* * * * *
FROM THE ARAB INVASION TO THE TIME OF MOHAMMED ALI.
[Sidenote: A.D. 640. A.D. 643.]
[Sidenote: A.D. 653.]
After the Arab invasion and conquest of Egypt, Abdalla ibn Said was
sent by ’Amr, at the command of Omar, with 20,000 men (?) into
Nubia. The natives, however, offered a most stubborn defence and
fought to the death. Their bowmen showed particular skill, and
although the Moslems were eventually victorious, they judged it
expedient to retreat across the frontier. The Nubians now exhausted
themselves in objectless raids northwards, and irritated the Arabs
to such a pitch, that ten years afterwards, the same general marched
again into the country with the resolute purpose of subduing it.
The result was that Abdalla penetrated as far as (old) Dongola,
bombarded the great church there and laid it in ruins. King Kalidurat
thereupon concluded a friendly treaty with him, the chief clauses
of which were that he should supply 400 slaves a year, and allow
the Mohammedans to build a mosque at Dongola.
[Sidenote: A.D. 700.]
As regards the rest of the Sudan, it is said that between the first
and second century after the Mohammedan Era the Arabs of the tribe
of Beni Ommia, being hard pressed by the Beni Abbas tribe, began to
emigrate from Arabia in small numbers to the opposite shores of the
Red Sea, and to settle in the districts about Sennar, on the Blue
Nile. Whether the Beni Ommia led the van of the great Arab invasion
it is impossible to say, nor is it known whether all the tribes chose
the Red Sea road. Some authorities appear to think that several came
into the Sudan from Egypt and Marocco.
Be this as it may, the fact remains that the Beni Ommia settled
gradually in the districts round Sennar, the inhabitants of which
were negroes belonging to the tribes of Fung, Hameg, etc.
The Beni Ommia, becoming gradually stronger, by degrees succeeded
in becoming the masters of the whole of the Sennar districts, and
converted the negroes to Islamism.
During the next two centuries the ever-increasing demands of the
Arabs for slaves began to press on the country, and the Christian
kingdoms, which had meanwhile been increasing in population, refused
to pay tribute in this commodity.
[Sidenote: A.D. 831.]
Many Arabs began now to settle in the Sudan, and purchased lands
from the inhabitants. In order to put a stop to this, Zacharias,
King of Nubia, despatched his son, George, through Egypt to Baghdad,
to see how the land lay. He was graciously received by the Khalif
Mutassim, who loaded him with presents, and gave him a house in
Cairo. Eventually he returned after most successful negotiations,
and all idea of open rebellion was dropped by the Nubians.
[Sidenote: A.D. 878.]
[Sidenote: A.D. 880.]
Nearly 50 years later Nubia was the scene of a filibustering
expedition on a large scale. One Abu Abdelrahman “el Omari,”
hearing of the ancient gold mines in the Eastern Desert, equipped
a party to work them. He found a great deal of gold, but being
obstructed by the local Arabs, he gradually pushed his way to Shankir,
south of Dongola, and with his increased following attacked the
Nubians under King George and beat them. His subsequent adventures
read like a romance, but he was eventually driven out and murdered.
[Sidenote: A.D. 950.]
[Sidenote: A.D. 956.]
In the following century the Christian kingdoms gradually became
strong enough to resist the Arabs, and on occasions they even invaded
Upper Egypt. In A.D. 956 the Nubians seized Aswan, but were cut off by
a flanking movement instituted from the Red Sea, by the Moslem General
Kafur, and lost Deir Ibrahim, a stronghold 136 miles south of Aswan.
[Sidenote: A.D. 967.]
Eleven years later, however, they again invaded Egypt and recovered
their country as far as Akhmim.
[Sidenote: A.D. 969.]
Two years afterwards Johar, a Greek renegade general of the Khalif
Moiz, seeing the necessity of guarding his southern frontier, sent
an embassy to the then King of Nubia (another George), inviting him
to embrace Islam and pay his tribute as of old. The chief ambassador
was one Ahmed ibn Solaim, and the account he writes of the Sudan in
those days is exceedingly interesting.
