HUDSON RIVER HUMPHREYS, ANDREW ATKINSON
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY HUMPHRY, OZIAS
HUE HUMUS
HUE AND CRY HUNALD
HUEHUETANANGO HU-NAN
HUELVA (province of Spain) HUNDRED
HUELVA (city) HUNDRED DAYS
HUERCAL OVERA HUNDRED YEARS' WAR
HUESCA (province of Spain) HUNGARY
HUESCA (city) HUNGER and THIRST
HUET, PIERRE DANIEL HUNGERFORD, WALTER HUNGERFORD
HUFELAND, CHRISTOPH WILHELM HUNGERFORD
HUFELAND, GOTTLIEB HUNINGEN
HUG, JOHANN LEONHARD HUNNERIC
HUGGINS, SIR WILLIAM HUNNIS, WILLIAM
HUGH, ST HUNS
HUGH HUNSDON, HENRY CAREY
HUGH CAPET HUNSTANTON
HUGH DE PUISET HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM
HUGH OF ST CHER HUNT, HENRY
HUGH OF ST VICTOR HUNT, HENRY JACKSON
HUGHES, DAVID EDWARD HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH
HUGHES, SIR EDWARD HUNT, ROBERT
HUGHES, HUGH PRICE HUNT, THOMAS STERRY
HUGHES, JOHN (English poet) HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY
HUGHES, JOHN (American divine) HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN
HUGHES, THOMAS (English dramatist) HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS
HUGHES, THOMAS (English lawyer) HUNTER, JOHN
HUGLI (channel of the Ganges) HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO
HUGLI (town of India) HUNTER, WILLIAM
HUGO, GUSTAV VON HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER
HUGO, VICTOR MARIE HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON
HUGUENOTS HUNTING
HUGUES, CLOVIS HUNTING DOG
HUICHOL HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
HUITZILOPOCHTLI HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS
HULDA HUNTINGDON (Huntingdonshire, England)
HULKE, JOHN WHITAKER HUNTINGDON (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)
HULL, ISAAC HUNTINGDONSHIRE (HUNTS)
HULL (Quebec, Canada) HUNTINGTON, DANIEL
HULL (Yorkshire, England) HUNTINGTON, FREDERIC DAN
HULL (shell) HUNTINGTON (Indiana, U.S.A.)
HULLAH, JOHN PYKE HUNTINGTON (New York, U.S.A.)
HULME, WILLIAM HUNTINGTON (West Virginia, U.S.A.)
HULS HUNTINGTOWER AND RUTHVENFIELD
HULSE, JOHN HUNTLY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
HUMACAO HUNTLY
HUMANE SOCIETY, ROYAL HUNTSMAN, BENJAMIN
HUMANISM HUNTSVILLE
HUMANITARIANS HUNYADI, JANOS
HUMAYUN HUNYADI, LASZLO
HUMBER HUNZA and NAGAR
HUMBERT, RANIERI EUGENIO HUON OF BORDEAUX
HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH ALEXANDER HUON PINE
HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON HU-PEH
HUMBUG HUPFELD, HERMANN
HUME, ALEXANDER HURD, RICHARD
HUME, DAVID HURDLE
HUME, JOSEPH HURDLE RACING
HUMILIATI HURDY-GURDY
HUMITE HURLSTONE, FREDERICK YEATES
HUMMEL, JOHANN NEPOMUK HURON (Indian tribes)
HUMMING-BIRD HURON (North American lake)
HUMMOCK HURRICANE
HUMOUR HURRY, SIR JOHN
HUMPBACK WHALE HURST, JOHN FLETCHER
HUMPERDINCK, ENGELBERT HURSTMONCEAUX
HUMPHREY, LAWRENCE
HUDSON RIVER, the principal river of New York state, and one of the most
important highways of commerce in the United States of America. It is
not a river in the truest sense of the word, but a river valley into
which the ocean water has been admitted by subsidence of the land,
transforming a large part of the valley into an inlet, and thus opening
it up to navigation.
The Hudson lies entirely in the state of New York, which it crosses in a
nearly north-and-south direction near the eastern boundary of the state.
