PLUMBING CODES
The work of plumbing has a direct result on the health of the
occupants of buildings; therefore in order that the plumbing may
not be installed improperly and impair the health of the occupants,
it is necessary to provide a code governing the installation of
plumbing. Naturally these laws at first were under the control of
the health department of cities, but of late years the building
departments have assumed control of the codes with the result that
cooperation with the building codes is now the practice rather than
the exception.
To make certain the carrying out of the plumbing codes, it is
required that a plan indicating the run, size, and length of pipes,
location and number of fixtures of the prospective job be filed in
the building department of the city, before the work is started. If
the plan is approved by the plumbing inspector and acceptance is
sent, then the work can be started. After a job is completed a test
is made and the job is inspected by the plumbing inspector, and if
found to meet requirements a written acceptance of the work is
given by the building department. An effort is being made
throughout the country to have the plumbing codes under State
control rather than have a number of different codes in as many
different cities and towns. The State code can be so arranged that
it will apply to either city or town.
The installation of plumbing varies in different States. In the
northern part of the United States all pipes which pass through the
roof, if less than 4-inch must be increased to 4-inch. A pipe
smaller than 4-inch will be filled with hoar frost during the
winter and render the pipe useless to perform its function as a
vent pipe. Pipes laid under ground in the Northern States must be
at least 4 feet below the surface to protect them from freezing. In
the Southern States the frost does not penetrate the ground to such
a distance and the pipes can be laid on the surface.
Following is a State or City plumbing code insofar as it relates to
the actual installation of plumbing.
SEC. 1. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS.--There shall be a separate
plan for each building, public or private, or any addition
thereto, or alterations thereof, accompanied by specifications
showing the location, size and kind of pipe, traps, closets
and fixtures to be used, which plans and specifications shall
be filed with the board or bureau of buildings. The said plans
and specifications shall be furnished by the architect,
plumber or owner, and filed by the plumber. All applications
for change in plans must be made in writing.
SEC. 2. FILING PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS.--Plumbers before
commencing the construction of plumbing work in any building
(except in case of repairs, which are here defined to relate
to the mending of leaks in soil, vent, or waste pipes,
faucets, valves and water-supply pipes, and shall not be
construed to admit of the replacing of any fixture, such as
water closets, bath tubs, lavatories, sinks, etc., or the
respective traps for such fixtures) shall submit to the bureau
plans and specifications, legibly drawn in ink, on blanks to
be furnished by said board or bureau. Where two or more
buildings are located together and on the same street, and the
plumbing work is identical in each, one plan will be
sufficient. Plans will be approved or rejected within 24 hours
after their receipt.
SEC. 3. MATERIAL OF HOUSE DRAIN AND SEWER.--House drains or
soil pipes laid beneath floor must be extra heavy cast-iron
pipe, with leaded and caulked joints, and carried 5 feet
outside cellar wall. All drains and soil pipes connected with
main drain where it is above the cellar floor shall be extra
heavy cast-iron pipe with leaded joints properly secured or of
heavy wrought-iron pipe with screw joints properly secured
and carried 5 feet outside cellar wall and all arrangements
for soil and waste pipes shall be run as direct as possible.
Changes of direction on pipes shall be made with "Y"-branches,
both above and below the ground, and where such pipes pass
through a new foundation-wall a relieving arch shall be built
over it, with a 2-inch space on either side of the pipe.
SEC. 4.--The size of main house drain shall be determined by
the total area of the buildings and paved surfaces to be
drained, according to the following table, if iron pipe is
used. If the pipe is terra-cotta the pipe shall be one size
larger than for the same amount of area drainage.
