It is necessary that patrol leaders and all patrol members
be trained in observing and reporting their observations
accurately. The leader of a patrol should have all members
of the patrol immediately signal or report any information
obtained. These reports should not be restricted to
information about the enemy, but should also include
information about the terrain, such as newly discovered
roads, trails, swamps, and streams. The leader includes
all information in the report to the officer dispatching
the patrol. (Refer to MCRP 2-15.3, _Reconnaissance Reports
Guide_, for detailed report formats.)
14001. REPORTING
The officer dispatching the patrol instructs the patrol leader on
whether and when messages are to be sent back during the patrol and
what communication means to use. Messages may be oral or written.
They must be accurate, clear, and complete. Every message should
answer the question what, where, and when. For a detailed discussion
on reporting, see paragraph 6002.
Verbal Messages
A patrol leader sending a verbal message should make it simple,
brief, and avoid using numbers and names. The messenger should
accurately repeat the message back to the patrol leader before
leaving.
Written Messages
In preparing written messages, the patrol leader must distinguish
between fact and opinion. Information about the enemy should include:
strength; armament and equipment; actions; location and direction
of movement; unit destination, if known; time enemy was observed;
and the patrol’s location when the observation was made. Use of an
overlay or sketch may often simplify the message.
Messengers
A messenger team is given exact instructions as to where to deliver
the message and the route to take. Any information obtained along
the route should be reported at the time the message is delivered.
Messengers must be given all practical assistance. If in danger of
capture, the messenger immediately destroys the message.
Radio and Signals
If the patrol is provided with a radio, a definite radio schedule
for checking in must be arranged before departure of the patrol. The
patrol leader takes every precaution to ensure that codes and copies
of messages are not captured by the enemy. If a close reconnaissance
of enemy lines is required, the radio should be left in a concealed
location at a safe distance from the enemy. Once a report is sent
by radio, the patrol should immediately leave the area to avoid the
possibility of detection by enemy locating devices. Pyrotechnics
(flares, colored smoke, grenades) and air-ground panels may also be
used by patrols for reporting information by a prearranged signal.
SALUTE Report
Information must be reported as quickly, accurately, and as
completely as possible. An established method to remember how and
what to report about the enemy is to use the acronym SALUTE:
=S=ize
=A=ctivity
=L=ocation
=U=nit
=T=ime
=E=quipment
An example of such a report is: “Seven enemy soldiers, unit unknown,
traveling SW, crossed road junction on BLACK RIDGE at 211300 August
carrying one machine gun and one rocket launcher.”
14002. CAPTURED ITEMS
Every patrol should make a practice of searching enemy casualties,
prisoners, and installations first for booby traps, then for
equipment, papers, maps, messages, orders, diaries, and codes.
Search techniques should be practiced often in order to reduce the
time exposed to potentially dangerous situations. Items found are
collected by the patrol leader and turned in with the patrol report.
The items found are marked as to time and place of capture. When
possible, captured items should be linked to a specific prisoner who
possessed the items or to the place where the items were found. When
this is done, the enemy prisoner of war tag and item tag are marked
accordingly. The patrol leader must impress upon the members of the
patrol the importance of turning in all documents and equipment.
Furthermore, the patrol leader must ensure all information gathered
by the patrol is quickly disseminated.
14003. PRISONERS
A patrol normally does not capture prisoners unless required by the
mission. If prisoners are taken, the “5S and T” rule applies. This
memory aid stands for: search, segregate, silence, speed, safeguard,
and tag.
=Search.= Prisoners are body-searched thoroughly for weapons and
documents as soon as they have been captured. This search must
include the helmet, body armor, and gas mask. These items are left
with the prisoner for protection until the patrol is completed.
Weapons, equipment, and documents are tagged and immediately sent to
the patrol leader.
=Segregate.= Prisoners are segregated into isolated groups: officers,
noncommissioned officers (NCOs), privates, deserters, and civilians.
By segregating prisoners, it makes it more difficult for leaders to
organize escapes and issue orders to subordinates.
=Silence.= Silence is essential. Do not allow prisoners to talk to
each other.
=Speed.= Speed is required in getting prisoners to the commander who
dispatched the patrol. Timely information secured from prisoners is
essential.
