Governor of Fezzan.]
[Footnote 589: This was a present to Warrington from the Bashaw of
Tripoli and was worth $1,000. It appears to have been rather a white
elephant, for in one letter Warrington hints to Horton that he would
like to present it to him. Presumably Horton intimated he had no use for
it.]
[Footnote 590: In charge of Hillman.]
[Footnote 591: Paid to secure and retain the goodwill of the ruler of
Tripoli. Without this the Mission could not have succeeded.]
[Footnote 592: Drawn but not expended. Warrington’s arithmetic is
obscure.]
APPENDIX XVI
BREEDS AND VARIETIES OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOATS[593]
COLOURS
_Cattle._
White ox or cow bida
Coal-black balle (_Koiyam_, kolliu)
Black and white yāmi (_Shuwa_, yabbe)
Red hamra
Yellow ole
Strawberry roan boni
White belly saje
Deep red mera
Dapple grey bage
_Goats._
White bullam, ke̥ri
Coal-black tselimma
Lightish black keara
Black and white kari
White with black neck mallam
White and red bururu, tosuno
Dapple grey kurguma
_Sheep_
White bida
Coal-black billa
White with black ears batinge
White bellied kordi
Speckled ngangala
Half white and half red or black wuda
Big ears and head bellani
White with black neck balo
Chestnut ke̥ngar
White tail and stern dubulu
BREEDS
_Cattle._
Bare—Big-horned Bornu cattle, no hump; derived from Arabic Bahr =
water, because these cattle came from Chad.
Kuri—Ditto: name of tribe living in Chad.
Wadare—Small (wada = dwarf) humped, short-horned.
Jawai—Very small, short-legged, from Mandara.
Abore—Spreading horned, humped Fulani cattle.
_Sheep._
Wagare—Large Bornu sheep.
Bellani—Big-headed, big-eared.
Wuda—Short-haired Asben sheep.
Yeriram—Long-haired sheep from the North: wool is manufactured.
_Goats._
Kani Ke̥nji—Common Bornu goat.
Kani Tukshi—Long-haired goat.
Kani Musgu—Small, short-legged pagan goat.
NOTE. On p. 193 of the Appendix to Denham’s book, first edition, it is
recorded that he brought home a pair of ox-horns measuring 42½ inches in
length and 23¼ inches in circumference.
[Footnote 593: Cf. Note [349], and vid. ‘List of Authorities’ under
Dechambre.]
APPENDIX XVII
NOTE ON PORTRAITS OF TRAVELLERS AND AUTHORS
WHO HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT BORNU
BARTH (in a frock-coat) in Petermann’s _Account of the Progress of the
Expedition to Central Africa_, reproduced in Joseph Chavanne, _Die
Sahara_, Wien, 1879, and in E. Schauenburg, _Reisen in Central-Afrika_,
There is a later photo of Barth in Gustav von Schubert’s _Heinrich
Barth_, 1897, and also one in Cust’s _Modern Languages of Africa_. The
Royal Geographical Society of London have a photograph of him, full
face, wearing his orders.
BEURMANN. I have not been able to trace any portrait.
CLAPPERTON. The frontispiece to the account of his second expedition is
a reproduction of a very fine portrait, painted by Gildon Manton,
engraved by Edward Finden. The same portrait is reproduced in the four-
volume edition of Denham, in Chavanne, and in Schauenburg.
Sir H. H. Johnston in his _Pioneers in West Africa_ states that the
original is now in the National Portrait Gallery. This is a mistake. The
original appears to have been painted in duplicate. One is in the
possession of John Murray, Esq., of 50 A Albemarle Street, whose firm
published Clapperton’s book, and the other belongs to Col. J. K.
Stewart-Mackenzie of Seaforth, Brahan Castle, Ross-shire. Col. Stewart-
Mackenzie is the present representative of the Seaforth family, and from
a note under a woodcut, on p. 7 of the _London Literary Gazette and
Journal of Belles-Lettres_ for 1829, it appears that the portrait was
painted for Lady Seaforth, mother of Clapperton’s friend Mackenzie, vid.
p. 340 of the present work. A portrait of this Mackenzie by Raeburn is
also in the possession of Col. Stewart-Mackenzie.
