PRAEFATIO DE PARTIBVS ORATIONIS.

Partes orationis sunt octo eahta dǣlas synd lêdensprǣce:

nomen, pronomen, uerbum, aduerbium, participium, coniunctio,

praepositio, interiectio. nomen is nama, mid ðâm wê nemnað

ealle ðing ǣgðer gê synderlîce gê gemǣnelîce. synderlîce be

âgenum naman: eadgarus, aðelwoldus; gemǣnelîce: rex cyning,

episcopus bisceop. pronomen is ðæs naman speljend, sê spelað

þone naman, þæt ðû ne ðurfe tuwa hine nemnan. gif ðû cwest

nû: hwâ lǣrde ðê?, þonne cweðe ic: dûnstân. hwâ hâdode ðê?

hê mê hâdode: þonne stent se hê on his naman stede and

spelað hine. eft, gif ðû âxast: quis hoc fecit? hwâ dyde

ðis?, þonne cwest ðû: ego hoc feci ic dyde ðis: þonne stent

se ic on ðînes naman stede; tu ðû; ille sê. uerbum is word,

and word getâcnað weorc oððe ðrôwunge oððe geþafunge. weorc

byð, þonne ðû cwest: aro ic erige; uerbero ic swinge.

þrôwung byð, þonne ðû cwyst: uerberor ic eom beswungen;

ligor ic eom gebunden. geðafung byþ, ðonne ðû cwyst: amor ic

eom gelufod; doceor ic eom gelǣred. aduerbium is wordes

gefêra, forðan ðe hê næfð nâne fulfremednysse, bûton hê mid

ðâm worde bêo. word gefylð his âgene getâcnunge mid fullum

andgyte. þonne ðû cwyst: scribo ic wrîte, þonne byð ðǣr full

andgyt. aduerbium is bene wel. hêr nys nâ ful andgyt, bûton

ðû cweðe word ðâr tô: bene scribo wel ic wrîte; bene scribis

wel ðû wrîtst; bene scribit wel hê wrît; et pluraliter and

menigfealdlîce: male legimus yfele wê rǣdað; melius legitis

bet gê rǣdað; optime legunt sêlost hî rǣdað; et cetera.

Participium ys dǣl nimend. hê nymð ânne dǣl of naman and

ôðerne of worde. of naman hê nymð casus, þæt is, declinunge,

and of worde hê nymð tîde and getâcnunge. of him bâm hê nymð

getel and hiw. amans lufjende cymð of ðâm worde amo ic

lufige: þonne nymð hê of ðâm naman him ealle ðâ syx casus:

nominatiuum, genitiuum, datiuum, accussatiuum, uocatiuum,

ablatiuum; et pluraliter and menigfealdlîce. ðes participium

is ðrêora cynna: hic amans uir þes lufjenda wer; haec amans

femina þis lufjende wîf; hoc amans mancipium þes lufjenda

þêowa man; et cetera. coniunctio is geðêodnys oððe fêging.

þes dǣl ne mæg nâht þurh hine sylfne, ac hê gefêgð tôgædere

ǣgðer gê naman gê word. gif ðû befrinst: quis equitat in

ciuitatem? hwâ rît intô ðâm port?, ðonne cweð hê: rex et

episcopus se cyningc and se bisceop. se et, þæt is, and, ⁊,

is coniunctio: ego et tu ic and ðû. word hê gefêgð þus: stat

et loquitur hê stent and sprycð; et cetera. praepositio is

foresetnyss. sê byð geðêod naman and worde and stent ǣfre on

foreweardan. ab illo homine fram ðâm men: hêr is se ab

praepositio. apud regem sum ic eom mid ðâm cyninge: hêr is

se apud praepositio. ad regem equito ic rîde tô cyninge, et

cetera. interiectio is betwuxâworpennyss. se dǣl lîð betwux

ôðrum wordum and geswutelað þæs môdes styrunge. heu

geswutelað môdes sârnysse: heu mihi wâmmê. pape geswutelað

wundrunge, atat geswutelað ôgan, racha geswutelað

ǣbylignysse, et cetera. witodlîce on ðisum eahta dǣlum is

eal lêdensprǣc belocen, and ðæt englisc geðwǣrlǣcð tô eallum

ðâm dǣlum, swâswâ wê nû sceortlîce trahtnodon. on ðisum

eahta dǣlum synd ðâ mǣstan and ðâ mihtigostan nomen et

uerbum, þæt is, nama and word. mid ðâm naman wê nemnað ealle

ðing and mid ðâm worde wê sprecað be eallum ðingum. sume

naman synd primitiua, þæt synd frumcennede oððe fyrmyste,

swâswâ ys scola on englisc scôl, mons dûn, ciuitas ceaster.