=Safeguard.= Prisoners are safeguarded as they are moved. They are
restrained, but not abused. If the patrol will soon reach friendly
positions, prisoners are not given cigarettes, food or water until
they have been questioned by interrogators. If the patrol will not
return to a friendly position for a lengthy time, the prisoners are
given food, water and medical aid.
=Tag.= Equipment and personal effects recovered from prisoners are
tagged so that they may later be matched back to specific individuals.
14004. PATROL REPORT
Every patrol leader makes a report when the patrol returns. Unless
otherwise directed, the report is made to the person ordering the
patrol. If the situation permits, the report is written and supported
by overlays and/or sketches. The patrol leader’s report should be a
complete account of everything of military importance observed or
encountered by the patrol while on the assigned mission. It should
include the following information:
• Size and composition of patrol.
• Tasks and purpose (mission).
• Time of departure.
• Time of return.
• Routes, out and back (show by sketch, azimuth, trace on map).
• Terrain (general description to include any man-made or natural
obstacles and critical terrain features which, if occupied by
either enemy or friendly forces, would allow them to control the
surrounding area).
• Enemy (size, activity, location, unit, time, equipment).
• Any map corrections (show on map).
• Miscellaneous information not covered elsewhere in report.
• Results of enemy encounters.
• Condition of patrol, including disposition of any dead or
wounded.
• Conclusion and recommendations.
14005. PATROL CRITIQUE
After the patrol has rested and eaten, the patrol leader should hold
a critique. Constructive criticism is made. It is an excellent time
to prepare for future patrols by going over lessons learned as a
result of the patrol.
APPENDIX A. PATROL WARNING ORDER
The warning order is issued as soon as practical with all
available information included to assist patrol members in
preparation.
1. ~Situation.~ Friendly and enemy situation information
necessary for initial preparation.
2. ~Mission.~ Statement of what the patrol is to accomplish,
and the purpose for accomplishing it. When, how, and where will be
discussed in the patrol order.
3. ~Execution~
a. ~Task Organization.~ General patrol organization and
assignment of responsibilities if known; otherwise, promulgate
in the patrol order.
b. ~Tasks.~ Alert subordinate leaders to patrol tasks (e.g.,
stream crossing, helicopter rappelling, demolitions) requiring
preparation prior to departure.
c. ~Coordinating Instructions~
(1) Time schedule and location for individual preparation,
rest, briefings, inspection, rehearsal, and departure.
(2) Time, place, uniform, and equipment for receiving the
patrol order.
(3) Tasks for subordinate leaders to direct and supervise
the initial preparation which may include drawing
ammunition, rations, and special equipment; conducting
immediate action drills or other necessary individual or
unit training; meeting and briefing attachment personnel;
reconnoitering the area for passage of lines; and
coordinating with the necessary unit leaders.
(4) Preliminary guidance to specialists and key individuals
regarding their roles and organization within the patrol.
4. ~Administration and Logistics~
a. Individual uniform, equipment, weapons, and prescribed
load of rations, water, and ammunition.
b. Crew-served weapons (if required) and guidance regarding
distribution of weapons and ammunition during movement.
c. Special equipment requirements (wire cutters,
demolitions, radios, flashlights, infrared equipment,
mines, binoculars) and their distribution during movement.
d. Restricted or prohibited items.
5. ~Command and Signal~
a. Designation of assistant patrol leader and his role in
preparation.
b. Designation of navigators and radio operators (if
required).
c. Brief outline of patrol leader’s schedule for
preparation, and where he can be reached.
APPENDIX B. PATROL ORDER
A patrol order follows a warning order. Any of the
following subjects that have been addressed in the
warning order may be omitted with the exception of the
mission statement. A patrol order is more detailed than a
5-paragraph squad order in that a great deal of attention
is given to individual duties.
The patrol order also provides orientation information,
both enemy and friendly, that impacts the patrol and enemy
forces. This information can include, but is not limited
to, weather, terrain, visibility, NBC considerations, local
population situation, terrain model and/or map orientation,
and behavior.
1. ~Situation~
a. ~Enemy Forces~
(1) Composition, disposition, and strength are based on size,
activity, location, unit, time, and equipment (SALUTE).