Mr. Murray’s portrait shows Clapperton as sandy-haired and of a pallid,
almost ghastly, complexion—perhaps a result of his African experiences.
This same portrait was reproduced in _Scribner’s Magazine_ for 1891,
vol. ix, p. 186. A small copy of it in oils on wood, about 12 inches
square, is in the possession of the Royal Geographical Society. A label
on the back of it states that it was exhibited in 1905 at the Naval,
Shipping, and Fisheries Exhibition, but I have not been able to trace
how it came into the Society’s possession or when it was executed.
DENHAM. A portrait painted by T. Phillips and engraved by E. Finden
(exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1826) appears in the four-volume
edition (1831) of Denham’s book, but not in the earlier editions; this
portrait shows him bare-headed and wearing a burnous. There is a print
of it in the Reference Department of the National Portrait Gallery and a
woodcut in _Scribner’s Magazine_, 1891, vol. ix, p. 187.
The original is in the possession of John Murray, Esq., whose firm
published Denham’s book. I was allowed to see both the Denham and
Clapperton portraits by the courtesy of Mr. John Murray, jun. A copy was
made some years ago and is in the possession of Dr. W. H. Denham Rouse
of the Perse School, Cambridge, who is a collateral descendant.
There is also a miniature of Denham, in uniform wearing the Waterloo
medal and carrying a sabre presented to him by the Bashaw of Tripoli.
This was painted by Newton and is reproduced on p. 7 of the _London
Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles-Lettres_ for 1829. The original
is in the possession of Capt. H. A. Denham of 16 Hallam Street, W., as
well as the Waterloo medal and the sabre. The originals of the water-
colours reproduced in Denham’s book, a plated bowl used by the explorer
in Africa, and a throne or curved wooden stool presented to him by the
Sultan of Bornu (probably the same as or similar to the one mentioned in
the account of the traveller’s first interview with the Sultan), are in
the possession of Capt. L. S. Denham of Taywell, Goudhurst, Kent. Capt.
Denham also informs me that the explorer brought home a Bornouese cloak,
which he presented to George IV at Windsor.
KOELLE. Photo in Cust, _Modern Languages of Africa_.
MATTEUCCI. I have not been able to trace any portrait.
MASSARI. I have not been able to trace any portrait.
NACHTIGAL. There is a photo of him in a tobe and fez in his book.
Another photo in European dress appears in J. Chavanne, _Die Sahara_,
and another in D. Berlin’s _Erinnerungen an Gustav Nachtigal_, 1887.
There is also a photo in Cust. A photo of him in evening dress is in the
possession of the Royal Geographical Society of London.
NORRIS. Photo in Cust, _Modern Languages of Africa_.
OUDNEY. I have not been able to trace any portrait.
OVERWEG. There is a portrait in Petermann’s _Account, &c._ This is
reproduced in Chavanne and in Schauenburg, and in von Schubert.
RICHARDSON. There is a portrait of him in a burnous with the hood drawn
over his head in his book _Travels in the Desert of the Sahara_, 2 vol.,
London, 1848. This is reproduced in Chavanne. There is a print of it in
the Royal Geographical Society’s collection, and also in the Reference
Department of the National Portrait Gallery, where also is a small photo
of a bust of him which was in existence in 1884. There is another
portrait of him in a double-breasted frock-coat, buttoned up to the neck
in Petermann’s _Account, &c._[594]
ROHLFS. There is a portrait in Chavanne and numerous ones, taken at
various periods of his life, in Guenther, _Gerhard Rohlfs_. The Royal
Geographical Society of London have a very faded photo of him in gown,
turban, and scimitar.
SCHULTZE. Photo in Mecklenburg, _From the Congo to the Niger and the
Nile_.
TOOLE. I have not been able to trace any portrait.
TYRWHITT. I have not been able to trace any portrait.
