Combat patrols are assigned missions that usually include
engaging the enemy. They are fighting patrols. Every combat
patrol has a secondary mission: gaining information about
the enemy and terrain. Combat patrols are employed in both
offensive and defensive combat operations and they assist
the parent unit in accomplishing its mission by inflicting
damage on the enemy; establishing and/or maintaining
contact with friendly and enemy forces; denying the enemy
access to key terrain; and probing enemy positions to
determine the nature and extent of enemy presence.
13001. TASK ORGANIZATION
A combat patrol is organized around the current structure of the
Marine rifle platoon. A combat patrol leader should use the unit’s
normal organization (fire team, squad, and platoon) in assigning
functions, patrol missions, and chain of command. Combat patrols must
be able to perform the following four basic functions en route to and
from the objective:
• Provide control.
• Provide security.
• Provide support by fire.
• Attack or assault the objective.
A rifle platoon could task-organize as a combat patrol as follows:
• Platoon headquarters (patrol headquarters).
• First squad (security).
• Second squad (support).
• Third squad (assault).
Every combat patrol must--
• Provide a control mechanism in the form of a headquarters.
• Designate a unit (a fire team or squad) to provide security
while moving en route to the objective or while at the
objective. At the objective area, this unit isolates the
objective area, secures the objective rally point, and covers
the withdrawal.
• Designate a unit to act as support. This unit provides the base
of fire in the attack or covers withdrawals or advances.
• Designate a unit(s) to conduct the attack or assault. This
unit(s) engages the enemy at the objective area by fire and
maneuver or movement. It also operates immediately in the
objective area (searching, demolition, prisoners of war, etc.).
Paragraph 9001 outlines the general organization of combat
patrols. As in the case with reconnaissance patrols, the task
organization of a combat patrol depends on the specific mission
assigned. If any special requirements are generated because of
the specific mission, the patrol is task-organized to fit the
needs of the mission.
13002. EQUIPMENT
Combat patrols are armed and equipped as necessary for accomplishing
the mission. In addition to binoculars, wire cutters, compasses, and
other equipment generally common to all patrols, it usually carries
a high proportion of automatic weapons and grenades. Communications
with higher headquarters is important as success of the mission may
depend on being able to call for supporting fires. Also, internal
radio communications with the units and teams may be useful. However,
the patrol must not be so overburdened with equipment as to impede
movement or mission accomplishment.
13003. RAID PATROLS
A raid is a surprise attack on an enemy force or installation with
the attacking force withdrawing after accomplishing its mission.
Raids destroy or capture enemy personnel or equipment, destroy
installations, or free friendly personnel who have been captured by
the enemy. Patrolling techniques are used in planning and when moving
to and from the objective. (Refer to MCWP 3-41.2, _Raids_.) Surprise,
firepower, and violence of action are the keys to a successful raid.
Patrols achieve surprise by attacking--
• When the enemy is least prepared (e.g., during periods of poor
visibility such as darkness, rain, fog, or snow).
• From an unexpected direction. (This might be accomplished by
approaching through a swamp or other seemingly impassable
terrain.)
• With concentration of firepower at critical points within the
objective.
Planning
A successful raid requires detailed planning. The leader of a combat
patrol engaged in raiding must anticipate probable situations and
decide upon definite courses of action to meet them. Rehearsals are
imperative.
A raid patrol conducts such missions as destroying an enemy outpost
or seizing prisoners from an observation post or lightly defended
position.
While preparing for the mission, the patrol leader requests fire
support required for the accomplishment of the mission. If practical,
artillery and mortars should be employed to isolate the objective to
prevent movement of enemy reinforcements into the area.
Execution
The leader’s plan must be detailed and complete. All of the
considerations outlined in chapter 11 must be covered. Patrol
formations must provide for ease of control and all-around security
while moving to and from the objective area and provide for rapid
and coordinated deployment of the various units once the objective
area is reached. The leader’s plan usually includes the encirclement
of the hostile position--either physically or by fire--in order to
isolate it during the assault.
The final simultaneous assault against the objective develops when
enemy defensive fires at the objective are suppressed by either
friendly fire superiority or surprise. The assault is covered by the
fire of the unit assigned the function of support by fire.
Grenades, SMAWs, and demolitions are most effective for clearing
bunkers.
Security units are posted to isolate the objective. The patrol leader
signals them when the withdrawal begins. As a minimum, security is on
each flank and to the rear (at the objective rally point).
Actions at the Objective
The patrol leader halts the patrol near the objective at the final
preparation position. Security is established and the leader’s
reconnaissance is made with appropriate subordinate leaders. When
the leaders return to the patrol, they confirm previous plans or
announce any changes. Movements are arranged so all units reach their
positions simultaneously. This improves the patrol’s capability for
decisive action, if prematurely detected by the enemy.
The teams of the security element move to positions to secure
the objective rally point, give early warning of enemy approach,
block avenues of approach into--and prevent enemy escape from--the
objective area. As the assault element moves into position, the
security element informs the patrol leader of all enemy activity,
firing only if detected or on the patrol leader’s order. Once the
assault element commences action, the security element prevents enemy
entry into or escape from the objective area. The security element
covers the withdrawal of the assault element (and support element, if
employed) to the objective rally point, withdrawing only upon order
or prearranged signal.
As the assault element approaches the objective, it deploys early
enough to permit immediate assault if detected by the enemy. Each
team uses stealth while moving into proper position. On command,
or if one or more of the assault element is detected and fired
upon by the enemy, the support element opens fire to neutralize
the objective, then ceases or shifts fire according to prearranged
plans and signals. As supporting fires cease or shift, the assault
element assaults the objective. Demolition, search, and other teams
are protected by the assault element while they work. On order, the
assault element withdraws to the objective rally point.
If a support element is employed, its leader deploys teams to provide
fire support for the assault element. Each member of the support
element must know the scheme of maneuver to be used by the assault
element, specific targets or areas to be neutralized by fire, and the
signals that will be employed to commence, shift, and cease fires.
The support element withdraws on order of the patrol leader. At the
objective rally point, the patrol leader quickly reorganizes the
patrol and begins the return movement to friendly lines.
13004. CONTACT PATROLS
General
Contact patrols establish and/or maintain contact to the front,
flanks or rear by--
• Establishing contact with an enemy force when the definite
location of the force is unknown.
• Maintaining contact with enemy forces through direct and/or
indirect fires, or observation.
• Avoiding decisive engagement with the enemy.
Task Organization and Equipment
Task organization and equipment depend on the known enemy situation
and anticipated enemy contact. A patrol sent out to establish contact
with an enemy force is organized, armed, and equipped to overcome
resistance of light screening forces in order to gain contact with
the main enemy force. It is not organized and equipped to engage the
main enemy forces in combat. Communication is paramount; radios must
be reliable over the entire distance covered.
Actions at the Objective
The patrol leader selects a series of objectives. Once an objective
is reached, the patrol leader initiates a planned set of actions in
order to establish and maintain contact with the enemy. These plans
and actions are guided by the missions to establish or maintain
contact--not to engage in decisive combat. Contact with the enemy is
maintained for the purposes of surveillance, applying pressure, and
preventing seizure of the initiative. If the contact patrol becomes
decisively engaged with the enemy, many of the tasks originally
assigned to the patrol cannot be accomplished, since the enemy has
seized the initiative and friendly forces are not forced to react.
