HOLY WELLS AND TANKS.
With the learned author of _Tom Tit Tot_ we also think with sympathy of
the worship of the saint Khwaja Khizr, who is believed by the Syrians
to have caused water to flow in the Sabbati fountain in northern Syria
and who is ranked among the prophets by the Mahomedans and recognised by
the Hindus as a patron saint of boatmen, his Moslem name being Hinduised
into Râjâ Kidar or Kawaj or Pir Badra. He is, however, most widely
known as the patron saint of the water of immortality. When the great
Sikandar, Alexander of Macedon, went in quest of the blessed waters,
Khizr accompanied him, as a guide, to Zulmat, the region of darkness,
where the spring of the water of immortality was believed to exist. When
they reached Zulmat, Khizr said that only 12 persons should enter that
region on 12 mares and that each mare’s colt should be tied outside so
that should any one lose his way, the mare on which he rode might lead
him back to the starting point, following the direction from which she
would hear the neighing of her colt. This course was followed. According
to one account, the party succeeded in reaching the coveted spring. Khizr
drank from it first and then asked Sikandar to drink as much as he liked.
The conqueror of the East, however, stood still. He saw before him some
very aged birds in a pitiable condition, longing for death and muttering
_maut, maut, maut_, death, death, death! Death, however, would not come
to them as they had tasted the water of immortality. This was enough to
unnerve Alexander and he turned back without tasting the water. According
to another tradition, Khizr slipped away in the region of darkness, went
alone to the spring and drank from it. Alexander and his comrades lost
their way and were only able to emerge from the darkness with the help of
their mares who instinctively followed the direction whence they heard
the neighing of their colts.
In India the fish is believed to be the vehicle of Khwaja Khizr. Its
image is therefore painted over the doors of Hindus and Mahomedans
in Northern India and it became the family crest of one of the royal
families of Oudh. When a Mahomedan lad is shaved for the first time,
a prayer is offered to the saint and a little boat is launched in his
honour in a tank or river. The Hindus as well as the Mahomedans in Upper
India invoke his help when their boats go adrift and they worship him
by burning lamps and by setting afloat on a village pond a little raft
of grass with a lighted lamp placed upon it. A Mahomedan friend who has
often taken part in this ceremony which is known as _Khwaja Saheb ka
Dalya_, has favoured me with the following description of it: “On the
evening of the ceremony people congregate by the side of the river and
bring with them a quantity of _dalya_, a confection of wheat, and a tiny
boat prepared for the occasion. They then light a _diva_ or ghee lamp,
and place it by the side of the _dalya_, which is then consecrated in
the name of Khwaja Khizr by reading _Fatiha_ over it. A portion of the
confection is then placed in the boat which is launched in the river
with the small lamp in it. The remaining portion is distributed amongst
friends and relations and the poor.”
As a rule the Mahomedans do not worship water. They, however, hold the
well Zumzum in Mecca in great veneration. It is believed that this
single well supplies water to the whole city and that its water comes
up bubbling on occasions of religious fervour. The water of the well is
also credited with miraculous properties and on their return from the
pilgrimage to the holy city almost all the Hajis (pilgrims) bring home
the water of Zumzum in small tins and distribute it amongst friends who
use it as a cure for several diseases and also sprinkle it on the sheet
covering the dead.
No other holy well attracts the followers of Islam, but for the Hindus
the number of such places of pilgrimage is legion. Particularly do they
flock in numbers to the sacred rivers which are regarded as the dwelling
places of some of the most benevolent deities. In Northern India the
Ganges and the Jumna are known as “Ganga Mâi”, or Mother Ganges, and
“Jumnaji” or Lady Jumna. Foremost in the rank of the holy rivers is
the Ganges, which, like other rivers, is specially sacred at certain
auspicious conjunctions of the planets when crowds of people are seen
bathing on her banks. This sanctity is shared by several towns along the
shores of the river such as Hardwar, Bithur, Allahabad, Benares and Ganga
Sagar. No less sacred is the Godavari, believed to be the site of the
hermitage of Gautama. When the planet _Brihaspati_ (Jupiter) enters the
_Sinha Rashi_ (the constellation of Leo), a phenomenon which takes place
once in twelve years, the holy Ganges goes to the Godavari and remains
there for one year and during that year all the gods bathe in this river.