----------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------
Diameter | Fall 1/4 inch per foot | Fall 1/2 inch per foot
----------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------
4 inches | 1,800 square feet drainage | 2,500 square feet drainage area
5 inches | 3,000 square feet drainage | 4,500 square feet drainage area
6 inches | 5,000 square feet drainage | 7,500 square feet drainage area
8 inches | 9,100 square feet drainage | 13,600 square feet drainage area
10 inches | 14,000 square feet drainage | 20,000 square feet drainage area
----------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------
The main house drains may be decreased in diameter beyond the
rain-water conductor or surface inlet by permission of the
bureau, when the plans show that the conditions are such as to
warrant such decrease, but in no case shall the main house
drain be less than 4 inches in diameter.
SEC. 5. MAIN TRAP.--An iron running trap with two clean-outs
must be placed in the house drain near the front wall of the
house, and on the sewer side of all connections. If placed
outside the house or below the cellar floor the clean-outs
must extend to surface with brass screw cap ferrules caulked
in. If outside the house, it must never be placed less than 4
feet below the surface of the ground.
SEC. 6. FRESH-AIR INLET.--A fresh-air inlet pipe must be
connected with the house drain just inside of the house trap
and extended to the outer air, terminating with a return bend,
or a vent cap or a grating with an open end 1 foot above grade
at the most available point to be determined by the building
department.
The fresh-air inlet pipe must be 4 inches in diameter for
house drains of 6 inches or less and as much larger as the
building department may direct for house drains more than 6
inches in diameter.
SEC. 7. LAYING OF HOUSE SEWERS AND DRAINS.--House sewers and
house drains must, where possible, be given an even grade to
the main sewer of not less than 1/4 inch to the foot.
Full-sized "Y"- and "T"-branch fittings for handhole
clean-outs must be provided where required on house drain and
its branches. No clean-out need be larger than 6 inches.
SEC. 8. FLOOR DRAINS.--Floor or other drains will only be
permitted when it can be shown to the satisfaction of the
department of building that their use is absolutely necessary,
and arrangements made to maintain a permanent water seal, and
be provided with check or back-water valves.
SEC. 9. WEIGHT AND THICKNESS OF CAST-IRON PIPE.--All cast-iron
pipes must be uncoated excepting all laid under ground, which
shall be thoroughly tarred, sound, cylindrical and smooth,
free from cracks, sand holes and other defects, and of uniform
thickness and of grade known to commerce as extra heavy.
Cast-iron pipe including the hub shall weigh not less than the
following weights per linear foot:
2-inch pipe 5-1/2 pounds per foot.
3-inch pipe 9-1/2 pounds per foot.
4-inch pipe 13 pounds per foot.
5-inch pipe 17 pounds per foot.
6-inch pipe 20 pounds per foot.
7-inch pipe 27 pounds per foot.
8-inch pipe 33-1/2 pounds per foot.
10-inch pipe 45 pounds per foot.
12-inch pipe 54 pounds per foot.
All cast-iron pipe must be tested to 50 pounds and marked with
the maker's name.
All joints in cast-iron pipe must be made with picked oakum
and molten lead and caulked gas-tight. Twelve ounces of soft
pig lead must be used at each joint for each inch in the
diameter of the pipe.
SEC. 10. WROUGHT-IRON AND STEEL PIPE.--All wrought-iron and
steel pipe shall be galvanized. Fittings used for drainage
must be galvanized and of recess type known as drainage
fittings. All fittings used for venting shall be galvanized
and of the style known as steam pattern. No plain black pipe
or fittings will be permitted.
SEC. 11. SUB-SOIL DRAINS.--Sub-soil drains must be discharged
into a sump or receiving tank, the contents of which must be
lifted and discharged into the drainage system above the
cellar floor by some approved method. Where directly
sewer-connected, they must be cut off from the rest of the
building and plumbing system by a brass flap valve on the
inlet to the catch basin and the trap on the drain from the
catch basin must be water-supplied.
SEC. 12. YARD AND AREA DRAINS.--All yard, area and court
drains when sewer-connected must have connection not less than
4 inches in diameter. They should be controlled by one
trap--the leader trap if possible. All yards, areas and courts
must be drained. Tenement houses and lodging houses must have
yards, areas and courts drained into sewer.
