the land presents no serious physical obstacles, and the people
who live in the countries bordering it have always been unsettled
and migratory. We expect, therefore, to find here a perfect babel
of tongues and races. To mention invasions from the East alone and
within the historic period, Africa has been overrun by the dynastic
Egyptian, the Hyksos, the Abyssinians and the Arabs, and from the
early cemeteries of Abydos archæologists have collected skulls
which appear to show that from the time of the Stone Age four races
at least have contributed to the population of Egypt. These races
Kollmann[237] identifies as Punts, who were, perhaps, of Semitic
origin, Nubians, Libyans, and Negroes, the last including several
Pygmies and, to judge from their grave-offerings, some men of wealth
and consideration. In the Sudan no detailed researches have been
made in ancient burial-places, but we may confidently expect some
day to read in the northern half the same story as in Egypt.
Invasion, moreover, is not the only disturbing element. The natives
of the Sudan, even when they have adopted a more or less settled
life, are great travellers: traffic in human flesh and conquest for
the sake of human flesh have nowhere been pursued so long and so
thoroughly. The native changes his abode without hesitation, and his
love of strange women is passing Solomon’s. A hundred years ago
Brown found Darfur full of Dongolawi traders. Fifty years ago the
same race had turned their eyes to Kordofan and the Bahr El Ghazal,
and wherever they go they intermarry with the women of the land. The
Takruris have similarly in a peaceable way shifted their abode from
Darfur to the province of Kassala within quite recent days.
Yet again, in the southern half we have seen within the last few
centuries a succession of loosely-knit empires (Fungs, Shilluks,
etc.) which carry the name and often the language of a single tribe
over a wide area and then melt away, leaving behind only confusion to
the ethnologist. What we know to have existed for the last thousand
years, we can premise for the last fifty (?) thousand. So intricately
mixed indeed is this southern half that the Nileland has been aptly
described as the Negro _Potpourri_.
But there are mitigating circumstances which we must also take into
account, otherwise the ethnologist would indeed be, of all men,
the most hopeless.
In the first place, invaders do not exterminate and, by what seems to
be almost a law, the old Somatic types tend continually to reassert
themselves; a new invasion, that is, changes for a time the numerical
proportion of different types, but as the newcomers are absorbed the
old order returns, and the preponderating elements in the population
become increasingly evident. It is a commonplace in Egypt that a
Turk of the third generation is indistinguishable from a native.
In the second place, invasions and migrations have gone on from time
immemorial, but they have always come from the same regions. Kollmann,
as we saw, makes a four-fold division of the prehistoric inhabitants
of Abydos; this corresponds to our four-fold division into Semites,
Nubians, Libyans, and Negroes. The successive inroads into our area
have meant, therefore, not the introduction of new constituents but
the stiffening of an element already present by a fresh influx of
kindred blood.
These two facts simplify the problem: they do not enable us to say
that so-and-so is an Arab, indeed they make it impossible to say
so with scientific certainty, but they will enable us _ultimately_
to say which original stock has contributed most to the population
of any given district. “Ultimately” because at present the
data which alone will permit us to delimit the frontiers of the
various peoples are wanting.[238] Along the river, especially, one
stock shades into another with such delicate gradations that no two
observers seem to agree as to the point of division, and the theories
of the people themselves as to their own origin and that of their
neighbours—theories which seldom agree—have little foundation in
fact, albeit to some they may prove of greater interest and political
importance than the future classifications of the learned.
We must at present renounce all pretensions to scientific exactitude
and confine ourselves to more or less popular distinctions;
accordingly, eliminating from our survey all recent new-comers
of European or Asiatic extraction, we shall divide the present
inhabitants of the Sudan broadly into four groups—the Negro,
the Nuba, the Bega, the Arab.
[Sidenote: (i) Negroes.]
The ancient Egyptians referred to the South—it is difficult to
say where it began—as the land of the black man, just like their
successors, who named it Nigritia or Belad el Sudan; and they knew,
as we know, that there were pygmy blacks as well as big fighting
blacks. Whether the pygmies, relics of whom have been found all over
the world, were evolved first in Africa or came in as immigrants,
and whether the big blacks were developed by selection from them
here or elsewhere we cannot here discuss. Suffice it to say that
from before the dawn of history the two have always been in Africa,
and that the Negroes of the Nile land are to-day more hopelessly
subdivided than the Negroes of any other part. The pygmies have been
now driven into the forests of Central Africa, and the big Negroes
are now found in the Sudan only on the Upper reaches of the White
and Blue Niles and in the hill countries to the west; north of this
they occur merely as immigrants, soldiers, slaves, etc., amounting,
though, in some parts to almost 50 per cent. of the population. They
vary enormously in size, colour, language, institutions, and religion,
so that in spite of the great work of such explorers as Schweinfurth,
Emin, and Junker, we are still far from unravelling the intricate
web of their interrelations. A recent writer, who has given a
popular account of the researches of travellers before the Mahdia,
disclaims as impossible any attempt at scientific classification,
and we can only follow him in grouping the blacks of the White Nile
and its tributaries according to the picturesque impression which
they made upon their visitors. In this book (“Die Heiden Neger des
Aegyptischen Sudan,” Berlin, 1893), Frobenius divides the blacks
within our present frontiers into four groups:—
I. The Swamp Negroes—Shilluk, Shuli, Bari, Jur, Nuer, Dinka
or Jange, Anuak, etc.
II. The Iron-working Negroes—Bongo, Mittu, Golo, Sheri,
Madi, Kreich, etc.
III. The A-Zande or Nyam Nyam.
IV. The Latuka.
For further information about these people we must refer the reader to
other chapters in this compendium, and to the authors mentioned above.
It only remains to point out that the blacks of Kordofan and the
Blue Nile, offer practically virgin fields to the ethnologist.
[Sidenote: (ii) Nubas.]
Under this head we include (_a_) the Barabra, who are found between
the 1st and 4th cataracts, and are subdivided into natives of Dongola,
Mahas, Sukkot, Halfa, each with a different dialect; (_b_) the Nubas
of Kordofan, with their sub-tribes. To these some philologists add,
on linguistic grounds, a number of tribes usually described as negro
or negroid.[239]
Geographically, and perhaps physically also, these Nubians appear
as a link between Egypt and Negro land. They are darker and smaller
than the Egyptian, but still brown and not black,[240] although they
often have, like so many Egyptians, the woolly hair of the Negro. It
is probable that they represent the ancient Kushites, and the latest
student of the old Ethiopian inscriptions has sought to prove that
the Nubians and not the Begas were the rulers of ancient Napata.[241]
They are enterprising people, apt linguists and great travellers, very
ready to take on a veneer of European culture, the last trait being
an old one caricatured by the wall-painters of ancient Thebes. It is
the more strange that they should have preserved their own dialects,
especially as they have been Muslims for some centuries.
It was on the ground of their language that Lepsius[242] related
the Nilotic Nubians with the Nubawis of Kordofan. The connection
corresponds with traditions current in Dongola, where the traveller
will hear again and again that, although the particular man he is
interrogating is, of course, pure Arab from the Hejaz, yet most of the
people round are Nubians like the Nubawis of Kordofan. Supposing this
relationship to be proved, it would be still uncertain whether the
Kordofan people are a colony from the Nilotes or _vice versâ_. But
it is also possible that the Nubawis of Kordofan adopted a Nuba
language in some by-gone age when there was a powerful Christian
or pre-Christian Nubian kingdom on the Nile. If we are to believe
Hartmann[243]—a very good observer—the majority of the Shaigia
“Arabi” and many of the Jaalin really belong to the same stock.
[Sidenote: (iii) Begas.]
This name is derived from medieval Arab historians and has been
identified with the Bugatæ and Buka of earlier days. It is applied to
the tribes living in the eastern desert who speak various languages
belonging to the so-called Hamitic group of languages. The principal
tribes are Ababda, Bisharin, Amarar, Hadendoa, Halenga, Beni Amer,
Habab.
In type they are far more “Caucasian” than those we have
previously mentioned, and they occupy the same position and present
the same characteristics as many turbulent pastoral tribes mentioned
by Egyptian scribes and classical writers.[242] As Hamites, one school
of anthropologists represented by the Italian Sergi, regards them as
an off-shoot of the great Euro-African stock which populated North
Africa and Europe: others bring them from Asia. “Non nostri est
tantas componere lites.” Nor do we like to hazard an opinion as to
whether they or the Nubians were the creators of ancient Meroe. The
termination _ab_ which is so common throughout the Berber Province
proves that people of the Bega stock once held this district, and
their immediate descendants are probably to be looked for among the
riverain “Arabs” rather than the desert Begas, for no civilized
people would exchange a settled life for a nomad life, least of all
so warlike a race as the Begas.
According to W. Max Müller (“Aethiopien,” Berlin, 1904, p. 19),
we have in the legend quoted on p. 224, a distorted version of
one Hamitic settlement in this very area. The word Sembridae or
Semberritae is a hybrid name formed by a North Hamitic people out of
a Semitic root, and means, not “Deserters,” but “Nomads,”
“Wanderers.” The legend above-mentioned will therefore be the
echo of an early Hamitic invasion of a district then peopled by
Nubas or Negroes, and of the adoption of a sedentary life by these
invading “Wanderers,” whose success may explain the shifting of
the capital from Napata to Meroe (p. 225).
[Sidenote: (iv) Arabs.]
The first three stocks have been in the country for as long as our
records go. The Arabs are comparative newcomers; it is improbable
that they came in any numbers until after the fall of the Christian
kingdoms of Dongola and Alwa (Soba). The traditions of some tribes are
against this, but historians only mention raids, and the traditions
are not to be set against the historians’ testimony. The extension
of these raids, which led to the downfall of Christianity and a
consequent increase of Arab immigration, was probably due to pressure
caused on tribes elsewhere by the conquests of Spain and Portugal on
the one side and Turkey on the other. This would give the Arabs an
occupation of from four to six centuries, though a slow infiltration
from Arabia into the Sudan must have gone on from the beginning.
Now, at any rate, the Arab dominates the northern half of the Sudan,
that is, from Egypt to Kordofan. He has nowhere exterminated the
original inhabitants; he has in many cases not yet succeeded in
forcing even his language upon them; he has, unlike the Arabs in
Arabia, intermarried freely with them; but his conquest has been so
far complete that his religious ideals and tribal organisation have
replaced the older faith and institutions wherever he has cared
to carry them. This fact upsets our perspective. The people call
themselves Arabs and we accept the name, but it would certainly be a
mistake to regard them as Arabians or to recognise as genuine their
long pedigrees “of unsullied (?) Arab descent” “going back
to early Mohammedan times” (Keane). The present writer believes
that the materials newly published by Naum Bey Shoucair (“History
of the Sudan,” Cairo, 1904—in Arabic), enable him to trace two
distinct steps in the Arabization of the Central Sudan.
Up to 1500 A.D., the Christians reigned on the Blue Nile; there
are no Gubbas, no mention of Fikis, earlier than this, as would
certainly have been the case if many Arabs had been here. About
this time the Fungs, a powerful black tribe under Amara Dunkas,
became Muslims and, assisted by some Arab immigrants, overthrew the
kingdom of Soba. Hardly had they done so when they were themselves
menaced by Sultan Selim, the Turkish conquerer of Egypt and Suakin;
it was their policy then to represent themselves as orthodox Muslims
connected with the most venerated Arab tribes, and a certain Sheikh
El Samarakandi, who had wandered to the court of Dunkas, provided the
necessary pedigrees, which were duly sent to Selim and by him much
admired (Naum II, pp. 73, 74). But the Sheikh did his work clumsily,
if it may be judged from a Jaali pedigree which purports to be
extracted from his work, for he left at the crucial point several
non-Arabic names, and few, if any, Sudanese pedigrees are accepted
by Muslim genealogists elsewhere.
At this point the Arabization of Central Sudan seems to have stood
almost still for three centuries. Gubbas were built and Fikis became
powerful, but the tribal organization, although indigenous among
the Begas, did not supplant the very different political division
of the land into small kingdoms tributary to Sennar. The emblems of
kingly power, a throne called the K-K-R and a two-horned cap (Naum
II, pp. 100, 101), are also clearly African, not Arab. Burkhardt,
again, who knew the Arabs in Syria and Arabia, is never tired of
contrasting their manners and morals with those of the Sudanese Arabs.
This period was closed by the Egyptian conquest of Mohammed Ali,
which continued the process begun in the time of Selim, and
finally obliterated several of the most characteristic survivals
from pre-Islamic days. Indeed, all the events of the last century,
including the great upheaval in which it culminated, had the same
tendency. Having lost their native kingdoms, the people have been
forced to adopt the Arab tribal system, and, unlike the Berbers in
Algiers, have identified themselves enthusiastically with all things
Arab. The more striking is it that they should have still kept such
African customs as the Akh-el-banat, the scarring of the cheeks,
female excision,[244] all alien from the true Arab of Arabia.
If this reading of history be accepted, the people of the Central
Sudan will be described as a mixed race recently forced into an
Arab mould and in varying degrees modified by Arab blood. And we
may prophesy that future researches will prove the other elements
in this race to be akin to the other races on its borders, to the
Nubians and Begas on the north, to the Negroes, Gallas, Abyssinians,
etc., on the south and south-east.
In the above sketch there are so many necessary gaps, and so many
controverted points of necessity passed over in silence, that it
seems fair to the reader to give a brief statement of a different
theory recently put forward by Sir H. H. Johnston on this subject. We
therefore append a _résumé_ of his views compiled by Captain Morant
from “The Nile Quest”:—
In pre-historic times the land on each side of the Red Sea is said
to have joined in the south as well as in the north. By these necks
of land man came to Africa from Asia in the form of dwarfs of a
very low negroid type, resembling the now much-advanced pigmy of
the Congo or the bushman of South Africa. Thus perhaps, say, 10,000
years ago, the Nile basin south of N. latitude 15° was peopled by
a negroid species from the east. It seems also not improbable that
Egypt proper and Arabia were within the domains of this negroid race.
These indigenous pigmies appear to have been at an early date ousted
(say 9,000 years ago) by races of Caucasian stock resembling the
Dravidians of India, of aquiline type, possibly of nearly pure
Caucasian “Khafra” origin, and probably emanating from Syria,
Cyprus, or Libya.
In Gallaland, Somaliland, and Abyssinia a handsome race of Caucasian
ancestry, mingled no doubt with proto-negroes and Dravidians, formed
originally in Southern Arabia, sprang up. The lips of this people,
destined to become the basis of a world-renowned and historic type,
were full and their noses straight and finely shaped, whilst their
skin was dark and their hair had a tendency to curl, and like the
modern Somali, Galla, or Danakil, the men grew thin and wedge-shaped
beards.
It was by emigrants of this new Hamitic race to the Lower Nile Basin
that the stock of the ruling type of ancient Egyptians was formed. In
the latter, nevertheless, an appreciable amount of Negro blood from
the early Negro population must doubtless have been absorbed.
So degraded and transformed, however, has been the ancient
Egyptian type by the infusion of the blood of their many successive
rulers, that though facial resemblances may remain, their famous
characteristics have vanished, and the Egyptian of to-day is the
descendant of Slavs and Turks, Arabs, Armenians, and Circassians.
But it was not only to Egypt that this Hamitic race extended, but
also, though more faint-heartedly, towards the negroid districts to
the south-west to Uganda, Zululand, and even it is thought to the
Atlantic. In Uganda their descendants are now distinctly traceable.
To recapitulate:—The country of Ethiopia, which included not only
the highlands of Abyssinia but also the country north, to Berber
or even Dongola, was probably originally populated by a very low
type of pigmy or bushman, then perhaps partially by a race of big
black negroes, such as Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer, and Bari, which in turn
gave way to the Hamitic race already described. The ruling class of
Ethiopia, however (the present “Abyssinian” in contradistinction
to the “Galla or Somali”), became of Semitic origin through the
Sabæan Arab conquest of Abyssinia some 3,000 to 4,000 years ago.
The break up of the Israelitish Empire by the Abyssinians and
subsequent scattering of the Jews, many of whom settled in Abyssinia,
introduced a further admixture of Semitic blood.
In comparing this ancient history, much of which is little more than
guesswork, with the state of affairs at the present day, we find the
descendants of the original pigmies, but in a more advanced state,
having been ousted from place to place at length survive in hiding,
as it were, in the forests of the most central of Central Africa. The
big black negro tribes have withdrawn to and are content to remain
in the swampy fever-stricken districts of which no higher human race
has ever yet desired to deprive them. The Ethiopians have retired
before the Arab invaders to their hills, whilst the Arabs continue
to dominate all the country they cared to conquer.
The Hadendoa, Ababda, Bisharin, Beni Amer, etc., Arabs who speak
a “rotana” somewhat resembling the Somali language, are,
undoubtedly, not true Arabs, but are probably descended from the
Hamitic race above described which also was the origin of the Somali
and Galla races.
[Footnote 237: Die Gräber von Abydos. Correspondenzblatt der
Deutschen anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1902, pp. 119 foll.]