(2) Capabilities and limitations to defend, reinforce, attack,
withdraw, and delay (DRAW-D).
(3) Enemy’s most probable course of action.
b. ~Friendly Forces~
(1) Mission of next higher unit (task and commander’s intent).
(2) Adjacent unit missions (task and intent). Also identify
left, front, right, and rear.
c. ~Attachments and Detachments.~ (date and time effective).
2. ~Mission.~ The mission is the task to be accomplished,
and its purpose (who, what, where, when, and why). For
patrols, specify if the mission or time has priority.
3. ~Execution~
a. ~Commander’s Intent and Concept of Operations~
(1) Commander’s intent.
(2) The concept of operations tells the where, how, and who and
lays out the patrol leader’s general scheme of maneuver and
fire support plan. It outlines the following:
(a) Task organization of the patrol.
(b) Movement to the objective area, to include navigation
method.
(c) Actions in the objective area.
(d) The return movement, to include navigation method.
(e) Use of supporting forces (including illumination, if
required).
b. ~Subordinate Element Missions.~ Subordinate element
missions (task and purpose) are assigned to elements, teams,
and individuals, as required.
c. ~Coordinating Instructions.~ This paragraph contains
instructions common to two or more elements, coordinating
details, and control measures applicable to the patrol as a
whole. At a minimum, it includes--
(1) Time of assembly in the assembly area.
(2) Time of inspections and rehearsals (if not already
conducted).
(3) Time of departure and estimated time of return.
(4) Location of departure and reentry of friendly lines and the
actions associated with departure and reentry.
(5) Details on the primary and alternate routes to and from the
objective area.
(6) Details on formations and order of movement.
(7) Rally points and actions at rally points.
(8) Final preparation position and actions at this position.
(9) Objective rally point and actions at this point.
(10) Actions at danger areas.
(11) Actions in the event of enemy contact.
(12) Details on actions in the objective area not covered
elsewhere.
(13) Estimated time of patrol debriefing upon return.
4. ~Administration and Logistics~
a. Changes/additions to uniform, equipment, and prescribed loads
from that given in the warning order.
b. Instructions for handling wounded and prisoners.
5. ~Command and Signal~
a. ~Command Relationships.~ Identify key leaders and chain
of command.
b. ~Signal.~ Challenge and password, arm and hand signals,
special signals, and radio frequencies and call signs.
APPENDIX C. PATROL EVALUATION CHECKLIST
This appendix provides a comprehensive checklist of
critical patrolling steps, techniques, and procedures to
aid unit leaders to critique patrol performance during
training. Unit leaders may use the list as they observe the
performance of a patrol to provide the patrol leader with a
detailed analysis of the performance.
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Warning Order |Yes|No |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL ensure all patrol members were present before | | |
| issuing the warning order? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue a brief statement on the enemy situation? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue a brief statement on the friendly | | |
| situation? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL state the mission in a clear, positive manner? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL list all members of the patrol including | | |
| attachments? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the chain of command for the patrol covered fully? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were all members of the patrol assigned positions and duties| | |
| in particular squads and teams? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were all the necessary individual duties assigned? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL follow established principles in organizing the | | |
| patrol into squads and teams? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was each patrol member assigned a particular weapon to | | |
| carry on patrol? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL list all special equipment needed to accomplish | | |
| the mission? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was required special equipment assigned to the proper | | |
| element to carry? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL select uniform and equipment common to all based | | |
| on METT-T? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Coordination with Adjacent Units |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL coordinate with other patrols operating to the | | |
| right and left? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the route out and back coordinated? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the time of departure and return coordinated? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were call signs and frequencies coordinated? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was a signal for the FPF coordinated so as not to approach | | |
| friendly lines during this time? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Coordination With Front Line Units |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the coordinator pass the size of the patrol? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the time of departure and return coordinated? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the coordinator give a general area of operations for | | |
| the patrol? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the coordinator ask for information on known or | | |
| suspected enemy positions and/or obstacles? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the coordinator ask about information on the latest | | |
| enemy activity? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the coordinator ask for detailed information on friendly| | |
| fire support available and the unit’s barrier plan? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the location of the IRP established and coordinated? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the coordinator ask the forward unit to monitor their | | |
| patrol frequency? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the current challenge and password confirmed? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the coordinator request that all information coordinated| | |
| be passed on to any relieving unit? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Patrol Order |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=General= |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL check to ensure all patrol members were present | | |
| before issuing the patrol order? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue the patrol order in a forceful, confident | | |
| manner? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL make maximum use of available visual aids in | | |
| issuing the patrol order (i.e., terrain model, sand table, | | |
| map board, chalkboard)? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue the patrol order in correct sequence? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue the entire patrol order without allowing | | |
| interruptions by patrol members? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL adequately answer all questions asked by patrol | | |
| members? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 1a (Enemy Situation) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|A weather forecast for the period of operation? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|A description of the terrain over which the patrol was to | | |