The sources of the river are in the wildest part of the Adirondack
Mountains, in Essex county, north-eastern New York. There are a number
of small mountain streams which contribute to the headwater supply, any
one of which might be considered the main stream; but assuming the
highest collected and permanent body of water to be the true head, the
source of the Hudson is Lake Tear-of-the-Clouds, which lies near Mount
Marcy at an elevation of about 4322 ft. This small mountain stream flows
irregularly southward with a fall of 64 ft. per mile in the upper 52
miles, then, from the mouth of North Creek to the mouth of the
Sacondaga, at the rate of nearly 14 ft. per mile. In this part of its
course the Hudson has many falls and rapids, and receives a number of
mountain streams as tributaries, the largest being Indian river, Schroon
river and Sacondaga river. Below the mouth of the Sacondaga the Hudson
turns sharply and flows eastward for about 12 m., passing through the
mountains, and leaping over several falls of great height and beauty. At
Glens Falls there is a fall of about 50 ft.; and just below this, at
Sandy Hill, the river again turns abruptly, and for the rest of its
course to New York Bay flows almost due south. There are numerous falls
and rapids between Glens Falls and Troy which are used as a source of
power and are the seats of busy manufacturing plants. Several large
tributaries join this part of the river, including Batten Kill, Fish
Creek, Hoosic river and the Mohawk, which is the largest of all the
tributaries to the Hudson, and contributes more water than the main
river itself.
From Troy to the mouth of the Hudson the river is tidal, and from this
point also the river is navigable, not because of the river water
itself, but because of the low grade of the river bed by which the tide
is able to back up the water sufficiently to float good-sized boats.
From Albany, 6 m. below Troy, to the mouth of the Hudson, a distance of
145 m., there is a total fall of only 5 ft. It is this lower, tidal,
navigable portion of the Hudson that is of so much importance and
general interest. Numerous tributaries enter this part of the Hudson
from both the east and the west, the largest and most important being
the Wallkill which enters at Kingston. In general there is in this part
of the river a broad upper valley with a much narrower gorge cut in its
bottom, with its rock floor below sea level and drowned by the entrance
of the sea. Although this is true in a general way, the character of the
river valley varies greatly in detail from point to point, under the
influence of the geological structure of the enclosing rock walls.
Most of these variations may be included in a threefold division of
the lower Hudson valley. The uppermost of these extends from the
south-eastern base of the Adirondack Mountains to the northern portal
of the Highlands in Dutchess and Ulster counties. This is a lowland
region of ancient Paleozoic rocks. Into the upper portion of this
section of the river the non-tidal Hudson is depositing its load of
detritus, building a delta below Troy. This, shifted about by the
currents, has interposed an obstacle to navigation which has called
for extensive dredging and other work, for the purpose of maintaining
a navigable channel. The width of the tidal river varies somewhat,
being about 300 yds. at Albany and thence to the Highlands varying
from 300 yds. to 900 yds.
The scenery in this part of the river, though not tame, is a little
monotonous, the gently sloping hills, with the variegated colours of
wood and cultivated land, and the occasional occurrence of a town or
village being repeated, without any marked feature to break their
regularity. Thirty miles from Troy noble views begin to be obtained of
the Catskill Mountains towering up behind the west bank, the nearest
eminence at the distance of about 7 m. Along the immediate banks of
the river are great beds of clay which is extensively used in the
manufacture of brick; and the brick-burning plants and huge ice houses
are conspicuous features in the landscape. Although the river freezes
in the winter, so that ice-boating is a favourite winter sport, the
summer climate is warm enough for the cultivation of grapes and other
fruits, which is aided to a considerable extent by the influence of
the large body of water enclosed between the valley walls, which tends
to retard both early and late frosts, and thus to extend the growing
season. In addition to smaller towns and villages, there are a number
of larger towns and cities, including Hudson and Catskill, nearly
opposite each other, and farther down Kingston and the thriving city
of Poughkeepsie. Near the extreme end of this section of the Hudson
lies the city of Newburgh, a short distance below which, at Cornwall
Landing, the river enters the Highlands, the second division of the
tidal part of the Hudson and far the grandest of all.