[Footnote 238: Only one ethnologist of the first
rank—R. Hartmann—has spent any considerable time in the Sudan, and
this was forty years ago. Except for his work we have to depend on (1)
reports of officials and travellers: these are often very valuable,
but the different criteria of race, language, etc., used by these
writers make it very difficult to use them with any confidence;
(2) the observations of “arm-chair savants” who base great
theories upon stray skulls, fragmentary vocabularies, chance studies
of natives touring about Europe “on show,” etc. This is not the
place for a nice criticism of the respective values of these works.]
[Footnote 239: _E.g._, Cust (Modern languages of Africa, London,
1883, I, p. 142) includes as “Nubas-Berta, Fung, Hameg, Golo,
Sheri Monbutto, Nyam-Nyam, and others.”]
[Footnote 240: The Nubas of Kordofan, although certainly not negroes,
are black.—G.]
[Footnote 241: Heinrich Schäfer, “Die Aethiopische Königsinschrift
des Berliner Museums,” Leipzig, 1901.]
[Footnote 242: “Nubische Grammatik,” Berlin, 1880, p. lxxvii.]
[Footnote 243: Skizze der Nilländer, Berlin, 1860, p. 258.]
[Footnote 244: Mentioned in Strabo and Makrizi. To these African
customs in vogue among the Sudanese “Arabs” may be added the Dilka
and the Tadkhin. The former is their method of cleaning themselves:
instead of washing they prefer, like the ancient Greeks, first to
grease themselves over and then scrape the skin with a stone or
other scraper. For the Tadkhin, _see_ Baker, “Nile Tributaries of
Abyssinia,” p. 81.]
=APPENDIX F.=
* * * * *
LIST OF TRIBES AND SHEIKHS. (FOR TRIBES IN THE BAHR EL GHAZAL
PROVINCE, _vide_ CHAP. VII.)
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
Tribe. | Head Sheikh. | Habitat. | Remarks.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
BERBER PROVINCE. Population 83,000 (1904).
| | |
Ababda |Abdel Azim Bey |Abu Hamed, Ban |Branch of the Ababda
(Bilhush) |Wad Khalifa and|Nagaa, and |in Egyptian
|Mohammed Nura. |Segadi |territory. Poor and
| | |unimportant.
| | |
Arteiga |Abu Fatma Wad |Adarama |Nomads. Unimportant
|Omar | |tribe.
| | |
Bisharin, Um |No Nazir |Atbai |Sub-divided into
Ali | | |Aliab, Shantirab,
| | |Amrab, and
| | |Hamadorab. Nomad
| | |Arabs, owners of
| | |camels, sheep, and
| | |goats; do a little
| | |cultivation.
| | |
„ Um Nagi |Karar Ahmed |R. Atbara, |Sub-divided into
| |between Adarama|Hanr, Nafab,
| |and its mouth. |Mansurab, Hamdab,
| |Also in the |Ariab, (Negemab,
| |Southern Atbai.|Kurbab, and
| | |Bilanib). Nomads as
| | |above.
| | |
Fadnia (east) |Ahmed El Haj |Um Hatab |Nomads. Owners of
|Taher | |camels, cattle, and
| | |sheep, etc.
| | |
„ (west) |Abbas Shedid |Goz Naim |Mostly sedentary and
| | |cultivators with
| | |sagias.
| | |
| | |This tribe claims
| | |descent from Imam
| | |Ali, cousin of the
| | |Prophet, and
| | |therefore belong to
| | |the Alluia. They now
| | |consider themselves
| | |Jaalin.
| | |
Hāmak |Abdalla Wad El |Near Berber |Very few. Nomads;
|Aila | |originally belonging
| | |to the Bisharin.
| | |
Hassania |Omar Idris El |Upper part of |A large and
|Fazari |basin of Wadi |important nomad
| |Bayuda, and |tribe. Pay £250
| |whole of basin |tribute (1903).
| |of Wadi Abu |Owners of a few
| |Dom. J. Gilif |camels and cattle,
| |and J. Jakdul, |but chiefly owners
| |Abu Tleh, and |of sheep and goats.
| |at times west |Small cultivators on
| |bank of Nile, |rainland. Claim to
| |Metemma to |be descended from
| |Berber. |Zubeir Ibn El Awam
| | |(Zubeir’s mother was
| | |aunt of the Prophet)
| | |and therefore from
| | |the Beni Hashim
| | |tribe.
| | |
Jaalin |Hamad Suleiman |Debbaghat—El |Nomads and
|Osman (nomads) |Hawad—Kabushia,|sedentary. Formerly
| |etc. Both banks|a large and powerful
| |of the Nile |tribe; now much
| |from Metemma to|reduced in wealth
| |the junction of|and numbers by the
| |the Atbara. |Dervishes.
| | |
|Ibrahim Wad | |Cultivators by
|Ferah | |sagias. Owners of
|(sedentary) | |sheep and goats. The
| | |Jaalin say they are
| | |descended from
| | |Abbas, uncle of the
| | |Prophet, and
| | |therefore belong to
| | |the Abbasia tribe.
| | |
Khawawir |Gar El Nabi |Abu Safār |Nomads. Owners of
|Kador | |camels, sheep and
| | |goats.
| | |
Kimilab |Suleiman Hamad |Shigla and El |This tribe was one
|Salem |Nebis |of the first to
| | |settle on the
| | |Atbara, and fought
| | |the Bisharin who
| | |arrived later from
| | |the Atbai. They have
| | |now lost their
| | |pristine power and
| | |importance.
| | |
Monasir |Osman Suleiman |Dar Monasir; |Mostly sedentary
|Wad Gamr |left bank of |Arabs. Poor tribe
| |Nile, south and|living in a poor
| |south-west of |country.
| |Abu Hamed at |
| |Sani. |
| | |
Nefeidab |Ali Wad Sebib |Atbara |Of tribes now on
| | |Atbara the Nefeidab
|Mohammed Abu | |and Abdel Kerimab
|Abda. | |were the first to
| | |settle there.
| | |Formerly owned right
| | |bank from Goz Regeb-
| | |El Kian. Now very
| | |few.
| | |
Rasheida |Abdalla Mubarak|Atbara and Gash|Nomads. Came from
| | |Arabia in 1846. The
| | |Dervish Emir Abu
| | |Girga, during the
| | |Mahdia, is said to
| | |have killed 75 men
| | |of this tribe and
| | |captured 1,700 of
| | |their camels. They
| | |then took refuge at
| | |Massaua and returned
| | |to the Sudan after
| | |the fall of
| | |Omdurman. Part of
| | |this tribe live near
| | |Agik in Suakin
| | |Province.
| | |
Robatab |Habiballa Abdel|Both banks of |Sedentary.
|Majid |the Nile from |Cultivators. Poor.
| |about the 5th |
| |Cataract to a |
| |little below |
| |Abu Hamed. |
| | |
Shaigia, Onia |Abdel Rahman |Goz El Basabir.|Chiefly nomads.
(east) |Zayad |Also east bank |Owners of camels,
| |south of |sheep, and goats.
| |Metemma. |
| | |
„ Onia (west)|Naim El Fiki |Nasri Island |
|Mohammed Kheir |and west bank. |
| | |
„ Sauarab |Nasr El Meki |Wad Ban Naga |Nomads. Major part
| | |of this tribe lives
| | |in Dongola Province.
| | |Not a large tribe.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
DONGOLA PROVINCE.[245] Population 127,000 (1904).
Gararish |El Ata Abdalla |Right bank Nile|Nomads. Small and
| |between Kerma |unimportant tribe.
| |and Debba. |Owners of camels,
| | |sheep, and goats.
| | |Pay £E47 tribute.
| | |
Hawawir |Hassan Khalifa |Bayuda Desert |Nomads. Large tribe
| |between Korti, |owning camels,
| |Debba, and |sheep, and goats.
| |Gabra. |Pay £E480 tribute
| | |(1903). Head Sheikh
| | |lives at Korti.
| | |
Kababish, |Fadi El Mula |Wadi El Gab and|Nomads. Owners of
Omatto |Wad Rekha |south to Ein |camels, sheep, and
| |Hamed and |goats. Pay £E235
| |Gabra. |tribute.
| | |
„ Dar Hamed |Isawi Salem |Wadi El Gab and|Nomads. Owners of
| |south to Ein |camels, sheep, and
| |Hamed and |goats. Pay £E25
| |Gabra. |tribute. Head Sheikh
| | |lives at Dongola.
| | |
Shaigia |Ibrahim Wad El |Debba to Merowe|Nomads. Not an
(Sauarab) |Kheir |and Bir Bayuda |important tribe; it
| | |is under Sheikh
| | |Hassan Khalifa of
| | |the Hawawir.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
GEZIRA (BLUE NILE) PROVINCE.[246] Population 132,000 (1904)
Agaliin[247] |Mohammed El |Right bank |Sedentary. Not a
|Fiki Ahmed |White Nile, |large tribe but
| |Gezira Um Garf,|moderately wealthy.
| |between Kalakla|Owners of cattle and
| |and Um Arda. In|sheep; cultivators.
| |rains at |
| |Fatjuba and El |
| |Arak. |
| | |
Ahamda |Mohammed |Eastern part of|Sedentary. Rich in
|Kheiralla Ali |Kamlin |cattle. Number about
|Abu Zaman. |district. |250 males.
| |Mesellemia |Comfortably off.
| |district. |
| | |
Alkamab |Abdel Bagi |Mesellemia |Sedentary. Fairly
|Ghabashi |district |well off.
| | |
Arakiin |Yusef Fadl El |El Kreimet |Sedentary. This
|Mula |(Managil) |section is neither
| | |numerous nor
| | |wealthy.
| | |
|Ibrahim Ahmed |Maatuk (Kawa) |Sedentary. Numerous
|El Natifa[247] | |and well off;
| | |chiefly cultivators.
| | |
Aramab[247] |Idris El Kinen |Scattered on |Sedentary. Large
|and Mohammed |right bank |tribe and very
|Abu El Hassan. |White Nile |wealthy. During
| |between J. |Mahdia and up to
| |Breima and |1902 Mohammed Abu El
| |Geteina. In |Hassan was Nazir. It
| |rains inland at|is now split into
| |Mikheirif El |two sections.
| |Kheiran, Kitra,|
| |and Abdel |
| |Magid. |
| | |
Arawab[247] |Magbul Ahmed |Scattered on |Sedentary. A large
|Jar El Nebi |right and left |and very wealthy
| |banks of White |tribe; chiefly
| |Nile from J. |cultivators.
| |Auli to El |
| |Mohammedia and |
| |inland at |
| |Garada, |
| |Hashaba, |
| |Malaga. |
| | |
Awamra[247] |Ahmed Idris El |Interior of |Sedentary. Large and
|Fadl |Gezira, east of|moderately wealthy
| |J. Auli, and on|tribe.
| |left bank of |
| |White Nile near|
| |Um Rummat. |
| | |
Batahin |Ali Abudi |Um Daka |Sedentary. Few and
| |(Managil) |poor.
| | |
|Mohammed Zein |Mesellemia |Nomads. Poor; have a
|Shakhib |district |few camels.
| | |
|Mohammed Talha |Abu Deleig |Nomads. Large tribe,
| |district |rich in cattle, also
| | |owners of camels.
| | |
Bija[247] |Abdel Gader |Right bank of |Sedentary. A section
|Ibrahim |White Nile, |of the Agaliin; few,
| |Gezira Um Garf,|but well off.
| |and inland at |
| |Wazra. |
| | |
Dabassiin |Rahmatalla |Gab El Gedad, |Sedentary. About 260
|Kheir El Sid |El Dabiba, etc.|males in tribe.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Danagila |Ahmed El Niama |Mesellemia |Sedentary. Small
| |district |tribe, but well off.
| | |
|Mohammed Osman |Geteina |Sedentary. Small
|Abdel | |tribe, but well off.
|Rahman[247] | |
| | |
Dar |Ahmed Mohammed |Scattered on |Nomads. Divided into
Mahareb[247] |Abu Afsh |right and left |many branches; all
| |banks of White |fairly well off.
| |Nile from Hagar|
| |El Asalai to |
| |Jebelein. |
| | |
Diwa[247] |Ali Babikr |Aba Island |Sedentary. Very
| |(Kawa) |small tribe.
| | |
Eseilat |Mohammed El Haj|Eseilat |Sedentary Arabs.
|Saad |(Kamlin) |About 360 males.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Fardiin |Ahmed El Taif |Managil and Um |Sedentary. Very
| |Talha |small tribe, but
| | |wealthy.
| | |
Fung |Mohammed El Rih|Dar Nail, Wad |Sedentary. Very
|Guma |Odun (Managil) |small tribe, but
| | |wealthy.
| | |
Gemmuiya[247] |Nasr Ibrahim El|Left bank of |Sedentary. Large
|Mek |White Nile, |tribe and well off.
| |between |Cattle and sheep
| |Omdurman and |owners.
| |Jebel Mandara. |
| | |
Halawin |Abdalla Wad |Mesellemia |Sedentary. Excellent
|Musaid | |cultivators.
| | |
Hassanab[247] |Abdalla |Arak and |Sedentary. Very poor
|Suleiman |Gezira, Um Garf|cultivators.
| |(Geteina) |
| | |
Hassania |Ali Wad Yusef |Mahriba |Sedentary. Small
| |(Kamlin) |section.
| | |
|Idris Habbani, |Scattered on |Sedentary. Related
|Musellim |right and left |to the Berber
|Magbul, and Ali|bank of White |Hassania. A very
|Musa El |Nile from |large and very
|Bida.[247] |Geteina to |wealthy tribe. Idris
| |Dueim; also |was Sheikh of whole
| |inland near |tribe during Mahdia,
| |eastern |but it is now
| |boundary of |divided into three
| |Geteina |sections. Owners of
| |district. |cattle, sheep, and
| | |goats.
| | |
Hussanatt[247] |Ali Awadalla |Umat Shaar, |Sedentary. Large and
| |Sharafat, J. |wealthy tribe.
| |Maturi (Kawa). |Owners of cattle,
| | |goats, and few
| | |camels.
| | |
|Ahmed Sogheirun|Scattered on |Sedentary. Large and
| |right and left |wealthy tribe.
| |banks of White |Owners of cattle,
| |Nile between |goats, and few
| |Wad Belal and |camels.
| |Geteina. |
| | |
Kawahla |Imam Ali |Abud, El Walia,|Nomad and sedentary.
|Ibrahim El |and Kadibat |Largest and
|Bedawi |(Managil). |wealthiest tribe in
| | |Managil district.
| | |Owners of camels and
| | |cattle. Good
| | |lighting men.
| | |
Lahawin[247] |Saleh Yagub El |Um Hagar, Wad |Sedentary. Not well
|Imam |Badri (Kawa) |off.
| | |
Mesellemia |Mohammed Gamal |Um Shedida |Sedentary.
|El Din[247] |(Kawa) |
| | |
|Awad El Bari |Wad El Meslami |Sedentary. Few and
|Mohammed |(Managil) |poor.
| | |
|Abbas Mohammed |East of Kamlin |Nomad and sedentary.
|Badr (Sheikh El|district |Rich in cattle.
|Obeid). | |Number about 500
| | |males.
| | |
Mogharba |Mohammed Osman |El Abdanab, Wad|Sedentary. Few and
| |El Zein |well off.
| |(Managil) |
| | |
|Mubarak El |Um Sunta (Kawa)|Sedentary. Few and
|Gezuli[247] | |well off.
| | |
Mohammedia[247]|Abdalla Idris |Scattered on |Sedentary. Large and
|El Kereil |right and left |wealthy tribe.
| |banks of White |Owners of camels,
| |Nile between |cattle, and sheep.
| |Hellet Wad El |
| |Kereil and J. |
| |Breima. In |
| |rains inland at|
| |Um Sidra. |
| | |
Nefeidia |El Melik Rahma |Abu Siwa |Nomad and sedentary.
| |(Managil) |Large and wealthy
| | |tribe.
| | |
Nurab[247] |Saleh Wad El |Shawal (Kawa) |Sedentary.
|Imam | |
| | |
Rufaa |Shai El Nur Tai|El Azazi and |Sedentary. Few, but
|El Din |Shukheir |well off.
| |(Managil) |
| | |
Shaigia |Ahmed Wad El |Wad Kunjari |Sedentary. Few, but
|Awad |(Managil) |rich.
| | |
|El Gazuli |Tura El Khadra |Sedentary. Few, and
|Omar[247] |(Geteina) |very poor.
| | |
Shenabla |Musaid Mohammed|Mesellemia |Sedentary.
| |district |
| | |
Shukria |Abdalla Awad El|Rufaa district |Nomads and
|Kerim Abu Sin. | |sedentary. Numerous,
| | |but now poor tribe.
| | |
„ Gadurab |El Zubeir El |Eastern part of|Nomads and
|Nur |Kamlin district|sedentary. Rich in
| | |cattle. Number about
| | |230 men.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
KASSALA PROVINCE. Population 74,700 (1904).