13005. AMBUSH PATROLS
General
An ambush is a surprise attack from a concealed position upon a
moving or temporarily halted target. It is one of the oldest and most
effective types of military actions. Ambush patrols conduct ambushes
of enemy patrols, resupply columns, and convoys. The intent of an
ambush is to place the enemy in a dilemma where staying in the kill
zone or attempting to move out of it prove equally lethal. The ambush
may include an assault to close with and decisively engage the enemy,
or the attack may be by fire only.
Purpose of Ambushes
Ambushes are executed for the general purpose of reducing the
enemy’s overall combat effectiveness and for the specific purpose of
destroying its units. The cumulative effect of many small ambushes on
enemy units lowers enemy troop morale and harasses the enemy force as
a whole.
Destruction is the primary purpose of an ambush because loss of men
killed or captured, and loss of equipment and supplies destroyed or
captured, reduces the overall combat effectiveness of the enemy.
Harassment, though less apparent than physical damage, is a secondary
purpose of ambushes. Frequent ambushes force the enemy to divert men
from other missions to guard convoys, troop movements, and carrying
parties. When enemy patrols fail to accomplish their mission because
they are ambushed, the enemy is deprived of valuable information. A
series of successful ambushes causes the enemy to be less aggressive
and more defensive minded. His men become apprehensive, overly
cautious, reluctant to go on patrols, seek to avoid night operations,
are more subject to confusion and panic if ambushed, and in general,
decline in effectiveness.
Classification of Ambushes
A _deliberate ambush_ is one in which prior information about the
enemy permits detailed planning before the patrol departs for the
ambush site. Information needed to plan a deliberate ambush includes
the size, composition, and organization of the force to be ambushed;
how the force operates; and the time it will pass certain points or
areas. A deliberate ambush may be planned for such targets as--
• Any force if sufficient prior information is known.
• Enemy patrols that establish patterns by frequent use of the
same routes or habitually depart and re-enter their own areas at
the same point.
• Logistic columns.
• Troop movements.
An _ambush of opportunity_ is conducted when available information
does not permit detailed planning before the patrol departs. This
is the type of ambush that an infantry unit normally conducts. An
ambush of opportunity should not be confused with a hasty ambush.
An ambush of opportunity is a planned ambush; a hasty ambush is an
immediate action. In planning for an ambush of opportunity, the
patrol must be prepared to execute any of several courses of action
based on the types of targets that may be ambushed and must rehearse
prior to departure. The course of action taken is determined when the
opportunity for ambush arises.
The patrol leader may be directed to reconnoiter an area for a
suitable ambush site, set up at the site selected, and execute an
ambush against the first profitable target that appears.
The patrol may depart just after dark, move to a specific point,
observe until a designated time, ambush the first profitable target
after that time, and return before daylight.
A _hasty ambush_ is an immediate action where the patrol makes visual
contact with an enemy force and has time to establish an ambush
without being detected. The actions for a hasty ambush must be well
rehearsed and accomplished through the use of hand and arm signals
given from the patrol leader.
Types of Ambushes
There are two types of ambushes: point and area. The _point ambush_
is one where forces are deployed to attack along a single killing
zone. The _area ambush_ is one where forces are deployed as multiple
related point ambushes.
A point ambush, whether independent or part of an area ambush, is
positioned along the enemy’s expected route of approach. Formation
of the forces conducting the ambush is important because, to a great
extent, the formation determines whether a point ambush is able to
deliver the heavy volume of highly concentrated fire necessary to
isolate, trap, and destroy the enemy.
The ambush formation to be used is determined by careful
consideration of possible formations and the advantages and
disadvantages of each in relation to--
• Terrain.
• Visibility.
• Forces.
• Weapons and equipment.
• Ease or difficulty of control.
• Target to be attacked.
• Combat situation.
For a detailed discussion of ambush formation, see appendix D.
Ambush Operation Terms
The _ambush site_ is the location where an ambush is established.
The _killing zone_ is that portion of an ambush site where fires
are concentrated to trap, isolate, and destroy the target. On
little-traveled roads, an obstacle placed in a defile, in the woods,
on a bridge or on a steep upgrade can be used effectively to force
vehicles to halt, and thus render the occupants vulnerable to attack.
Antitank mines may be emplaced and the occupants of the wrecked
vehicle killed or captured while still dazed by the explosion.
A _near ambush_ is a point ambush where the attacking force is
located within reasonable assaulting distance of the killing zone (50
meters is a guide). A near ambush is most often conducted in close
terrain, such as a jungle or heavy woods.
A _far ambush_ is a point ambush where the attack force is located
beyond reasonable assaulting distance of the killing zone (beyond
50 meters is a guide). A far ambush may be more appropriate in open
terrain offering good fields of fire or when the target will be
attacked by fire only.
Factors for a Successful Ambush Patrol
There are many factors that give the ambush its best chance of
success. The ideal situation would be to position the ambush on
favorable terrain and have detailed planning completed beforehand.
The patrol leader of an ambush looks for the most favorable
terrain in which the enemy is canalized between two obstacles with
limited opportunity to attack or escape. Suitable areas include
defiles, small clearings, bends in trails, and steep grades. Dense
undergrowth adjacent to the ambush site permits observation from
concealed positions. The ambush patrol should have maximum cover and
concealment, not only for the firing positions, but for the routes
of withdrawal. The enemy should be in an area offering as little
protection from fire as possible. Favorable fields of fire include
stretches of road, trail or open ground of at least 100 meters for
machine guns and 15 meters for rifle fire and grenades. The ambush
site can be improved by constructing obstacles--such as felled trees,
wire, land mines, or booby traps--to impede the enemy.
_Planning_
A deliberate ambush or an ambush of opportunity requires thorough
planning.
A deliberate ambush plan is based on extensive knowledge of the enemy
and terrain, and is planned and rehearsed in great detail. A physical
reconnaissance of the ambush site is made during the preparation
phase and information gained is incorporated into the plan. All
likely immediate actions of the enemy when ambushed are examined.
Planned counteractions are developed and rehearsed.
In planning an ambush of opportunity, any available information on
the enemy and terrain is used. A tentative plan for the ambush that
incorporates all anticipated actions is developed and rehearsed.
However, the bulk of planning is done concurrently during the patrol
leader’s reconnaissance of the prospective ambush site. In a rapidly
developing situation, hasty ambush immediate action is employed.
The route and ambush site considerations apply to both deliberate
ambushes and ambushes of opportunity. A primary route that allows the
patrol to enter the ambush site from the rear is planned. Entering
the prospective killing zone is avoided. If the killing zone must
be entered to place mines or explosives, care is taken to remove
any tracks and signs that might alert the enemy and compromise the
ambush. If mines or explosives are to be placed on the far side of
the ambush site, or if the appearance of the site from the enemy’s
viewpoint is to be checked, a wide detour is made around the killing
zone. Care is taken to remove any tracks that might reveal the
ambush. An alternate route from the ambush site to the objective
rally point, as in other patrols, is planned.
Maps and aerial photographs are used to carefully analyze the
terrain. When possible, an on-the-ground reconnaissance of the ambush
site is made prior to occupation. Obvious ambush sites are avoided as
the element of surprise is even more difficult to achieve in these
areas. An ambush site must provide for--
• Favorable fields of fire.
• Occupation and preparation of concealed positions.
• Canalization of the target into the killing zone. (An ideal
killing zone restricts the enemy on all sides, confining him
to an area where he can be quickly and completely destroyed.
Natural obstacles, such as cliffs, streams, embankments, or
steep grades, are used whenever possible to force vehicles to
slow down. Man-made obstacles, such as barbed wire, mines, and
craters in the roads, are used to supplement natural obstacles.)
• Covered routes of withdrawal that enable the ambush force to
break contact.