SEC. 13. USE OF OLD DRAINS AND SEWERS.--Old house drains and
sewers may be used in connection with new buildings or new
plumbing, only when they are found, on examination by the
department of building, to conform in all respects to the
requirements governing new sewers and drains. All extensions
to old house drains must be of extra heavy cast-iron pipe.
SEC. 14. LEADER PIPES.--All building shall be provided with
proper metallic leaders for conducting water from the roofs in
such manner as shall protect the walls and foundations of such
buildings from injury. In no case shall the water from such
leaders be allowed to flow upon the sidewalk but the same
shall be conducted by a pipe or pipes to the sewer. If there
is no sewer in the street upon which such building fronts,
then the water from said leader shall be conducted, by proper
pipes below the surface of the sidewalk, to the street gutter.
Inside leaders shall be constructed of cast iron, wrought iron
or steel, with roof connections made gas-and water-tight by
means of heavy copper drawn tubing slipped into the pipe. The
tubing must slip at least 7 inches into the pipe. Outside
leaders may be of sheet metal, but they must connect with the
house drain by means of cast-iron pipe extending vertically 5
feet above grade level, where the building is located along
public driveways or sidewalks. Where the building is located
off building line, and not liable to be damaged the connection
shall be made with iron pipe extending 1 foot above the grade
level.
All leaders must be trapped with running traps of cast iron,
so placed as to prevent freezing.
Rain leaders must not be used as soil, waste or vent pipes,
nor shall such pipes be used as rain leaders.
SEC. 15.--EXHAUST FROM STEAM PIPES, ETC.--No steam discharge
or exhaust, blow-off or drip pipe shall connect with the sewer
or the house drain, leader, soil pipe, waste or vent pipe.
Such pipes shall discharge into a tank or condenser, from
which suitable outlet to the sewer shall be made. Such
condenser shall be supplied with water, to help condensation
and help protect the sewer, and shall also be supplied with
relief vent to carry off dry steam.
SEC. 16. DIAMETER OF SOIL PIPE.--The smallest diameter of soil
pipe permitted to be used shall be 4 inches. The size of soil
pipes must not be less than those set forth in the following
tables.
Maximum number of fixtures connected to:
-------------+-------------------------+------------------------------
Size of pipe | Waste and soil combined | Soil pipe alone
+------------+------------+---------------+--------------
| Branch | Main | Branch | Main
| fixtures | fixtures | water closets | water closets
-------------+------------+------------+---------------+--------------
4-inch | 48 | 96 | 8 | 16
4.5-inch | 96 | 192 | 16 | 32
6-inch | 268 | 336 | 34 | 68
-------------+------------+------------+---------------+--------------
If the building is six (6) and less than twelve (12) stories
in height, the diameter shall not be less than 5 inches. If
more than twelve (12) it shall be 6 inches, in diameter. A
building six (6) or more stories in height, with fixtures
located below the sixth floor, soil pipe 4 inches in diameter
will be allowed to extend through the roof provided the
number of fixtures does not exceed the number given in the
table. All soil pipes must extend at least 2 feet above the
highest window, and must not be reduced in size. Traps will
not be permitted on main, vertical, soil or waste-pipe lines.
Each house must have a separate line of soil and vent pipes.
No soil or waste line shall be constructed on the outside of a
building.
Fixtures with:
1 to 1-1/4-inch traps count as one fixture.
1 to 1-1/2 " traps count as one fixture.
1 to 2 " traps count as two fixtures.
1 to 2-1/2 " traps count as three fixtures.
1 to 3 " traps (water closets) count as four fixtures.
1 to 4 " traps count as five fixtures.
SEC. 17. CHANGE IN DIRECTION.--All sewer, soil, and waste
pipes must be as direct as possible. Changes in direction must
be made with "Y"- or half "Y"-branches or one-eighth bends.