The river enters the northern portals of the Highlands between a
series of hills whose frequently precipitous sides rise often abruptly
from the water's edge. For about 16 m. the river is bordered by
steeply rising hills, giving picturesque and striking views of great
variety. These are due to the fact that the river here is crossing a
belt of ancient crystalline rocks of moderately high relief,
comparable in geological structure to the Adirondack region. The views
in this part of the river, often compared with those along the Rhine,
are of a character in some respects unparalleled, and at several
points they have an impressiveness and surprising grandeur rarely
equalled. About 10 m. after the Highlands are entered West Point is
reached, a favourite landing-place of tourists and the seat of the
United States Military Academy, from whose grounds fine views of the
river may be had. This point is historically interesting as the seat
of Fort Putnam, now in ruins, built during the American War of
Independence, at which time a chain was stretched across the river to
prevent the passage of British ships.
The third and lowest section of the tidal part of the Hudson extends
from the lower end of the Highlands to New York Bay. This is a region
of ancient and metamorphic Paleozoic rocks on the eastern side, and
mainly Triassic rocks on the west. Because of their less resistance to
denudation, these rocks have permitted a broadening of the valley in
this part of the course. Just below Peekskill the river broadens out
to form Haverstraw Bay, at the extremity of which is the headland of
Croton Point. Below this is the wider expanse of Tappan Bay, which has
a length of 12 m. and a breadth of from 4 to 5 m., while below this
bay the river narrows to a breadth between 1 and 2 m. On Tappan Bay
stands Tarrytown, famous both historically and from its connexion with
Washington Irving, whose cottage of Sunnyside is in the vicinity. At
Piermont, where the bay ends, the range named the Palisades rises
picturesquely from the water's edge to the height of between 300 and
500 ft., extending along the west bank for about 20 m., the opposite
shore being level and dotted with hamlets, villages and towns. The
Palisades are a lava rock of the variety called trap, which has been
intruded as a sheet into the Triassic sandstones, and, on cooling, has
developed the prismatic jointing which is so much more perfectly seen
at Fingal's Cave in Scotland and Giant's Causeway in Ireland. It is
this imperfect hexagonal jointing that has given rise to the name
"palisade," applied to the range whose face fronts the lower Hudson.
At its mouth the Hudson both broadens and branches, forming a series
of islands and an excellent harbour, owing to the fact that the
sinking of the land here has permitted the sea to fill the valleys and
even to flood low divides. A submerged valley, traceable over the
continental shelf, south-east of New York, is commonly believed to
represent an earlier course of the Hudson when the land stood 2000 or
3000 ft. higher than at present, and when the inner gorge above New
York was being excavated.
Although the Hudson river has a total length of only about 300 m., and a
drainage area of but 13,370 sq. m., it has been one of the most
significant factors in the development of the United States. With an
excellent harbour at its mouth, and navigable waters leading into a
fertile interior for a distance of 150 m., it early invited exploration
and settlement. Verrazano proceeded a short distance up the Hudson in a
boat in 1524; but the first to demonstrate its extent and importance was
Henry Hudson, from whom it derives its name. He sailed above the mouth
of the Mohawk in September 1609. The Dutch later explored and settled
the valley and proceeded westward along the Mohawk. The Dutch
place-names of the region clearly show the significance of this early
use of the Hudson highway. Later, in wars, and notably in the American
War of Independence, and American War of 1812, the valley became a
region of great strategic importance. This was increased by the fact
that from the Hudson near Sandy Hill there are two low gaps into the
northern country, one along the valley occupied by Lake George, the
other into the Lake Champlain valley. The divide between this part of
the Hudson and Lake Champlain is only 147 ft. above sea level, and a
depression of the land of only 200 ft. in the region between Albany and
the St Lawrence river would convert the Hudson and Champlain valleys
into a navigable strait having a depth sufficient for the largest
vessels. Movements of armies across these gaps were noteworthy events in
the wars between the United States and the French and British; but
modern commerce has made far less significant use of this highway,
mainly because the gaps lead to a region of little economic importance,
and thence to the boundary line of a foreign country. Far more important
has been the highway westward along the Mohawk, which has cut a gap
across the mountains that has been the most useful of all the gaps
through the Appalachians. It has been useful in exploration, in war and
in commerce, the latter especially because it leads to the fertile
interior and to the waterway of the Great Lakes. By the Erie canal the
river is connected with Lake Erie, with a branch to Lake Ontario, and
other branches to smaller lakes. The Champlain canal connects the Hudson
with Lake Champlain. Although these canals are far less used than
formerly, the Hudson is still a busy highway for navigation. It is of
interest to note that it was on the Hudson that Fulton, the inventor of
steam navigation, made his first successful experiment; and that it was
along this same highway, from Albany, that one of the first successful
railways of the country was built. A railway line now runs parallel to
each bank of the Hudson, the New York Central & Hudson River on the
eastern side and the West Shore on the western side, each with
connexions to the north, east and west, and each turning westward along
the Mohawk to Buffalo. It is largely because of the importance of this
highway of commerce, by water and by rail, from the coast to the
interior, that the greatest and densest population in the United States
has gathered at the seaward end of the route in New York City, Jersey
City, Hoboken and other places on and near New York Bay, making one of
the leading industrial and commercial centres of the world.