• Avoidance of enemy pursuit by fire.
_Occupation of Ambush Site_
The surrounding area is searched for enemy patrols prior to
occupation of the ambush site. Ambush formations are used to
physically deploy the patrol in a manner to inflict maximum
destruction upon the enemy and to provide maximum security to the
patrol. Ambush formations are contained in appendix D.
_Positions_
The patrol is moved into the ambush site from the objective rally
point. Security is positioned first to prevent surprise while the
ambush is being established. Automatic weapons are then positioned so
each can fire along the entire killing zone. If this is not possible,
overlapping sectors of fire are provided to cover the entire killing
zone. The patrol leader then selects his position, located so he
can tell when to initiate the ambush. Riflemen and grenadiers are
positioned and sectors of fire are assigned to cover any dead space
left by the automatic weapons. The patrol leader sets a time by which
positions are to be prepared. Patrol members clear fields of fire and
prepare positions in that order, with attention to camouflage for
both.
_Suitable Objective Rally Point_
An easily located objective rally point is selected and made known to
all patrol members. The objective rally point is located far enough
from the ambush site so that it will not be overrun if the enemy
assaults the ambush. Routes of withdrawal to the objective rally
point are reconnoitered. Situation permitting, each man walks the
route he is to use and picks out checkpoints. When the ambush is to
be executed at night, each man must be able to follow his route in
the dark. After the ambush has been executed, and the search of the
killing zone completed, the patrol is withdrawn quickly but quietly,
on signal, to the objective rally point where it reorganizes for
the return march. If the ambush was not successful and the patrol
is pursued, withdrawal may be by bounds. The last group may arm
mines, previously placed along the withdrawal route, to further delay
pursuit.
_Local Security_
Security must be maintained. Security elements do not usually
participate in the initial attack, but protect the rear and flanks,
and cover the withdrawal.
_Patience_
The Marines of the ambush force must control themselves so that the
ambush is not compromised. Patience and self-discipline are exercised
by remaining still and quiet while waiting for the target to appear,
particularly if the patrol occupies the ambush site well ahead of the
arrival of the enemy. Patience is necessary so as not to alert the
enemy to the presence of the ambush.
_Surprise_
Surprise must be achieved, or the attack is not an ambush. If
complete surprise cannot be achieved, it must be so nearly complete
that the target is not aware of the ambush until too late for
effective reaction. Surprise is achieved by careful planning,
preparation, and execution so that targets are attacked when, where,
and in a way for which they are least prepared.
_Coordinated Fires_
Properly timed and delivered fires contribute heavily to the
achievement of surprise, as well as to destruction of the enemy. The
lifting or shifting of fires must be equally precise; otherwise,
the assault is delayed and the enemy has an opportunity to recover
and react. All weapons, mines, and demolitions are positioned and
all fires, including those of available artillery and mortars, are
coordinated to achieve the following results:
• Isolation of the killing zone to prevent the enemy’s escape or
reinforcement.
• Surprise delivery of a large volume of highly concentrated fires
into the killing zone.
_Control_
Close control of the patrol is maintained during movement to,
occupation of, and withdrawal from the ambush site. This is best
achieved through rehearsals and establishment and maintenance of good
communications. When the enemy approaches, the temptation to open
fire before the signal is given is resisted. The patrol leader must
effectively control all elements of the ambush force. Control is most
critical at the time the enemy approaches the killing zone. Control
measures must provide for--
• Early warning of enemy approach.
• Fire control. Withhold fire until the enemy has moved into the
killing zone, then open fire at the proper time.
• Initiation of appropriate action, if the ambush is prematurely
detected. Individual patrol members must be prepared to react if
detected by the enemy prior to the initiation of the ambush.
• Timely and orderly withdrawal of the ambush force from the
ambush site and movement to the objective rally point.
It is important to remember that an ambush patrol should have four
distinct signals: one to open fire (with an alternate signal to open
fire to be used at the same time as the primary); a signal to cease
fire or shift fire; a signal to assault or search the killing zone;
and a signal to withdraw. The signal to open fire should meet two
criteria: first, it should be the firing of a weapon that will kill
the enemy; secondly, it should be a weapon reliable in any weather
condition. A good primary signal is a Claymore mine, and an alternate
signal would be a closed bolt weapon (M16A2). Open bolt weapons
(M240G, M249) should not be relied upon to initiate an ambush.
Execution of an Ambush
The manner in which the patrol executes an ambush depends primarily
on whether the ambush’s purpose is harassment or destruction. To a
lesser degree, the execution of the ambush is determined by whether
the ambush is deliberate or an ambush of opportunity.
When the primary purpose is harassment, the patrol seals off the
area with security teams to prevent enemy reinforcement and escape.
Maximum damage is inflicted with demolitions and automatic weapons
fire. The patrol delivers a very heavy volume of fire for a short
time and withdraws quickly and quietly. The patrol avoids being seen
by the enemy.
When the primary purpose of the patrol is destruction, the area is
sealed off with security units. Maximum damage is inflicted with
demolitions, antitank weapons, and automatic weapons fire from the
support team or element. When these fires cease or shift, an assault
is launched into the killing zone with heavy fire and violence to
complete destruction. The assault unit provides security, while
designated teams search and/or capture personnel and destroy vehicles
and equipment. On the patrol leader’s command, or by prearranged
signal, all units withdraw to the objective rally point and move out
quickly.
When the patrol’s primary purpose is to obtain supplies or capture
equipment, security units seal off the area. Demolitions and weapons
are used to disable vehicles. The assault unit must use care to
ensure its fire does not damage the desired supplies or equipment.
Designated teams secure the desired items; other teams then destroy
enemy vehicles and equipment.
The most successful ambush is one where the attacker is deployed and
concealed in such a way that the enemy will unknowingly be surrounded
by fire. The usual method is for the attackers to deploy themselves
along a trail or route the enemy will travel. The enemy is permitted
to pass by the center of the attacker’s force so that the attack can
be made from the front, flank, and/or rear. One or two men are posted
well forward and to the rear along the route to prevent any enemy
from escaping. All fires should be delivered simultaneously on a
prearranged signal.
An effective method of luring the enemy is for an ambushing patrol
to cut communication or electrical wire. The patrol then deploys and
ambushes the line repair crew when it arrives. Since the line crew
may be protected by riflemen, the attackers must be careful to engage
the entire party.
Vehicles and foot personnel moving on well-established transportation
routes can sometimes be captured by altering or moving directional
signs so as to divert the enemy into an area where he can be more
readily attacked. The attack can best be accomplished at an obstacle,
such as a stream or gully, that forces the enemy to stop or slow down.
After the enemy has been ambushed and destroyed, the unit quickly
withdraws over a prearranged route to the objective rally point.
Speed is very important, since the noise of the ambush could alert
other nearby enemy units.
13006. SECURITY PATROLS
General
Security patrols are assigned missions that may or may not require
them to engage the enemy. They are used in proximity to defensive
positions, on the flanks of advancing units or in rear areas.
Purposes of security patrols are to detect infiltration by the enemy,
destroy infiltrators, and protect against surprise and ambush.
In any situation where there is a threat of attack, such as a rear
area threatened by guerrillas or a facility that is under threat of a
terrorist attack, all Marines, not just the infantry, must know how
to conduct a security patrol.
In just the offensive operations, infantry units provide security
patrols to screen their flanks, areas, and routes. Whereas, in
defensive operations, security patrols are used to prevent the enemy
from infiltrating an area, detect and destroy infiltrators, and
prevent surprise attacks. In rear areas, particularly when there is
guerrilla or terrorist threat, the requirement to conduct security
patrols increases for all Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) units
ashore, particularly aviation and combat service support units.