Beni Amer |Mohammed Osman |Debeloeid |Nomads. This is only
|(Wakil Yagub | |a small branch of
|Mohammed). | |the large tribe
| | |living in Eritrea.
| | |Pay £E150 tribute.
| | |
Debania |Awad El Kerim |Gedaref, Asar, |Sedentary Arabs. The
|Wad Zaid (Wakil|Shasheina, Abu |Debania tribe are
|Mustafa Bakr |Gelud, Sofi, |now very poor and
|Wad El Sultan).|etc. |reduced in numbers.
| | |Sheikh Awad Wad Zaid
| | |is also head of all
| | |the Forawis and
| | |blacks under Mustafa
| | |Bakr.
| | |
Hadendoa |Sheikh Idris |Kassala |The Hadendoa under
|Gadi | |the Governor of
|(Nazir)[249] | |Kassala pay £E480
| | |tribute (1904).
„ El Berinab |Minni and Onur |Adarghayai. |Their principal
|Ali, Mohammed | |grazing grounds are
|Ahmed Abbas. | |the right bank of
| | |the Atbara and the
„ „ |Ahmed Belal |Maman. |Gash, north of
| | |Kassala. Both these
„ Gemilab |Omar Lalai |Maman. |districts, however,
(Taulil) | | |are subject to
| | |invasions of the
„ Haikolab |Mohammed El Hag|Tebilol. |Suakin Arabs. Filik,
| | |on the Gash, used to
„ „ (Odi) |Ahmed Wakili |Odi. |be and is now to a
| | |lesser extent a
„ Kalulei |Ali El Hadab |Atbara. |great centre of the
| | |Hadendoa tribe. The
„ Gism El Gash|Mustafa Hamed |Temitatei. |Hadendoa are nomads
| | |and own large
„ Shebodinab |Hammad Musa |Tendera. |numbers of camels
(Kokreb.) | | |sheep, and goats,
| | |also cattle. They do
„ Shebodinab |Hamed Isa |Atbara north of|a little
(El Bahr.) | |Goz Regeb. |cultivating. They
| | |speak a Rotana
| | |similar to that of
| | |the Beni Amer and
| | |Bisharin, etc.,
| | |which is said to be
| | |allied to that
| | |spoken by the
| | |Somalis. They
| | |usually carry very
| | |neatly made spears
| | |with shafts about 5
| | |feet long bound at
| | |intervals with
| | |silver or brass
| | |wire, also circular
| | |shields about 2 feet
| | |6 inches in
| | |circumference made
| | |of hippo, buffalo,
| | |or giraffe hide.
| | |Like the Bisharin,
| | |Beni Amer, Kababish,
| | |etc., they wear
| | |their hair in the
| | |well-known “fuzzy-
| | |wuzzy” style. The
| | |Wililiab are the
| | |leading family of
| | |the Hadendoa tribe.
| | |
Halenga |Jaafar Ali |Kassala |Sedentary Arabs.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Hamran Arabs |Omar Burbur |Setit |Sedentary Arabs.
| | |Very few and poor,
| | |but nearly all own
| | |horses. Omar Burbur
| | |is under Awad El
| | |Kerim Wad Zaid.
| | |
Shukria, Butana|Ali Awad El |Butana, Rera, |Nomads. Cultivators
Section |Kerim Abu Sin, |El Sofeiya, Um |and graziers.
|called also |Rueishid, |Formerly owned many
|“Ali El Had.” |Gileita, etc. |camels, now possess
| | |very few. Some of
| | |the Lahawin,
| | |Kawahla, and Batahin
| | |live in the Butana
| | |under “Ali El Had.”
| | |Pay £E450 tribute.
| | |
„ Atbara |Amara Mohammed |River Atbara |The Lahawin (a White
Section |Hammad Abu Sin.|between K. |Nile camel-owning
| |Kutut and Ramet|tribe), some of the
| |Gaied. |Awaida, Kawahla, and
| | |Mogharba, also live
| | |on the Atbara under
| | |Amara Abu Sin. Pay
| | |£E325 tribute.
| | |
„ Gedaref |Hammad Abu Sin |Gedaref, Wad |Sedentary. Chiefly
Section | |Kabu, Beila, |cultivators. There
| |Rahad, Galaat |are more than 220
| |Arang, etc. |villages in the
| | |Gedaref district.
| | |
Takarir |Sheraf Mohammed|Gallabat and |Shiekh Sheraf is
|Abdalla |district |head of all the
| | |Gallabat district,
| | |the people of which
| | |are chiefly
| | |Takruris, Forawis,
| | |Kunjara, etc.
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
KHARTOUM PROVINCE.[248] Population 81,000 (1904).
Ahamda |Mohammed El Ata|Geili |Sedentary. Small
| | |tribe. _Vide_ Blue
| | |Nile Province.
| | |
Batahin |Mohammed Talha |Geili-Elwan |Sedentary.
(Ashama) |Abdel Bagi | |Cultivators. Camel
| | |and sheep owners.
| | |_Vide_ Gezira
| | |Province.
| | |
Butukab |Mohammed Talha |Geili-Elwan |Sedentary.
|Abdel Bagi | |Cultivators. Camel
| | |and sheep owners.
| | |_Vide_ Gezira
| | |Province.
| | |
Ereikat |Jadalla Isa |Omdurman and |Belong to Darfur.
| |Khartoum |Like the Taaisha and
| | |Habbania are now
| | |poor and earn their
| | |living as best they
| | |can in Khartoum and
| | |Omdurman, or
| | |cultivate in Gezira.
| | |
Geriat |Mohammed Kirsha|Gaerin—Wadi |Nomads. Small tribe.
| |Mogaddam |
| | |
Habbania |Mahmud Abu Saad|Omdurman and |Belong to Darfur.
| |Khartoum |Many are employed by
| | |Works Department,
| | |etc., at Khartoum.
| | |
Hassanab |Hassan Meki |Wad Hassuna |_Vide_ Gezira.
| | |
Hassania |Awad El Kerim |Wad Hassuna, |Majority belong to
|Suleiman Kasir |Wadi Tibna, |White Nile Province.
| |West Bishara, |
| |and north of |
| |Gabra. |
| | |
Mashaikha |El Taib Abdel |Um Dom, Karkoj,|
|Salam |etc. |
| | |
Mogharba |Hassan Hamad El|Wad Ramla |_Vide_ Gezira
(nomad) |Deisis |district |Province.
| | |
„ (sedentary)|El Taib Abdel |Melaha, etc. |
|Salam | |
| | |
Taaisha |Mahmud Abu Saad|Omdurman, |Belong to Darfur.
|(of Habbania) |Khartoum, and |_Vide_ also Ereikat.
| |scattered in |
| |Gezira. |
| | |
Zeiadia |Jadalla Isa |Omdurman, |Belong to Darfur.
| |Khartoum, and |_Vide_ also Ereikat.
| |scattered in |
| |Gezira. |
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
KORDOFAN PROVINCE. Population 550,000 (1904).
Agrab Nahud |Mustafa Ibrahim|Nahud |Sedentary.
|Abu Renat | |
| | |
Ahamda[250] |Abdel Rahim |Dar El Ahamda |Very poor. Sedentary
|Taha | |Arabs.
| | |
Aulad Hameid |Didan El |South of Dar El|Baggara. Nomads.
|Dervish |Ahamda |Poor and now
| | |unimportant. Pay
| | |£E60 tribute.
| | |
Bederia |Abdel Samad Abu|Birket Sungikai|Large sedentary
|Safia |and Abu Haraz |tribe. Pay £E400
| | |tribute (1903). Good
|Ebeid El Hag |El Obeid. |fighting men.
| | |
Beni Jerar[250]|Ahmed Mohammed |Helba and Homra|Nomads. Large tribe.
|Nubawi | |Pay about £E130
| | |tribute. Camel and
| | |sheep owners. Good
| | |fighters.
| | |
Feraha |Omar Wad Gash |Khor Kheiran |Unimportant tribe.
| | |
Ghodiat |Ibrahim Baggara|Rahad |Unimportant tribe.
| | |
Gimma[250] |Ahmed El Bedawi|Gedid |Sedentary Arabs.
|Asaker | |Important tribe.
| | |Good horsemen.
| | |Cultivators and gum
| | |collectors.
| | |
Gowama |Yasin Yusef |Between El |Large sedentary Arab
| |Obeid and Dueim|tribe. Cultivators
| | |and collectors of
|Adam Maznuk |Rahad. |gum, and owners of
| | |sheep, goats, etc.
„ (Nahud) |Bokhari Ali |Nahud. |
| | |
Habbania |El Tom Audun |Sherkeila and |Sedentary Baggara
| |Ageila |Arabs. Not numerous.
| | |Branch of the
| | |Habbania of Darfur.
| | |
Hamar, Asaker |Ismail Mohammed|Nahud to Foga |Large and important
|El Sheikh | |Arab tribe. Camel
| | |owners and
„ Degegin |Hamid Bey | |cultivators. Pay
|Fatin. | |£E1,200 tribute
| | |(1903). Partly
„ Gherasia |Abdel Rahim Bey| |sedentary and partly
|Abu Dagal. | |nomad. Good fighting
| | |men.
| | |
Hawazma, Abdel | | |A large and powerful
Ali | | |Baggara nomad Arab
| | |tribe, scattered
„ Dar Beti |Hamed Asosa |Sungikai, Nila,|over the plains
| |and Dilling. |amongst the Nuba
| | |hills. Own many
„ Walad | | |horses, cattle,
Ghabush. | | |sheep, etc. Pay
| | |about £E800 tribute
„ Dar Gawad |Gad El Kerim. | |(1903).
| | |
„ Khalifa |Nur Hanur |J. Kadero to J.|
| |Gedir. |
| | |
|Toto Mahub. | |
| | |
|Bedawi Gadum. | |
| | |
|Hamad Abu | |
|Shilluk. | |
| | |
„ Rowauga |Soma Lua |J. El Joghub |
| |and south. |
| | |
|Mohammed | |
|Bahlul. | |
| | |
|Shein Tobein. | |
| | |
Homr |Ali Gula | |Large and
|(Nazir) | |comparatively rich
| | |Baggara tribe,
„ Ageira Walad|Mohammed Khadam|Muglad. |owning cattle and
Omram | | |horses. At present
| | |(1903) pay £E450
„ Ageira Walad|Masaud Iris |Muglad to Bahr |tribute.
Kamil | |El Arab. |
| | |
„ Felaita |El Hag Wad |Keilak and |
|Yagub |Abiad Lakes. |
| | |
Kababish |Ali Tom |Kagmar and |Large nomad Arab
| |north |tribe owning camels,
| | |sheep, etc. Pay
| | |£E850 tribute.
| | |Another branch lives
| | |in Dongola Province.
| | |
Kaja (Serrug) |Ibrahim Gurud |Kaja |Sedentary tribe.
| | |Poor; robbers.
| | |
Kawahla |Abdalla Wad |North-west of |Large nomad Arab
|Gadalla |Bara |tribe, owning many
| | |camels. Pay £E1,000
|Badai Bakr |Dar Nuba. |tribute (1903).
| | |
Maagla |Beshir Dau El |El Gleit. |
|Beit | |
| | |
Maalia |Abdalla Hanatir|El Mazrub |The bulk of this
| | |tribe belongs to
| | |Darfur. Pay £E60
| | |tribute.
| | |
Maganin |Mohammed Ali El|Dar Hamid |Sedentary Arabs,
|Akheida | |living in Dar Hamid.
| | |Pay £E150 tribute.
| | |
Messeria |Mohammed El |Dar Messeria |}
|Fagir El Gaburi|(east and |}
|(Nazir). |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
| | |}
| | |}
„ Un Selim. | | |}
| | |}
„ El Ghazaya |Bigada Abu |Dar Messeria |}
|Edena |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ El Derai |Nasr Mahil |Dar Messeria |}
| |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ El Enenat |Zakharia Adam |Dar Messeria |} A large and
| |(east and |} powerful Baggara
| |south-east of |} tribe, owning large
| |El Eddaiya). |} numbers of cattle
| | |} and horses. Pay
„ Aulad Abu |Omar Ahmed |Dar Messeria |} £E800 tribute.
Naaman | |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ El Terg |Ahmed Nurein |Dar Messeria |}
| |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |}
„ Aulad Haibun|Gebero Khalil |Dar Messeria |}
| |(east and |}
| |south-east of |}
| |El Eddaiya). |}
| | |
Shanabla |Manhil |Between Um Dam |Nomads. Camel and
|Kheiralla |and Dueim |sheep owners. Pay
| | |£E400 tribute.
| | |
Shankhab[250] |Gubara Wad |Left bank of |More or less
|Geifun |White Nile |nomadic. Own cattle
| |between Kawa |and sheep. Cultivate
| |and Goz Abu |and collect gum.
| |Guma. |
---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------------
SOME NUBA MOUNTAINS AND THEIR MEKS.
---------------+---------------+-------------------------------
Mountain. | Mek. | Remarks.
---------------+---------------+-------------------------------
Daier |Abu Zeida, etc.|All these Meks own to a
| |varying number of rifles, with
Dilling |Isa El Deif. |which they have been wont to
| |fight each other, and which
Eliri |Rizgalla Eluan |have hitherto been
|(Hawazma |indispensable for defence
|Mowallad). |against the raids of the
| |Baggara Arabs of the
|Abdalla Kaka |surrounding plains.
|(Kawahla |
|Mowallad). |
| |
Garada |El Fiki Fadl |
|Zubeir. |
| |
Gedir |Bosh Dau El |
|Beit. |
| |
Gulfan |El Ebeid El |Experience so far shows that
|Nima. |neighbouring mountains will
| |not support each other in
El Joghub |Rahal Andal. |combined opposition to the
| |Government, but that rather
Kadero |Gader Bey |almost any mountain is
|Ibrahim. |prepared to assist in the
| |attack of any other.
Kawalib |Nasr Wad El |
|Maksur. |
| |
Kowarma |Orlandi and |
|Kafi. |
| |
Krongo |Kobang. |
| |
Miri |Hamed Abu |The Nuba mountains pay about
|Sikin. |£E1,000 per annum tribute
| |(1903).
Niyima |Sultan Arauga. |
| |
Rashad |Mohammed |
|Zeibak. |
| |
Saburi |Kafi Hamed. |
| |
Sema |Gura Harun. |
| |
Shat |Daldum Taib. |
| |
Shuwei |Nasr Hamed. |
| |
Tagale |Geili Adam. |
| |
Tagoi |Mohammed Gedeil|At enmity with Mek Zeibak of
| |Rashad.
| |
Talodi |Sherif Am Omo |
|(Homr |
|Mowallad). |
| |
Teisr |Toto Kilia. |
| |
Tira El Akhdar |Ti Wad Ardila. |
| |
Tira Mandi |Newi Omba. |
---------------+---------------+-------------------------------
LIST OF TRIBES AND SHEIKHS (_continued_).
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
Tribe. |Head Sheikh. | Habitat. | Remarks.
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
SENNAR PROVINCE.[251] (Population 117,000 (1904).
Agaliin |Mohammed |Right bank of |Partly nomads and partly
|Ahmed Abu |Blue Nile |sedentary. Poor and not
|Duma |between Karkoj,|numerous. Nomad portion
| |Badus, and Khor|graziers and breeders of
| |Agaliin (K. |camels, sheep, etc., and
| |Undul). |a few cattle.
| | |
| | |Sedentary, cultivators.
| | |Weapons: spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
Arakiin |Mohammed Wad |Wad Medani and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|El Tom |Arakiin Khor, |and breeders of sheep and
| |in the Medani |goats. Poor and not
| |district. |numerous; indifferent
| | |fighters.
| | |
Burun |Idris Wad |Jebel Gule, |A black race somewhat
|Regab |Surkum, and |resembling the Nuers, but
| |south |not warlike like them.
| | |Spears and bows and
| | |arrows.
| | |
Dar Ageil | „ „ „ |Northern |Nomads. Breeders of
| |portion, Dar |cattle, sheep, and
| |Fung |horses. Small tribe.
| | |
Fung | „ „ „ |Jebel Gule, |Sedentary. Cultivators on
| |etc. |small scale. Poor and not
| | |very numerous. Good
Hameg | „ „ „ |J. Gerebin, |fighters, about 150
| |Roro, and |rifles, also swords and
| |south. |spears. Breeders of
| | |sheep, goats, and a few
| | |cattle.
| | |
„ |Ahmed Abu |Roseires and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|Shotal |vicinity, both |and breeders of sheep,
| |banks of Blue |and goats. Neither
| |Nile. |wealthy nor numerous.
| | |Good fighters. Spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
Ingassana |Mohammed |J. Tabi and |Blacks. Armed with
|Ahmed El |district. |sickle-shaped swords.
|Fungiawi | |
| | |
Jaalin |Saad El |Wad Medani, |Sedentary. Cultivators
|Shafii, |Senga, Karkoj |and breeders of cattle,
|Medani Ahmed,| |sheep, and goats. Wealthy
|Mohammed | |and numerous. Good
|Mahmud | |fighters. Spears and
|Agamia, Omar | |swords.
|Mohammed. | |
| | |
Jebelawiin |Regab Hussein|Fazogli and |Sedentary. Cultivators
| |Khor Tumat |and breeders of sheep and
| | |goats. Fairly wealthy.
| | |Not numerous; fair
| | |fighters. 150 rifles,
| | |some spears and swords.
| | |
Kawahla |Yusef |Wad Medani on |Nomads. Poor, and are
|Mohammed Wad |east bank of |small section of the big
|Ais |Blue Nile; also|tribe in Kordofan;
| |near Sennar. |breeders of camels,
| | |sheep, and goats. Fair
| | |fighters. Nomads are
| | |graziers. Spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
|Abdalla Shah |Wad Medani and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|El Din |Kawahla Khot in|and breeders of sheep and
| |Medani |goats. Poor and not
| |district. |numerous. Indifferent
| | |fighters.
| | |
Kenana, Abu |Hamed Abdalla|Wad Medani, |Nomads. Small tribe.