He describes the province which extended from 6 miles south of Aswan
to Halfa as well-watered, carefully cultivated and abounding in
vineyards. Beyond this no Moslems were allowed inside Nubia on pain
of death. Between the 2nd and 3rd Cataract was a terrible desert,
from which, however, precious jewel-polishing stones were obtained
(?). Beyond this lay the kingdom of Makorra, with capital at Dongola,
and south of this was the Kingdom of Alwa, which was stronger and more
fertile, but did not produce so many vines and palms as Makorra. Both
kingdoms he describes as being amazingly fertile in herds and crops,
far more so than Egypt (!).
He arrived at Suia (Soba), capital of Alwa, which was situated at
the confluence of the Blue and White Niles, and, besides noting
the excellence of their camels, horses, meat and beer, states that
the town was “adorned with magnificent buildings, great houses,
churches enriched with gold, and gardens. The King also wears a crown
of gold, for this metal is very abundant in his dominions.” Amongst
other things he remarks that the Christians belonged to the Jacobite
Church of Egypt, and that their books, originally written in Greek,
had been translated into their own language. He also refers to a
road leading from Shankir to Suakin.
[Illustration: THE LAMB IN THE PALACE GARDEN AT KHARTOUM. (Brought
from Soba.)]
Ibn Solaim’s mission met with every courtesy but no success, and
his report convinced Johar that he would act wisely in leaving Nubia
severely alone.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1092.]
[Sidenote: A.D. 1172.]
In A.D. 1092 the Kings of Ethiopia and Nubia were so powerful that
the Moslems of Egypt feared to persecute the Christians; but 80
years later the Nubians were conquered by the brother of Saladin
and forcibly converted to Mohammedanism.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1227.]
Fifty years afterwards the Nubians were again defeated and gave up
to Egypt the Northern part of their Kingdom.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1271.]
In A.D. 1271 King David of Nubia attacked Aswan, but was repulsed by
the Khalif Bibars. The Mohammedans overran Nubia as far as Dongola,
seized the northern province and imposed onerous conditions, one of
which was the revival of the slave tribute.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1287.]
Sixteen years later the Khalif Kalaun sent another expedition to
Dongola, beat King Shemamun, left a garrison and retired. The Nubians
promptly expelled the garrison, and the expedition was repeated, only
to end in the same result. Thenceforward Shemamun was left in peace.
From this time onwards the Sudan apparently became the hunting ground
of rival Arab slave-dealing tribes. The Christian kingdoms at last
took to fighting among themselves, and their downfall became a mere
question of time.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1317.]
Thirty years later the great mosque was built at (old) Dongola,
and kept up by the Christian inhabitants.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1325.]
In A.D. 1325 the Moslems persecuted the Christians in Egypt to such
an extent that the King of Abyssinia threatened to divert the Blue
Nile unless they ceased.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1375.]
Fifty years later we find civil wars and slave trade rife in the
Sudan, whilst in the region of Aswan the Kenz, royal descendants of
Ethiopia, pursued the trade of brigands, much to the detriment of
all communications.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1493.]
The rise of the kingdom of Sennar now commenced. By degrees the
distinction between Arab and negro on the Blue Nile had diminished,
whilst in 1493 the name of Beni Ommia is no longer heard of, and
the old tribal names of Fung, Hameg, and others reappear.
In that year Amara Dunkas, the Sheikh of a sub-section of the Fung,
either through the fortune of war or his superior capacity, succeeded
in getting himself declared king of all the Fung tribes. He then
allied himself with Abdulla Gemda el Kerinani, the powerful chief
of the Keri district (east of the Blue Nile), and conquered all the
country on both sides of the river between Fazogli and Khartoum.
These districts were inhabited by negroes belonging to the Nuba
tribes, some of whom after the conquest remained in the country, while
others emigrated into the mountains of Fazogli and Kordofan. Those
who remained embraced Islamism, intermarried with their conquerors,
and, losing their language and nationality, were soon lost in the
tribes known collectively under the name of Fung.
Of these tribes some settled in towns, while others retained their
nomad habits, such as the (1) Khamir, (2) Rebia, (3) Kakhtan, (4)
Kenana, (5) Kawahla, (6) Geheina, (7) Beni Shaker, (8) Beni Ziban,
(9) Beni Abbas. From this last have descended the Kababish, Ferara,
Beni Selim, and Ahamda. The latter two tribes are Baggara, or owners
of cattle and horses. (_Vide_ p. 179 and Appendix F.)
Some of these tribes are now to be found along the banks of the
White and Blue Niles.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1523.]
In 1523 Amara Dunkas was succeeded by his son Abdul Kader.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1539.]