Offsets in soil or waste pipes will not be permitted when they
can be avoided, nor, in any case unless suitable provision is
made to prevent the accumulation of rust or other obstruction.
Offsets must be made with fourth degree bends or similar
fittings. The use of T "Y"s (sanitary Ts) will be permitted on
upright lines only.
SEC. 18. JOINTS ON SOIL AND WASTE PIPES.--Connection on lead
and cast-iron pipe shall be made with brass sleeve or ferrule,
of the same size as the lead pipe inserted in the hub of the
iron pipe, and caulked with lead. The lead must be attached to
the ferrule by means of a wiped joint. Joints between lead and
wrought-iron pipes must be made with brass nipple, of same
size as lead pipe. The lead pipe must be attached to the brass
nipple by means of a wiped joint. All connections of lead
waste pipes must be made by means of wiped joints.
Short nipples on wrought-iron and steel pipes must be of
thickness and weight known as "extra heavy" or "extra strong."
Brass ferrules must be best quality, extra heavy cast brass,
not less than 4 inches long and 2-1/4, 3-1/2 and 4-1/2 inches
in diameter and not less than the following weights:
Diameters Weights
2-1/4 inches 1 pound 0 ounce.
3-1/2 inches 1 pound 12 ounces.
4-1/2 inches 2 pounds 8 ounces.
SEC. 19. SOLDER NIPPLES.--Solder nipples must be heavy cast
brass or of brass pipe, iron pipe size. When cast they must be
not less than the following weights:
Diameters Weights
1-1/2 inches 0 pound 8 ounces.
2 inches 0 pound 14 ounces.
2-1/2 inches 1 pound 6 ounces.
3 inches 2 pounds 0 ounce.
4 inches 3 pounds 8 ounces.
SEC. 20. BRASS CLEAN-OUTS.--Brass screw caps for clean-outs
must be extra heavy, not less than 1/8 inch thick. The screw
cap must have a solid square or hexagonal nut not less than 1
inch high and a least diameter of 1-1/2 inches. The body of
the clean-out ferrule must be at least equal in weight and
thickness to the caulking ferrule for the same size pipe.
SEC. 21. LEAD WASTE PIPE.--All lead waste, soil vent and flush
pipes must be of the best quality, known in commerce as "_D_,"
and of not less than the following weights per linear foot:
Diameters Weights
1-1/4 inches 2-1/2 pounds.
1-1/2 inches 3 pounds.
2 inches 4 pounds.
3 inches 6 pounds.
4 inches 8 pounds.
All lead traps and bends must be of the same weight and
thicknesses as their corresponding pipe branches.
SEC. 22. ROOF FLASHERS.--Sheet lead for roof flashings must be
6-pound lead and must extend not less than 6 inches from the
pipe and the joint made water-tight.
SEC. 23. TRAPS FOR BATH TUBS, WATER CLOSETS, ETC.--Every sink,
bath tub, basin, water closet, slop hopper, or fixtures having
a waste pipe, must be furnished with a trap, which shall be
placed as close as practicable to the fixture that it serves
and in no case shall it be more than 1 foot. The waste pipe
from the bath tub or other fixtures must not be connected
with a water-closet trap.
SEC. 24. SIZE OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL WASTE PIPES, TRAPS
AND BRANCHES.--
Horizontal and vertical Number of small fixtures
1-1/4-inch 1
1-1/2-inch 2
2 -inch 3 to 8
2-1/2-inch 9 to 20
3 -inch 21 to 44
If building is ten (10) or more stories in height, the
vertical waste pipe shall not be less than 3 inches in
diameter. The use of wrought-iron pipe for waste pipe 2 inches
or less in diameter is prohibited.