For references to articles on the physiography of the Hudson river see
R. S. Tarr, _Physical Geography of New York State_ (New York, 1902),
pp. 184-190. For Pleistocene conditions see J. B. Woodworth, _Ancient
Water Levels of the Champlain and Hudson Valleys_ (Albany, 1905), N.Y.
State Museum, Bulletin 84. For facts concerning water supply see
_Surface Water Supply of the Hudson, Passaic, Raritan and Delaware
River Drainages_ (1907), being U.S. Geological Survey, Water Supply
Paper, No. 202. For relation between physiography and history see
chapters in E. C. Semple's _American History and its Geographic
Conditions_ (Boston, 1903); A. P. Brigham, _Geographic Influences in
American History_ (Boston, 1903), and _From Trail to Railway through
the Appalachians_ (Boston, 1907). See also E. M. Bacon, _The Hudson
River_ (New York, 1902); W. E. Verplanck and M. W. Collyer, _Sloops of
the Hudson: Sketch of the Packet and Market Sloops of the Last
Century_ (New York, 1908), D. L. Buckman, _Old Steamboat Days on the
Hudson River_ (New York, 1907), and Clifton Johnson, _The Picturesque
Hudson_ (New York, 1909). (R. S. T.)
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, or "the Governor and Company of Adventurers of
England trading into Hudson's Bay," a corporation formed for the purpose
of importing into Great Britain the furs and skins which it obtains,
chiefly by barter, from the Indians of British North America. The
trading stations of the Company are dotted over the immense region
(excluding Canada proper and Alaska), which is bounded E. and W. by the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and N. and S. by the Arctic Ocean and the
United States. From these various stations the furs are despatched in
part to posts in Hudson Bay and the coast of Labrador for transportation
to England by the Company's ships, and in part by steamboat or other
conveyances to points on the railways from whence they can be conveyed
to Montreal, St John, N.B., or other Atlantic port, for shipment to
London by Canadian Pacific Railway Company's mail ships, or other line
of steamers, to be sold at auction.
In the year 1670 Charles II. granted a charter to Prince Rupert and
seventeen other noblemen and gentlemen, incorporating them as the
"Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's
Bay," and securing to them "the sole trade and commerce of all those
seas, straits, bays, rivers, lakes, creeks and sounds, in whatsoever
latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the straits
commonly called Hudson's Straits, together with all the lands and
territories upon the countries, coasts and confines of the seas, bays,
&c., aforesaid, that are not already actually possessed by or granted
to any of our subjects, or possessed by the subjects of any other
Christian prince or state." Besides the complete lordship and entire
legislative, judicial and executive power within these vague limits
(which the Company finally agreed to accept as meaning all lands
watered by streams flowing into Hudson Bay), the corporation received
also the right to "the whole and entire trade and traffic to and from
all havens, bays, creeks, rivers, lakes and seas into which they shall
find entrance or passage by water or land out of the territories,
limits or places aforesaid." The first settlements in the country thus
granted, which was to be known as Rupert's Land, were made on James
Bay and at Churchill and Hayes rivers; but it was long before there
was any advance into the interior, for in 1749, when an unsuccessful
attempt was made in parliament to deprive the Company of its charter
on the plea of "non-user," it had only some four or five forts on the
coast, with about 120 regular employes. Although the commercial
success of the enterprise was from the first immense, great losses,
amounting before 1700 to L217,514, were inflicted on the Company by
the French, who sent several military expeditions against the forts.