Task Organization and Equipment
Generally, a Marine rifle squad or similar sized organization is
considered ideal for security patrols. Communications are important
to higher headquarters so that they receive information from the
patrol; and communications are important to the patrol to request
fire support, etc. The radio the patrol carries must have the range
necessary for higher headquarters to be able to receive transmissions
from anywhere along the patrol route, and the patrol must have a
secondary means of reporting (i.e., flare signals upon contact).
Patrol Procedures
All of the procedures presented in previous sections are to be used
in security patrols.
Patrol Planning
Security patrol planning includes--
• Rehearsing prior to departing friendly lines.
• Maintaining communications.
• Support by organic weapons.
• Reinforced if necessary.
• Using varied routes and never establishing a routine pattern.
• Staying within proximity of friendly units.
Patrol Techniques
Within rear areas, an irregular pattern of patrol is established
and changed daily. Outside of friendly lines it would be prudent to
establish a definite preplanned route for the patrol, of which all
adjacent units know the route. The parent unit commander establishes
frequent checkpoints for control. If checkpoints are designated, the
patrol leader treats them as individual objectives to be searched and
cleared.
The patrol has a definite plan as to what to do if contact with enemy
is made, how to break contact, how to defend itself, and how to call
for supporting fires. It is imperative that patrol members know what
to do if they become split or separated; i.e., location of rally
points and how to be recovered.
13007. URBAN PATROLS
General
As national strategy continues to focus on regional vice global
conflicts, the Marine Corps will continue to conduct urban operations
in various operational environments. Cities and towns are often the
center of economic and political power and are therefore extremely
vulnerable to urban insurgent activities and violence. The lessons
learned from recent operations in Somalia, as well as experiences
gained by British forces in Northern Ireland, provide the foundations
of urban patrolling.
_Enemy Forces_
Enemy forces in urbanized areas range from organized military forces
to low intensity engagements with insurgents, such as terrorists
or local gangs. For Marine Corps doctrine and tactics, techniques,
and procedures (TTP) for dealing with the higher intensity threat
in urbanized areas, refer to MCWP 3-35.3, _Military Operations on
Urbanized Terrain_.
_Common Threat Tactics_
Cities provide cover and concealment for both friendly forces and
enemy forces. However, enemy forces generally find active support
only in certain areas of the town or city. The urban-based insurgent
or terrorist usually lives in a friendly community or in one where
the people are too frightened to withhold support or inform anyone
about the situation. The insurgent or terrorist normally maintains
close contact with leaders and others friendly to the cause. The
enemy will often have efficient communication and intelligence
systems, sometimes involving women and children to provide cover for
its activities.
The urban insurgent normally cannot, like his rural counterpart,
establish bases and recruit large military units. He is generally an
individual or a member of a relatively small group. He relies on the
cover afforded by the city’s populace and terrorizing them to coerce
loyalty or support.
Urbanized areas tend to give the insurgent and/or terrorist many
opportunities to initiate action and gain advantage. The normal
presence of large numbers of people in cities provides the foe an
opportunity to mass crowds quickly and manipulate demonstrations
easily. The presence of women and children during mass demonstrations
may restrict the courses of action available to friendly forces.
Major incidents stemming from overreaction or excessive use of
force by friendly forces may provide the insurgent with propaganda
material. Publicity is easily gained in an urbanized area because
major incidents can’t be completely concealed from the local
population. Insurgent successes can be exploited to discredit the
ability of host nation police, friendly forces, and the civil
government, and gain recognition for the insurgents’ cause.
The urban insurgent or terrorist can usually be expected to operate
more boldly than his rural counterpart. This is reflected in the
enemy’s tactics. A single sniper or bomber may be the norm in the
urbanized area, whereas the rural threat is generally the more
conventional ambush. In urbanized areas, explosive devices can be
easily emplaced and used effectively against large groups or select
individuals. Enemy forces may be expected to employ the following
tactics in urbanized areas:
• Using local communications, such as radio and newspapers, for
propaganda purposes.
• Disrupting industry and public services through strikes and
sabotage.
• Generating widespread disturbances designed to stretch the
resources of the security force.
• Creating incidents or massing crowds in order to lure the patrol
or reaction force into a trap.
• Provoking security forces in the hope that they may react
improperly, therefore discrediting the security force by means
of propaganda.
• Sniping at roadblocks, outposts, sentries, and patrols.
• Attacking friendly bases with rockets and mortars.
• Planting explosive devices, either against specific targets or
indiscriminately, to cause confusion and destruction, and lower
public morale and confidence.
• Using ambush patrols.
• Firing on friendly helicopters.
_Principles of Urban Patrolling_
Patrolling in an urban environment often presents conditions
considerably different and often more complex than those encountered
in rural and less inhabited areas. While the principles of
patrolling are still relevant in an urban situation, the nature of
urban patrolling has led to the development of six specific urban
patrolling principles. They are--
1. =Depth.= The restrictive, canalizing nature of urbanized terrain
usually limits a patrol’s ability to disperse laterally. To prevent
the patrol from bunching up, patrols normally maintain dispersion
along the length of a patrol formation.
2. =Mutual Support.= The positioning of units in-depth within
the patrol enables one unit to cover another unit’s movement and
facilitates immediate action during various situations. Aircraft,
vehicles, and snipers also provide good mutual support.
3. =Deception and Pattern Avoidance.= Deception and pattern avoidance
are normally a planning consideration of the headquarters directing
the entire patrolling plan. By varying patrol routes, durations,
and departure times, hostile actions commonly used against urban
patrols--such as enemy ambushes, and roadblocks--are more difficult
to plan and may be preempted.
4. =Intra-patrol Communication.= Elements of an urban patrol must
have the means to communicate with each other. Ideally, each
element will possess a radio enabling it to remain in continuous
communication that facilitates rapid response and reporting to higher
headquarters, reaction force coordination, and coordination of
actions with other patrols or fire support agencies.
5. =Establishment of a Reaction Force.= The nature of urbanized
terrain (its compartmentalization) makes urban patrols more
vulnerable to a wider range of hostile actions. The requirement for
immediate, coordinated reinforcement of a patrol is best satisfied
by employment of an established reaction force. The reaction force
requires superior mobility (relative to the enemy’s) and fire support
to be effective for this task.
6. =Three-Dimensional Threat.= Patrolling in an urban environment
requires constant attention to its three-dimensional aspect; hostile
actions can originate from rooftops, streets, subsurface levels or
combinations of all levels at once.
Classification of Urban Patrols
_Mission_
The vast majority of urban patrols are overt in nature, with their
presence readily apparent to the local populace. Most urban patrols
are combat vice reconnaissance patrols. The vast majority of urban
patrols are security patrols. However, units may be assigned
secondary tasks of reconnoitering specific or general areas along the
patrol routes.
Raids normally involve a swift penetration of an objective to secure
information, confuse the enemy or destroy installations. Raids
include a planned withdrawal upon completion of the assigned mission.
_Movement_
Means of movement are as follows:
• Dismounted: movement on foot.
• Vehicular: movement by motorized, mechanized or armored vehicle.
• Helicopterborne: movement by helicopter, however,
helicopterborne patrols will usually involve dismounted or
vehicular movement after patrol insertion.
• Combination: movement using a combination of methods.
_Task-Organization_
Units task-organize to meet the specific requirements of the mission
and situation. The Marine rifle squad is ideally suited for urban
patrolling and can easily integrate attached specialists required
by specific missions. Specialists who may accompany urban patrols
include--
• Interrogator-translator team (ITT) and counterintelligence team
(CIT) Marines.
• Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel.
• Members of host nation or allied military forces.
• Interpreters.
• Local community leaders.
• Local law enforcement officers.
• Public affairs personnel escorting media representatives.
_Dismounted Patrol Organization_
Patrols should maintain unit integrity (fire team and/or squad) in
organizing elements for an urban patrol. Similar to reconnaissance
patrols, the vulnerability of urban patrols necessitates that all
elements must provide for their own security in addition to the
combat aspect of the mission. Combined assault and security teams are
an effective method to organize for all-around security.
Urban Patrol Base Operations
Urban patrols may operate from an established patrol base that may
be located within the unit’s assigned area of operations or an area
designated for a patrol. The patrol base should be located in a
building used exclusively for this purpose. Patrol bases may also be
located within a larger site that houses other agencies, such as a
higher headquarters’ command echelon.
If located within a larger site, the patrol base will be included in
the overall facility security plan. If isolated, the patrol base must
consider the following security factors:
• External security:
◦ Barrier plan.
◦ Sentry posts.
◦ Local security patrols.
• Internal security:
◦ Covered positions for all Marines.
◦ Contingency plan for hostile actions against patrol base.
The Reaction Force
The high probability of an urban patrol becoming involved in a
hostile or volatile incident requires the establishment of a
dedicated reaction force for rapid reinforcement, support or
extraction of the patrol. Ideally, the reaction force is--
• Large enough and task-organized in a manner that it can meet and
quickly defeat the expected threat. Reaction forces are normally
tiered with a lead element (normally one-third of the unit’s
size) and a main body force (the other remaining two-thirds
of the force). Reaction force response times routinely are
determined in advance by higher headquarters.
• Ready to respond immediately.
• Motorized or mechanized and supported by close air support and
other fire support.
• Familiar with the area of operations.
• Briefed on the patrol’s plans and monitors the status of patrols
in progress.
• Task-organized to be multimission capable.
• Able to communicate with the higher headquarters, fire support
assets, patrol base, and the patrol.
• Controlled by higher headquarters, once employed.
Patrol Preparation
_Planning_
Higher headquarters will--
• Designate the area for patrol.
• Provide intelligence briefs and updates.
• Ensure liaison with allied forces and the civilian populace.
• Provide special equipment and personnel required for the mission
(scout snipers, public affairs officer, interpreters, etc.)
• Provide urban maps, photos, terrain models as required.
• Consider deception and pattern avoidance when issuing mission.
• Prescribe rules of engagement (ROE).
_Intelligence Brief_
An intelligence brief is conducted by the S-2 officer or
representative prior to a patrol conducting its mission. The brief
addresses the situation relevant to the specific patrol (e.g.,
routes, areas, updated enemy situations).
_Coordination_
Higher headquarters will effect liaison with adjacent and allied
forces, as well as civil authorities and other agencies, having
a possible effect on the patrol. The patrolling unit generally
follows the same procedures as those used during patrol planning and
execution in a jungle or forest environment.
_The Urban Patrol Order or Warning Order_
The Urban Patrol or Warning Orders use the same format and
considerations as noted in this publication for patrolling. They rely
heavily on a detailed terrain model, photographs, and subterranean
construction to ensure complete understanding of the plan.
_Rehearsals_
The limited size of the patrol base usually precludes the need for
full-scale rehearsals. Immediate action drills, such as crossing
danger areas, are rehearsed in as much detail as possible, despite
the limited available space.
_Inspections_
Initial and final inspections are conducted in the same manner as
other patrols. Attached personnel must be fully integrated into
the patrol and familiar with the plan and unit standing operating
procedures (SOPs).
Conducting an Urban Patrol
_Movement_
Individual and unit movement considerations are generally the same
as those for other patrols. However, urban environments require
consideration of additional factors. Because of these factors, an
urban patrol leader should--
• Ensure that each movement within a patrol takes place under the
observation or cover of another individual or element of the
patrol.
• Know where cover can be taken in the event of a hostile incident
or action.
• Be prepared for contact with civilians, especially children,
during the patrol and be aware that they may intentionally
attempt to distract patrol members.
• Expect the presence of vehicles (both moving and stationary)
along the patrol route.
• Expect members of the patrol to be approached by dogs and what
action to take if threatened.
_Patrol Formations_
=Squad-sized Patrols.= The need for immediate fire power outweighs
the dangers of becoming canalized. In contrast to other types of
patrols, the headquarters element of an urban patrol will normally
locate at the lead of the patrol column. This allows the patrol
leader greater flexibility through control of two combined assault
and security (A&S) teams. The leaders of these elements tactically
stagger their members on each side of the road (see fig. 13-1 on page
13-12).
A&S teams follow in trace of the headquarters element and maintain
unit integrity on separate sides of the street. One unit will remain
slightly to the rear to create a staggered interval between Marines
on either side of the street. This allows A&S teams to take lateral
routes in support of headquarters element without having to cross a
street to do so.
[Illustration:
DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT -------->
Figure 13-1. Squad-sized Dismounted Urban Patrol Formation.]
=Platoon-sized Patrols.= Squads will generally travel abreast of each
other, moving along parallel routes. The interval between squad-sized
units and/or teams is situation-dependent, but is usually between 100
and 150 meters (roughly two city blocks; this often prevents visual
contact between the units). The intent is to create less of a target
to an aggressor, yet still allow the patrol to quickly react to an
incident. Individuals within units or teams will move in a staggered
column as in a squad-sized patrol. (See figure 13-2, which is located
on page 13-13).
[Illustration:
Figure 13-2. Platoon-sized Dismounted Urban Patrol Formations.]
_Night_
Night patrols will generally be at least squad-sized and will
generally use the same formation as that for day patrols. At night,
it may be necessary to close distances between individuals or
elements to maintain control. Consideration should be given to the
use of night vision devices and thermal weapons sights.
_Navigation, Control, and Security Measures_
The patrol leader is ultimately responsible for the navigation. The
headquarters element normally functions as the base unit during
movement. The designated navigator is normally assigned from within
the headquarters element. City maps are often inaccurate or outdated;
however, when used with aerial photographs and other navigational
aids, they can be effective for urban navigation.
Checkpoints and phase lines should be related to major streets
(alleys, buildings, bridges) for easy identification. Arrival at
checkpoints and crossing of phase lines should be relayed to higher
headquarters using established brevity or codewords. A detailed
patrol overlay is issued to both the reaction force and higher
headquarters to keep them advised of routes and control measures
used. A terrain model should be maintained at higher headquarters to
aid in supervision and control of the patrol.
The use of camouflage should be limited to avoid frightening and
confusing the local populace. The often overt nature of urban patrols
may negate the need for camouflage. Patrols are sometimes deployed
to show force presence and usually move on the urban street in plain
view.
During daylight, patrols will routinely vary their rate of movement
ranging from short halts to brief periods of double-timing. The
British term for this urban patrolling technique is _hard-targeting_,
meaning it makes the patrol harder for an enemy to target. Altering
the rate of movement is intended to frustrate the enemy’s ability to
coordinate an attack or ambush against a targeted patrol.
Patrols should use short security halts, with Marines taking up
mutually supporting firing positions. Marines must always work in
pairs, ensuring mutual support. The last Marine in the element will
provide rear security, but stays in his buddy’s sight.
_Individual Tasks_
Individuals may be assigned collateral tasks performed throughout
the patrol that may increase the patrol’s situational awareness.