Rihan |Wad Gales |between Rahad |During the rains these
| |and Blue Nile. |nomads move into Kassala
| |In rains move |Province. Wealthy.
| |to El Butana. |Breeders of camels,
| | |cattle, and sheep, etc.
| | |Graziers, good fighters.
| | |Spears and swords. Pay
| | |£E270 tribute (1903).
| | |
„ Kawatil |Vacant |Senga district,|Partly sedentary (Abu
| |in the Kenana |Rihan), but own more
| |Khot; during |cattle and less camels. A
| |winter and |few horses; these are on
| |spring move as |the increase. During the
| |far south as |rains the nomad section
| |Roseires; in |moves to Segadi. Pay
| |rains partly to|£E160 tribute.
| |Segadi. |
| | |
„ El |Abd El Nabi |East bank of |Nomads. A few horses. Pay
Siragia |Doheish |Blue Nile. Move|£E230 tribute (1903).
| |to El Butana |
| |during rains. |
| | |
El Khawalda |Mohammed Wad |Wad Medani and |Sedentary. Cultivators
|El Dau |Khawalda Khot, |and breeders of sheep and
| |in Wad Medani |goats. Indifferent
| |district. |fighters. Numerous and
| | |wealthy. A few spears and
| | |swords.
| | |
Rufaa El Hoi |Vacant |Left bank of |Mostly nomads. Some
| |Blue Nile, |sedentary. (Same as
| |between |Agaliin.) Pay about £E100
| |Gesheish and El|tribute.
| |Disa. |
| | |
Rufaa El |El Agab Abu |R. Dinder |Partly nomads, partly
Sharg |Gin | |sedentary. Wealthy and
| | |numerous. The nomad
| | |portion are breeders and
| | |graziers of camels,
| | |sheep, and goats. The
| | |sedentary portion are
| | |cultivators with few
| | |cattle. Spears and
| | |swords; fair fighters.
| | |During the rains a
| | |certain number move into
| | |Kassala Province. Pay
| | |£E200 tribute.
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
SUAKIN PROVINCE.[252] Population 60,000 (1904);
without Nomads, 14,000.
Amarar, |None |Dissibil and |The Amarar are a large
Fadlab |appointed |Akarbei |and comparatively wealthy
| | |nomad tribe about whom,
| | |however, little is known
| | |at present. Their tribute
| | |was assessed at £E1,100
| | |(1903). Hamed Bey was
| | |formerly Nazir, but is
| | |now so no longer. He is
| | |in receipt of monthly
| | |pension (£4) for his past
| | |loyalty to Government.
| | |There is at present
| | |(1904) no Nazir of this
| | |tribe.
| | |
„ Abdel |Onur Ali |Wadi Amur and |
Rahmanab |Lebab |Agent. |
| | |
„ Kilab and|Mohammed |Hadai and Wadi |Another branch “Minniab”
Aliab |Dobalob |Amur |live on Atbara under Musa
| | |Adlan.
| | |
„ Kurbab |Mohammed Ali |Selalat and K. |
(Hawan) |Hamed |Haieit. |
| | |
„ „ |Hassan Bufori|J. Girba and K.|
(Wagadab) | |Asser. |
| | |
„ Nurab |Abu Fatma |Abdalla Rai, |Ali Adam, formerly
|Hassab |Tokar |Sheikh, is in receipt of
| | |monthly pension (£2) for
| | |past good services.
| | |
„ Musaiab |Ahmed Bakash |Ariab, Amur, |
| |etc. |
| | |
„ Sandarait|Mohammed |Sotriba and |Gwali Or was the last
|Gwali Or |Bawati |Amarar Sheikh to
| | |acknowledge Government.
| | |
Arteiga |Badani Rashid|Tokar |Cultivate near Tokar.
| | |
Ashraf |O’Sheikh |Ambakta, |
|Walad Koi |Tantik, and |
| |Tokar. |
| | |
Beni Amer |Mohammed |Khor Haieit, |Mohammed Osman lives at
|Osman Hamed |Karora, Agik, |Kassala—Saleh Idris is
|(Nazir) |and Tokar |his Wakil at Suakin. The
| | |Suakin Beni Amer pay £350
| | |tribute (1903).
| | |
Habab |Mahmud |Adwan and Tokar|Came from Eritrea where
|Kantibai | |greater part of tribe is
| | |still.
| | |
Hadendoa |Said El |Sinkat |The Hadendoa are a
(Amerab) |Hassan | |powerful nomad tribe
|(Nazir)[253] | |owning many camels, sheep
| | |and goats, and few
| | |cattle. They live,
| | |roughly speaking, between
| | |Suakin, Goz Regeb, and
| | |Kassala. Like the
| | |Bisharin, Beni Amer,
| | |etc., they speak a Rotana
| | |said to be allied to that
| | |of the Somalis. _Vide_
| | |also Kassala. The Suakin
| | |Hadendoa pay £E600
| | |tribute (1903).
| | |
„ |Mohammed Adam|Hadarbab and |
(Bishariab) |Halgo |Tebilol. |
| | |
„ (Garieb) |Ismail Abu |Sidate, Dirbob,|
|Aisha |and K. Abent. |
| | |
„ (Gemilab)|Abu Bakr |Warriba, |A large sub-tribe,
|Ahmed El Amin|Dageint, Shaba,|divided into two main
| |K. Osir, and |branches “Hararwab” and
| |Siterab. |“Taulil,” former belong
| | |to Suakin, latter to
| | |Kassala. Hararwab section
| | |pay £120 tribute (1903).
| | |
„ (Hamdab) |Abdel Gader |Wadi Amur, K. |Cultivate a good deal of
|Hamed Dau |Arab, Kokreb, |dura. Pay £150 tribute
| |and Hareitri. |(1903).
| | |
„ (Samarar |El Amin |Warateb. |
— Abdel — |Mohammed | |
Aar). |Hamagab | |
| | |
„ (Samarar |Musa Mohammed|Khor Baraka |Part graze on Gash in
— Farag — |Ali | |autumn, part cultivate
aliab). | | |near Tokar.
| | |
„ (Sharaab)|Omar Tita |Erkowit |Visit the Gash for
| | |grazing in the autumn.
| | |
Kemilab |Mohammed |Tokar and Durur|Most go to Gash for
|Abdel Gader | |grazing in autumn, rest
| | |cultivate near Tokar.
| | |
Shaiab |Mohammed Musa|Tokar and K. |Cultivate near Tokar. Pay
|Adam |Langeb |£E150 tribute.
| | |
Rasheida |Marshud Saleh|Atbara |In 1900 Marshud’s father,
| | |formerly Sheikh of this
| | |tribe, was imprisoned for
| | |slave-dealing and was
| | |subsequently expelled
| | |from the Sudan. _Vide_
| | |also tribes of Berber
| | |Province.
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
UPPER NILE PROVINCE.[254] Population 150,000 (?).
Agiba |Nadgweir |R. Gnatila and |Visited for first time in
| |Agwei (Upper |September, 1904.
| |Pibor). |
| | |
Aliab |Anok |Left bank of |Said to be a distinct
| |Bahr El Jebel |tribe, neither Baris nor
| |from a little |Dinkas, but with
| |north of 5° 30′|characteristics of both.
| |to a little |Rich in cattle and grain.
| |north of Bor. |Visited for first time in
| | |April, 1904.
| | |
Anuak[255] |Aiwil Agwot |Fatiwangyang; |A poor feeble tribe much
(Sobat) | |right bank of |down-trodden by the
| |Sobat |Nuers. Most of the Anuaks
| | |are under Abyssinia. The
„ (Pibor) |Okani or |Shian Okan |Sudan Anuaks appear to
|Okwai | |have lost their
| | |individuality and to have
| | |become more or less
| | |absorbed by the Nuers.
| | |
„ (Baro) |Geilo[255] |Itang |These Anuaks are friendly
| | |and industrious.
| | |
Bari |Lowala (right|Both banks of |Friendly but poor.
|bank), Leggi |Bahr El Jebel |Government not yet much
|(right bank).|from north |in touch with any except
| |latitude 6°, to|those near Mongalla.
|Lado (right |Gondokoro and |Cultivate a good deal of
|bank), Lado |south. |dura.
|Kanga (right | |
|bank). | |
| | |
|Mudi (left | |
|bank). | |
| | |
Beri or Beir |Lom |About 60 miles |Government has not yet
(north) | |inland from Bor|visited this branch of
| |(?) |the tribe (1904). Dinkas
| | |of Bor much afraid of
| | |Lom.
| | |
„ (south) |Alikori |J. Lafol, 47 |Friendly to Government.
| |miles east- |Visited by Captain W. N.
| |south-east from|Borton, May, 1904.
| |Mongalla. |
| | |
Dinka (White | | |The Dinkas are cattle-
Nile) | | |owners principally, but
| | |cultivate as a rule
„ Bowom |Yol Wad Kur |Right bank of |little more than is
| |White Nile at |sufficient for their own
| |and near Renk. |needs. They have no head
| | |Sheikh, but each section
„ Akon |Bakhit Niok |Right bank of |is independent. Their
| |White Nile from|characteristics and
| |1 mile to 10 |language vary
| |miles south of |considerably, according
| |Renk. |to the locality they
| | |inhabit. The only
„ Giel |Salem Banga |Right bank of |sections with which the
| |White Nile from|Government is now (1904)
| |Elwat to Meshra|really in touch are those
| |Zeraf-Awitong. |living on the White Nile.
| | |A census of these
„ Ageir |Akol Wad Shol|Right bank of |sections was made in
| |White Nile from|February, 1903, and their
| |Meshra Zeraf to|number was then estimated
| |Khor Adar. |at 7,300 men, women, and
| | |children, possessing
„ Beia |Anyan Wad Yor|Right bank of |8,000 cattle, 16,000
|Din |White Nile up |sheep, and 13,000 goats,
| |Khor Adar. |on which their taxes are
| | |assessed at about £800.
„ Niel |Wol Wad Lual |Right bank of |
| |White Nile up |
| |Khor Adar and |
| |near Kodok. |
| | |
„ Dunjol |Aiyung Wad |Right bank of |The Dinkas of the Sobat
(Sobat) |Agwot |White Nile |and Bahr El Jebel are now
| |opposite Kodok.|(1904) being taken in
| | |hand, and the
| | |headquarters of the
| | |Inspector for this
| | |district is at Abwong.
| | |
„ Gnok Deng|Maiang |Gokjak to Wang |}
| |Nait. Right and|}
| |left banks. |} Pay £E450 taxes, 1904.
| | |} These two sections own
„ Rueng |Kur Mantoj |From Khor Filus|} about 7,000 cattle and
| |across to J. |} 7,500 sheep.
| |Zeraf and |}
| |behind K. Atar.|}
| | |
„ Left bank|Bilkwai |Left bank of |During Mahdia lived near
White Nile, | |White Nile near|Jebel Iliri.
near Lake No | |Lake No. |
| | |
„ (Bahr El |Twi or Twich |Right bank of |The chief with whom Mr.
Zeraf) | |Bahr El Zeraf |Grogan had some
| |nearly opposite|difficulty. Appear to be
| |to Shambe. |not unfriendly to
| | |Government, but are not
| | |on good terms with the
| | |Dinkas at Bor.
| | |
„ (Bahr El |Byor and Kur |Bor and |Much afraid of Sheikh Lom
Jebel) | |neighbourhood |of the Beri tribe. Very
| | |friendly to Government.
| | |
Nuer |Kwandai |At Torkoyt on |Said to be friendly to
| |the right bank |Government. Frequently
| |of Sobat |visits Nasser Post.
| |opposite |Reported to have left
| |Nasser. Fishing|Torgoyt opposite Nasser,
| |quarters on |May, 1904, and to have
| |Pibor in |moved into the Anuak
| |January and |country further west.
| |February. |
| | |
|Gang |Tawfot, east of|Said to be unfriendly to
| |Nasser, right |Government (1904). Nyal,
| |bank of Sobat, |Sheikh of Ajungmir on
| |and fishing |Baro, who is under Gang
| |quarters on |appears, however, quite
| |River Mokwai |friendly.
| |and Pibor in |
| |January and |
| |February. |
| | |
|Jok |Koratong, |Friendly to Government.
| |fishing |Jok is a son of the late
| |quarters lower |Sheikh Yohe.
| |down on Pibor |
| |at Bil, etc. |
| | |
|Denkur |Keik-Khor Filus|Sheikh of Lau section.
| | |Powerful and said to be
| | |still opposed to the
| | |Government. Other Nuer
| | |chiefs on K. Filus are
| | |Kwoin Gol (Nerol), Lemtut
| | |Thiang (Wunleng), and
| | |Adol, the two former are
| | |said to be in favour of
| | |the Government, whilst
| | |the latter adheres to
| | |Denkur.
| | |
|Fadur |Between Bahr El|Sheikh of Lak district.
| |Zeraf and Bahr |Believed to be friendly.
| |El Jebel. |
| | |
|Toi Wad Thief|Kuek, right |Friendly to Government;
| |bank of Bahr El|visited Khartoum January,
| |Zeraf |1904. Sheikh of Thiang
| | |district.
| | |
|Diu |Faki, right |Said to be powerful and
| |bank of Bahr El|unfriendly to Government.
| |Zeraf, near |
| |Ajiung. |
| | |
| | |The Nuers are very large
| | |cattle owners. Government
| | |is at present little in
| | |touch with them as they
| | |appear unable to
| | |eradicate from their
| | |minds the memories of the
| | |slave raids in the time
| | |of the old Government.
| | |They are expert hunters
| | |of elephants with spears,
| | |and great fishermen. They
| | |appear to be more
| | |powerful than the other
| | |tribes adjoining them,
| | |but seem to have little
| | |combination. The Nuer
| | |tribal mark consists of
| | |six horizontal lines
| | |across the forehead.
| | |
|Nyal |Island formed |Sheikh of Gaweir section.
| |by Bahr El |Visited Khartoum May,
| |Jebel and Bahr |1904.
| |El Zeraf. |
| | |
Shilluk |Fadiet Wad |Mostly on left |The Shilluks are governed
|Kwad Keir |bank of White |by a Mek or king elected
| |Nile from Kaka |according to tribal
| |to Lake No. A |custom, subject to the
| |few live |approval of the Governor
| |further north, |General. The Mek has
| |and there is a |judicial powers based on
| |section living |tribal customs, but all
| |on both sides |decisions are subject to
| |of the Sobat |the right of appeal to
| |near its mouth,|the Governor at Kodok.
| |also on Khor |Their number was
| |Atar. |estimated (1903) at
| | |10,300 males, and 29,000
| | |women and children. In
| | |1903 their cattle was
| | |estimated at 12,200 and
| | |their sheep and goats at
| | |63,000. They also do a
| | |good deal of cultivation,
| | |and in years of good
| | |harvest their grain is an
| | |important factor in the
| | |food supply of Omdurman
| | |and Khartoum.
| | |
Arabs, Gowama|Abu El Gasim |Fama |Small branch of Gowama
| | |from Taiara.
| | |
„ Hawazma |Abdel Wahab |Fama and J. |Branch of the Kordofan
| |Iliri |Hawazma.
| | |
„ Kenana |Faki Hamed |Atara, north- |Few and poor. Wear their
| |west of Kodok |hair brushed back in long
| | |curls or plaits.
| | |
„ Selim |El Hag |Left bank of |Baggara Arabs, who,
|Suleiman |White Nile from|however, own few cattle,
| |Jebelein to |but many sheep and goats.
| |near Kaka. |Do little cultivating.
| | |Tribute, £200.
| |Right bank from|
| |Jebelein to |
| |near Renk. |
-------------+-------------+---------------+--------------------------
LIST OF TRIBES IN DARFUR ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR FORMER
PROVINCES.[256]
---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------
Name of Tribe.| Head Sheikh. | Residence. | Remarks.