VOGEL. There is a portrait in Petermann’s _Account, &c._, reproduced in
Schauenburg. There is a portrait in native dress and turban in Chavanne.
[Footnote 594: James Richardson was born in Lincolnshire in 1806, was
educated for the evangelical ministry, attached himself to the English
Antislavery Society and under its auspices went out to Malta, where he
took part in the editing of a newspaper and also engaged in the study of
the Arabic language. For account of his published works vid. Benton,
_Notes, &c._, p. 150 ff.]
APPENDIX XVIII
(VID. NOTE [62])
FADEL ALLAH AND THE FRENCH
A portion of Rabeh’s force was not present at Kusseri as they were in
garrison at Karnak (Logone) under Fadel Allah. The latter retreated upon
Dikoa, pursued by the French [vid. Guilleux, ‘List of Authorities’]. He
was routed on the River Yedseram, but escaped and rallied his forces at
Mugelbu in Southern Mandara. From here he communicated in the autumn of
1900 with the British Resident at Ibi on the River Benue. From Mugelbu
Fadel Allah moved back to the Kilba hills on the Yola-Bornu border, and
later traversed Marghi, via Chibuk, where his camp can still be seen,
then on to Marguba on the Maiduguri-Gujba road. From here he made a raid
on Maiduguri and defeated the Shehu’s general, Mestrema Musa, chief
eunuch, just outside the town. Mestrema Musa (Mallam Musa) is now Ajia
of Borsari. Fadel Allah then continued his raid to Dikoa, which he found
abandoned and burnt. Shehu Garbai fled from Dikoa to Ngala where he gave
battle to F. Allah, but was defeated and fled to Kanem.
The French collected their forces and Fadel Allah had to retire
hurriedly on Marguba, whence with his brother Moman Niebé in command of
the advance guard with the women and baggage, he continued his retreat
south-westwards; the pursuing French shelling the town of Billaraba,
south of Gujba, under the mistaken impression that Fadel Allah was
there, before returning to Dikoa.
Fadel Allah camped for some months in the spring of 1901 at Gwani and
Bima on the River Gongola and again communicated with the British
Resident of Ibi. Fadel Allah pressing for an interview with a
representative of the British Government, Major McClintock was sent up
by the Acting High Commissioner.
This officer met Fadel Allah at Burguma on the Maiduguri-Gujba road,
and, counselling him to remain in camp pending the decision of the
British Government (vid. note [67]), marched back through the Marghi
district to Yola.
Fadel Allah disregarded this instruction and sent one of his
lieutenants, named It, to dig up a gun which had been buried near Dikoa.
The French attacked and killed It, and again Fadel Allah retired to
Gujba. Here, on the Ansei swamp, the final skirmish took place on August
27, 1901. Fadel Allah was shot through the body on horseback, but was
got away to Mutue, where he was buried in the swamp. The French dug him
up, cut off his head and took it back to Dikoa. The name of the French
commander was Dangeville. Moman Niebé surrendered and returned with the
French to the French Congo.
APPENDIX XIX
HEAD-QUARTERS OF BRITISH BORNU
When Bornu was occupied in the spring of 1902 by the British force under
Colonel Morland, and Shehu Abubakr Garbai invited in from Dikoa to
become Head of the greater bulk of the land of his fathers, now stripped
of districts apportioned by treaty to Germany and France, it was
promised that the Shehu should restore and repopulate ruined Kuka if he
could: in the meantime he made his temporary capital at the ancient site
and large market village of Mongonu, some seventeen miles southward on
the Maiduguri road.
On the appointment a few months later of a Civil Resident, this officer
found it expedient to reside himself at Mongonu, leaving the eastern
garrison still at Maiduguri, where Colonel Morland had placed it, with a
fort. Next year, when the Shehu made his experimental move to Kuka, the
Resident decided that the institution of internal caravan tolls, the
paucity of the administrative staff and other considerations required
his residence at the more central locality of Magumeri, where the
Residency continued until the end of 1904, when Kuka became the joint
capital of the British and the native administration.