The size of traps and waste branches, for a given fixture,
shall be as follows:
---------------------------------------------+------------------
| Size in inches
Kind of fixtures +-------+----------
| Trap | Branch
---------------------------------------------+-------+----------
Water closet | 3 | 4
Slop sink with trap combined | 3 | 3
Slop sink ordinary | 2 | 2
Pedestal urinal | 3 | 3
Floor drain or wash | 4 | 4
Yard drain or catch basin | 4 | 4
Urinal trough | 2 | 2
Laundry trays, two or five | 2 | 2
Combination sink and tray (for each fixture) | 1-1/2 | 2
Kitchen sinks, small | 1-1/2 | 1-1/2
Kitchen sinks, large hotel, etc. | |
Kitchen sinks, grease trap | | 2
Pantry sinks | 1-1/2 | 1-1/2
Wash basin, one only | 1-1/4 | 1-1/4
Bath tub | 2 | 2
Shower baths | 1-1/2 | 1-1/2
Shower baths, floor | 2 | 2
Sitz bath | 1-1/2 | 1-1/2
Drinking fountains | 1-1/4 | 1-1/4
---------------------------------------------+-------+----------
SEC. 25. OVERFLOW PIPES.--Overflow pipes from fixtures must in
all cases be connected on the inlet side of the traps.
SEC. 26. SETTING OF TRAPS WITHOUT RE-VENT.--All traps must be
substantially supported and set true with respect to their
water levels. No pot, bottle or "D" trap will be permitted nor
any form of trap that is not self-cleaning, nor that has
interior chambers or mechanism nor any trap except earthenware
ones that depend upon interior partitions for a seal. In case
there is an additional fixture required in building and it is
impossible to re-vent pipe for the trap, the building
department may designate the kind of trap to be used. This
shall not be construed to allow traps without re-vents in new
buildings.
SEC. 27. SAFE AND REFRIGERATOR PIPES.--Safe-waste pipes must
not connect directly with any part of the plumbing system.
Safe-waste pipes must discharge over an open, water-supplied,
publicly-placed, ordinary-used sink, placed not more than
3-1/2 feet above the cellar floor. The safe waste from a
refrigerator must be trapped at the bottom of the line only
and must not discharge upon the ground floor, but over an
ordinary open pan, or some properly-trapped, water-supplied
sink, as above. In no case shall the refrigerator waste pipe
discharge into a sink located in a living room.
The branches on vertical lines must be made by means of "Y"
fittings and be carried to the safe with as much pitch as
possible. Where there is an offset on the refrigerator waste
pipe in the cellar, there must be clean-outs placed. These
clean-outs must be of brass.
In tenement and lodging houses the refrigerator waste pipe
must extend above the roof, and not be larger than 1-1/2
inches and the branches not smaller than 1-1/4 inches.
Refrigerator waste pipes, except in tenement houses, and all
safe-waste pipes, must have brass flap valve on the lower
ends. Lead safes must be graded and neatly turned over beveled
strips at their edges.
SEC. 28. VENT-PIPE MATERIAL.--Material for vent pipes shall be
of lead, brass, enameled iron or galvanized iron.
SEC. 29. VENTILATION OF TRAPS AND SOIL LINES.--Traps shall be
protected from siphonage or air pressure by special vent pipes
of a size of not less than the following tables:
-----------------+----------------+-----------------------------
| Maximum | Number of traps vented
| length in feet |
Size of pipe +----------------+------------+----------------
| Mains | Branch | Main vertical
-----------------+----------------+------------+----------------
1-1/4-inch vent | 20 feet | 1 |
1-1/2-inch vent | 40 feet | 2 or less |
2-inch vent | 65 feet | 10 or less | 20 or less
2-1/2-inch vent | 100 feet | 20 or less | 40 or less
3-inch vent | 10 or more | 60 or less | 100 or less
| stories | |
-----------------+----------------+------------+----------------
The branch vent shall not be less than the following sizes:
1-1/4 inches in diameter for 1-1/4 inch trap.
1-1/2 inches in diameter for 1-1/2 inch to 2-1/2 inch trap.
2 inches in diameter for 3 inch to 4 inch trap.