---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------
I. Fasher Province.
Baza |El Fiki |Fasher and |Sedentary. Small
|Mohammed |surroundings |tribe.
| | |
Beni Fadl |Mohammed Nasr |Burush to J. El|Sedentary Arabs.
|El Din |Hella |Cultivators and
| | |small owners of
| | |cattle and sheep.
| | |
Berti |Adam Tamim |From Melit to |Large tribe.
| |J. El Hella and|Sedentary.
| |Tagabo |Originally slaves.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Beshir |Saleh Daud |Near Fasher |Arabs. Cultivators.
| | |
Fellata |Bakr Geigar |Masarra |Sedentary black
| | |tribe. Cultivators.
| | |
Fors, Kunjara | ? | |
| | |
„ Masabat | ? | |
| | |
„ Tungur |Ahmed Rashid |Kutum, and east|Fors. Related to
| |of J. Marra, to|Royal Family.
| |J. Haraz. |
| | |
Tarjam |Salem |Near Fasher |Fors. Cultivators.
| | |
Gimma |Under Sheikh of|Ergud |Arabs. Small tribe.
|Berti | |Cultivators.
| | |
Gimr |Ahmed Beida, |West of |Cultivating Arabs.
|Sultan Dar |Kebkebia |Considered very
|Gimr. | |aristocratically
| | |bred.
| | |
Hawara |Hasabo |Around Fasher |Originally Egyptian
| | |Arabs. Very few.
| | |Traders and owners
| | |of cattle.
| | |
Jileidat | ? |J. Oba, near J.|Arabs. Cultivators.
| |El Hella |
| | |
Kaja | ? |Kaja Serrug |A large black tribe.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Kurubat |Fiki Fakhr El |Fasher |Arabs. Traders.
|Din | |
| | |
Meidob | ? |Near El Fasher |Black sedentary
| | |tribe. Poor.
| | |Cultivators. Owners
| | |of sheep and
| | |donkeys.
| | |
Mima |Ahmed Bakr |J. Fafa; 2 days|Small sedentary
| |south of El |tribe. Originally
| |Fasher |from Borgu.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Tireifia |Ahmed Karar |Fasher. |Sedentary Arabs.
| |Formerly living|Originally from
| |at Kobe |Dongola. Traders and
| | |owners of cattle.
| | |
Takarir |No Sheikh |El Fasher, and |Black tribe. Few.
| |scattered about|Traders.
| |Darfur |
| | |
Wahia |Dau El Beit |Around Fasher |Originally from the
| | |oases. Traders and
| | |cultivators. Very
| | |few.
| | |
Zaghawa |Mustafa Wad |Dar El Zaghawa,|Black Arabs. Large
|Bakr |1 day north of |tribe. Mostly
| |Fasher, and |sedentary.
| |west to north |Cultivators and
| |of Wadai. |breeders of camels
| | |and cattle.
| | |
Zeiadia |Hemedo (Jadalla|Melit |Arabs. Cultivators.
|Isa, now at | |Formerly rich and
|Omdurman). | |breeders of best
| | |horses in Darfur.
| | |Now small tribe,
| | |poor.
---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------
II. Dara Province.
Beigo |Abu Bakr Naga |South of Dara |Blacks. Originally
|(now with Ali | |from Faroge in B. El
|Dinar at | |Ghazal. Cultivators.
|Fasher). | |Sedentary.
| | |
Beni Helba |Abdel Rahman |South-west of |Baggara Arabs.
|Habbo |Dara in Wadi |Nomads and
| |Azum |sedentary.
| | |Cultivators, and
| | |formerly owners of
| | |large numbers of
| | |horses, cattle,
| | |sheep, and donkeys.
| | |Now poor.
| | |
Birgid | ? |South of Dara |Blacks; not slaves.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |Sedentary.
| | |
Bornu | ? |Menawashi |Black tribe. Traders
| | |and small cattle
| | |owners.
| | |
Dajo |Suleiman |Near Dara |A black tribe, poor.
| | |Cultivators.
| | |
Habbania |Bahri Wad Osman|Kalaka |Large sedentary
|(Mohammed Abu | |Baggara Arab tribe.
|Saad, | |Cultivators and
|Omdurman). | |traders (Sheikh
| | |Mohammed Abu Saad,
| | |Omdurman).
| | |
Maalia, Maaglia|Belal Wad Ahmed|Between Shakka |Arabs. Mostly
|Dau Dau |and Taweisha |sedentary.
„ Um Kreim | | |Cultivating dukhn
| | |and water-melons.
| | |
Rizeigat, Um |Musa Madibbo |Abu Gabra and |Large nomad Baggara
Ahmed. | |Shakka. |tribe. Formerly most
| |(Bounded on |powerful tribe in
Rizeigat, Abu | |north by Fors |Darfur, possessing
Salim | |and Maalia; |3.000 horses. Now
| |east by Homr; |comparatively poor.
| |on south by |
| |Bahr El Arab; |
| |and west by |
| |Habbania. |
| | |
Taaisha |(Kubr Abd el |Between |Formerly cultivating
|Rahman, |Habbania on |nomad Baggara Arabs.
|Omdurman). |east and Dar |Now mostly
| |Sula on west; |sedentary.
| |south of Beni |Cultivators.
| |Helba and north|Formerly rich, now
| |of Dar Fertit. |poor.
---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------
III. Kebkebia Province.
Bedaiat | ? |North and |Black nomad Arabs,
| |north-east of |connected with the
| |Wadai |Zaghawa. Owners of
| | |camels, horses, and
| | |sheep. They never
| | |cultivate, but live
| | |on meat, milk, and
| | |dates.
| | |
Beni Hussein | ? |West of |Nomad Arabs—now few
| |Kebkebia |in number.
| | |
Mahria, Ereigat|Mahakkar |From Kebkebia |Formerly nomad
|Mohammed Ali |to Fasher, and |Arabs. Cultivators.
| |at Melit. |Poor tribe.
| | |Originally belonged
| | |to Rizeigat.
| | |
„ Nawaiba | ? | |
| | |
„ Mahamid | ? | |
| | |
Masalat |Abu Bakr Ismail|Dar Masalat, |A large independent
| |south of Dar |black tribe.
| |Tama |
| | |
Tama |Senin |Kebkebia, on |Black tribe owning
| |west frontier |horses. Cultivators.
| |of Darfur, |Will not acknowledge
| |between Zaghawa|Ali Dinar.
| |and Dar |
| |Masalat. |
| | |
Mountaineers | ? |Nurnia, and |Black tribes. Owners
| |other villages |of cattle and
| |in J. Marra |cultivators of
| | |wheat, etc.
| | |Collectors of honey
| | |and salt.
---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------------
GENEALOGICAL TREE SHOWING THE DESCENT OF THE PRINCIPAL BAGGARA
TRIBES.
(According to Kubr Abdel Rahman, Sheikh of the Guberat Section
(late Khalifa’s) of the Taaisha.)
* * * * *
SHAKER (descended from Beni Abbas tribe).
|
(2)------+------(1)
(1)----------------------------------+
|
Hamed El Afzar (the hollow backed).
|
+---------------+-------------+-------+-----------------+
| | | |
Hamid Hamar Zeiad Maalla
(Dar Hamid (Hamar (Zeiadia, (Maalia,
in in Darfur). Darfur).
Kordofan). Kordofan).
\_________________________________________________________________/
“Abala,” or camel-owning tribes. Not Baggara.
+----------------------------------------(2)
|
Ahmed El Ajdum (the leper).
|
Shaker
|
+-------------------+-----------------+
| | |
Salama (stepson) Jeneid. Helba (slave)
(Salamat in Borgu). | (Beni Helba, Darfur).
|
+-------------+--------------------------+-------------(3)
| |
Rashid. Heimad.
| |
+-------+-+-----+-------+ +---------+------+--+----------+
| | | | | | | |
Zebada Ziut. Hamda. Azid. Hasaballa. Habbana Firan Hameid
(Zebadia | (Habbania (Feierin (Aulad
in Amr. at Kalaka with Hameid,
Darfur). | in Darfur). Homr J. Gedir),
\___________________________/ Ahmed and in brother
(Aulad Rashid, living mostly (nicknamed Borgu). of Nazir,
in Borgu.) “Taaish” killed
by his with
nurse Khalifa.
(Taaisha,
west of
Kalaka,
Darfur).
(3)----------------------------------+
|
Atia
|
+--------------+---------------+------------+---------------+
| | | | |
Rizeig Messir Hawazma Talab Reiyan
(Rizeigat (Messeria, (south of (Taelba). (Rowaina).
at Shakka), south-west El Obeid). \_______________________/
in Darfur. El Obeid). Unimportant tribes
in Darfur.
The Selim are true Arabs and Baggara; they are said to be descended
from the Beni Abbas tribe. The Gimma, Gowama, and Bederia are not
true Arabs, and are said to be descended from Nubas and others. The
Kenana Khazama, Geheina (Kawahla, Shenabla, etc.) are descended from
the Koreish tribe, and are chiefly Abâla, or camel owners. It is
stated that many of the Baggara, who moved westwards into Borgu after
the fall of Omdurman, are now moving eastwards into Southern Darfur.
N.B.—Tribes shown in the above table as nearly allied are found
residing in adjoining districts at the present day.
[Footnote 245: In addition to these tribes, there is a considerable
sedentary population residing along the river banks.]
[Footnote 246: In addition to the tribes mentioned below, there
is a large sedentary mixed population in the Gezira, composed of
representatives of most tribes in the Sudan.]
[Footnote 247: These tribes belong to the White Nile Province (1905).]
[Footnote 248: In addition to the above tribes there is a large
sedentary population composed of representatives of almost every
tribe in the Sudan.]
[Footnote 249: Sheikh Ibrahim Musa was appointed Nazir of the whole
of the Hadendoa in Kassala and Suakin in October, 1904.]
[Footnote 250: Belong to White Nile Province (1905).]
[Footnote 251: In addition to the above tribes there is a large mixed
sedentary population comprising amongst others Arabs of many of the
Baggara tribes of Western Kordofan and Darfur.]
[Footnote 252: As the majority of these tribes wander far and wide
in search of pasture, which varies in accordance with the rains,
it is impossible to give their localities accurately.]
[Footnote 253: Ibrahim Musa is Nazir of the whole tribe, including
the Hadendoa in Kassala Province as well as in Suakin Province. He
is paid by Government, and has certain responsibilities as regards
the collection of tribute, etc.]
[Footnote 254: With the exception of the Arab tribes the inhabitants
of the Upper Nile Province are pagans. The Dinkas, Shilluks, etc.,
who return to their country from north having been converted to Islam,
seem to exercise no religious influence over their heathen brethren.]
[Footnote 255: The head Sheikh of the Abyssinian Anuaks or Yambos
is Odial; he is called by the Abyssinians Abajali. The Sheikh of
Anuaks at Finkio is Ojilo.]
[Footnote 256: From information by Sir R. Von Slatin Pasha and
natives of Darfur.]
=APPENDIX G.=
* * * * *
BOUNDARIES OF PROVINCES (DEFINED).
BAHR EL GHAZAL.
[Sidenote: North.]
The southern frontier of Kordofan and thence westwards up the Bahr
El Arab to the French frontier.
[Sidenote: East.]
The western boundary of the Upper Nile Province between Lake No and
N. lat. 5° 30′.
[Sidenote: South.]
The frontier of the Lado Enclave and thence westwards along the
Congo-Nile watershed.
[Sidenote: West.]
The Congo-Nile watershed and the French frontier.
BERBER.
[Sidenote: North.]
The northern boundary of the Sudan from about E. long. 33° to the
Red Sea.
[Sidenote: East.]
From the point where the northern boundary touches the sea the line
runs in a southerly direction to Kokreb, leaving the Hamedorab,
Shantirab, and other Bisharin tribes to Berber and the Amarar
to Suakin.
From Kokreb, on the Suakin-Berber road, nearly due south to Tendera
well (Kassala), leaving Talgwarab and Mib to Suakin, thence to
J. Ayob and Mitateb on the right bank of the Atbara.
[Sidenote: South.]
From Meshra Kelitawi on the left bank of the Atbara the line runs
south-west to J. El Beida, thence north of El Farukh, through El
Ashanik, south of Um Masarin (Asherin (?)), north of El Abala,
and the wells of Shag El Walia, across Wadi El Basai, north of El
Geleita to Wadi Faragalla, dividing the cultivation of the Morghamab
and Bisharin from that of the Shukria. From Wadi Faragalla, dividing
the cultivation of the Morghamab (Berber) and Batahin (Blue Nile
Province) in the Wadi Shahaheit, to Hafir Wad Um Berwa in the Wadi
Sideira. Thence to Hafir El Babunotat and Isna Bir. Thence according
to the well-known boundaries of the Jaalin (Berber) and Batahin
(Blue Nile Province) to Hafir Giriaa (Magarin). Thence the boundary
skirts the land of the Jaalin (Nafaab) in the W. Adeik, and runs
northwards round the cultivation of the Batahin in the Wadi Hawad,
thence to Hafir Giriaa of Debbaghat and south of Id Gerasa. From
here the line divides the cultivation of the Ababda (Berber) from
the Batahin (Blue Nile Province), the boundary passing through
the following hafirs and hills to Hagar El Asal on the Nile, viz.:
Dunieib, Kadabona, Shueir, Salmaniat, Um Serya, El Surat, Geiliat,
Wad Kambelawi, J. Ganatir; it crosses the S.G.R. at mile post 515.
From Hagar El Asal the line crosses the Nile to Meshra Lemeki,
thence to J. Rueis to the eastern boundary of Dongola, the Hassania
belonging to Berber and the Hawawir to Dongola.
[Sidenote: West.]
On the west the boundary is formed by the eastern boundaries of
Halfa and Dongola Provinces, the whole of the Bisharin of the Atbai
belonging to Berber.
DONGOLA.
[Sidenote: North.]
The northern boundary is the southern boundary of Halfa Province as
far as its junction with the Berber boundary at a point due north
of Berti.
[Sidenote: East.]
The eastern boundary runs due south to Berti on the Nile, thence
southwards to Sani well (Dongola) and Jakdul (Berber), thence
south-east to Gambar well, leaving the Sauarab and Hawawir to Dongola,
the Monasir, and the Hassania to Berber, and the Geriat tribe and
Gabra wells to Khartoum.
[Sidenote: South.]
From Gambar to Hobagi and thence due west to the eastern frontier
of Dongola.
[Sidenote: West.]
The western boundary includes the Arbain road from Lagia wells
(Halfa) to the northern frontier of Darfur.
GEZIRA[257] (BLUE NILE).
[Sidenote: North.]
The northern boundary is the southern boundary of the Berber Province
from Hafirs Kambelawi and Wad Edeid El Sid to Wadi Faragalla.
[Sidenote: East.]
From Wadi Faragalla to Ein El Lueiga on the Rahad the boundary is
the same as that detailed as the western boundary of Kassala. From
Ein El Lueiga down the thalweg of the Rahad to Abu Haraz, thence
down the thalweg of the Blue Nile to a point 2 miles south of Fadasi
Amarab on the left bank.
[Sidenote: South.]
From this spot in a westerly direction, including Talha, Fares,
Wad Kerar, Telub, Um Dueina, Zahara, to Kremet El Mogharba; then in
southerly direction west of the villages Wad Haleo and Abu Dign;
then south-east, between Barh El Din and Gebelia; then south,
leaving Teleih on the west and Um Hamra and El Homr on the east;
then south-south-west to J. Atshan.
[Sidenote: West.]
The eastern boundary of Khartoum Province from Hafir Kambelawi
to Soba, thence to a point half-way to Meshra Abadam on the White
Nile. Thence the boundary runs to J. Atshan as detailed in eastern
boundary of White Nile Province.
HALFA.
[Sidenote: North.]
Faras is the northern boundary on the Nile; on the left bank the
boundary includes the oasis of Sheb, Nakhia, etc., and on the right
bank runs due east along the 22nd parallel until it meets the 33rd
meridian.
[Sidenote: East.]
From the eastern extremity of the northern boundary the line runs
due south to Murrat wells leaving the desert tribes to Berber,
thence in a south-west direction across the railway, a few miles
north of No. 6 Station, to Abu Fatma on the right bank of the Nile.
[Sidenote: South.]
From Abu Fatma the southern boundary runs westwards to Lagia which
belongs to Halfa.
[Sidenote: West.]
The western boundary includes the oasis of Lagia, Selima, and Sheb
on the Arbain road.
KASSALA.
[Sidenote: North.]
The southern boundary of Suakin Province.
[Sidenote: East.]
The Sudan-Eritrea frontier from the junction of K. Ambakta and
K. Baraka to R. Setit opposite the junction of Khor Royan; thence
the Sudan-Abyssinia frontier to J. Madbara (south of Gallabat).
[Sidenote: South.]
From J. Madbara along the Abyssinian frontier to the R. Rahad,
thence down the thalweg of that river to Ein El Lueiga.
[Sidenote: West.]
The eastern boundary of Berber Province from Tendera (Kassala)
to Mitateb (Kassala) and thence _viâ_ J. Kelitawi to Wadi
Faragalla. From this point southwards to J. Daein, leaving Geili
(Blue Nile Province) to the west, and thence to Hafir Sueih, J. Nasub,
J. Arafi, J. Geriya to Ein El Lueiga (Kassala) on the Rahad.
KHARTOUM.
[Sidenote: North.]
The southern boundary of Berber from the Wadi Mogaddam (W. El
Melh)[258] _viâ_ J. Rueis to Hagar El Asal.
[Sidenote: East.]
From Hagar El Asal the boundary runs to mile post 515 on the railway,
thence through J. Ganatir to the Hafirs of Kambelawi and Wad Edeid
El Sid, 35 miles east of the Nile, thence south to Jebel Dura, and
thence to Soba on the Blue Nile, thence straight across the Gezira
to Meshra Abadam on the White Nile.