| operate? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Identification or description of enemy units known to be in | | |
| the area of operations? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Known locations of enemy units? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Recent activity of enemy units? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Strength of enemy units in the operating area? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 1b (Friendly Situation) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Mission of the next higher unit? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Locations, missions, and planned actions of units on right | | |
| and left? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Fire support available to support the patrol (as per the | | |
| coordination)? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Missions and routes of other patrols operating in the | | |
| immediate area? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 1c (Commander’s Intent) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|All views and ideas of what the commander wants to be | | |
| accomplished? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|The final result desired by the commander? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 1c (Attachments and Detachments) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|All attachments to patrol and effective time of attachment? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|All detachments from patrol and effective time of | | |
| detachment? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 2 (Mission) include, at a minimum=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Who was to conduct the patrol? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|What the patrol was tasked to do (i.e., conduct a point | | |
| recon patrol)? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Where the action was to take place? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Why the action was to take place (i.e., the purpose)? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 3a (Commander’s Intent and Concept of | | |
| Operations) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|A complete concept of operations? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|A detailed description of the mission of elements? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|A detailed description of the mission of teams? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|A detailed description of the duties of specific individuals| | |
| (i.e., navigator,compass man, pace man, corpsman, APL)? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Time of departure and time of return? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Type of formations and order of movement to be used? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Description of the route and alternate routes(s) to include | | |
| azimuths and distances between checkpoints as a minimum? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Techniques to be used in the departure from friendly areas? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Techniques to be used for the reentry into friendly areas? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Location of the IRP and a tentative ORP, to include grid | | |
| coordinates and recognizable terrain features? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Method for designating and passing rally points? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Actions to be taken at rally points if their use became | | |
| necessary? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Actions to be taken in the event of enemy contact? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Actions to be taken at danger areas? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Complete, detailed description of actions to be taken at | | |
| the objective? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Times and locations for rehearsals and the order of | | |
| priority for rehearsals? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Times and locations for inspections and the methods of | | |
| conduct (to include uniform and equipment to be worn | | |
| and/or carried)? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Where, when, and by whom the debriefing is to be conducted? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 4 (Administration and Logistics) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Rations to be carried or reference to the warning order if | | |
| there is no change? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Arms and ammunition to be carried or reference to the | | |
| warning order if there is no change? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Uniform and equipment to be worn and carried or reference | | |
| to the warning order if there is no change? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Method for handling wounded or dead? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Method for handling prisoners? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 5a (Signal) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Complete description of all signals, code words, | | |
| frequencies, and call signs to be used within the patrol? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were signals adequate? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Radio call signs to be used? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Primary and alternate frequencies to be used? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Call signs and frequencies to be used with other units in | | |
| the area of operations (if applicable)? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Required reports to be transmitted to higher headquarters, | | |
| along with occasions for reporting? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Code words and brevity codes to be used between the patrol | | |
| and higher headquarters? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Current challenge and password to be used in friendly held | | |
| areas? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Current challenge and password to be used forward of FEBA? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did paragraph 5b (Command) include=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Chain of command or reference to the warning order if there | | |
| is no change? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Location of the PL during all stages of operation? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Location of the APL during all stages of operation? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Inspection Rehearsal |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=General= | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL adequately use the allotted inspection time? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the inspection conducted in an orderly manner? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=During the inspection, did the PL check the following=: | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Completeness and correctness of uniform? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Completeness of all equipment necessary to accomplish the | | |
| mission? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Operational condition of equipment? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Did the PL question members to ensure they knew=-- | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|The mission of the patrol? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|The concept of operations? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Their individual duties and responsibilities? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Chain of command and succession? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Duties and responsibilities of key personnel? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL utilize the rehearsal area to conform as much as | | |