Individual tasks may include--
• Vehicle spotter: looks for suspicious or known insurgent
vehicles.
• Personnel spotter: observes and attempts to recognize previously
identified enemy in crowds.
• Talker: attempts to gain information from casual conversations
with the local populace. (Talkers are usually subordinate
leaders or Marines with foreign language skills.)
• Searcher: conducts physical searches of vehicles and personnel
while other patrol members provide cover and security.
• Marksman: engages point targets when the tactical situation does
not permit massed or high volume fire. Other patrol members
provide security to cover the marksman’s engagement.
_Departure of Friendly Lines_
Urban patrols must vary their departure times to prevent being
ambushed while exiting the patrol base.
Individual elements will usually depart exits at staggered times and
at different movement rates, especially where sentries cannot provide
cover. (This technique is used when the environment adjacent to the
patrol base is dangerous.)
Once an element has exited friendly lines, a short halt is conducted
in a predetermined, covered initial rally point 50 to 100 meters from
the base. This ensures all elements are in position before the patrol
continues.
Exit points, routes from the base, departure techniques, and
locations of IRPs should be varied constantly to avoid setting a
pattern. This pattern avoidance may also include using vehicles to
insert patrols away from the urban patrol base and employing empty
vehicles as part of a deception plan.
_Danger Areas_
Urban patrols may encounter hundreds of danger areas during a
single patrol. The three-dimensional threat requires keen situation
awareness by every patrol member. Many danger areas can be dealt with
simply by avoidance, while others require an adjustment of patrol
formation, movement rate, etc. In the urban environment, places to be
treated as danger areas are points that pose a major threat to the
patrol, such as local political and religious headquarters, weapons
containment areas, roads and routes that canalize movement and direct
fire, and any area with a history of repeated contact.
Near and far side rally points are designated and briefed during the
issuance of the patrol order. Squad-sized formations may use the A&S
teams to provide flank security for the headquarters element and for
each other. The headquarters element identifies the danger area and
takes up a position on the near side of intersection. Individuals
provide all-around security (see fig. 13-3 on page 13-14).
Two Marines (one from each A&S team) are designated to move through
the headquarters element and establish respective firing positions
on the near side of the danger area covering the patrol’s near side
flanks. They are followed by a second pair (again, one Marine from
each A&S team) that moves across to the far side of the danger area
and establishes respective firing positions covering the patrol’s far
side flanks (see fig. 13-4 on page 13-14).
[Illustration: DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT -------->
Figure 13-3. Approaching Danger Area.]
[Illustration: DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT -------->
Figure 13-4. Securing Flanks.]
Once near and far side flank security is established, the
headquarters element moves across to the far side of danger area (see
fig. 13-5 on page 13-15).
The remaining A&S team members then cross the danger area and join
the headquarters element on the far side (see fig. 13-6 on page
13-15).
[Illustration: Figure 13-5. HQ Element Moves Through.]
[Illustration: DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT -------->
Figure 13-6. A&S Elements Move Through.]
[Illustration: DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT -------->
Figure 13-7. Patrol Resumes Movement Along Intended Route.]
Once the trail A&S team members cross the danger area, they take
up rear security and cover the movements of the near and far side
flank security teams as they return to their positions in the patrol
formation. The near side security team should collapse back first,
followed by their far side counterparts. The patrol then resumes its
advance away from the danger area (see fig. 13-7).
Interaction with Local Populace
Urban patrols must interact with the local populace. Patrols are at
first a novelty to the civilians but can quickly become an unwelcome
intrusion. The movement of the patrol must be fast enough to prevent
the enemy from massing their fires upon it, but deliberate enough
to ensure adequate security and mutual support. Patrol members must
realize that they are usually the only Marines the local populace
will encounter and that an inappropriate gesture, comment or act
could lead to the deterioration of rapport between U.S. forces
and the general population. Marines must remember that the vast
majority of the individuals with whom they come in contact will be
noncombatants attempting to survive in trying political, economic,
and social situations.
Hostile incidents often seem to occur spontaneously, but there are
usually indications that can alert Marines to imminent danger. The
most obvious are the sudden alteration of normal routines, patterns,
and attitudes of the local populace or other unusual activity. Some
examples include--
• Observers on rooftops, in windows, etc., who are obviously
tracking the patrol.
• The unusual absence of pedestrian traffic and people on porches.
• Stores, markets or street vendors closed suddenly or without
explanation.
• Changes in civilian attitude toward patrol members.
• Unknown individuals or vehicles in the patrol area.
• Unfamiliar vehicles parked in the patrol area (possible car
bomb).
• Roadblocks.
• Children throwing rocks at patrols to possibly draw the patrol’s
attention away from a more serious danger, such as a deliberate
ambush.
• Vehicles riding unusually low due to overloading (possibly
ferrying people, weapons, explosives).
• Agitators trying to provoke an incident with patrol members.
• Absence of the usual stray dogs (dogs are adept at sensing
danger and avoiding it).
• Anti-American graffiti suddenly appearing in the patrol area.
• Pictures of enemy leaders and martyrs posted in the patrol area.
• Civilian workers failing to appear at U.S. or friendly bases.
• Normal deliveries and pick-ups conducted late or early without
reason.
• Sudden change of civilian sentiment in newspaper articles, radio
broadcasts or other media.
• Women and children leaving to live elsewhere.
Immediate Actions Upon Enemy Contact
_Reaction to Sniping_
Snipings are often executed from a single firing point, but
coordinated snipings delivered from multiple points are not uncommon.
Patrol element or team leaders should constantly try to identify
likely firing points and anticipate their own reactions to a possible
shooting. Normally, snipers in an urban environment have a detailed
withdrawal plan. Once a patrol comes into contact with a sniper, the
patrol leader must immediately assess the situation and maneuver
his patrol accordingly. The patrol’s mission, location, size, ROE,
and location of the threat often determine whether the patrol will
attempt to neutralize the targeted sniper. If the patrol leader
decides to kill or capture the sniper, he uses planned and rehearsed
immediate actions to maneuver and counter the sniper’s assault. The
goal is to kill the sniper or cut off his escape and capture him.
There are three immediate reactions to neutralizing a sniper: initial
contact, immediate follow-up, and subsequent follow-up.
=Initial Contact.= The initial contact is made when the sniper fires
the first shot. The patrol must react immediately and positively
to get behind the firing position in order to kill or capture the
gunman. The period of contact ends when the gunman is killed or
captured, or the patrol element or team leader on the scene ends it.
The following technique is the same for both squad- and platoon-sized
patrols:
• The element or team in contact attempts to identify the firing
position and maneuvers designated marksman into position to
return well-aimed and controlled fire. Other members of the
patrol take up positions to cover the marksman’s engagement.
• The patrol element or team leader in contact sends initial
contact report to the patrol leader, who notifies higher
headquarters.
• The element or team leader in contact determines appropriate
cut-off positions and relays them to flanking elements or teams.
• The patrol element or team leader in contact continues to
observe the firing point, but does not enter it due to the
possibility of booby traps. Flank elements or teams set up along
likely escape routes.
• The incident ends when either the sniper ceases fire or is
neutralized.
=Immediate Follow-Up.= Regardless of the fate of the gunman,
isolation of the firing point is necessary to prevent reinforcement
and preserve forensic evidence (scent, spent casings, etc.). If not
under fire, members of the patrol element or team cordon off the area
surrounding the firing point. Flanking elements or teams maintain
their positions and prevent civilians from entering the area. The
patrol leader moves to link-up with the element or team in contact
(if not his own), and makes an estimate of the situation. The patrol
leader sends a SPOTREP to higher headquarters.