[Sidenote: South.]
Meshra Abadam to J. Medaha to Fatasha well (Khartoum).
[Sidenote: West.]
From junction of W. El Melh with W. Mogaddam; leaving the whole
of the Geriat tribe and Gabra wells to Khartoum, the boundary runs
south to J. El Sufar, thence to Fatasha.
KORDOFAN.
[Sidenote: North.]
The southern frontier of Dongola.
[Sidenote: East.]
The western frontier of Khartoum, White Nile, and Upper Nile
Provinces. The Selim Baggara, who live on left bank near Jebelein and
further south, belong to the Upper Nile Province. From the south of
Dar El Ahamda (White Nile Province) the boundary includes the Aulad
Hemeid tribe and runs to Fungor (Kordofan), thence to Lake No.
[Sidenote: South.]
From Lake No up the Thalweg of the Bahr El Ghazal and roughly
westwards along the 9° parallel. Sultan Rob and Dar Jange belonging
to Kordofan.
[Sidenote: West.]
The western boundary is the eastern frontier of Darfur, which
leaves Um Badr and Foga to Kordofan and Kaja Serrug to Darfur,
thence in a south-westerly direction to Dam Jamad, thence southwards,
leaving Zernak, Um Bahr, Tom Wad Zarag, Gad El Habub and Sherafa to
Kordofan. Thence southwards to the Bahr El Arab, leaving the Maalia
and Rizeigat to Darfur, and the Homr and Dar Jange to Kordofan.
SENNAR.[259]
[Sidenote: North.]
The boundary of the Gezira (Blue Nile) Province from Ein El Lueiga
to a point on the left bank of the Blue Nile two miles south of
Fadasi Amarab.
[Sidenote: East.]
The thalweg of the Rahad from Ein El Lueiga to the Abyssinian
frontier, thence the Abyssinian frontier to the K. Yabus south
of Kirin.
[Sidenote: South.]
Not settled, but roughly the parallel 10° N. Lat.
[Sidenote: West.]
The southern boundary of the Gezira (Blue Nile) Province, from
Fadasi Amarab to J. Atshan, and thence southwards, leaving the
Segadi-Moya-Gule road to Sennar, to Jebel Gerauid, and thence to
about the intersection of 33° E. Long. with 10° N. Lat.
SUAKIN.
[Sidenote: North.]
The northern portion of the eastern boundary of Berber Province.
[Sidenote: East.]
The Red Sea.
[Sidenote: South.]
The Eritrean frontier from Ras Kasar to the junction of the Ambakta
and Baraka Khors, thence down the Khor Baraka to the junction of
the Khor Langeb, thence up the Khor Langeb to the junction of the
Khor Dageint, thence to Bir Tihamrori in Khor Derudeb, thence to
Bir Tendera (Kassala).
[Sidenote: West.]
The eastern boundary of Berber Province.
UPPER NILE.
[Sidenote: North.]
Jebelein.
[Sidenote: East.]
The western and southern boundary of Sennar, thence the Abyssinian
frontier to Uganda (5° N. Lat.)
[Sidenote: South.]
N. parallel 5°.
[Sidenote: West.]
The eastern frontier of Kordofan from Jebelein to Lake No, thence the
left bank of the Bahr El Jebel to N. Lat. 5° 30′, including the
Aliab and western Baris. Shambe and its immediate vicinity belongs
to the Bahr El Ghazal Province.
WHITE NILE PROVINCE.
[Sidenote: North.]
From Meshra Abadam on the White Nile (13 miles south of Khartoum)
to a point about half-way between it and Soba on the Blue Nile.
[Sidenote: East.]
From the abovementioned point, the eastern boundary runs in a
S.S.W. direction, leaving El Sid Wad Isa, Wad El Eiselat, El Sideira,
Mahareiba, Um Seneita and Salim to the east (_i.e._ to Blue Nile
Province), thence westwards round N. end of Goz El Naga (Blue Nile
Province) and southwards, leaving Abdel Majid, Hashaba, Hemedana
and Faki Medawi to the west (_i.e._ to White Nile Province), thence
westwards round N. of Tahamid (Blue Nile Province) and S.E. round
N. of the Um Shadida (White Nile Province), west of Id Nibeihi
(Blue Nile Province), and east of Baashiin and Ghefeil (White Nile
Province). Thence due S.W. of Deshanat and Gemeil (Blue Nile Province)
and east of Jebels El Duhum, Atshan, Gelata Gedad, and Byut (White
Nile Province) to J. Mir, thence to the White Nile at Jebelein.
[Sidenote: South.]
Jebelein on the right bank of the White Nile, and on the left bank
the southern boundary of Dar El Ahamda, the Selim Baggara Arabs
belonging to the Upper Nile Province.
[Sidenote: West.]
From a point on the left bank of the White Nile opposite Meshra
Abadam, the western boundary runs in a southerly direction west of
J. Adara, east of J. Mandara, 7 miles E. of J. Menuk to Id Fatma
(White Nile Province). Thence leaving El Lithi to the west, it
includes the whole of Shageig hamlets and cultivation (White Nile
Province), and runs south to Fulo Um Sunta (White Nile Province),
12 miles west of Id El Ud. From here line runs southwards, west of
Bachi, Shat, and Zereiga, thence towards J. Kon, leaving Gowama and
Baza villages to Kordofan and the Busata district and Beni Jerar tribe
to White Nile Province. Thence to Um Kueika (White Nile Province), the
whole of the Gimma and Mesellemia belonging to White Nile Province,
and the whole of Gowama to Kordofan. From Um Kueika the line runs
S.S.E. to about the intersection of N. Lat. 12° and E. Long. 32°,
and thence due east to the White Nile, the whole of Dar El Ahamda
belonging to White Nile Province, and the Selim Baggara to Upper
Nile Province.
N.B.—The Shanabla and Kawahla who cultivate east of the frontier
specified above belong to White Nile Province for purposes of
“ushr” taxation.
[Footnote 257: In 1905 it is probable that Gezira Province will
include Wad Medani and District. This will alter the detail of the
Eastern and Southern boundaries.]
[Footnote 258: The Wadi El Melh joins the W. Mogaddam on the left
bank 40 miles north of Gabra wells.]
[Footnote 259: In 1905 the Headquarters of Sennar Province will
probably be at Senga, and Wad Medani will belong to Gezira. This
change will alter the detail of the Northern and Western boundaries.]
=APPENDIX H.=
* * * * *
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY OF THE SUDAN.
The following lists do not pretend to be exhaustive: at the same
time they contain the chief European works referring to the Sudan
which may be of use for reference, etc.
Confidential Publications are marked *; particularly useful ones †.
I.D.W.O. — Intelligence Division, War Office, London.
(_a_) _Official Publications._
Narrative of the Expedition to Dongola and Sennar, 1820-21. 1822.
† Report on the Proposed Railway between Wadi Halfa and Shendy; and
the Ship Incline at the 1st Cataract. By Mr. Fowler. Cairo, 1873.
Reconnaissance from Berenice to Berber. By Col. R. E. Colston.
Cairo, 1874.
† Survey of the White Nile. Lieutenants Watson and Chippendall.
1874.
† General Report on the Province of Kordofan. Col. Prout. Cairo,
1877.
Provinces of the Equator. Egyptian Staff. Cairo, 1877.
Psychrometrical Observations taken at Fascher, Darfour. By Col.
E. S. Purdy. Cairo, 1877.
† Report on the Sudan. Lieut.-Col. Stewart. 1883 (Blue Book, Egypt,
No. 11). 1883.
† The Nile above the 2nd Cataract. By Lieut.-Col. R. H. O’Grady
Haly. 1884. Messrs. Harrison and Sons.
† Report on Egyptian Provinces of the Sudan, Red Sea and Equator.
I.D.W.O. 1884. 3_s._ 6_d._
Parliamentary Papers respecting the Sudan Campaigns, 1884-1892:—
Correspondence respecting General Gordon’s Mission to Egypt,
1884.
Further Instructions to General Gordon, 1884.
Text of Proclamation of General Gordon to the Inhabitants of
the Sudan. 1884.
Telegram relative to a British Force to be collected at
Suakin, 1884.
Admiralty Telegrams relative to Affairs at Suakin, 1884.
Agreement between the Secretary of State for War and Messrs.
Lucas and Aird for the Construction of a Line of Railway from
Suakin towards Berber, 1885.
Papers relating to Withdrawal of Troops from Dongola, 1885.
Return of the Total Number of Cases of Sickness, Deaths, and
Admissions to Hospital for Wounds in Action, 1885.
Relief of General Gordon. 1885.
Return showing the Approximate Distribution and Organisation
of Medical Staff Corps during the Recent Campaign in Egypt and
the Sudan, 1885.
Supplementary Estimate of H.M.’s Navy for the Year 1884-5.
Return of the Approximate Cost of the Military Expedition to
Suakin. 1885.
Supplementary Estimate, 1884-5. Sum required to make good
the deficiency in the provision made for the service of the
Navy and Army during the year ending 31st March, 1885, owing to
the non-payment by Egypt of the extra cost of the Army of
Occupation. 1885.
Correspondence respecting the British Military operations in
the Sudan. 1885.
Further correspondence respecting the British Military
operations in the Sudan. 1885.
Nile Expedition casualties. 1885.
Return of the total sums spent by the Imperial and Indian
Government on Naval and Military Operations in or connected
with Egypt, since 1st January, 1882, to the present time; also
return of the officers and men who have lost their lives, and
of the number invalided home in consequence of our operations
in Egypt between the above-mentioned dates. 1886.
Correspondence regarding the claims of the Egyptian
Government and counter-claims of the British Government arising
from the operations in the Sudan, etc. 1887.
Despatch addressed to Sir H. D. Wolff by Lieut.-Col. Parr,
from the Headquarters of the Egyptian Army at Cairo, relative
to the efficiency and gallantry of the native Egyptian Troops.
1887.
Correspondence respecting affairs at Suakin. 1888.
Further correspondence respecting the affairs at Suakin.
1888, 1889.
Correspondence respecting Military Operations in Egypt and
the Sudan. 1882-89.
Correspondence respecting the re-occupation of Tokar by the
Egyptian Government. 1892.
Correspondence respecting the Valley of the Upper Nile, 1898.
Rapport à S. E. le Ministre des Finances sur le règlement des
comptes pour le service postal de l’armée d’expédition au
Soudan. Cairo, 1885.
Camel Mounted Infantry. Cairo, 1886.
† History of the Sudan Campaign, 1884-85. By Col. Colvile. 2 vols.
1889. 15_s._
† Perennial Irrigation. By W. Willcocks. 1894.
† The Map of Africa by Treaty. By Sir E. Hertslet. 1893.
Catalogue of the War Office Library and Accessions to Ditto.
1893-1896.
† Report on the Nile and Country between Dongola, Suakin, Kassala
and Omdurman. Capt. Count Gleichen, I.D.W.O. 2 Editions, 1897 and
1898. 4_s._ 6_d._
† Handbook of the Sudan. Capt. Count Gleichen. I.D.W.O. 1898. 2_s._
*† Intelligence Reports—Egypt. Compiled by Intelligence Department,
Egyptian Army. 1891-1898. Printed by I.D.W.O.
*† Précis of Events on the Upper Nile, 1878-98. Foreign Office.
† Annual Report on Egypt and the Sudan. British Agent and
Consul-General. 1899 to date. Issued by Foreign Office. Price
varies.
*† Intelligence Reports—Sudan. Compiled by the Intelligence
Department, Egyptian Army. 1899 to date. Printed by I.D.W.O.
† Supplement to Handbook of the Sudan. Major Count Gleichen.
I.D.W.O. 1899. 2_s._ 6_d._
† Report on the Sudan. Sir W. Garstin (Blue Book, Egypt, No. 5).
1899.
The Sudan Code of Criminal Procedure. 1899.
The Sudan Code of Criminal Procedure. Instructions to Officers in
Civil Employment. 1899.
The Sudan Penal Code. 1899.
† Red Sea Pilot. Admiralty. 1900. 3_s._ 6_d._
Sudan Military Railways. Traffic Regulations. 1900.
Regulations for the Government of Sudan Prisons. 1901.
† Report on the Forests of the Sudan. By E. C. Muriel. 1901.
Regulations for the Examination in Arabic and Law of Civilian
Officials serving in the Sudan Civil Administration. 1901.
† Rules of Orthography for Native Names of Places, Persons, etc.,
in Egypt and the Sudan. 1901. Price P.T.3.
† Instructions for Destruction of Locusts, White Ants and Mosquitos
in the Sudan. 1901.
† Report as to Irrigation Projects on the Upper Nile, etc., with 12
maps. Sir W. Garstin (Blue Book, Egypt, No. 2), 1901. 3_s._ 6_d._
† Report on the Woods and Forests of the Sudan. By A. F. Broun.
1902.
† Notes for Travellers and Sportsmen in the Sudan. Agent-General’s
Sudan Government Office, Cairo. 1902. Price 1_s._ Corrected
annually to date. Supplement to Ditto. Price P.T.1.
† Notes on Outfit. Agent-Genera’s Sudan Government Office, Cairo.
1902. P.T.2.
† Report on Cultivable Products of the Sudan. By W. W. A.
Fitzgerald. Agent-General’s Office, Cairo. 1903.
Mining and Prospecting Licenses in the Sudan. 1903.
London Convention. Africa. Game.
Budget of the Sudan. Annual.
Catalogue of the War Office, Cairo, Library. (Up to date). (In
the Press.)
† Sudan Almanac. Intelligence Department, Cairo. Annual. P.T.5.
*† Foreign Office and various Despatches and Prints. Blue
Books—Egypt, Africa and Uganda.
Report on the Wellcome Research Laboratories. Gordon College.
1904.
† Report on the Basin of the Upper Nile. Sir W. Garstin. Egypt.
Blue Book No. 2, 1904. 17_s._ (with numerous diagrams and
illustrations).
* Annual Reports of Mudirs of Provinces.
Sudan Finance Reports. (Annual).
Sudan Government Telegraphs—Regulations and Tariffs.
Sudan Ordinances, viz.:—
An Ordinance for Setting Questions as to Lands situated
within the Towns of Khartoum, Berber, and Dongola, and for
providing for the laying out and re-building of the said towns.
1899.
An Ordinance for Settling Disputes as to Land and for the
Registration of Titles. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Land and Date Tax. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Royalties on Gum, Ostrich
Feathers, Ivory, and India-rubber. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Carrying of Fire-arms. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating and Licensing the Sale of Alcoholic
Liquors. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the House Tax. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Boat Tax. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating and Licensing the Occupation of
Auctioneer and Pedlar. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the application of General Laws and
Regulations to the Districts of Wadi-Halfa and Suakin. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Herd Tax. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Prospecting for Metals, Minerals,
etc. 1899.
An Ordinance for Providing for the Deportation of Offenders from
the Sudan. 1899.
An Ordinance for Regulating Public Ferries, 1900. Repealing the
1899 Ordinance.
An Ordinance for Sudan Civil Justice. 1900.
An Ordinance for Extending the time within which Allottees of
Land at Khartoum and Berber are required to erect Buildings. 1901.
An Ordinance for Amending the Land Tax Ordinance, 1899. 1901.
An Ordinance for Providing that the Royalty taken on Gum, Ostrich
Feathers, Ivory and India-rubber, shall be taken in Money. 1901.
An Ordinance for Imposing and Regulating a Tax upon Animals. 1901.
An Ordinance for the Preservation of Wild Animals and Birds,
1903. Repealing the 1901 Ordinance.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Levying of Tribute. 1901.
An Ordinance for Regulating Woods and Forests. 1901.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Position of Civil Judges. 1901.
An Ordinance for Dealing with the Cattle Plague. 1901.
An Ordinance for Egyptian Judgments. 1901.
An Ordinance for Preventing and Regulating the Introduction of
Contraband Goods in the Sudan. 1902.
An Ordinance for Regulating Liquor Licences. 1902.
An Ordinance for Licensing Seal Engravers and for the
Registration of Seals. 1902.
An Ordinance for the Acquisition of Land for Public Purposes.
1903.
An Ordinance for Amending the Taxation of Animals Ordinance,
1901. 1903.
An Ordinance for Amending the Title of Lands Ordinance, 1899.
1903.
An Ordinance for Amending the Royalties on Gum, etc., Ordinance,
1899. 1903.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Manufacture and Sale of native
Liquors. 1903.
An Ordinance for the Detection and Punishment of Adulteration of
India-rubber and Gutta-percha. 1903.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Storage of Petroleum and other
substances of a like nature. 1903.
An Ordinance for Regulating the Carrying of Fire-arms, 1903.
Repealing the 1899 Ordinance.
Railway Ordinance. 1904.
Kassala and Kordofan Town Lands Ordinance. 1904.
Egyptian Judgments Ordinance, 1904. Amending 1901 Ordinance.
Suakin Town Land Registration Ordinance, 1904.
(_b._) _Unofficial Publications._
[Publ. Price.: Publishing Price.]