| possible to area of operations? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|=Were the following major actions rehearsed=: | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Actions at the objective? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Actions at danger areas? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Actions on enemy contacts? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Departure and reentry of friendly lines? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL critique each action after it had been rehearsed?| | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were interpatrol communications and control measures checked| | |
| at rehearsal? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL maintain control of the patrol during the | | |
| rehearsal? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Movement |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL use proper formations for movement? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL adequately control the point team? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL check the compass men? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the PL aware of his position at all times? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was light and noise discipline enforced? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the rate of movement appropriate for the mission? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL make full use of pace? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL make full use of count? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was proper security maintained during movement? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL select and pass proper rallying points? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL ensure that all members knew location of rallying| | |
| points? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL properly use arm and hand signals? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL recognize and halt the patrol a safe distance | | |
| from a danger area? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|If the PL conducted a map check, did he conduct it properly | | |
| (light discipline, security, etc.) | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did designated individuals reconnoiter the far side of a | | |
| danger area properly? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were support teams emplaced properly? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL use a proper formation in crossing the danger | | |
| area? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were reports made on enemy contact and at checkpoints? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Actions on Enemy Contact |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL halt patrol a safe distance from a tentative ORP?| | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue an adequate frag order before departing to | | |
| look for a tentative ORP? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL take appropriate personnel to look for the ORP? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL select a suitable ORP? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL secure the site adequately? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the patrol occupy the ORP as stated in the patrol order | | |
| or subsequent frag order? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the patrol occupy the ORP in an orderly manner? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL maintain control of the patrol during occupation | | |
| of the ORP? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue a satisfactory contingency plan to the APL | | |
| before departing on a leader’s recon? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL take appropriate personnel on a leader’s recon? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL maintain or ensure that the patrol leader had | | |
| communications with the patrol? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the patrol avoid being detected by the enemy during the | | |
| leader’s recon? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|If contact was made, did the PL take appropriate action? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was security maintained during the leader’s recon? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL ensure the objective was kept under surveillance?| | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were appropriate orders given to surveillance teams? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|If a leader recon proved a tentative ORP unsuitable, did | | |
| the PL move the ORP? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was a satisfactory leader’s recon conducted? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the ORP move conducted in a satisfactory and orderly | | |
| manner? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|On return to the ORP, did the PL issue appropriate frag | | |
| order and allow enough time for dissemination? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
| Actions at Objective |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL issue a frag order for action at the objective? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was security emplaced prior to the teams departing from | | |
| the ORP? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL employ the terrain at the objective to the best | | |
| advantage? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was stealth maintained while moving into the objective? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL exercise positive control of squads, teams, and | | |
| individuals at the objective? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Were actions at the objective in accordance with the | | |
| details outlined in the patrol order? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the PL make use of supporting arms at the objective? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was the action at the objective successful? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was withdrawal from the objective accomplished quickly and | | |
| orderly? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did units withdraw according to the details reflected in | | |
| the patrol order? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Was reorganization at the ORP completed in an expeditious | | |
| and orderly manner? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
|Did the patrol withdraw from the ORP quickly and quietly? | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+
APPENDIX D. AMBUSH FORMATIONS
Formations discussed here are identified by names which correspond to
the general pattern formed on the ground by deployment of the assault
element.
Line Formation
The assault element is deployed generally parallel to the route of
movement of the enemy. This positions the assault element parallel
to the long axis of the killing zone and subjects the target to
heavy flanking fire. The size of the force which can be trapped in
the killing zone is limited by the area the assault element can
effectively cover. The enemy is trapped in the killing zone by
natural obstacles, mines, demolitions, and direct fires. (See fig.
D-1.)
[Illustration: Figure D-1. Line Formation (Harassing or
Destruction Ambush).]
