice, 437;

escorts Josephine to Montebello, 455;

formulates demand on the Venetian senate, ii. 11;

service in Egypt, 53;

in battle of Esdraelon, 72;

ordered to leave Egypt, 81;

ordered with "corps of observation" to Portugal, iii. 67;

his venality and greed, 81, 122;

ordered to invade Portugal, 120;

reaches Abrantes, 121;

garrisons Portuguese fortresses, 121;

prepares for invasion of Spain, 121;

reaches Lisbon, 121;

military administration in Portugal, 122;

goes to Oporto, 122;

aspires to the crown of Portugal, 122, 287;

revulsion of feeling in Portugal against, 122;

appointed governor of Portugal, 132;

strength in Portugal, 156;

Bessieres ordered to connect with, 157;

precarious situation, 157;

escapes to Cintra, 157;

defeated at Vimeiro, 158;

surrenders at Cintra, 158, 159, 186;

returns to France, 157;

forces in Spain, 183;

defeated by the Black Legion at Berneck, 234;

in Leon, 283;

battle of Borodino, 344.

=Junot, Mme.=, i. 283;

opinions of _N._, ii. 197;

ancient lineage of, iii. 122.

=Jura Mountains=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320.

=Jueterbog=, Bernadotte at, iv. 18.

K

=Kaja=, fighting at, iii. 405.

=Kalatscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 343-344.

=Kalish, treaty of=, Feb. 28, 1813, iii. 385, 398.

=Kalkreuth, Gen.=, Prussian commander, ii. 419;

defense of Dantzic, iii. 22;

at Tilsit, 49;

agreement to evacuate Prussia, 99.

=Kaluga=, extension of the Russian lines toward, iii. 351;

French retreat toward, 353.

=Kamenski, Gen.=, Russian general-in-chief, iii. 8;

mistake at battle of Pultusk, 9;

retired, 9.

=Kandahar=, projected rising against England in, iii. 21.

=Kapzewitch, Gen.=, reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, iv. 63.

=Karl August=, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, accepts French terms after Jena,

ii. 443.

=Karlings, the=, the legitimacy of, ii. 325.

=Kastel=, Bertrand stationed at, iv. 54.

=Katzbach, River=, Bluecher crosses the, iv. 7;

battle of, 15.

=Kehl=, Moreau crosses the Rhine at, i. 385.

=Keith, Adm. G. K. E.=, expedition against Genoa, ii. 160;

gratitude to _N._ for favors, iv. 226;

announces the sentence of imprisonment to _N._, 226.

=Kellermann, Gen. F. C.=, defeats the allies at Valmy, i. 194;

commanding forces in the Alps, 213, 347;

plans of the Directory regarding, 363;

in Savoy, 365;

receives subsidy from _N._, 365;

proposition that he organize republics in Italy, 372.

=Kellermann, Gen. F. E.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 180, 272;

battle of Leipsic, iv. 29, 32;

transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132;

recreated marshal, 132;

in the Waterloo campaign, 172, 173, 182, 203;

battle of Quatre Bras, 182.

=Kemberg=, Bluecher's march to, iv. 22.

=Keralio, M. de=, commends _N.'s_ ability, i. 56, 57.

=Khiva=, proposed Franco-Russian expedition via, ii. 194.

=Kienmayer, Gen.=, Austrian commandant in Franconia, iii. 234.

=Kilmaine, Gen. C. J.=, watches Venice, i. 431.

="King of the French," or "King of France,"= i. 119.

=Kings=, divine right of, iv. 250.

=Kinzig=, the Austrian line at, ii. 160.

=Kinzig, River=, military operations on the, iv. 36.

=Kirchener, Gen.=, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 411.

=Klagenfurt=, capture of, i. 434;

_N._ in, 435;

invasion of the Tyrol from, iii. 234.

=Kleber, Gen. J. B.=, military successes of, i. 274;

a product of Carnot's system, 332;

service in Egypt, ii. 53 et seq.;

marches on Syria, 69;

in battle of Esdraelon, 71, 72;

at the siege of Acre, 74;

in the battle of Aboukir, 78;

appointed to chief command of army in Egypt, 80;

instructions for evacuating Egypt, 81;

protests against _N.'s_ conduct, 81;

deceived by _N._, 81;

prepares to evacuate Egypt, 143;

military genius, 189;

concludes treaty of El Arish, 189;

his admirable administration, 181;

assassination of, 181, 211;

succeeded by Menou, 181.

=Klein, Gen.=, in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 380;

Bluecher's duplicity to, 436.

=Kleist, Gen.=, in battle of Bautzen, iii. 410;

Prussian commissioner at Poischwitz, 415, 417;

battle of Kulm, iv. 15;

reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, 63;

displaced, 172.

=Klenau, Gen.=, at surrender of Mantua, i. 417;

threatens Augereau, ii. 192;

commanding under Archduke John, 188;

battle of Wagram, iii. 228;

march from Tharandt to Dresden, iv. 10.