---------------+-------------+-----+-------------+------+-------------
Name of Work. | Author. |Date.| Publisher. |Publ. | Remarks.
| | | |Price.|
---------------+-------------+-----+-------------+------+-------------
†The |Prince |1886 |Trübner & | |
Literature of |Ibrahim-Hilmy| |Co., London. | |
Egypt and the | | | | |
Sudan | | | | |
| | | | |
A Journey to |Poncet |1698 | — | — |Sketchy.
the Courts of | | | | |
Sennar and | | | | |
Abyssinia | | | | |
| | | | |
Nouveau |W. G. Browne |1800 |Dentu, Paris | — |No great
voyage dans | | | | |value.
la Haute et | | | | |
Basse Égypte, | | | | |
la Syrie, le | | | | |
Darfour | | | | |
| | | | |
Travels in |J. L. |1819 |J. Murray, | — |Valuable
Nubia |Burckhardt | |London. | |historically.
| | | | |
Narrative of |G. Belzoni |1821 |J. Murray, | |
the Operations | | |London. | |
and Recent | | | | |
Discoveries in | | | | |
Egypt and Nubia| | | | |
| | | | |
Notes during |Sir F. |1823 |J. Murray, | |
a Visit to |Henniker | |London. | |
Egypt, Nubia, | | | | |
the Oasis, | | | | |
Mount Sinai, | | | | |
and Jerusalem | | | | |
| | | | |
†Voyage à |F. Cailliaud |1826 |Imprimerie | — |With atlas
Méroé, etc. | | |Royale, Paris| |and plates;
| | | | |valuable.
| | | | |
Relation |Ferlini |1834 | — | — |Treasure at
Historique, | | | | |Meroe.
etc. | | | | |
| | | | |
†Reisen in |Russegger |1838 |Vienna (?) | — |16 vols,
Nubien, etc. | | | | |60 maps;
| | | | |scarce.
| | | | |There is an
| | | | |abridged
| | | | |edition.
| | | | |Valuable.
| | | | |
Premier voyage |Capt. Selim |1842 |C. A. | |
à la recherche | | |Bertrand, | |
des sources du | | |Paris. | |
Nil Blanc | | | | |
| | | | |
Voyage au |Cheykh Mohd. |1845 |B. Duprat, | — |Interesting.
Darfour |Ebn-Omar | |Paris | |
|El-Tounsy | | | |
| | | | |
Voyage en |E. Combes |1846 |Desessart, | |
Égypte, en | | |Paris. | |
Nubie | | | | |
| | | | |
†Expedition to |F. Werne |1849 |London. | |
discover the | | | | |
Sources of the | | | | |
White Nile, | | | | |
1840-41 | | | | |
| | | | |
†Denkmäler aus |R. Lepsius |1849 | — | — |Valuable;
Aegypten, etc. | | | | |500 plates.
| | | | |
Le Désert et |Cte. |1853 |J. Dumaine, | |
le Soudan |d’Escayrac | |Paris. | |
|de Lauture | | | |
| | | | |
Mémoire sur le |Cte. |1855-|A. Bertrand, | |
Soudan |d’Escayrac |1856 |Paris. | |
|de Lauture | | | |
| | | | |
†Travels and |H. Barth |1857 |London | — |Useful.
Discoveries | | | | |
in North and | | | | |
Central Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
Étude sur la |H. Fournel |1857 |B. Duprat, | |
Conquête de | | |Paris. | |
l’Afrique par | | | | |
les Arabes | | | | |
| | | | |
†Travels in |J. Petherick |1862 |London | — |Useful.
Central Africa | | | | |Ghazal.
| | | | |
†Journal of |Capt. J. H. |1864 |Edinburgh. | |
the Discovery |Speke | | | |
of the Source | | | | |
of the Nile | | | | |
| | | | |
What led to |Capt. J. H. |1864 |W. Blackwood | |
the Discovery |Speke | |& Sons, | |
of the Source | | |Edinburgh. | |
of the Nile | | | | |
| | | | |
†A Walk across |Grant |1864 | | |
Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
Voyage aux |G. Lejean |1865 |L. Hachette | — |With atlas;
deux Nils | | |& Co., Paris | |detailed,
| | | | |but not
| | | | |accurate.
| | | | |
L’Égypte, la |Dr. Stacquez |1865 |Imprimerie | |
Basse Nubie et | | |de L. | |
le Sinai | | |Grandmont | |
| | |Donders, | |
| | |Liège. | |
| | | | |
Skizze der |Hartmann |1866 |Berlin. | |
Nilländer | | | | |
| | | | |
Sul N’Yanza |M. Erizzo |1866 |G. | |
Alberto | | |Antonnelli, | |
| | |Venice. | |
| | | | |
†The Nile |Sir S. W. |1867 |MacMillan & | |
Tributaries of |Baker | |Co., London. | |
Abyssinia | | | | |
| | | | |
†Discovery of |Sir S. W. |1868 |MacMillan & | |
the Albert |Baker | |Co., London. | |
Nyanza | | | | |
| | | | |
Travels in |Hon. C. L. |1868 |J. Murray, | |
Egypt and |Irby and J. | |London. | |
Nubia, Syria |Mangles | | | |
and the Holy | | | | |
Land | | | | |
| | | | |
Les jardins et |G. |1870 |Imprimerie | |
les champs de |Delchevalerie| |C. Annoot- | |
la vallée du | | |Braeckmann, | |
Nil | | |Gand. | |
| | | | |
†The Heart of |Dr. G. |1871 |Sampson, Low |7_s._ |Useful.
Africa |Schweinfurth | |& Co., London| |
| | | | |
Vocabulaire de |Dr. Perron |1874 |Imprimerie | |
la langue du | | |de | |
Darfour | | |l’État-major,| |
| | |Cairo. | |
| | | | |
†Reise in der |E. Marno |1875 | — | — |Useful.
Egyptischen | | | | |
Aequatorial- | | | | |
Provinz und in | | | | |
Kordofan | | | | |
| | | | |
†Reisebriefe |E. Marno |1875 |Wien. | — |Useful.
vom oberen Nil | | | | |
| | | | |
Central Africa |Col. C. C. |1876 |London. | |
|Long | | | |
| | | | |
Life with the |A. B. R. |1876 |Smith & Co., | |
Hamran Arabs |Myers | |London. | |
| | | | |
Dell’ arrivo |C. Piaggia |1877 |Lucca. | |
fra i | | | | |
Niam-Niam e | | | | |
del soggiorno | | | | |
sul lago Tzana | | | | |
in Abissinia | | | | |
| | | | |
Reisen und |K. Zoppritz |1877 |J. Perthes, | |
Forschungen im | | |Gotha. | |
Gebiete des | | | | |
Weissen und | | | | |
Blauen Nil | | | | |
| | | | |
†The Cradle of |E. A. de |1877 |J. Murray, | |
the Blue Nile |Cosson | |London. | |
| | | | |
†Reisen im |E. Marno |1880 | — | — |Useful.
Gebiete des Nil| | | | |
| | | | |
Nubische |Lepsius |1880 | — | |
Gramatik | | | | |
| | | | |
Incidents of |F. Ensor |1881 |London. | |
a Journey | | | | |
through Nubia | | | | |
and Darfur | | | | |
| | | | |
†Col. Gordon |G. B. Hill |1881 |T. de la | |
in Central | | |Rue & Co., | |
Africa, 1874-79| | |London. | |
| | | | |
To the Central |J. Thomson |1881 |Sampson, | |
African Lakes | | |Low & Co., | |
and back | | |London. | |
| | | | |
†Uganda and |Rev. C. T. |1882 |London. | |
the Egyptian |Wilson and | | | |
Sudan |R. W. Felkin | | | |
| | | | |
†Wild Tribes |F. L James |1883 |J. Murray, | — |Useful.
of the Soudan | | |London | |
| | | | |
Itinéraire | — |1883 |Typo- | |
de Souakin à | | |Lithographie,| |
Berber | | |V. Penasson, | |
| | |Alexandria | |
| | | | |
Modern |L. Cust |1883 |London. | |
Languages of | | | | |
Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
The English in |Lieut.-Col. |1884 |W. H. Allen | |
Egypt, England |Hennebert | |& Co., | |
and the Mahdi | | |London. | |
| | | | |
My Wanderings |Mrs. Speedy |1884 |R. Bentley & | — |2 vols.
in the Soudan | | |Son, London | |
| | | | |
Life in the |J. Williams |1884 |London. | |
Soudan | | | | |
| | | | |
The Soudan and |The |1884 |W. H. Allen |6_d._ |
the British |Patriotic | |& Co., London| |
Ministry |Association | | | |
| | | | |
†Ismailia: |Sir S. W. |1884 |London | — |Useful.
Expedition to |Baker | | | |
Central Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
Letters from |F. Power |1885 |London. | |
Khartoum | | | | |
| | | | |
Gordon and the | — |1885 |London. | |
Mahdi | | | | |
| | | | |
The Sudan |Lieut. M. |1885 |London. | |
Military |Nathan | | | |
Railway | | | | |
| | | | |
†Report on |Nushi Pasha |1885 |Cairo | — |Arabic and
Gordon and | | | | |English MS.
the Fall of | | | | |
Khartoum | | | | |
| | | | |
L’Afrique |E. Reclus |1885 |L. Hachette | 37 |Useful.
Septentrionale | | |& Co., Paris | frs. |
| | | | |
With Hicks |Col. Hon. J. |1885 |Smith & Co., | |
Pasha in the |Colborne | |London. | |
Sudan | | | | |
| | | | |
Three Months |E. Sartorius |1885 |Kegan Paul & | |
in the Soudan | | |Co., London. | |
| | | | |
†Egyptian |C. Royle |1886 |London | — |Useful.
Campaigns, | | | | |
1882-1885 | | | | |
| | | | |
†La Confrérie |H. Duveyrier |1886 |Société de | — |Useful.
Musulmane de | | |Géographie, | |
Sidi Mohammed | | |Paris | |
Ben ’Ali | | | | |
Es-Senussi | | | | |
| | | | |
Les |A. Khlat |1886 |Khedivial | — |Arabic.
Explorations | | |Geographical | |
égyptiennes en | | |Society, | |
Afrique | | |Cairo | |
| | | | |
†Journals of |A. E. Hake |1886 |Remington & | |
General Gordon | | |Co., Paris. | |
at Khartoum | | | | |
| | | | |
Suakin, 1885 |Major E. G. |1886 |Kegan Paul & | |
|Parry | |Co., London. | |
| | | | |
Diario storico |G. B. |1883 |Typo- | |
militare delle |Messedaglia | |Lithographie,| |
Rivolte al | | |V. Penasson, | |
Sudan, Dal | | |Alexandria | |
1878 in poi | | | | |
| | | | |
Charles Gordon |F. Grin |1886 |Fischbacher, | |
| | |Paris. | |
| | | | |
Events in |H. W. Gordon |1886 |Kegan Paul & | |
the Life of | | |Co., London. | |
Charles George | | | | |
Gordon | | | | |
| | | | |
Days and |Major E. A. |1886 |J. Murray, | |
Nights of |de Cosson | |London. | |
Service | | | | |
with Sir G. | | | | |
Graham’s Field | | | | |
Force at Suakin| | | | |
| | | | |
†From Korti to |Sir C. W. |1886 |London | — |Useful.
Khartoum |Wilson | | | |
| | | | |
La Tripolitaine|M. Fournel |1887 |C. Ainé, | |
| | |Paris. | |
| | | | |
Too Late for |A. Macdonald |1887 |J. Murray, | |
Gordon and | | |London. | |
Khartoum | | | | |
| | | | |
The Story of |A. E. Hake |1887 |Remington & | |
Chinese Gordon | | |Co., London. | |
| | | | |
The late |Capt. C. B. |1887 |Gale & |2_s._ |
Battles in the |Mayne | |Polden, | |
Sudan | | |Chatham | |
| | | | |
†Campaign of |Col. Sir W. |1887 |London. | |
the Cataracts |F. Butler | | | |
| | | | |
Notes on |Major G. B. |1887 |Harrison & |3_s._ |
Transport and |Burn | |Sons, London |6_d._ |
Camel Corps | | | | |
| | | | |
Recent Events |W. H. D. |1887 |T. Nelson & |3_s._ |
in the Soudan |Adams | |Sons, London |6_d._ |
| | | | |
Emin Pasha in |Mrs. R. W. |1888 |London. | |
Central Africa |Felkin | | | |
| | | | |
With the Camel |Lieut. Count |1888 |Chapman & |9_s._ |Nile
Corps up the |Gleichen | |Hall, London |6_d._ |Expedition,
Nile | | | | |1884-85.
| | | | |
†’83 to’87 in |A. B. Wylde |1888 |London | — |Useful.
the Sudan | | | | |
| | | | |
Chinese Gordon |A. Forbes |1889 |G. Routledge | |
| | |& Sons, | |
| | |London. | |
| | | | |
†Emin Pasha |J. |1890 |Sampson, Low | — |Useful.
and the |Mounteney- | |& Co., London| |
Rebellion at |Jephson | | | |
the Equator | | | | |
| | | | |
†Chronological |Major F. R. |1890 |Harrison & | — |Useful.
Index of |Wingate | |Sons, London | |
Events in | | | | |
the Sudan, | | | | |
1881-1889 | | | | |
| | | | |
†In Darkest |H. M. Stanley|1890 |Sampson, | |
Africa | | |Low & Co., | |
| | |London. | |
| | | | |
Travels and |H. Barth |1890 |London | — |Reprint.
Discoveries | | | | |
in North and | | | | |
Central Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
Ten Years in |G. Casati |1891 |F. Warne & | |
Equatoria | | |Co., London. | |
| | | | |
†Sette anni |Capt. M. |1891 |G. Chiesa | |
nel Sudan |Camperio | |and F. | |
Egiziano | | |Guindani, | |
(Gessi) | | |Rome. | |
| | | | |
†Le Nil, |A. Chélu |1891 |G. Frères, | — |Useful;
le Soudan, | | |Paris | |rather
l’Égypte | | | | |inaccurate.
| | | | |
My Personal |T. H. Parke |1891 |Sampson, | |
Experiences | | |Low & Co., | |
in Equatorial | | |London. | |
Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
The Other Side |H. R. F. |1891 |Chatto & | |
of the Emin |Bourne | |Windus, | |
Pasha Relief | | |London. | |
Expedition | | | | |
| | | | |
†Herodotus |H. Cary |1891 |G. Bell & | |
| | |Sons, London.| |
| | | | |
†Mahdism and |Major F. R. |1891 |MacMillan & | |Valuable.
the Egyptian |Wingate | |Co., London | |
Sudan | | | | |
| | | | |
Seven Years in |R. Gessi |1892 |London. | |
the Sudan |Pasha | | | |
| | | | |
The Fate of | — |1892 |London | |“Edinburgh
the Sudan | | | | |Review,”
| | | | |January,
| | | | |1892.
| | | | |
†Travels |Dr. W. Junker|1890-|Chapman & | £3 |Valuable. 3
in Africa, | |1892 |Hall, London |3_s._ |vols.
1879-1886 | | | | |
| | | | |
The Sudan Past |Major F. R. |1892 |Royal | |
and Present |Wingate | |Artillery | |
| | |Institution, | |
| | |Woolwich. | |
| | | | |
Notice sur |J. Artin |1892 |Imprimerie | |
quelques |Pacha | |Nationale, | |
monnaies | | |Cairo. | |
en argent | | | | |
frappées à | | | | |
Omme Dirman | | | | |
(Soudan) | | | | |
| | | | |
Charles George |Col. Sir W. |1892 |Macmillan & | |
Gordon |F. Butler | |Co., London. | |
| | | | |
The Ruin of |H. Russell |1892 |Macmillan & | |
the Sudan | | |Co., London. | |
| | | | |
The Siege |Major F. R. |1892 |London | — |“United
and Fall of |Wingate | | | |Service
Khartoum | | | | |Magazine,”
| | | | |1892.
| | | | |
The Rise and |Major F. R. |1892 |Woking | — |Proceedings
Wane of the |Wingate | | | |of the
Mahdi Religion | | | | |Oriental
in the Sudan | | | | |Congress.
| | | | |
Notes on the |E. A. Floyer |1892 |London | — |“Journal
Geology of | | | | |of the
Northern Etbai | | | | |Geological
| | | | |Society,”
| | | | |November,
| | | | |1892, Vol.
| | | | |48.
| | | | |
La Chute de |Borelli-Bey |1893 |J. Barbier | |
Khartoum 26 | | |Cairo. | |
Janvier, 1885 | | | | |
| | | | |
Die |H. Frobenius |1893 |Berlin. | |
Heiden-Neger | | | | |
des | | | | |
ägyptischen | | | | |
Suda | | | | |
| | | | |
†Etude sur le |E. A. Floyer |1893 |Cairo | — |Valuable.
Nord-Etbai | | | | |
entre le Nil | | | | |
et le Mer Rouge| | | | |
| | | | |
Guide to |Surgeon T. |1893 |London. | |
Health in |H. Parke | | | |
Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
Plus loin que |A. Excoffon |1893 |Jouvet & | |
l’Oubanghi. | | |Co., Paris. | |
Les Pères | | | | |
Blancs en | | | | |
Afrique | | | | |
| | | | |
The Dwellers |E. A. W. |1893 |The |2_s._ |
on the Nile |Budge | |Religious | |
| | |Tract | |
| | |Society, | |
| | |London | |
| | | | |
†England in |A. Milner |1893 |E. Arnold, | — |Valuable.