A disadvantage of the line formation is the chance that lateral
dispersion of the target may be too great for effective coverage. The
line formation is appropriate in close terrain that restricts enemy
maneuver, and in open terrain where one flank is protected by natural
obstacles or can be protected by mines and demolitions. Similar
obstacles can be placed between the attack force and the killing zone
to provide protection from possible enemy counter attack. When an
ambush is deployed in this manner, access lanes are left so that the
enemy can be assaulted. (See fig. D-2.)
[Illustration: Figure D-2. Line Formation (Access Lanes for
Assault of Target).]
The main advantage of the line formation is its relative ease of
control under all conditions of visibility.
L Formation
[Illustration: Figure D-3. “L” Formation (Destruction Ambush).]
The “L” shaped formation is a variation of the line formation.
This formation is very flexible because it can be established on a
straight stretch of a trail or road (see fig. D-3) or at a sharp bend
in a trail or a road (See fig. D-4 on page D-2). The long side of the
assault element is parallel to the killing zone and delivers flanking
fire. The short side of the attack force is at the end of, and at
right angles to, the killing zone and delivers enfilading fire that
interlocks with fire from the long side. When appropriate, fire from
the short side can be shifted to parallel the long side if the enemy
attempts to assault or escape in the opposite direction. In addition,
the short side prevents escape and reinforcement. (See fig. D-5.)
[Illustration: Figure D-4. “L” Formation (Bend of Trail or Stream).]
[Illustration: Figure D-5. “L” Formation.]
“Z” Formation
The “Z” shaped formation is another variation of the line formation.
The assault element is deployed as in the “L” formation, but with an
additional side so that the formation resembles a “Z”. (See fig. D-6).
[Illustration: Figure D-6. “Z” Formation.]
The additional wing may serve any of the following purposes:
• To engage an enemy force attempting to relieve or
reinforce the enemy unit engaged in the kill zone.
• To seal the end of the killing zone.
• To restrict a flank.
• To prevent an envelopment.
“T” Formation
In the “T” shaped formation, the assault element is deployed across
(perpendicular to) the enemy’s route of movement so that its position
forms the crossing of a “T” at the top. (See fig. D-7.)
[Illustration: Figure D-7. “T” Formation.]
This formation can be used day or night to establish an ambush to
interdict movement through open areas that are hard to seal off.
A small force can use the “T” formation to harass, slow, and
disorganize a larger force. When the lead elements of the enemy are
engaged, they will normally attempt to maneuver right or left to
close with the ambush. Mines and other obstacles placed to the flanks
of the killing zones slow the enemy’s movements and permit the ambush
force to deliver heavy fire and withdraw without becoming decisively
engaged.
The “T” formation can be used to interdict small groups attempting
night movement across open areas. For example, the assault element
is deployed along an avenue of approach with every second man facing
the opposite direction. The attack of the enemy approaching from
either direction requires only that every second man may shift to the
opposite side of the formation. Each man fires only to his front and
only when the enemy is at a very close range. Attack is by fire only
and each man keeps the enemy under fire as long as it remains to his
front.
If the enemy attempts to escape in either direction along the killing
zone, each Marine takes the enemy under fire as the enemy comes into
the Marine’s sector of fire. The “T” formation is very effective at
halting infiltration. But it has one chief disadvantage; there is a
possibility that the ambush will engage a superior force at night
while spread out. (See fig. D-8.)
[Illustration: Figure D-8. “T” Formation (Target Approaching from
Either Direction).]
The “V” Formation
The “V” shaped formation is deployed along both sides of the enemy’s
route of movement so that it forms a “V”; care is taken to ensure
that neither group (within the “V”) fires into the other.
This formation subjects the enemy to both enfilading and interlocking
fire. The “V” formation is best suited for fairly open terrain but
can also be used in close terrain. When established in close terrain,
the legs of the “V” close in as the lead element of the enemy force
approaches the apex of the “V”, and opens fire at a close range.
Here, even more than in open terrain, all movement and fire must
be carefully coordinated and controlled to ensure that the fire of
one wing does not endanger the other wing. The wider separation of
forces makes this formation difficult to control, and there are few
sites that favor its use. Its main advantage is that it is difficult
for the enemy to detect the ambush until it is well into the killing
zone. (See figs. D-9 and D-10.)