sume synd diriuatiua, þæt synd, ðâ ðe cumað of ôðrum namum:

scolasticus sê ðe on scôle ys, montanus dûnlendisc, ciuis

ceastergewara. sume synd âgene naman, swâswâ is êadgâr,

dûnstân; sume gemǣnelîce: cyning, bisceop, homo man. sume

synd incorporalia, þæt is, unlîchamlîce, swâswâ is angelus

engel, michael, gabriel, raphael. sume synd omonima, id sunt

uniuoca, ðâ getâcnjað mâ þinga mid ânre clypunge: acies egc

oððe se ord on here oððe scearp gesihð; aries byð ram betwux

sceâpum and ram tô wealgeweorce and aries ys ân ðâra twelf

tâcna. sume synd sinonima, id sunt pluriuoca, ðâ getâcnjað

ân ðing mid menigfealdre clypunge, swâswâ ys ensis swurd,

gladius swurd, mucro swurd; terra eorðe, tellus eorðe. sume

synd adiectiua, þæt synd, ðâ ðe bêoð geîhte tô ôðrum namum

and getâcnjað oððe herunge oððe tâl: iustus rihtwîs,

iniustus unrihtwîs, bonus homo gôd man, malus homo yfel

mann. sume synd accidentia, þæt synt gelimplîce, þe gelimpað

ânum gehwylcum: niger coruus blac hrem, profundum mare dêop

sǣ, prudens snoter, albus hwît, longus lang, breuis sceort.

sume syndon ad aliquid dicta, ðâ synd gecwedene tô sumum

þinge and ne magon bêon gecwedene bûton ðâm ðinge: filius

sunu, seruus ðêowa. þonne ðû cwest sunu, þonne byð se fæder

þǣr tô understanden and se hlâford tô þâm ðêowan. sume

syndon forneân þisum gelîce: dies dæg, nox niht; dexter

swîðra, sinister wynstra; calor hǣtu, frigus cŷle. sume

syndon gentilia, þâ getâcnjaþ, hwylcere þêode hê sîg:

graecus grêcisc, anglus englisc. sume synd patriae, þâ

geswuteljað þæs mannes êþel: romanus rômanisc, lundoniensis

lundenisc, wiltuniensis wiltûnisc. sume synd interrogatiua,

þæt synd âxjendlîce: quis hwâ, qualis hwylc, quantus hû

micel, quot hû fela, quotus hwylces geteles on

endebyrdnysse, se forma oððe se ôðer. sume synd collectiua,

þâ getâcnjað on ânfealdum getele mycele meniu: populus folc:

menig mann byð on folce; exercitus here, legio îored,

congregatio gegaderung. sume synd diuidua, þâ getâcnjað

tôdâl mid edlesendre sprǣce: uterque heora ǣgðer, quisque

gehwâ, singuli ǣnlîpige, bini getwinne oððe twŷfealde, terni

ðrŷfealde, deni tŷnfealde, uiceni twentigfealde, triceni

þrittigfealde, centeni hundfealde. sume synd ordinalia, þâ

geswuteljað endebyrdnysse: primus fyrmest, secundus ôðer,

tertius ðridda; et cetera. sume syndon numeralia, þâ

geswuteljað getel: unus ân, duo twegen, tres ðrŷ; et cetera.

sume syndon facticia, þâ synd geworhte æfter gelîcnysse

âgenes swêges: tintinnabulum belle, turtur turtle, clangor

cyrm, bos oxa, grus cran. sume synd generalia, þæt synd

gemǣnelîce: animal nŷten: animal is ǣlc ðingc, ðe orðað;

arbor ǣlces cynnes trêow, gemma ǣlces cynnes gymstân. sume

syndon specialia, þæt synd synderlîce, þâ ðe bêoð tôdǣlede

fram þâm gemǣnelîcum. animal is ǣlc ðing, ðe orðað: ðonne is

synderlîce homo man, equus hors, ouis scêp. gemǣnelîce arbor

trêow; synderlîce uitis wîntrêow, laurus lawerbêam, corilus

hæsel, abies æps, quercus âc, malus apuldre. gemǣnelîce

gemma gimstân; synderlîce cristallum, topazius, berillus.