After the cession of Canada to Great Britain in 1763, numbers of
fur-traders spread over that country, and into the north-western parts
of the continent, and began even to encroach on the Hudson's Bay
Company's territories. These individual speculators finally combined
into the North-West Fur Company of Montreal.
The fierce competition which at once sprang up between the companies
was marked by features which sufficiently demonstrate the advantages
of a monopoly in commercial dealings with savages, even although it is
the manifest interest of the monopolists to retard the advance of
civilization towards their hunting grounds. The Indians were
demoralized, body and soul, by the abundance of ardent spirits with
which the rival traders sought to attract them to themselves; the
supply of furs threatened soon to be exhausted by the indiscriminate
slaughter, even during the breeding season, of both male and female
animals; the worst passions of both whites and Indians were inflamed
to their fiercest (see RED RIVER SETTLEMENT). At last, in 1821, the
companies, mutually exhausted, amalgamated, obtaining a licence to
hold for 21 years the monopoly of trade in the vast regions lying to
the west and north-west of the older company's grant. In 1838 the
Hudson's Bay Company acquired the sole rights for itself, and obtained
a new licence, also for 21 years. On the expiry of this it was not
renewed, and since 1859 the district has been open to all.
The licences to trade did not of course affect the original
possessions of the Company. Under the terms of the Deed of Surrender,
dated November 19th, 1869, the Hudson's Bay Company surrendered "to
the Queen's Most Gracious Majesty, all the rights of Government, and
other rights, privileges, liberties, franchises, powers and
authorities, granted or purported to be granted to the said Government
and Company by the said recited Letters Patent of His Late Majesty
King Charles II.; and also all similar rights which may have been
exercised or assumed by the said Governor and Company in any parts of
British North America, not forming part of Rupert's Land or of Canada,
or of British Columbia, and all the lands and territories within
Rupert's Land (except and subject as in the said terms and conditions
mentioned) granted or purported to be granted to the said Governor and
Company by the said Letters Patent," subject to the terms and
conditions set out in the Deed of Surrender, including the payment to
the Company by the Canadian Government of a sum of L300,000 sterling
on the transfer of Rupert's Land to the Dominion of Canada, the
retention by the Company of its posts and stations, with a right of
selection of a block of land adjoining each post in conformity with a
schedule annexed to the Deed of Surrender; and the right to claim in
any township or district within the Fertile Belt in which land is set
out for settlement, grants of land not exceeding one-twentieth part of
the land so set out. The boundaries of the Fertile Belt were in terms
of the Deed of Surrender to be as follows:--"On the south by the
United States' boundary; on the west by the Rocky Mountains; on the
north by the northern branch of the Saskatchewan; on the east by Lake
Winnipeg, the Lake of the Woods, and the waters connecting them," and
"the Company was to be at liberty to carry on its trade without
hindrance, in its corporate capacity; and no exceptional tax was to be
placed on the Company's land, trade or servants, nor any import duty
on goods introduced by them previous to the surrender."
An Order in Council was passed confirming the terms of the Deed of
Surrender at the Court of Windsor, the 23rd of June 1870.
In 1872, in terms of the Dominion Lands Act of that year, it was
mutually agreed in regard to the one-twentieth of the lands in the
Fertile Belt reserved to the Company under the terms of the Deed of
Surrender that they should be taken as follows:--
"Whereas by article five of the terms and conditions in the Deed of
Surrender from the Hudson's Bay Company to the Crown, the said Company
is entitled to one-twentieth of the lands surveyed into Townships in a
certain portion of the territory surrendered, described and designated
as the Fertile Belt.