[Illustration: Figure D-9. “V” Formation (Open Terrain).]
[Illustration: Figure D-10. “V” Formation (Close Terrain).]
Triangle Formation
The triangle is a variation of the “V” formation and can be varied in
three ways:
Closed Triangle Formation
(See fig. D-11.) The assault element is deployed in three teams,
positioned so that they form a triangle (or closed “V”). An automatic
weapon is placed at each point of the triangle and positioned so that
it can be shifted quickly to interlock with either of the others. Men
are positioned so that their sectors of fire overlap. Mortars may be
positioned inside the triangle.
[Illustration: Figure D-11. Closed Triangle Formation
(Night Ambush).]
When deployed in this manner, the triangle ambush is used to
interdict night movement through open areas. When enemy approach is
likely to be from any direction, this formation provides all-around
security, and security forces are deployed only when they can be
positioned so that if detected by an approaching enemy, they will
not compromise the ambush. Attack is by fire only, and the enemy is
allowed to approach within close range before fire is initiated.
The advantages of the closed triangle formation are ease of control,
all-around security, and the enemy can be brought under the fire of
at least two automatic weapons, regardless of the direction they
approach.
Disadvantages are that it requires a force of platoon size or larger
to reduce the danger of being overrun by an unexpectedly large force
and that one or more sides of the triangle may come under enfilade
fire. The lack of dispersion, particularly at the points, increases
the danger from enemy mortar fire.
Open Triangle Harassing Formation
This variation of the triangle ambush enables a small force to
harass, slow, and inflict heavy casualties upon a large force without
itself being decisively engaged. The assault element is deployed
in three teams, positioned so that each team becomes a corner of a
triangle containing the killing zone. (See fig. D-12.)
TARGET IS THINLY SURROUNDED. [Illustration]
FIRST TEAM OPENS FIRE.
TARGET ATTACKS. TEAM WITHDRAWS. [Illustration]
SECOND GROUP OPENS FIRE.
TARGET SHIFTS ATTACK. SECOND [Illustration]
GROUP WITHDRAWS. THIRD TEAM
OPENS FIRE.
TARGET SHIFTS ATTACK. [Illustration]
THIRD TEAM WITHDRAWS.
TARGET IS PULLED APART. [Illustration]
SUFFERS LOSSES, BUT AMBUSH
FORCES NOT DECISIVELY ENGAGED.
Figure D-12. Open Triangle Formation.
When the enemy enters the killing zone, the team to the enemy’s front
opens fire on the leading element. When the enemy counterattacks, the
group withdraws and the team on the enemy’s flank opens fire. When
this team is attacked, the team to the opposite flank opens fire.
This process is repeated until the enemy is pulled apart. Each team
reoccupies its position, if possible, and continues to inflict the
maximum damage possible without becoming decisively engaged.
Open Triangle Destruction Formation
The assault element is again deployed in three teams, positioned
so that each team is a point of the triangle, 200 to 300 meters
apart. The killing zone is the area within the triangle. The enemy is
allowed to enter the killing zone; the nearest team attacks by fire.
As the enemy attempts to maneuver or withdraw, the other teams open
fire. One or more teams, as directed, assault or maneuver to envelop
or destroy the enemy. (See fig. D-13 on page D-6.)
200-300 METERS BETWEEN TEAMS. [Illustration]
TARGET ENTERS KILLING ZONE. [Illustration]
NEAREST TEAM OPENS FIRE.
TARGET ATTEMPTS TO MANEUVER OR [Illustration]
ESCAPE. NEAREST TEAM OPENS FIRE.
EACH TEAM ATTACKS AS THE TARGET [Illustration]
ATTEMPTS TO MANEUVER OR ESCAPES.
ONE OR MORE TEAMS MAY ASSAULT [Illustration]
TO ENVELOP OR DESTROY THE
TARGET.
Figure D-13. Open Triangle Formation (Destruction Ambush).
This formation is suitable for platoon-size or larger ambush forces.
A smaller force would be in too great a danger of being overrun.