At the end of 1906 it became evident that no efforts of the Shehu could
attract a population or trade approaching half of its volume or
importance prior to the sack of the city thirteen years previously, and
that mere sentiment did not justify the retention and rebuilding of a
site unhealthy and depressing, and no longer central or convenient. The
Resident and the Shehu accordingly moved then down to Maiduguri, the
capital of British Bornu to-day.
The government station of Maiduguri, civil and military, is built upon
the sandy rise, some 1,000 feet above mean sea level, on the left bank
of the little River Alo, upon which the small village of Maifoni used to
stand. This is the place wrongly termed Mabani by Barth, whose map also
shows the stream flowing the wrong way. The situation is healthy,
commanding, and with a good water supply. Maiduguri, the large market
village, is some 3½ miles away; and between this and the government
station, upon the sites of the little hamlets of Kalua, is built the
Shehu’s quarter, known at first as Yeriwa, but now as Shehuri. For
general convenience, the absorbed hamlets of Kalua, the village of
Maifoni (now moved into ‘Shehuri’), Shehuri and Maiduguri,
themselves—comprising in all a population of some 10,000, together with
the government station—are known as Maiduguri, likely soon to develop
into a thriving commercial centre, on the highway to the Shari, Darfur,
and the Nile.
APPENDIX XX (vid. p. 341)
CLAPPERTON’S PROMOTION TO LIEUTENANT
Clapperton passed for promotion to the rank of Lieutenant in 1813. He
was given the acting rank of Lieutenant whilst in command of the
_Confiance_ schooner on the Canadian lakes, but the Admiralty refused to
confirm this. He was finally promoted in 1816 and ante-dated to 20th
March, 1815. For the latter fact and for the subjoined certificate I am
indebted to the kindness of W. G. Perrin, Esq., Admiralty Librarian:—
Pursuant to an Order from Sir Samuel Hood, Bart., K.B., Vice Admiral of
the Blue and Commander in Chief of H.M. Ships and Vessels employed and
to be employed in the East Indies and Seas adjacent, &c., dated 5th
February 1813.
We have examined Mr. Hugh Clapperton, who appears by Certificate to be
more than Nineteen Years of age and has been to sea more than six years
in the Ships and qualities undermentioned, viz.:—
[Bty.: _Bounty._; A.: _Age._; E.: _Entry._; Q.: _Quality._;
D.: _Discharge._; T.: _Time._; C.: _Cause._]
------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+-------------------
| | _Place | | | | D. | | _Time._
_Ship._ |Bty.| Where |A.| E. | Q. +-----+C.+-------------------
| | Born._ | | | | T. | |_Y._|_M._|_W._|_D._
------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+----+----+----+----
Renommie | — |Scotland|— | 25 | Ab | 24 |— | 0 | 11 | 3 | 5
| | | |Novr.| |Octr.| | | | |
| | | |1806 | |1807 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | — | — |— | 25 |Midn.| 10 |— | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0
| | | |Octr.| |June | | | | |
| | | |1807 | |1808 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Venerable | — | — |— | 11 |Midn.| 27 |— | 0 | 9 | 1 | 5
| | | |June | |Feb. | | | | |
| | | |1808 | |1809 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Passenger |None| — |— | 28 |Supy.| 14 |— | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1
to join | | | |Feb. |Midn.|March| | | | |
H.M. Ship | | | |1809 | |1810 | | | | |
Clorinde | | | | | | | | | | |
as pr | | | | | | | | | | |
certificates| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Clorinde | — | — |— | 15 |Midn.| 20 |— | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0
| | | |Mar. | |June | | | | |
| | | |1810 | |1811 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Do. | — | — |— | 21 | M. | 5 |— | 1 | 8 | 1 | 2
| | | |June |Mate |Feby.| | | | |
| | | |1811 | |1813 | | | | |
------------+----+--------+--+-----+-----+-----+--+----+----+----+----
| 6 | 2 | 3 | 6
--------------------------------------------------+----+----+----+----
He produceth Logs kept by himself in His Majesty’s Ships Renommie,
Venerable, and Clorinde, and Certificates from Captains Livingstone,
King, Pascoe, Edgecombe, and Briggs of his diligence and sobriety and
obedience to commands. He can splice, knot, reef a sail, work a ship in
sailing, shift his tides, keep a reckoning of a ship’s way, by plain
sailing and Mercators, observe by the sun or star, find the variation of
the compass, and is qualified to do his duty as an able Seaman and
Midshipman.