Egypt | | |London | |
| | | | |
†Die Wahrheit |V. Hassan |1893 |D. Reimer, | 7 |
über Emin | | |Berlin |marks.|
Pascha | | | | |
| | | | |
Father |E. M. Clerke |1893 |M. H. Gill & | |
Ohrwalder’s | | |Sons, London.| |
Captivity | | | | |
| | | | |
La Région du |G. le Marinel|1893 |Paris. | |
Haut Ubangi ou | | | | |
Ubangi-Dua. | | | | |
| | | | |
Six semaines |M. E. Cotteau|1894 |L. Hachette | 50c. |
sur le Nil | | |& Co., Paris | |
| | | | |
British Trade |A. B. Wylde |1894 |J. E. | |
in the Soudan | | |Cornish, | |
| | |Manchester. | |
| | | | |
Agordat |Col. Arimondi|1894 |V. Enrico, | |
| | |Rome. | |
| | | | |
I Dervisci nel |Gen. L. Dal |1894 |V. Enrico, |Lire, |
Sudan Egiziano |Verme | |Rome | 1.50 |
| | | | |
Mit Emin |Dr. F. |1894 |D. Reimer, | |
Pascha ins |Stuhlmann | |Berlin. | |
Herz von Afrika| | | | |
| | | | |
Révélations |L. I. Picard |1894 |A. | PT.3 |
sur la | | |Costagliola, | |
prochaine | | |Cairo | |
campagne de | | | | |
l’Angleterre | | | | |
au Soudan | | | | |
| | | | |
The Mahdi |H. Caine |1894 |Longmans & |1_d._ |
| | |Co., London | |
| | | | |
†The Camel: |Major A. G. |1894 |Longmans & | — |Useful.
its Uses and |Leonard | |Co., London | |
Management | | | | |
| | | | |
More about |“One who |1894 |R. Bentley & | |
Gordon |knew him” | |Sons, London.| |
| | | | |
Sir Samuel |T. D. Murray |1895 |London. | |
Baker: a Memoir|and A. S. | | | |
|White | | | |
| | | | |
L’Égypte et le |H. Pensa |1895 |L. Hachette | |
Soudan égyptien| | |& Co., Paris.| |
| | | | |
†Dictionary of |T. P. Hughes |1895 |W. H. Allen | — |Valuable.
Islam | | |& Co., London| |
| | | | |
†Ten Years’ {|(Ohrwalder) |1892}| | |
Captivity in {| | }|Sampson, Low | — |Useful and
the Mahdi’s {|Major F. R. |1895}|& Co. | |interesting.
Camp {|Wingate | }| | |
| | | | |
†The Partition |J. S. Keltie |1895 |E. Stanford, | — |Useful.
of Africa | | |London | |
| | | | |
Communication |Cte. C. |1895 |Imprimerie | — |Journal
sur la |Zaluski | |Nationale, | |officiel du
Mahdisme et le | | |Cairo | |Gouvernement
Soudan égyptien| | | | |égyptien,
| | | | |No. 138.
| | | | |
†North Africa |A. H. Keane |1895 |E. Stanford, | |
| | |London. | |
| | | | |
Les |Lieut.-Col. |1895 |H. C. La | |
Expéditions |E. Septans | |Vaugelle, | |
Anglaises en | | |Paris | |
Afrique | | | | |
| | | | |
†Albert Nyanza |Sir S. W. |1896 |Macmillan & | — |Reprint.
|Baker | |Co., London | |
| | | | |
The Story of |Mrs. E. L. |1897 |Smith, Elder |16_s._|Useful for
the Church of |Butcher | |& Co., London| |ancient
Egypt | | | | |history.
| | | | |
Towards |A. H. |1897 |A. D. Innes | |
Khartoum |Atteridge | |& Co., | |
| | |London. | |
| | | | |
Life of Gordon |H. D. Boulger|1897 |London. | |
| | | | |
Letters from |E. F. Knight |1897 |London. | |
the Soudan | | | | |
| | | | |
†The Journals }| |1885}|Kegan Paul & | — |Valuable.
of Major-Gen. }|A. E. Hake | }|Co., London | |
C. G. Gordon }| |1898}| | |
at Khartoum }| | | | |
| | | | |
†Fire and |Col. Rudolf |1896-|E. Arnold, |21_s._|Valuable and
Sword in the |Slatin Pasha |1898 |London | |interesting;
Soudan | | | | |English,
| | | | |French,
| | | | |German,
| | | | |Italian.
| | | | |
Le Soudan |H. Dehérain |1898 | | |
égyptien sous | | | | |
Mehemet Ali | | | | |
| | | | |
†Campaigning |Lieut. S. |1898 |Methuen & | |
on the Upper |Vandeleur | |Co., London. | |
Nile and Niger | | | | |
| | | | |
Emin Pascha |G. Schweitzer|1898 |Berlin | — |Useful.
| | | | |
The Egyptian |H. S. L. |1898 |Macmillan & | |
Sudan: Its |Alford and | |Co., London. | |
Loss and |W. D. Sword | | | |
Recovery | | | | |
| | | | |
Fachoda et le |P. Barré |1898 | | |
Bahr el Ghazal | | | | |
| | | | |
Downfall of |E. N. Bennett|1898 | | |
the Dervishes | | | | |
| | | | |
Sirdar and |B. Bennett |1898 |Chapman & |12_s._|
Khalifa | | |Hall, London | |
| | | | |
†Egypt in the |D. A. Cameron|1898 |Smith, Elder | |
Nineteen th | | |& Co., | |
Century | | |London. | |
| | | | |
With Kitchener |G. W. |1898 |W. Blackwood | |
to Khartoum |Steevens | |& Sons, | |
| | |London. | |
| | | | |
From Cairo |H. D. Traill |1898 | | |
to the Sudan | | | | |
Frontier | | | | |
| | | | |
†The River War |W. S. |1899 |Longmans, |36_s._|Very good.
|Churchill | |Green & Co., | |
| | |London | |
| | | | |
La Question du |V. Collin |1899 | | |
Haut Nil au | | | | |
point de vue | | | | |
Belge | | | | |
| | | | |
In the Mahdi’s |G. M. Fenn |1899 | | |
Grasp | | | | |
| | | | |
A Prisoner of |G. Neufeld |1899 |G. Bell & | |
the Khalifa | | |Sons, London.| |
| | | | |
Sudan Campaign |An Officer |1899 |Chapman & | |
| | |Hall, London.| |
| | | | |
The Expansion |A. S. White |1899 |Methuen & |15_s._|Mostly
of Egypt | | |Co., London | |statistics.
| | | | |
†Handbook for |J. Murray |1900 |E. Stanford, |15_s._|
Travellers | | |London | |
in Upper and | | | | |
Lower Egypt | | | | |
| | | | |
Story of the |Rawlinson |1900 |Fisher Unwin | — |Useful.
Nations (Egypt)| | | | |
| | | | |
African |Major A. J. |1900 |J. Murray, | |
Incidents |Thruston | |London. | |
(Egypt and | | | | |
Unyoro) | | | | |
| | | | |
From the Cape |E. S. Grogan |1900 |Hurst & | — |Useful.
to Cairo |and A. H. | |Blackett, | |
|Sharp | |London | |
| | | | |
Die |H. Schäfer |1901 |Leipzig. | |
Aethiopische | | | | |
Königsinschrift| | | | |
des Berliner | | | | |
Museums | | | | |
| | | | |
†The Nile |Dr. W. Budge |1901 |T. Cook, | — |Useful.
| | |Cairo. | |
| | | | |
†Vers Fachoda |C. Michel |1901 |P. Nourrit & | |(From
| | |Co., Paris. | |Abyssinia).
| | | | |
Egypt and the |T. Cook & Son|1901-|T. Cook & | |
Nile | | 02 |Son, Cairo | |
| | | | |
†Handbook for |K. Baedeker |1902 |K. Baedeker, | 15 |
Travellers in | | |Leipzig |marks |
Egypt | | | | |
| | | | |
†A History of |Dr. W. Budge |1902 |Kegan, Paul | — |Valuable for
Egypt | | |& Co. London | |B.C. history.
| | | | |
†Amongst |Major H. H. |1902 | | |
Swamps and |Austin | | | |
Giants in | | | | |
Equatorial | | | | |
Africa | | | | |
| | | | |
†Geography of |H. W. Mardon |1902 |Blackie & | |
Egypt and the | | |Son, London. | |
Anglo-Egyptian | | | | |
Sudan | | | | |
| | | | |
The Mines of |E. A. Floyer | — |Royal | |
the Northern | | |Asiatic | |
Etbai, or | | |Society | |
of Northern | | |of Great | |
Ethiopia | | |Britain and | |
| | |Ireland. | |
| | | | |
Egypt and Nubia|J. A. St. | — |Chapman & | |
|John | |Hall, London.| |
| | | | |
Le Nil | — | — |Société | |
| | |d’Etudes du | |
| | |Nil, Paris. | |
| | | | |
L’Afrique | — | — | — | — |Periodical.
explorée et | | | | |Useful.
Civilisée, | | | | |
1881-1885, etc.| | | | |
| | | | |
†The Nile |Sir H. |1903 | | |
Quest; Story |Johnston | | | |
of Explorations| | | | |
| | | | |
Discovery of |Lieut. |1903 | | |
Lake Rudolf |Ludwig Von | | | |
and Stefanie |Höhnel. | | | |
by Count | | | | |
Teleki’s | | | | |
Expedition | | | | |
| | | | |
†The Binding |Hon. Sydney |1904 |E. Arnold, | |
of the Nile |Peel. | |London. | |
and New Sudan | | | | |
| | | | |
Aethiopien |W. Max Müller|1904 |Berlin. | |
| | | | |
†History of |Naum Bey |1904 |Cairo | — |In Arabic.
the Sudan |Shoucair | | | |
---------------+-------------+-----+-------------+------+-------------
And numerous articles in Periodicals and Newspapers, especially:—
Bulletin du Comité de l’Afrique Française. (Paris.)
Mouvement Géographique. (A. J. Wauters, Brussels.)
Revue Française de l’Etranger et des Colonies. (Paris.)
Petermann’s Mittheilungen. (Justus Perthes, Gotha.)
The Geographical Journal. (Royal Geographical Society, London).
The Scottish Geographical Magazine. (Royal Scottish Geographical
Society, Edinburgh.)
Journal of the African Society. (Macmillan and Co., London);
etc., etc., etc.
(_c_) _Maps._
_See_ Map Catalogue[260] of War Office Library, Cairo, for details.
For general maps the following are recommended:—
The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. I.D.W.O., No. 1856,
1904. 1:4,000,000. (Latest and most up-to-date general map).
Afrika: Justus Perthes; 1892; Sections 6-8. 1:4,000,000.
Stieler’s, or the Times, Atlas.
Berber to Victoria Nyanza. I.D.W.O., No. 1319, 1898. 1:2,500,000.
Nile Basin. I.D.W.O., No. 860, 1891-98. 1:611,434.
French Staff Map: good; 1:2,000,000.
[Sidenote: Ancient.]
[Sidenote: Modern.]
For old maps of particular portions, see reproductions of ancient
maps in Scott Keltie’s “Partition of Africa,” Cailliaud’s
Atlas (along the Nile); the same and Lepsius, for Antiquities;
Lejean’s Atlas of Voyage aux deux Niles—somewhat inaccurate;
Russegger—valuable mineralogical and other maps of east Sudan and
Kordofan; Junker—chiefly Bahr El Ghazal and Eastern Sudan; and
the recently published one of Marchand’s, etc., journeys—Bahr
El Ghazal to Abyssinia, 4 sheets (published by the “Société de
Géographie, Paris,” 1903. 1:1,000,000.)
Petermann’s Mittheilungen and other geographical periodicals
occasionally contain good maps of portions.
The most modern and most accurate maps however are the series of
Ordnance Survey Maps now being constructed by the Director of Surveys,
Sudan Government, and printed and published by I.D.W.O. (No. 1489)
on a, scale of 1:250,000 (about 4 miles to the inch). Of these,
each covering 1 degree of latitude and 1½ of longitude, there are
over 50 now on sale, out of about 140 projected. They can be obtained
(price 1_s._ 6_d._ each) from the leading map-sellers in England, and
exceptionally a few are to be had from the Director of Intelligence,
Cairo.
A reference to the last pages of the Monthly British Army List will
show all the I.D.W.O. sheets that have been published. At present
they are as follows:—
Abba Island, Adarama, Akobo, Atbara, Beni Shangul, Boma, Debba,
Doka, Dongola, El Obeid, El Safia, Fazogli, Gallabat, Gedaref,
Geili, Goré, Jebelein, Kagmar, Kaka, Karkoj, Karora, Kassala,
Keili, Khartoum, Khor Langeb, Kirin, Kosha, Lower Omo, Lower Sobat,
Ma’atuk, Maman, Merowe, Middle Dinder, Middle Sobat, Mt. Lubur,
Murrat, Musha, Nasser, Nogara, Renk, Rera, Roseires, Salmia, Senna,
Setit, Shabluka, Shendi, Sinkat, Suakin, Talgwarab, Tokar, Wadi Halfa,
Wadi Keheli, Wad Medani, Walega.
Index to above sheets, October, 1904. Scale
1/4000000. I.D. No. 1578. _Price_ 1_s._ 6_d._
Sheets of the Sudan on the scale of 1/1000000 are now in the course
of production.
[Footnote 260: In the press, 1904.]
=INDEX.=
* * * * *
=A.=
Aarakin Tribe, 119.
Aard Wolf, 307.
Aba Island, 58, 71, 244.
Abad, 91.
Abadaro, 125.
Ababda Tribe, 86, 91, 105; Nazir of, 98.
Abai (Blue Nile), 111.
Abaraga W., 92.
Abbassia Gedida, 59.
Abbas Pasha, 49, 91, 232.
Abbeinedu J., 289.
Abdalla Wad El Hassan, 119.
Abdanab, 125.
Abd el Kader, 244, 247.
Abd El Rahim Wad Abu Dugal, 104.
Abdin, 111.
Abesher Town, 189, 190, 217, 274, 276; French occupation (20th Dec.,
1903), 184.
Abialang District, 129.
Abidia, 90; railway station, 214, 215; P.T.O., 219.
Abkor, 31.
“Abnus” tree, 151.
Aboir Tine, 183.
Abok (Goddess), 162.
Aborigines, 125, 187.
Ab Rumeila, 43.
Ab Tin Village, 43.
Ab Turki Island, 28.
Ab Zaroda, 125.
Abseit District, 32.
Abud District, 26, 117.
Abudiin Tribe, 93.
Abuldugu Hill, 120, 123.
Abu Anga, 106.
Abu Baguga Village, 204.
Abu Bakr, 41.
Abu Deleig District, 2, 103, 104; W., 104, 105; action (Feb.,
1898), 104.
Abu Dis (railway station), 214.
Abu Dom Village, 32; W., 92.
Abu Dom Sanam, camp site, 34; village, 34.
Abu Egli, 40.
Abu Fatma, 26, 27, 85; British garrison (1885), 27.
Abu Gamal, 99.
Abu Gemai, 123.
Abu Gerad, 31.
Abu Girga, 261, 263.
Abu Gir, 208.
Abu Goloda, 90.
Abu Gulud, 100, 107.
Abu Gurud, 72; hill, 119.
Abu Gurun, 57.
Abu Gussi Village, 206; British garrison (1885), 31.
Abu Hagar, 53.
Abu Halfa Village, 204; W., 209.
Abu Hamed, 7, 17, 27, 35-47, 83, 86, 87, 88, 91, 93, 219; attack
(1897), 35; taken (7th Aug., 1897), 44; railway station, 214, 217;
P.T.O., 219; battlefield, 214; from Old Merowe, 42-44; to Khartoum,
44-47; railway to Halfa, 4, 7.
Abu Haraz, 36, 42, 103, 175, 177, 217.
Abu Hareira cotton, 113.
Abu Hashim District, 2; town, 44; rapid, 44, 109.
Abu Haweid W., 205; vel Haweid, Haweiya, 206.
Abu Hindi, 57.
Abu Hodeid Hills, 87.
Abu Homera tree, 140.
Abu Hussein Oasis, W., 202.
Abu Khamera tree, 158.
Abu Klea (Tleih) W., 210; battle, 248, 219.
Abu Kleiwat District, 32.
Abu Kuka, 21, 76, 82, 144.
Abu Lahm, 58.
Abu Naama District, 2, 113; village, 204.
Abu Rakhis, 113.
Abu Ramla, 109, 123.
Abu Rannat Island, 34.
Abu Rof Tribe (Arab), 103, 129.
Abu Sari, 22, 25, 26, 83.
Abu Saud, 234.
Abu Sayal Cataract, 39.
Abu Selem, 37.
Abu Shaneina, 120, 125, 126.
Abu Shok, 177.
Abu Sillem Railway Station, 214.
Abu Sin, family of, 106.
Abu Sinum Hella, 183.
Abu Sir Cliff, 23.
Abu Siteib, 100.