=Subsequent Follow-Up.= The aim of the subsequent follow-up is to use
follow-on forces to clear the building of remaining resistance or to
obtain evidence that can be used to capture the gunman. The patrol
leader establishes a position where he can brief arriving units
(reaction force commander, S-2 representative, EOD personnel, etc.).
Once the arriving units have been briefed, recommendations are made
to higher headquarters via radio. No one is allowed into the cordon
without the patrol leader’s approval.
_Reaction to Becoming Decisively Engaged_
If a patrol becomes decisively engaged from numerous firing
positions, the following immediate action should be taken:
• All patrol members move to available cover and return accurate
fire on identified firing points.
• The patrol leader assesses the situation and makes a decision to
either request the reaction force or break contact.
• If the reaction force is requested, the patrol will maintain its
position until the reaction force arrives. The patrol should
use fire and maneuver to gain better tactical positioning and
support the arrival of the reaction force. When the reaction
force arrives, its commander may decide to either clear occupied
buildings or cover the patrol during its extract.
_Reaction to Bomb Threat or Discovery_
The use of command-detonated explosive devices is a common ambush
tactic employed by a terrorist or insurgent in an urban environment.
The appropriate response to a reported threat or an actual discovery
generally involves four steps (known as the four Cs)--
1. The patrol leader =CONFIRMS= the presence of the suspicious item.
2. Without touching or moving anything suspicious, patrol elements
or teams =CLEAR= the immediate danger area to a minimum of 100
meters. The area is cleared from the suspected device outward, inform
civilians as to the reason for evacuation.
3. A&S teams establish a =CORDON= to secure the cleared area. Avenues
of approach are cordoned off to keep people out and to protect EOD or
engineer personnel clearing the device. The assistant patrol leader
acts as the cordon commander and informs the patrol leader when the
cordon is secure. An effective cordon technique is to tape off the
area with engineer tape, creating both a physical and psychological
boundary.
4. =CONTROL= of the area is maintained throughout the bomb clearing
operation by the patrol leader. The patrol leader sends a report to
a superior concerning details of the device (if known) and the area
affected. The patrol leader coordinates with arriving personnel (EOD,
engineers, etc.). The patrol leader maintains communication with
the assistant patrol leader and keeps the Marines informed of the
progress of the clearing operation.
_Reaction to a Bomb Detonation_
Bombs may be used by an insurgent as a means of initiating an
ambush on mounted or dismounted patrols, in which case the actions
for decisive engagement apply. Immediate action in response to an
isolated explosion is similar to that used in reaction to a sniping
and breaks down into the same three phases:
=Initial Contact.= The patrol leader attempts to identify the likely
initiation point and sends an initial contact report to higher
headquarters. If the bomb was command-detonated, the patrol leader
sends his A&S teams deep to cut off the bombers’ escape routes. Any
casualties are moved a minimum of 100 meters from explosion and out
of the line of sight to it.
=Immediate Follow-Up.= The A&S teams may need to maneuver to
positions behind the likely initiation point to cut off escape. Once
in position, personnel checks are conducted and any suspects are
detained. The patrol leader coordinates requests for required support
(MEDEVAC, reaction force, etc.).
=Subsequent Follow-Up.= Due to the possibility of secondary
detonations, the four Cs (confirm, clear, cordon, and control) can be
conducted as in reaction to a bomb discovery or bomb threat.
_Civil Disturbances_
Urban patrols must prepare to react to spontaneous aggression by
the local populace. In many cases, civil disturbances are organized
by the enemy to draw dismounted patrols into a targeted area, or
to distract them from enemy activity occurring elsewhere. Civil
disturbances are generally divided into two categories: minor
aggressive actions, and full-scale rioting.
_Minor aggressive actions_ are activities characterized by
rock-throwing or use of devices such as Molotov cocktails and may
either be directed at the patrol or take place between different
ethnic factions of the population. Minor aggressive actions are
normally spontaneous in nature and may have minimal or limited
objectives for the insurgents.
_Full-scale rioting_ events are usually in response to another major
event or incident that may enflame the populace. Full-scale riots are
well-planned and orchestrated, with clear objectives or targets in
mind. At times, patrols will need to attempt to maintain control of
a civil disturbance situation; however, dismounted and mobile small
unit patrols should generally avoid potential flashpoints. Procedures
to handle civil disturbances are as follows:
• The patrol leader reports the incident to headquarters and
attempts to diffuse the crowd by talking to crowd leaders.
• If the patrol leader determines the size of the disturbance is
too large for the force to handle, the patrol should move away
from the disturbance to a safer, more remote covered area and
occupy positions to observe and report the situation to higher
headquarters. To prevent the patrol from being pursued by the
crowd, the patrol should move quickly and change direction,
often at road junctions, to gain distance from it.
Patrol members should maintain dispersion to create a more difficult
target. They should face the crowd at all times to see and avoid any
projectiles thrown. Individual self-discipline must be maintained
throughout the disturbance. Marines charging into the crowd or
throwing objects back at the crowd will only worsen the situation.
If pursued or trapped, the patrol leader may consider using riot
control agents (combat support, pepper gas, etc.) to disperse or
slow a crowd’s movement. The use of riot control agents must be
authorized under the established ROE. If the patrol leader believes
the situation is deteriorating beyond the patrol’s ability to control
it, the patrol leader should request the reaction force, which may be
better equipped to handle a large riot or mob.
_Break Contact_
As with patrols in rural areas, the patrol leader may be forced to
break contact as a result of decisive engagement with the enemy. On
the basis of his estimate of the situation, the patrol leader will
normally break contact in one of the following ways:
• As a patrol, with elements providing cover for movement as
defined by clock direction and distance.
• As individual units/teams taking separate routes out of the
area, then linking up at a designated rally point a safe
distance away from the engagement.
As in any contact with enemy forces, smoke may be employed to screen
movement. Fire support agencies can be utilized to suppress targets;
riot control agents can be employed to disrupt enemy movement.
Reentry of Friendly Lines
The reentry of a dismounted patrol into an urban patrol base is no
different from that of a patrol conducted in a rural area. The same
planning considerations and control methods apply.
Missions Related to Urban Patrolling
_House Calls_
House calls missions are usually part of a coordinated effort to
collect information within the area of operations. They involve
obtaining up-to-date information on particular houses and occupants.
When possible, local police should accompany patrols to do the actual
talking to the occupants. If this is not possible, a technique that
may be used by an urban patrol is--
• A&S elements move to provide cover around the target house.
• The headquarters element provides security just outside the
house.
• The patrol leader and one Marine for security enter the house,
if invited. If not invited, they talk to the occupants on
the doorstep. Patience and tact are required in requesting
information. An interpreter should be present when language
differences exist.
_Vehicle Checkpoints_
Urban terrorists or insurgents commonly use vehicles to transport
personnel, weapons, explosives, and equipment. Civilian vehicles are
often used for these purposes, creating the requirement to check as
many vehicles as possible. While permanent, fortified checkpoints
may be conducted along approaches into an urbanized area, dismounted
patrols can be employed to establish hasty vehicle checkpoints to
stop vehicles and to keep the enemy off-guard. The two common types
of vehicle checkpoints patrols establish are hasty and deliberate.
_Hasty checkpoints_ are deployed anywhere based upon the decision of
the patrol leader. Patrols must not set patterns through the frequent
use of the same sites.
_Deliberate checkpoints_ are tasked by higher headquarters to achieve
a specific purpose. Time and locations are carefully considered to
avoid setting patterns.