"And whereas by the terms of the said deed, the right to claim the
said one-twentieth is extended over the period of fifty years, and it
is provided that the lands comprising the same shall be determined by
lot, and whereas the said Company and the Government of the Dominion
have mutually agreed that with a view to an equitable distribution
throughout the territory described, of the said one-twentieth of the
lands, and in order further to simplify the setting apart thereof,
certain sections or parts of sections, alike in numbers and position
in each township throughout the said Territory, shall, as the
townships are surveyed, be set apart and designated to meet and cover
such one-twentieth:
"And whereas it is found by computation that the said one-twentieth
will be exactly met, by allotting in every fifth township two whole
sections of 640 acres each, and in all other townships one section and
three quarters of a section each, therefore--
"In every fifth Township in the said Territory; that is to say: in
those townships numbered 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and so
on in regular succession northerly from the International boundary,
the whole of sections Nos. 8 and 26, and in each and every of the
other townships the whole of section No. 8, and the south half and
north-west quarter of section 26 (except in the cases hereinafter
provided for) shall be known and designated as the lands of the said
Company."
See G. Bryce, _Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company_
(London, 1900); and A. C Laut, _Conquest of the great North-west;
being the story of the adventurers of England known as Hudson's Bay
Co._ (New York, 1909).
HUE, a town of French Indo-China, capital of Annam, on the Hue river
(Song-Huong-Giang) about 8 m. from its mouth in the China Sea. Pop.
about 42,000, of whom 240 are Europeans. The country immediately
surrounding it is flat, alluvial land, traversed by streams and canals
and largely occupied by rice fields. Beyond the plain rises a circle of
hills formed by spurs of the mountains of Annam. The official portion of
the town, fortified under French superintendence, lies on the left bank
of the river within an enclosure over 7300 yds. square. It contains the
royal palace, the houses of the native ministers and officials, the
arsenals, &c. The palace stands inside a separate enclosure. Once
forbidden ground, it is to-day open to foreigners, and the citadel is
occupied by French troops. The palace of the French resident-general and
the European quarter, opposite the citadel on the right bank of the Hue,
are connected with the citadel by an iron bridge. Important suburbs
adjoin the official town, the villages of Dong-Bo, Bo-vinh, Gia-Ho,
Kim-Long and Nam-Pho forming a sort of commercial belt around it. Glass-
and ivory-working are carried on, but otherwise industry is of only
local importance. Rice is imported by way of the river. A frequent
service of steam launches connects the town with the ports of Thuan-an,
at the mouth of the river, and Tourane, on the bay of that name. Tourane
is also united to Hue by a railway opened in 1906. In the vicinity the
chief objects of interest are the tombs of the dead kings of Annam.
HUE AND CRY, a phrase employed in English law to signify the old common
law process of pursuing a criminal with horn and voice. It was the duty
of any person aggrieved, or discovering a felony, to raise the hue and
cry,[1] and his neighbours were bound to turn out with him and assist in
the discovery of the offender. In the case of a hue and cry, all those
joining in the pursuit were justified in arresting the person pursued,
even though it turned out that he was innocent. A swift fate awaited any
one overtaken by hue and cry, if he still had about him the signs of
his guilt. If he resisted he could be cut down, while, if he submitted
to capture, his fate was decided. Although brought before a court, he
was not allowed to say anything in self-defence, nor was there any need
for accusation, indictment or appeal. Although regulated from time to
time by writs and statutes, the process of hue and cry continued to
retain its summary method of procedure, and proof was not required of a
culprit's guilt, but merely that he had been taken red-handed by hue and
cry. The various statutes relating to hue and cry were repealed in 1827
(7 and 8 Geo. IV. c. 27). The Sheriffs Act 1887, reenacting 3 Edw. I. c.
9, provides that every person in a county must be ready and apparelled
at the command of the sheriff and at the cry of the county to arrest a
felon, and in default shall on conviction be liable to a fine.
"Hue and cry" has, from its original meaning, come to be applied to a
proclamation for the capture of an offender or for the finding of stolen
goods, and to an official publication, issued for the information of the
authorities interested, in which particulars are given of offenders
"wanted," offences committed, &c.
For the early history, see Pollock and Maitland, _History of English
Law_, vol. ii.; W. Stubbs, _Select Charters_.