Given under our hands on board H.M.S. Clorinde, Bombay Harbour, 7th
February 1813.
(Sgd) THOS. BRIGGS, Captain H.M.S. Clorinde.
WM. H. WEBLEY, Captain H.M.S. Illustrious.
GEO. ELLIOT, Captain H.M.S. Hussar.
APPENDIX XXI
A BORNU PRINCE AT TRIPOLI
There is a book the full title of which is ‘Letters written during a ten
years’ residence at the Court of Tripoli, published from the originals
in the possession of the family of the late Richard Tully, Esq. the
British Consul’. London, 1816, quarto. Third edition, 2 vols., octavo,
1819 [five coloured plates].
Vol. ii, pp. 51-5, under date of July 28, 1789, there is a short
description of the visit to Tripoli of a ‘black prince of Bornu’
returning to his own country from Tripoli, who was accompanied by three
wives, one of whom had learnt enough Italian to express herself in
‘Lingua Franca’.
According to Tully, the prince was very well informed and wore ‘pearls
of uncommon size’ as well as ‘large gold ear-rings set with the most
valuable jewels’.
The prince gave a highly coloured description of Bornu, which he
declared abounded with grapes, apricots, and pomegranates, whilst the
‘enormity’ of slave-dealing was not indulged in by his countrymen, who
left such things to the Christians and Pagans!
Tully further states that the people of Tripoli had such an idea of the
numbers of the Bornu army, that they say when the army leaves the town a
large date-tree is laid before the gate, on which each man steps as he
passes, and ‘as the foot soldiers go through the gate they wear out the
body of this tree’.
[For visit of a Bornu prince to Tripoli in 1853 vid. Benton, _Notes,
&c._, p. 188.]
INDEX
Abana, 275.
Abba Bashir, 271.
Abba Bukar Kura, 268.
Abba Bukar, Rabeh’s lieutenant, 278.
Abba Kiari, _vid._ Shehu Kiari.
Abba Masta, _vid._ Abba Mustapha.
Abba Mustapha, 277, 303 ff.
Abba Sanda, son of Shehu Ashimi, 298.
Abbega, 232.
Abd-el-Kadir ibn Al-Haji Isa Muzi, 299.
Abdurrahman, _vid._ Shehu Abdurrahman.
Abeshr, 290.
Abore, _vid._ Fulani.
Aburraga, 276.
Abu Sikkin, 294.
acacia, 78, 86.
Adamawa, 23, 41, 44, 200, 219, 272, 291, 299.
_Adansonia digitata_, _vid._ kuka-tree.
_Aegyptischer Kurier_, 300.
Affade, 16, 115, 184.
‘African Holland’, 57.
_African Mail_, 329.
_African Society’s Journal_, 193, 332.
Afuno, 310.
agriculture, 177 ff., 210.
Ahmed, sultan or ‘mai’ of Bornu, 19, 20.
Aïr, 17, 127, 152.
Alexander, Boyd, 23, 30, 36, 144.
Alexander, Dr. David, 159.
Al Haji of Bedde, 273.
Ali Gana, 372.
Ali Ghajideni, 16, 17.
Ali, last King of Bornu, 22.
Allen, 217.
Alo, lake, 17, 310.
Alo, river, 289, 384.
Almis, 317.
Amadu Guimi, 278.
ambach, 94, 182, 187, 259.
ambatsch, _vid._ ambach.
America, 109, 110, 111, 160.
America, negro slaves in, 226.
ancestor-worship, 194.
animals, love of, 178.
Angala, _vid._ Ngala.
_Anogeissus leiocarpa_, 101.