One-half their diameter, for traps 3 inches and over.
Where two or more closets are placed side by side, on a
horizontal branch, the branch line shall have a relief
extended as a loop. A pipe 2 inches in diameter shall be
sufficient as a loop vent for two closets. A pipe 3 inches in
diameter shall be sufficient as a relief for three or four
closets; and where more than four closets are located on the
same branch the relief shall not be less than 4 inches in
diameter. All house drains and soil lines on which a water
closet is located must have a 4-inch main vent line. Where an
additional closet is located in the cellar or basement, and
within 10 feet of main soil or vent line, no relief vent will
be required for said closet; but where it is more than 10
feet, a 2-inch vent line will be required. Relief vent pipes
for water closets must not be less than 2 inches in diameter,
for a length of 40 feet, and not less than 3 inches in
diameter, for more than 40 feet.
No re-vent from traps under bell traps will be required.
In any building having a sewer connection with a private or
public sewer used for bell-trap connections or floor drainage
only, a 2-inch relief line must be extended to the roof of the
building from rear end of main. House drains, constructed for
roof drainage only, will not require a relief vent.
A floor trap for a shower shall be vented, unless located in
the cellar or ground floor the paving of which renders the
trap inaccessible.
SEC. 30. HORIZONTAL VENT PIPES.--Where rows of fixtures are
placed in a line, fitting of not less than 45 deg. to the
horizontal must be used on vent lines to prevent filling with
rust or condensation; except on brick or tile walls, where it
is necessary to channel same for pipes, 90 deg. fittings will be
allowed. Trapped vent pipes are strictly prohibited. No vent
pipe from the house side of any trap shall connect with the
ventilation pipe or with sewer, soil or waste pipe.
SEC. 31. OFFSET ON VENT LINES.--All offsets on vent lines must
be made at an angle of not less than 45 deg. to the horizontal,
and all lines must be connected at the bottom with a soil or
waste pipe, or the drain, in such manner as to prevent the
accumulation of rust, scale or condensation.
No sheet metal, brick, or other flue shall be used as a vent
pipe.
SEC. 32. SETTING OF FIXTURES.--All fixtures must be set open
and free from all enclosing woodwork. Water closets and
urinals must not be connected directly or flushed from the
water-supply pipes except when flushometer valves are used.
Each water closet must be flushed from a separate cistern, the
water from which is used for no other purpose, or may be
flushed through flushometer valves.
Rubber connection and elbows are not permitted.
Pan, plunger, or hopper closets will not be permitted in any
building. No range closet either wet or dry, nor any
evaporating system of closets shall be constructed or allowed
inside of any building.
A separate building constructed especially for the purpose,
must be provided in which such range closets shall be set.
All earthenware traps must have heavy brass floor flange
plates, soldered to the lead bends and bolted to the trap
flange, and the joint made permanently secure and gas-tight.
In all buildings sewer-connected there must be at least one
water closet in each building. There must be a sufficient
number of water closets so that there will never be more than
15 people to each water closet.
Separate water closets and toilet rooms must be provided for
each sex in buildings used as workshops, office buildings,
factories, hotels and all places of public assembly.
In all buildings the water closet and urinal apartments must
be ventilated into the outer air by windows opening on the
same lot as the building is situated on or by a ventilating
skylight placed over each room or apartment where such
fixtures are located.
In all buildings the outside partition of any water closet or
urinal apartment must be air-tight and extend to the ceiling
or be independently ceiled over. When necessary to light such
apartments properly the upper part of the partition must be
provided with translucent glass. The interior partitions of
such apartments must be dwarfed partitions.
In alteration work where it is not practicable to ventilate a
closet or urinal apartment by windows or skylight to the outer
air, there must be provided a sheet-iron duct extending to the
outer air, the area of the duct must be at least 144 square
inches for one water closet or urinal, and an additional 72
square inches for each addition closet or urinal added
therein.