In 1539 Abdul Kader was succeeded by his son Nule.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1545.]
In 1545 Nule was succeeded by his son Amara.
Amara was surnamed Abu Sakakin; during his reign Sheikh Abdalla
Gemáa died, leaving the Province of Keri to his son.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1553.]
In 1553 Amara died. Between that date and 1596 four kings, all of
the family of Dunkas, succeeded each other.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1596.]
In 1596, in the reign of Adlan, Sheikh Agib, a descendant of Gemáa
and Governor of Keri, rebelled. Adlan defeated him near Alati. His
children fled to Dongola, whither Adlan sent Sheikh Idris to offer
them a free pardon and invite them to Sennar. They came, and Adlan
invested the eldest with the Government of Keri.
This emissary of Adlan’s, Sheikh Idris, was celebrated for his
ability. He is also said to have lived to the great age of 147. During
this reign many learned men came from Cairo and Baghdad.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1603.]
In 1603 Adlan was succeeded by his son Baadi.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1606.]
In 1606 Baadi was succeeded by his son Rubat.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1635.]
In 1635 Rubat was succeeded by his son Baadi Abu Dign (Father of
the Beard).
This King attacked the Shilluk negroes and took a large number of
slaves. The Shilluk inhabited the country on both sides of the White
Nile south of Kawa. Thence he invaded the mountains of Tagale and
destroyed Kordofan, where he again took a large number of slaves. On
his return to Sennar he built a number of villages in that district
for his prisoners.
The prisoners named these villages after those they had left, hence
the number of villages now near Sennar with names similar to those
in the Jebel Nuba, Tagale, and other districts about Kordofan.
In time these slaves supplied the Kings of Fung with recruits for
their armies.
Besides his warlike enterprise, Baadi built the mosque now at Sennar,
and furnished it with copper window bars.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1671.]
In 1671 he died, and was succeeded by his son Ansu. During this
reign there was a great famine and an outbreak of small-pox.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1683.]
In 1683 Ansu was succeeded by his son Baadi el Ahmar. In this reign a
number of the Fung tribes and the people of Keri under their prince,
rebelled, but they were defeated with great slaughter, and the Prince
of Keri was killed. Sheikh Hamed Walad el Terabi, a celebrated Sheikh,
lived during this reign. His tomb is now at Sennar.
In 1699 Dr. Poncet, a French physician, on his way to Abyssinia
visited Sennar, and found it a powerful kingdom in a flourishing
condition.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1710.]
In 1710 Baadi was succeeded by his son Ansu II. This monarch caused
such great dissatisfaction by his extravagance and debauchery that
the Southern Fungs revolted, deposed the King, and placed a noble
called Nur on the throne. This happened in 1714.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1719.]
In 1719 Nur was succeeded by his son Gaadi Abu Shilluk. In this
reign the Abyssinian King Kedem Yasu invaded Sennar with a large
army. He was, however, defeated with great slaughter by Sheikh Amin,
near the village of Tekiya on the Dinder River. It is said that the
reason for this invasion was that some presents sent by the King of
France to Abyssinia had been seized by King Baadi.
After this great victory the renown of Sennar spread in all
directions, and eventually reached Constantinople. Crowds of learned
and celebrated men flocked into the country from Arabia, Egypt,
and India. Notwithstanding this, in 1758 Baadi, owing to his bad
administration was deposed and exiled. He was succeeded by his
son Nasser.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1758.]
1758.—Under his rule the Hameg tribe became very powerful, and
the Fung lost a great deal of their influence and prestige. In 1765
Nasser was killed by a rebellious vassal, and was succeeded by his
son Ismail.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1774.]
In 1774 Ismail was deposed, exiled to Suakin, and succeeded by his
son Adlan. During this reign many intertribal wars went on both in
Sennar and Kordofan,[152] and the power and influence of the Hameg
grew so great that they eventually became the masters of the King.
[Sidenote: A.D. 1786.]
In 1786 Adlan was deposed by the Hameg, and the kingdom of the Fung
totally disappeared. Anarchy prevailed throughout the country, and
the kings succeeded each other in such rapid succession that in the
year 1788 four kings successively reigned. During the succeeding
33 years of anarchy the Hameg continued supreme, and under Sheikh
Nasser they devastated the northern and eastern part of the Sudan
with fire and sword.
[Footnote 152: _Vide_ p. 184 (Darfur).]