Ansei, 61.
antelope, 122 ff.
ants, 155 ff.
ants, white, _vid._ termites.
ant-eater, 121.
ant-lion, 160.
Arabs, Djoheina, 334.
Arabs from Tripoli, 32, 197, 218.
Arabs, Shuwa, _vid._ Shuwas.
_Arachis hypogaea_, _vid._ ground-nut.
armadillo, 121.
armour, 175, 193.
Arri Fugumani, 270.
arrow-poison, 89, 100, 104, 193.
Arthur, 5.
artillery, _vid._ cannon.
Asben, 35, 300.
_Asclepias gigantea_, 83.
Audoin, 49, 53, 69.
Auta, 37.
Azhar, 4.
Babur, 194, 329, 332.
Badamuni, 44.
badger, 120.
Baedeker, 3.
Baghdad, 246.
Bagirmi, 22, 30, 34, 198, 222, 255, 259, 286-7, 297, 300, 371.
Bahia, 226.
Bahr-el-Ghazal, 49, 51, 53, 233, 308.
Ba-Ili, 58.
_Balanites aegyptiaca_, _vid._ hadjlidj.
Balbaya, 272.
Bama, 88.
banana, 77.
Banda, 286.
Bangasso, 29.
banyan, 91.
Barca Gana, 372.
bark, use of, 80.
barometrical observations, 307.
Barrow, 337, 343.
Barth, 11, 12, 13, 23, 232, 250, 378, _et passim_.
Barua, 48.
basingers, 284.
basket-work, 184.
Basset, 333, 336.
Bathurst, 356, _et passim_.
bats, 116.
Bauchi, 217, 225, 300, 301.
Bauer, 202.
_Bauhinia reticulata_, 88.
beans, 108.
Becker, 333.
Bedde, 194, 250, 259, 272, 273, 276, 290, 298, 300, 331, 332.
bee-eater, 131.
bees, 154, 191.
beeswax, 217.
beetles, 151 ff.
Béhagle, 34.
Belangawa, 258.
Belbelec, 329, 330.
Belford, 371.
Bello, 232, 259, 292, 302.
be̥nde̥ge̥, 284.
Beni Hassan, 197, 334.
benniseed, 108.
Benton, S. L., 6.
Benue, 23, 218, 230.
Bera, 266.
Berbers, 169.
Berdoa, 247.
Berebere, _vid._ Kanuri.
Beurmann, 12, 25, 225.
Bida, 229.
Biddoomy, _vid._ Budduma.
Billaraba, 382.
Bima, 382.
Birni, _vid._ Gaserregomo.
bito, 86.
black cotton soil, _vid._ firki.
boars, wild, 126.
boat, construction of, 23, 370.
Bodele, 51.
Boettger, 164.
Bohari, 265.
Bolewa, 332.
Bonavia, 366.
Bonnel de Mezières, 281, 294.
Boo Khaloom, 350, 354.
_Borassus aethiopum_, _vid._ palm, deleb.
Borku, 247, 285, 309, 333.
Bornu, ancient empire of, 3, 15.
— etymology of, 13, 295, 311, 335.
— geographical limits of, 40.
— head-quarters of, 383 ff.
— list of kings of, 239.
— list of tribes of, 325.
— population of, 206-7.
— prince at Tripoli, 387.
— _the land of lies_, 170.
Bornuski, 60.
Borroro, _vid._ Fulani.
Borsari, 311, 382.
Bosso, 332.
botany, 222; cf. Flora in List of Contents.
bowstringing, 269.
Bretonnet, 35.
bricks, burnt, 18, 176.
Briggs, 340, 387.
Budduma, 186, 187, 226, 370.
Budugar, 99.
buffalo, 123.
bugs, 120, 162.
buildings, 175, 184, 190, 193, 198.
Bulala, 16, 247, 335.
bul-bul, 138.
Bulu, 186.
Bunu, 275.
Burdon, 225, 239, 322, 342.
Burguma, 383.
Burgu Manda, 255 ff., 259.