sume syndon absolutiuae, þæt synd ungebundene, þâ ne

behôfjað nânre tîginge ôðres naman: deus god, ratio gesceâd,

mens môd. sume syndon temporalia, þæt synd tîdlîce, þâ

ætêowjað tîman: annus geâr, mensis mônoð, ebdomada wucu,

dies dæg. sume syndon localia, þæt synd stôwlîce, þâ

geswuteljað gehendnysse oððe ungehendnysse: propinquus

gehende oððe mǣg, longinquus fyrlen, proximus neâxð,

medioximus midlen. sume syndon patronomica, þæt synd

fæderlîce naman, æfter grêciscum þêawe, ac sêo lêdensprǣc

næfð þâ naman. hî synd swâ ðêah on engliscre sprǣce: penda

and of ðâm pending and pendingas, cwicelm and of ðâm

cwicelmingas and fela ôðre. sume synd possessiua, þæt synd

geâgnigendlîce, þâ geswuteljað þâ þing, þė bêoð geâgnode:

regius honor cynelîc wurðmynt; pater fæder, paternus

fæderlîc; mater môdor, maternus môdorlîc; frater brôðor,

fraternus brôðorlîc. of ôðrum antimbre ferrum îsen, ferreus

îsen; aurum gold, aureus gylden; argentum seolfor, argenteus

sylfren; stagnum tin, stagneus tinen; aes bræs oððe âr,

aeneus bræsen oþþe ǣren; plumbum lêad, plumbeus lêaden;

uitrum glæs, uitreus glæsen; lapis stân, lapideus stǣnen;

lignum trêow, ligneus trêowen; et cetera. sume hî synd

comparatiua, þæt synd wiðmetenlîce, þâ geswuteljað mâran

oððe beteran: maior mâre, melior betere. sume synd

superlatiua, þæt synd oferstîgendlîce, þâ geswuteljað ðâ

mǣstan and ðâ betstan: maximus se mǣsta, optimus se sêlosta.

positiuus is se forma stæpe: iustus rihtwîs. comparatiuus ys

se ôðer stæpe: iustior rihtwîsre. superlatiuus is se ðridda

stæpe: iustissimus ealra rihtwîsost. bonus gôd, melior

betere, optimus sêlost; malus yfel, peior wyrse, pessimus

ealra wyrst; magnus mycel, maior mâre, maximus mǣst; paruus

lytel, minor læsse, minimus læst; facilis êaðelîc, facilior

êaðre, facillimus ealra êaðost; difficilis earfoðe,

difficilior earfoðre, difficillimus ealra earfoðust;

gracilis smæl, gracilior smælre, gracillimus ealra smælst;

humilis êadmôd, humilior êadmôdre; humillimus ealra

êadmôdust; similis gelîc, similior gelîcre, simillimus ealra

gelîcost; ealswâ dissimilis ungelîc; agilis hræd oððe glæd,

agilior hræddre, agillimus ealra hradost. of eallum ðisum

stæpum cumað aduerbia: bene wel, melius bet, optime sêlost

(hê dêð); facile êaðelîce, facilius êaðelîcor, facillime

ealra êaðelîcost (hê dêð); et cetera. sume naman synd

diminutiua, þæt synd wanjendlîce, þâ geswuteljað wanunge, nâ

wiðmetennysse: rex cyning, regulus lytel cyning oððe

undercyning; frater brôðor, fraterculus lytel brôðor; puer

cild, puerulus lytel cild; pater fæder, paterculus lytel

fæder; mater môdor, matercula lytel môdor; mulier wîf,

muliercula lytel wîf; soror swustor, sororcula lytel

swustor; opus weorc, opusculum lytel weorc; corpus lîchama,

corpusculum lytel lîchama; ager æcer, agellus lytel æcer;

liber bôc, libellus lytel bôc; homo mann, homunculus lytel

man and omuncio et cetera. gyt ðǣr is ân hiw denominatiuum

gecîged. denominatiuum is gecweden eal, þæt of naman cymð,

and on ðâm hiwe synd belocene patronomica and possessiua and

comparatiua and superlatiua and diminutiua and manega ôðre

naman tô êacan ðisum. bonus ys nama, þonne byð of ðâm

bonitas gôdnys denominatiuum of ðâm naman. eft iustus

rihtwîs, iustitia rihtwîsnys; socius gefêra, societas

gefêrrǣden; frater brôðor, fraternitas brôðorrǣden; uetus

eald, uetustas ealdnys; castus clǣne, castitas clǣnnys;

sanctus hâlig, sanctitas hâlignys; uir wer, uirilis werlîc;

mulier wîf, muliebris wîflîc; puer cild, puerilis cildlîc;

puella mǣden, puellaris mǣdenlîc; uirgo mǣden, uirginalis

mǣdenlîc; caelum heofen, caelestis heofonlîc; terra eorðe,

terrestris eorðlîc. witodlîce ealle ðâ naman, þe of ôðrum

namum cumað, ealle hî synd denominatiua gecwedene, and ðâra

ys forneân ungerîm.

Ælfrics Grammatik und Glossar · 第 68 / 125 题