Hence the pilgrimage of thousands of Hindus to Nasik to offer prayers
to the Godavari. A pilgrimage similar to this is common in Russia.
There, an annual ceremony of blessing the waters of the Neva is usually
performed in the presence of the Czar.[19] Multitudes flock to the site
and struggle for some of the newly blessed water with which they cross
themselves and sprinkle their clothes.
In his “Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India” Crooke observes
that many of the holy wells in Northern India are connected with the
wanderings of Rama and Sita after their exile from Ayodhya. Sita’s
kitchen (_Sita ki rasoi_) is shown in various places, as at Kanauj and
Deoriya in the Allahabad District. Her well is on the Bindhachal hill
in Mirzapur, and is a famous resort of pilgrims. There is another near
Monghyr and a third in the Sultanpur District in Oudh. The Monghyr
well has been invested with a special legend. Sita was suspected of
faithlessness during her captivity in the kingdom of Ravana. She threw
herself into a pit filled with fire, where the hot spring now flows,
and came out purified. When Dr. Buchanan visited the place, he heard a
new story in connection with it. Shortly before, it was said, the water
became so cool as to allow bathing in it. The Governor prohibited the
practice as it made the water so dirty that Europeans could not drink it.
“But on the very day when the bricklayers began to build a wall in order
to exclude the bathers, the water became so hot that no one could dare
to touch it, so that the precaution being unnecessary, the work of the
infidels was abandoned.”[20]
A bath in the waters of wells is believed to have the same efficacy for
expiating sin as a bath in the holy rivers. This belief rests on the
theory that springs and rivers flow under the agency of an indwelling
spirit which is generally benignant and that bathing brings the sinner
into communion with the spirit and purifies him in the moral more than in
the physical sense. It is believed that even the dead are benefited by
such ceremonies.
A very typical case of the efficacy of such religious baths is that of
King Trisanku, who had committed three deadly sins. According to one
story he tried to win his way to heaven by a great sacrifice which his
priest, Vashishtha, declined to perform. According to another account he
ran away with the wife of a citizen, and killed in a time of famine the
wondrous cow of Vashishtha. Another story accused him of having married
his step-mother. After he had been sufficiently chastised, the saint
Viswamitra took pity on him and having collected water from all the
sacred places in the world, washed him clean of all offences.
The Brahmins also wash themselves of sins with the washing of their
sacred thread every year, with a ceremony of sprinkling of water and
cow’s urine. This ceremony is known as Shrávani amongst the Marathas and
Mārjan Vidhi amongst the Gujeratis.
It would be impossible to enumerate the numerous sacred wells of India. A
few instances may, however, be cited from the _Folklore Notes of Gujarat_.
Six miles to the east of Dwarka there is a _kund_ called Pind tarak,
where many persons go to perform the _Shrâddha_ and the _Nârâyan-bali_
ceremonies. They first bathe in the _kund_; then, with its water, they
prepare pindas, and place them in a metal dish; red lac is applied to the
pindas, and a piece of cotton thread wound round them; the metal dish
being then dipped in the _kund_, when the _pindas_, instead of sinking,
are said to remain floating on the water. The process is believed to
earn a good status for the spirits of departed ancestors in heaven. It
is further said that physical ailments brought on by the _avagati_,
degradation or fallen condition, of ancestors in the other world, are
remedied by the performance of _Shrâddha_ on this _kund_.
The Damodar _kund_ is situated near Junagadh. It is said that if the
bones of a deceased person remaining unburnt after cremation are dipped
in this _kund_, his soul obtains _moksha_ or final emancipation.
There is a _vav_ or reservoir on Mount Girnar, known as Rasakupika-vav.
It is believed that the body of a person bathing in it becomes as hard
as marble, and that if a piece of stone or iron is dipped in the _vav_,
it is instantly transformed into gold. But the _vav_ is only visible to
saints and sages who are gifted with a supernatural vision.