Burra tribe, 329.
bush-babies, 116.
bush-fowl, 139.
Bussugua, 311, 331.
bustard, 140.
Buttabel, 364.
butterflies, 151, 153 ff., 228, 234 ff.
cactus, 89.
calabash, 112.
Calatrava, 280.
calendar, 322.
_Calotropis procera_, 83.
camel, 74, 166, 213.
Cameroons, _vid._ Kameruns.
_Candelabria euphorbia_, 103.
cannon, 177, 180, 278, 284, 288, 371, 383.
canoes, 185, 187.
— harvesting in, 58.
caoutchouc, 91, 217.
_Capparis sodata_, 85, 161.
— _tomentosa_, 90.
Carbou, 327, 333.
cart, 372.
cat, wild, 120.
caterpillars, 158.
cattle, _vid._ oxen.
— breeding, 212, 226, 231.
— disease, 166, 200, 226.
_Ceiba_, 77, 97.
centipedes, 162.
Chad Game Reserve, 125.
— Lake, 46 ff.; absence of trees, 93; called Lake Waterloo, 339;
connexion with the Nile, 149, 164, 308; saltness of, 53.
— Lake islanders, _vid._ Buddumas.
chair, construction of, 371.
Challamel, 91, 177.
Chaillé-Long, 29.
_Chamaerops_, 84.
chameleon, 146.
cheetah, 118.
Chibuk, 225, 382.
Chudeau, 127, 145.
Chungary, 342.
civet-cat, 120, 167.
Clapperton, 11, 21, 339 seq., 379; his nickname, 341; promotion of,
341, 385; relations with Denham, 343 ff.; travelling name, 345.
_Clorinde_ frigate, 340, 386.
clouds, 71.
coach, construction of, 371.
Cobb, 307.
Cointet, 36.
Columbus, 365, 369, 370.
_Confiance_ schooner, 385.
consul at Bornu, 346, 368.
Constantinople, 227, 246.
Coppolani, 209.
cotton, 111, 211.
Courami, 226.
cowries, 215.
crabs, 163.
crane, 142.
cress, 108.
crickets, 162.
crocodile, 145, 187.
crocodile-bird, 141.
crow, 137.
Crown Agents, 366.
crown-bird, 142.
Crosbie, 3.
_Crucifera thebaica_, _vid._ palm, dum.
cuckoo, 130.
Dabo, 302.
‘dadawa’, 102.
Dala Gumami, 247.
Damagaram, 227, 259, 261.
Damerghu, 300.
Dangeville, 383.
darter, 144.
Darfur, 232, 285, 297, 309, 327.
date, _vid._ palm, date.
dates in the calendar, 322.
Dass, 301.
dassie, 126.
Daura, 259, 300.
Decorse, 226, 327.
Demombynes, 226, 327.
‘dendal’, 177.
Denham, 11, 21, 47, 55, 222, 337 ff., 379; relations with Clapperton,
343 ff.; travelling name, 345.
— present representatives of, 6, 380.
Depont, 209.
‘dervishes’, 29.
dew, 72.
D’Huart, 50, 223.
Dikoa, 31, 36, 37, 197, 219, 253, 289, 312, 382.
Dikwa, _vid._ Dikoa.
Dinkas, 284, 297.
Dirom, 340.
Dissa, 66.
dog, 167.
— flying, 116.
— wild, 119.
dollar, 215.
Dominik, 57, 117, 119, 124, 185.
donkeys, 166.
Dorugu, 232.
Douglas, 338.
dove, 138.
dragon-flies, 160.
‘dubbo-dubbo’, 225.
Duchi, 278.
duck, 143; Muscovy duck, 167.
‘Duck’s-bill’, 5.
Dudgeon, 177.
duiker, 123.
Dujarric, 227, 279.
dukhn, 105.
Dunama Dibbalami, 15.
Dungass, 261.
Durman, _vid._ Shehu Abdurrahman.
durrha, 106.
dysentery, 73.
eagle, 133.
Edriss Aloma, 17, 111, 310.