The general layout for a squad-sized, two-way dismounted checkpoint
is depicted in figure 13-8 on page 13-20. The technique is as follows:
• The A&S teams are positioned stealthily in blocking positions on
both sides of the road.
• Both the patrol leader and assistant patrol leader act as
“talkers” for each direction of traffic (with local police or
interrogator or translator Marines acting as interpreters) while
a two-man team from the headquarters element physically searches
the vehicles.
• Obstacles or parked vehicles may be employed to create a
staggered roadblock in center of the checkpoint to slow
approaching vehicles.
• The checkpoint location should be sited so that approaching
vehicles cannot see it until they have passed a security team,
and they have no escape route then available.
• Signs announcing the checkpoint should be displayed a safe
distance from the search area for safety to both drivers and
Marines.
• Normally higher headquarters will issue criteria that determines
which vehicles are searched, but random checks of cars should
normally be made as well. While the vehicle is being searched
the driver should accompany the searcher around the vehicle.
[Illustration:
~VEHICLE CHECKPOINT EQUIPMENT~
STOP SIGNS
BARRIERS
RADIOS AND WIRE PHONES
CONCERTINA WIRE
LIGHTS
SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT
FLEX CUFFS
MEGAPHONES
WHISTLES
DISMOUNTED SQUAD-SIZE HASTY URBAN CHECKPOINT
Figure 13-8. Dismounted Squad-sized Hasty Urban Vehicle Checkpoint.]
• Vehicle occupants should be made to exit the vehicle and then
searched. Whenever possible, women should be searched by female
police or female Marines.
• All patrol members should conduct themselves with courtesy
and politeness. If nothing is found, an apology for the
inconvenience is recommended.
• A hasty vehicle checkpoint should not be conducted any longer
than 30 minutes for security reasons.
• The ROE should dictate whether or not action should be taken
against vehicles that fail to stop at the checkpoint. Failure of
a vehicle to stop does not automatically give authorization to
fire.
_Observation Posts_
Urban observation posts are established to provide extended security,
not only for patrol bases but also for patrols operating within the
observation post’s sector of observation. Observation posts can be
established in conjunction with sniper operations and for providing
overwatch for patrols operating within their sector of observation.
Observation posts are normally positioned on dominating terrain or in
buildings outside the patrol base itself.
Insertion to the observation posts and conduct of observation may
be either overt or clandestine in nature. Overt observation posts
usually will be hardened positions to increase security. A patrol
provides cover while the observation post is being inserted. A
clandestine observation post relies on stealth of insertion and
occupation for protection. It is normally positioned in abandoned
buildings to cover sectors of observation that overt observation
posts cannot. Because of their nature, clandestine observation posts
are difficult to successfully establish and should not be manned
for an extended period of time. Orders establishing observation
posts (and patrols) must address the method of extraction as well as
actions upon compromise/attack.
_Cordon and Search_
The cordon and search mission involves isolating a predesignated area
by cordoning it off and systematically searching for enemy personnel,
weapons, supplies, explosives or communications equipment. While
large-scale cordon and search operations are planned and rehearsed
in advance and normally entail extensive coordination with local law
enforcement agencies, a squad-sized urban patrol may often conduct a
cordon and search of a point target--searching one house or building
identified by intelligence as a possible weapons cache.
The basic principle of a search of a populated area is to conduct
it with limited inconvenience to the population. The populace may
be inconvenienced to the point where they will discourage urban
guerillas or insurgents from remaining in the area, but not to the
point that they will assist the enemy as a result of the search.
Upon receiving intelligence that warrants the searching of a building
or a specific tasking from higher headquarters, A&S elements of the
patrol move to establish an inner cordon around the target building
to seal it off, with the primary intent of preventing movement out of
the targeted building.
On order, the designated reaction force deploys to establish an outer
cordon, oriented outward some distance from the inner cordon and
covering routes leading into the area in order to prevent outside
interference/reinforcement. The reaction force maintains a reserve
to reinforce either cordon or react to unfolding events (civil
disturbance in response to the operation).
Once the cordons have been established, the patrol leader, with
the assistance of local police or interpreters, informs the local
populace that a building is about to be searched, that a house curfew
is in effect (if permitted by higher headquarters), and that all
occupants should remain indoors. Occupants of the target house are
instructed to gather at a central location to stay out of the way of
the search party.
The headquarters element, having linked up with any required
assistance (explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), ITT, etc.) now acts
as the search party and accompanies local police. A female searcher
should be included in the party, if necessary.
Occupants are searched and screened first for possible enemy
personnel. Apprehended persons are evacuated as soon as possible.
The head of the household should accompany the search party
throughout the operation to be able to counter incriminating evidence
and possible accusations of theft and looting against Marines. If
possible, a prominent member of the local community should act as a
witness.
Buildings are best searched from top to bottom. Ideally, the search
is conducted with the assistance of combat engineers using mine
detectors to locate hidden arms and ammunition.
If the targeted building is empty or the occupant refuses entry,
it may be necessary to forcefully enter the premises to conduct a
search of the dwelling. If an unoccupied house containing property
is searched, arrangements should be made with the local community to
secure it until its occupants return. Unnecessary force and damage to
property should be avoided during the search.
Motorized Urban Patrols
The advantages of motorized urban patrols is their ability to
capitalize on the speed, mobility, and protection offered by various
vehicles. They may be motorized, mechanized or armored vehicles or
a combination. Generally, motorized urban patrols possess greater
combat power than dismounted patrols and can cover larger areas
faster than dismounted patrols.
The disadvantages of motorized urban patrols is that they are
restricted to roads and are vulnerable to ambush by the enemy. They
are also restricted in their ability to interact with the local
populace.
Motorized patrols are generally organized in the same manner as
dismounted patrols (see fig. 13-9). Unit integrity is maintained when
assigning personnel to specific vehicles.
The urban patrolling principles apply to motorized patrols in much
the same manner as dismounted patrols. Mutual support and depth
are achieved by maintaining constant observation between vehicles
and coordinating support with any dismounted patrols in the area.
All-around security is achieved through the use of constant
observation as well as the vehicle’s mobility and firepower. Positive
communications between units or teams are maintained through vehicle
radios. Patrol routes and speeds are varied to promote deception or
pattern avoidance.
DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER
TEAM LDR/VEHICLE CDR PATROL LDR TEAM LDR/VEHICLE CDR
GUNNER TEAM LDR/VEHICLE CDR GUNNER
A-GUNNER GUNNER A-GUNNER
A-GUNNER
A & S TEAM A HQ UNIT A & S TEAM B
[Illustration] [Illustration] [Illustration]
Figure 13-9. Organization of a Squad-sized Motorized Patrol.
The canalizing nature of streets and alleys force vehicular
patrols to use a traveling overwatch movement technique to reduce
vulnerability to ambushes. All vehicles travel at a moderate rate of
speed with the lead vehicle stopping only to investigate potential
danger areas. If vehicles must stop in danger areas, designated crew
members will dismount to provide security. The gunner will remain at
the ready and in the turret while the driver remains in the driver’s
seat with the vehicle running.
Vehicles should move at a high rate of speed only when responding to
an incident. At all other times, vehicle speed should be between 15
to 20 mph to allow for quick reaction and good observation. Distances
between vehicles should be approximately 50 meters (one half to
one city block) or such that visual contact and mutual support are
ensured. Particular care is taken at major road junctions and other
danger areas to ensure individual vehicles do not become isolated.
Vehicles with doors removed generally enhance observation and overall
security, yet expose Marines to thrown objects, theft and concealment.