Another disadvantage is that control, in assaulting or maneuvering,
is very difficult. Very close coordination and control are necessary
to ensure that assaulting or maneuvering teams are not fired on by
another team. The ambush site must be a fairly level open area that
provides concealment around its border for the ambush force.
The Box Formation
The “box” formation is similar in purpose to the open triangle
ambush. The assault element is deployed in four teams, positioned so
that each team becomes a corner of a square or rectangle containing
the killing zone. It can be used for a harassing or destruction
ambush in the same manner as the variations of the open triangle
formation. (See figs. D-14 on page D-7 and D-15 on page D-8.)
TARGET IS THINLY SURROUNDED, [Illustration]
ONE TEAM OPENS FIRE.
TARGET ATTACKS, TEAM WITHDRAWS. [Illustration]
A REAR TEAM OPENS FIRE.
TARGET SHIFTS ATTACK. TEAM [Illustration]
WITHDRAWS. SECOND FORWARD TEAM
OPENS FIRE.
TARGET AGAIN SHIFTS ATTACK. [Illustration]
TEAM WITHDRAWS. SECOND REAR
TEAM OPENS FIRE.
TARGET ATTACKS AND IS PULLED [Illustration]
APART. SUFFERS LOSSES. AMBUSH
FORCES NOT DECISIVELY ENGAGED.
Figure D-14. Box Formation (Harassing Ambush).
200-300 METERS BETWEEN TEAMS. [Illustration]
TARGET ENTERS KILLING ZONE. [Illustration]
NEAREST TEAM OPENS FIRE.
TARGET ATTEMPTS TO MANEUVER OR [Illustration]
ESCAPE. NEAREST TEAM OPENS
FIRE.
SUCCESSIVE TEAMS ATTACK AS [Illustration]
TARGET ATTEMPTS TO MANEUVER OR
ESCAPE.
ONE OR MORE TEAMS MAY ASSAULT TO [Illustration]
ENVELOP OR DESTROY THE TARGET.
Figure D-15. Box Formation (Destruction Ambush).
APPENDIX E. ACRONYMS
A&S assault and security
CIT counterintelligence team
EOD explosive ordnance disposal
ITT interrogator-translator team
MAGTF Marine air-ground task force
MEDEVAC medical evacuation
METT-T mission, enemy, terrain and weather,
troops and support available
NBC nuclear, biological, chemical
NCO noncommissioned officer
OTL overserver-target line
RCA riot control agents
ROE rules of engagement
SMAW shoulder-launched multipurpose assault weapon
SMEAC situation, mission, execution, administration
and logistics, and command and signal
SOP standing operating procedures
SPOTREP spot report
TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures
APPENDIX F. REFERENCES
=Joint Publication (JP)=
1-02 DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
=Fleet Marine Force Manual (FMFM)=
6-5 Marine Rifle Squad (proposed MCWP 3-11.2)
=Marine Corps Warfighting Publications (MCWP)=
3-15.3 Scout Sniping (under development)
3-35.3 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)
3-41.2 Raids (under development)
=Marine Corps Reference Publications (MCRP)=
2-15.3A Reconnaissance Patrol Leader’s Planning Handbook (under
development)
2-15.3B Reconnaissance Reports Guide
3-02C Water Survival Handbook (under development, currently
exists as Fleet Marine Force Manual 0-13)
5-12A Operational Terms and Graphics
5-12C Marine Corps Supplement to the DOD Dictionary of Military
and Associated Terms
Transcriber’s Note:
Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like
this_; in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=; underlined
are surrounded by tildes, ~like this~. The case of the title for
Chapter 7 title was adjusted for consistency with remaining chapters.
Extraneous punctuation was removed; where missing or unprinted,
expected punctuation was added. Misspelled words were corrected. Line
spacing was adjusted to context. In Chapter 13 and Appendix D, some
illustrations were moved to be closer to the text that references
them.
The email address and website address provided in the 'To Our
Readers' section are no longer valid.
The following were changed:
Changed ‘deleted’ to ‘detected’ in Table 2-2.
Added word ‘a’ to ‘columns to pass a given point’ in Section 3001.
Changed ‘PI’ to ‘PL’ in Figure 11-3.
Deleted word ‘a’ from 'advantages of a motorized urban patrols’ in
Chapter 13.