Kashipuri (Benares) contains a _vav_ called Gnyan-vav, in which there is
an image of Vishweshwar (the Lord of the Universe, _i.e._, Shiva). A bath
in the water from this _vav_ is believed to confer upon a person the gift
of divine knowledge.
[Illustration: Ganga Mâi.]
[Illustration: Marjan Vidhi: Washing away of sins with the changing of
the Sacred Thread.]
In the village of Chunval, a few miles to the north of Viramgam, there
is a _kund_ known as Loteshwar, near which stands a pipal tree. Persons
possessed by ghosts or devils are freed from possession by pouring water
at the foot of the tree and taking turns round it, remaining silent the
while.
There is a _kund_ called Zelāka near Zinzuvadá with a temple of Naleshwar
Māhadev near it. The _kund_ is said to have been built at the time of
King Nala. It is believed locally that every year, on the 15th day of
the bright half of Bhādrapad, the holy Ganges visits the _kund_ by an
underground route. A great fair is held there on that day, when people
bathe in the _kund_ and give alms to the poor. There is also another
_kund_ close by, known as Bholava, where the river Saraswati is believed
to have halted and manifested herself on her way to the sea.
In Bhadakon near Chuda there is a _kund_ called Garigavo. The place is
celebrated as the spot of the hermitage of the sage Bhrigu and a fair is
held there annually on the last day of _Bhādrapad_.
Persons anxious to attain heaven bathe in the Mrigi _kund_ on Mount
Girnar; and a bath in the Revati _kund_, which is in the same place,
confers male issue on the bather. There is also a _kund_ of the shape of
an elephant’s footprint _Pagahein_ on Mount Girnar. It never empties and
is held most sacred by pilgrims. People bathe in the Gomati _kund_ near
Dwarka and take a little of the earth from its bed for the purification
of their souls. In the village of Babera, Babhruvāhan the son of Arjun is
said to have constructed several _kunds_, all of which are believed to be
holy.
A man is said to be released from re-birth if he takes a bath in the
_kund_ named Katkale-tirtha near Nasik.
A pond near Khapoli in the Kolaba district is held very sacred. The
following story is related in connection with it. The villagers say
that the water nymphs in the pond used to provide pots for marriage
festivities if a written application was made to them a day previous to
the wedding. The pots were, however, required to be returned within a
limited time. Once a man failed to comply with this condition and the
nymphs have ceased to lend pots.
The nymphs of a pond at Varsai in the Kolaba district were also believed
to lend pots on festive occasions. Persons held unclean, _e.g._, women in
their menstrual period, are not allowed to touch it. Similarly, a pool at
Pushkar in Northern India turns red if the shadow of a woman during the
period falls upon it.
There are seven sacred ponds at Nirmal in the Thana district, forming a
large lake. These ponds are said to have been formed from the blood of
the demon Vimalsur.
There are sacred pools of hot water in the Vaitarna river in the Thana
district, in which people bathe on the 13th day of the dark half of
_chaitra_.
At Shahapur there is a holy spring of hot water under a _pipal_ tree,
called Ganga.
It is held holy to bathe in the _kunds_ that are situated in the rivers
Jansa and Banganga.
The Manikarnika well at Benares was produced by an ear-ring of Shiva
falling into it. If one drinks its water, it brings wisdom. The water of
the Jânavâpi well in Benares also possesses the same property.[21]
At Sarkuhiya in the Basti district there is a well where Buddha struck
the ground with his arrow and brought forth water just as Moses did from
the rock.
Crooke says that he was shown a well in the Muzaffarnagar district into
which a Faqir once spat, which for a long time after the visit of the
holy man ran with excellent milk. The supply had, however, ceased before
the visit.
A bath in the Man-sarovar near Bahucharaji is said to cause the wishes
of the bather to be fulfilled. There is a local tradition that a Rajput
woman was turned into a male Rajput of the Solanki class by a bath in its
waters.
