HOW THE ELECTRIC CURRENT IS TRANSFORMED.
=133. Electric Current and Work.= The amount of work a current can do
depends upon two factors; the strength (amperes), and the pressure,
or E. M. F. (volts). A current of 10 amperes with a pressure of 1,000
volts = 10 × 1,000 = 10,000 watts. This furnishes the same amount of
energy as a current of 50 amperes at 200 volts; 50 × 200 = 10,000 watts.
=134. Transmission of Currents.= It is often necessary to carry a
current a long distance before it is used. A current of 50 amperes
would need a copper conductor 25 times as large (sectional area) as one
to carry the 10 ampere current mentioned in § 133. As copper conductors
are very expensive, electric light companies, etc., generally try to
carry the current on as small a wire as possible. To do this, the
voltage is kept high, and the amperage low. Thus, as seen in § 133,
the current of 1,000 volts and 10 amperes could be carried on a much
smaller wire than the other current of equal energy. A current of
1,000 volts, however, is not adapted for lights, etc., so it has to be
changed to lower voltage by some form of transformer before it can be
used.
=135. Transformers=, like induction coils, are instruments for changing
the E. M. F. and strength of currents. There is very little loss of
energy in well-made transformers. They consist of two coils of wire on
one core; in fact, an induction coil may be considered a transformer,
but in this a direct current has to be interrupted. If the secondary
coil has 100 times as many turns of wire as the primary, a current of
100 volts can be taken from the secondary coil when the primary current
is but 1 volt; but the _strength_ (amperes) of this new current will be
but one-hundredth that of the primary current.
By using the coil of fine wire as the primary, we can lower the voltage
and increase the strength in the same proportion.
[Illustration: Fig. 150.]
[Illustration: Fig. 151.]
Fig. 150 shows about the simplest form of transformer with a solid iron
core, on which are wound two coils, the one, P, being the primary, and
the other, S, the secondary. Fig. 151 shows the general appearance of
one make of transformer. The operation of this apparatus, as already
mentioned, is to reduce the high pressure alternating current sent out
over the conductors from the dynamo, to a potential at which it can
be employed with convenience and safety, for illumination and other
purposes. They consist of two or more coils of wire most carefully
insulated from one another. A core or magnetic circuit of soft iron,
composed of very thin punchings, is then formed around these coils,
the purpose of the iron core being to reduce the magnetic resistance
and increase the inductive effect. One set of these coils is connected
with the primary or high-pressure wires, while the other set, which are
called the secondary coils, is connected to the house or low-pressure
wires, or wherever the current is required for use. The rapidly
alternating current impulses in the primary or high-pressure wires
induce secondary currents similar in form but opposite in direction
in the secondary coils. These current impulses are of a much lower
pressure, depending upon the ratio of the number of turns of wire
in the respective coils, it being customary to wind transformers in
such a manner as to reduce from 1,000 or 2,000-volt primaries to 50
or 100-volt secondaries, at which voltage the secondary current is
perfectly harmless.
[Illustration: Fig. 152.]
=136. Motor-Dynamos.= Fig. 152. These consist essentially of two
belt-type machines on a common base, direct coupled together, one
machine acting as a motor to receive current at a certain voltage,
and the other acting as a dynamo to give out the current usually
at a different voltage. As they transform current from one voltage
to another, motor-dynamos are sometimes called Double Field Direct
Current Transformers. The larger sizes have three bearings, one bearing
being between the two machines, while the smaller sizes have but two
bearings, the two armatures being fastened to a common spider.
[Illustration: Fig. 153.]
_Applications._ The uses to which motor-dynamos are put are very
various. They are extensively used in the larger sizes as "Boosters,"
for giving the necessary extra force on long electric supply circuits
to carry the current to the end with the same pressure as that which
reaches the ends of the shorter circuits from the station.
Motor-dynamos have the advantage over dynamotors, described later, of
having the secondary voltage easily and economically varied over wide
ranges by means of a regulator in the dynamo field.
=137. Dynamotors.= Fig. 153. In Dynamotors the motor and dynamo
armatures are combined in one, thus requiring a single field only.
The primary armature winding, which operates as a motor to drive the
machine, and the secondary or dynamo winding, which operates as a
generator to produce a new current, are upon the same armature core,
so that the armature reaction of one winding neutralizes that of the
other. They therefore have no tendency to spark, and do not require
shifting of the brushes with varying load. Having but one field and two
bearings, they are also more efficient than motor-dynamos.
_Applications._ They have largely displaced batteries for telegraph
work. The size shown, occupying a space of about 8-inch cube, and
having an output of 40 watts, will displace about 800 gravity cells,
occupying a space of about 10 feet cube. The cost of maintenance of
such a battery per year, exclusive of rent, is about $800, whereas the
1-6 dynamotor can be operated at an annual expense of $150.
Dynamotors are largely used by telephone companies for charging storage
batteries, and for transforming from direct to alternating current, for
ringing telephone bells. Electro-cautery, electroplating, and electric
heating also give use to dynamotors.