SEC. 33. URINALS.--All urinals must be constructed of
materials impervious to moisture and that will not corrode
under the action of urine. The floors and walls of urinal
apartments must be lined with similar non-absorbent and
non-corrosive material.
The platforms and treads of urinal stalls must be connected
independently of the plumbing system, nor can they be
connected with any safe-waste pipe.
The copper lining of water closet and urinal cisterns must not
be lighter than 12 ounces copper, and must be stamped on
lining with maker's name. Where lead is used it must not weigh
less than 4 pounds to the square foot. All other materials are
prohibited.
SEC. 34. FIXTURES PROHIBITED.--Wooden wash trays, sinks, or
bath tubs are prohibited inside buildings. Such fixtures must
be constructed of non-absorbent materials. Cement or
artificial stone tubs will not be permitted, unless approved
by the plumbing inspector and building department.
Yard water closets will not be permitted except as approved by
the plumbing inspector and then passed by the building
department.
SEC. 35. PRIVY VAULTS AND CESSPOOLS.--No privy vault or
cesspool for sewage, shall be constructed in any part of the
city where a sewer is at all accessible. In parts of the city
where no sewer exists privy vaults and cesspools shall not be
located within 2 feet of party or street line nor within 20
feet of any building. Before these are constructed application
for permission therefore shall be made to the building
department.
SEC. 36. MATERIAL AND WORKMANSHIP.--All material used in the
work of plumbing and drainage must be of good quality and free
from defects. The work must be executed in a thorough and
workmanlike manner.
INDEX
A
Acid, muriatic, 12
B
Banjo, 120
Bath-tub, 5-6-7
size waste, 99
Bending irons, 15, 48, 59
Bib, wiping, 59, 68
Bowls, closet, 4, 5
C
Caulking joints, 89, 90
Cellar drainer, 84
Cement, pipe joint, 122
Cementing, 72, 73
Circulation, hot water, 124, 129
Closets, 3, 4, 5
Cocks, stop and waste, 120
Code-plumbing, 153
brass clean-outs, 160
change in direction, 159
diameter of soil pipes, 158
exhaust from steam pipes, 158
filing plans, 154
floor drains, 156
fresh-air inlet, 155
joints, 159
laying of drains, 156
lead waste pipe, 160
leader pipes, 157
main trap, 155
materials of drains, 154
old drains and sewers, 157
over-flow pipes, 162
plans and specification, 154
roof flashers, 160
safe and refrigerator pipes, 162
size of drains, 155
of waste pipes, 161
solder nipples, 160
traps, 160
without vents, 162
yard and area drains, 157
Code, fixtures prohibited, 165
horizontal vents, 164
material and workmanship, 166
offsets, 164
privy vaults and cesspools, 166
setting of fixtures, 164
urinals, 165
vent, pipe material, 162
ventilation of traps, 162
Connecting, sewers, 74
Connections, of fixtures, 139
Corporation cock and tap, 76-77
Coupling, right and left, 116
Covering, pipe, 131
Cup joint, 14-66
Curb cock, 77-81
box, 78-81
Cutters, pipe, 113
Cutting, terra-cotta pipe, 72
cast-iron pipe, 93
D
Dies, 112
Drainage, 2
Drains, 82, 83, 84, 87, 92
Drift plugs, 18
Drum trap, 61, 65, 68, 107
Durham work, 134
E
Earthenware, 3-5
Expansion joints, 129
F
Ferrule, brass, 37-43
File, 15
Fittings, drainage, 136
gas, 143