The cult of the bath for the purification of the soul is not confined to
India and the Indian people. It was also widespread amongst the European
people and prevails even to-day on the Continent. We have already seen
that water-worship flourished in Europe before the advent of Christianity
and that the new faith though antagonistic to it in principle was
considerably tolerant in practice. It is not surprising, therefore, that
the old practice should, with a varnish of Christianity, survive up to
the present day. In an article contributed not long ago to the _Good
Words_ magazine, Mr. Colin Bennett observed: “Of all the remnants of
ancient pagan worship that which is dying hardest, or more probably has
not started to die at all, is the veneration of holy wells and belief in
their miraculous properties.”
In the year 1893 was published _The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells
of England_, including Rivers, Lakes, Fountains and Springs, by R. C.
Hope. Unfortunately, I have not been able to obtain a copy of this book,
but from the reviews of the work that appeared in the _Academy_ and in
the _Athenæum_ in August 1893, one gathers that although confessedly
imperfect Mr. Hope’s catalogue gives 129 names of saints in whose
honour English wells have been dedicated. The reviewers give additional
instances and point out that if inquiries were made, many more such wells
would be discovered. From the list it appears that with the exception
of Virgin Mary, who has 29 wells, and all Saints to whom 33 wells are
dedicated, wells under the patronage of St. Helen are the most numerous.
St. Helen was very popular in England, partly as being the mother of
Constantine, the First Christian Emperor, and partly because two English
cities, York and Colchester, claimed her as a native. The reviewer of
Mr. Hope’s work in the _Athenæum_ suggested a third reason also for her
popularity. She discovered what was reputed to be the holy cross, hence
in many parts of England May 3rd, the festival of “The Invention of the
Cross”, was called “St. Helen’s Day in Spring”, and became an important
day in village affairs. Menor court rolls bear witness, says the writer,
that on that day commons were thrown open for the pasturage of cattle,
and occupiers of land adjoining rivers well knew that it was the last day
for repairing their banks.
An interesting chapter on Holy Wells is also given in _Knowlson’s Origins
of Popular Superstitions_. On a little island near the centre of Lough
Fine there used to be a place for pilgrims anxious to get rid of their
sins, the journey over the water being an important part of the business.
In Scotland (Tullie Beltane) there is a Druid temple of eight up-right
stones. Some distance away is another temple, and near it a well still
held in great veneration, says a writer in the _Gentleman’s Magazine
(1811)_. “On Beltane morning superstitious people go to this well and
drink of it; then they make a procession round it nine times; after
this they in like manner go round the temple. So deep-rooted is this
heathenish superstition in the minds of many who reckon themselves good
Protestants, that they will not neglect these rites even when Beltane
falls on a Sabbath.”
Thomas Quiller-Couch took a deep interest in the holy wells of Cornwall.
He visited many of them and the notes taken by him he intended to weave
into a volume illustrative of their history and the superstitions
which had gathered around them. Unfortunately the intention could not
be carried out during his lifetime, but with the help of these notes
a volume was subsequently published on the _Ancient and Holy Wells of
Cornwall_ by M. and L. Quiller-Couch. This volume is not obtainable in
Bombay and in this case also I owe my information concerning the work
to the review which appeared in the _Athenæum_ of 10th August 1895.
During a pilgrimage of several months’ duration the joint authors were
able to discover more than ninety of such wells. From the account given
by the authors it would seem that the Cornish wells are rarely haunted
by spirits of any kind. They are holy, and cure all kinds of sickness,
madness included. They also tell us of the future, provided proper rites
are observed, and we may secure good fortune by dropping a pin or a small
coin into the water.
Major-General Forlong cites St. Peter’s well at Houston in Renfrewshire,
St. Ninian’s well at Stirling with its vaulted cell, St. Catherine’s
well at Liberton, St. Michael’s well near the Linlithgow cathedral,
and the well of Loch _Maree_ as some of the examples. Another sacred
well is St. Mungo’s over which the Glasgow cathedral stands. In Ireland
“we everywhere find peasants kneeling at sacred wells.” Of the well of
St. Margaret under the black precipitous cliffs of Edinburgh Castle
Major-General Forlong says that it is exactly such a spot as he had seen
in Central India, “where pious persons precipitated themselves from the
rock to please Siva or Kali.”[22]