screw pipe, 98
soil pipe, 96
Fixtures, 3
Flushing, 3
Flux, 12
Fresh-air inlet, 105
G
Gas pipe and fittings, 143
piping, 141, 144
Goose neck, 81
H
Half and half solder, 21
Hammer, 15
Hangers, 121, 137
Heaters, flue connection, 130
gas coil, 126
instantaneous, 127
Hot water supply, 124
House drains, 86
traps, 87, 104
I
Inserting, terra-cotta pipe, 74
Intercepting trap, 92, 93
Iron enamelled ware, 3
J
Joints, amount of lead and oakum, 97
caulk, 87, 89
cup, 14
expansion, 129
of sub-soil, 84
overcast, 17
runner, 90
rust, 97
seams, 19
solder, 14
K
Kitchen sinks, 99
L
Lavatories, 8, 99
Lead connection, 78
used in caulked joints, 89, 97
Lead pipe, for water mains, 80
preparing for wiping, 45
use of, 27
Leaders, pipes and traps, 93
Long screws, 115
M
Main sewer, 81
Mason trap, 104
Measurements of piping, 146
Melting point of metals, 21
Metal, wiping, 31
Meter, reading gas, 142
N
Nipples, cutting and threading, 114
holders, 114
O
Oakum, use of, 89, 97
Overcast joint, 17, 67
P
Paste, 13
Pipe, brass, 80
covering, 131
cutting, 93
kinds of, 122
service, 81
soil, location, 95
steel, 97
tell-tale, 100
terra-cotta, 69
threading, 110
wrought iron, 97
Pipe laying, sewer, 71
water, 78
in tunnel, 73
Piping, water, 120
drainage, 135
Planking, 70, 71
Pressure, water, 119
R
Rain leaders, 86
Reaming, 135
Receptors, showers, 99
Refill, trench, 75, 79
tunnels, 79
Right and left couplings, 116
S
Sanitary drains, 91, 92
Screw-pipe work, 134
Seams, 19, 67
Sewerage, system of, 86
Sewers, 69, 81
Shoe, use of, 75
Shower stall, 150
Sinks, 2
Soil pipe, 95, 96
Soils, 13
Soldering iron, 11, 15, 66
Solders, 21
Stopcock, 45, 68, 81, 120
Sulphur, 97
Swab, 73, 81
T
Tables, angle measurements, 138, 139
brass ferrules, 160
fixtures and traps, 161
lead waste pipe, 160
measurements, 116
roof drainage, 155
screw-pipe, 134
size of vent pipes, 163
of waste pipe, 99
soil and waste pipe, 158
standard, threads, 110
terra-cotta pipe, 75
waste pipe, 161
weight of cast-iron pipe, 156
of solder nipples, 160
Tallow, 13
Tank, storage connections of, 125
Tell-tale pipe, 100
Terra-cotta pipe, 69, 75, 83
cutting, 72
Testing, gas pipe, 148
Thermostat, 124, 126
Tinning, brass, 38, 42, 45
bib, 59
Tools, bending iron, 15
caulking iron, 89
cold chisel, 89, 93
file, 15
hammer, 15
joint runner, 90
ladle, 29
pipe cutters, 113
rasp, 15
saw, 15
shave hook, 15
soldering iron, 15
tap-borer, 15, 47, 59
turn pin, 15
vise, 111
yarning iron, 89
Traps, bag, 109
centrifugal, 109
cleansweep, 108
drum, 107
flask, 108
house, 104
intercepting, 92
mechanical, 109
non-syphoning, 107
"S," 109
sure-seal, 109
Trenches, digging, 70, 81, 87
refilling, 75
water service, 76
Tubs, bath, 6
Tunnels, 73
U
Urinals, 99
V
Valves, check, 128
closet, 4
safety, 128
Ventilation pipe, 101
Vents, 100-103
W
Wash trays, 86, 99
Water connection, 76
supply, 118
rivers and lakes, 119
streams and brooks, 118
under pressure, 119
underground, 118
Wiping, 29
bib, 59
branch joints, 49
cloths, 67
drum trap, 61
2-inch brass ferrule, 40
4-inch brass ferrule, 43
round joint, 31
solder, 21
stopcock, 45
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
Inconsistencies in hyphenation and spelling have been retained.
Mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved for easier reading.