level travel rebel gravel barrel
nickel apparel towel channel kennel
chapel citadel revel Mabel libel
camel laurel bevel funnel parcel
But in the following words and in their derivatives _e_ before
terminal _l_ should not be sounded:
easel weasel ravel mantel shekel
navel chattel shrivel drivel snivel
shovel grovel mussel hazel teasel
#[Seventh Month.]#
"In most words _i_ before terminal _l_ or _n_ should be sounded."
Latin vigil anvil goblin coffin
cavil cabin council rosin origin
javelin pencil axil assassin tranquil
resin bobbin violin peril moccasin
retail satin utensil pistil daffodil
In the following words _i_ should not be sounded:
devil basin evil cousin weevil raisin
#[Eighth Month.]#
"_I_ accented in most words from the French has the sound of long
_e_."
pique quarantine police critique unique
machine routine ravine regime intrigue
caprice suite valise Bastile magazine
guillotine fatigue antique
SEVENTH YEAR.
RULES OF SPELLING.
Many people think that rules of spelling are of no value, because they
are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions. This is
certainly true of a great many such rules (and there are a great
many); but three or four of these rules apply to so many words
difficult to spell, and they have such a small number of exceptions
that they are well worth while. Several hundred words are spelled
according to the first rule given below. The rule itself is short, and
all of the exceptions could be learned "for keeps" by a pupil in an
hour. But _pupils must have drill in applying the rules_ or they may
be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to
spell the words coming under them.
Since the rule given for the work of the first month, seventh year,
and that given for the second month, are counterparts, each of the
other, I prefer to take them together. Knowing that "_silent final e
is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added_", we
naturally infer its counterpart, viz.: "_Silent final e is retained
when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added._"
To bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the
application of the rule, I suggest that a class of pupils, reciting by
turns, spell at least twenty-five words according to the following
model. [The words are on the board in this form: love + able, care +
less.]
"The suffix _able_ begins with the vowel _a_; therefore when it is
added to the word _love_ the final silent _e_ is dropped, and the word
is spelled _lovable_." Or,
"The suffix _less_ begins with the consonant _l_; therefore, when it
is added to the word _care_ the final silent _e_ is not dropped, and
the word is spelled _careless_."
Words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed,--those in
which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in
which the suffix begins with a consonant. Exceptions ought to be
thrown into the mixture, and when a pupil comes to an exception, he
can proceed according to the model, concluding with, "but this word is
an exception to the rule".
Fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule, but pupils who
want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties.
#[First Month.]#
love--able adventure--ous decide--ing
care--less change--ing ice--berg
blame--able extreme--ly house--keeper
achieve--ment fickle--ness idle--ness
brake--man fore--cast excite--ment
cure--able compare--able console--able
discourage--ment continue--ally endure--ance
prove--able contrive--ance amaze--ment
move--able guide--ance fierce--ness
acquire--ing forgive--ness peace--ful
else--where hate--ful deface--ment
enlarge--ment believe--ing disgrace--ful
admire--able converse--ed blue--ish
abide--ing hedge--hog lodge--ing
advertise--ment achieve--ing amuse--ment
eye--brow hoarse--ness dine--ing
pursue--ing argue--ing revenge--ful
EXCEPTIONS.
Words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the _e_ when a suffix beginning
with _a_ or _o_ is added.
changeable challengeable pronounceable
exchangeable peaceable advantageous
chargeable serviceable outrageous
manageable traceable courageous
marriageable noticeable vengeance
OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
hoeing singeing seer nursling truly
shoeing tingeing seeing loathsome duty
toeing freeing agreeable awful wisdom
dyeing fleeing mileage duly wholly
Five other exceptions, to be remembered together: argument, judgment,
lodgment, abridgment, acknowledgment.
The exceptions here given, which are practically all of the exceptions
to this rule, should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten. The
value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the
exceptions.
#[Third Month.]#
Rule II: "When a suffix is added to a word ending in _y_, preceded by
a consonant, the _y_ is changed to _i_, unless the suffix begins with
_i_."
Model for drill on this rule (supply + ed, display + ed are written on
the board):
"The _y_ in _supply_ is preceded by a consonant, therefore, when the
suffix _ed_ is added the _y_ is changed to _i_ and the word is
spelled, _supplied_." Or,
"The _y_ in display is preceded by a vowel, therefore when the suffix
_ed_ is added the _y_ is not changed, and the word is spelled,
_displayed_."
carry + ed study + es espy + ed juicy + est
hurry + es destroy + ed deny + ing homely + est
marry + ing pity + ing survey + ed pity + ful
decay + ed pity + less employ + ing rally + es
annoy + s joy + less noisy + est pretty + est
copy + ed city + es mighty + er pity + able
EXCEPTIONS.
_y_ does not change before _'s_; as in
la'dy's en'e my's ba'by's coun'try's
Other exceptions to the rule, or to what is inferred from it:
staid (_or_ stayed) slain dry'ly la'dy like
paid dai'ly dry ness la dy bug
laid sly ly (_but_, dri'er, la dy ship
said sly ness dri'est) ba by hood
saith shy ly shy ness ba by house
#[Fourth and Fifth Months.]#
Rule III: "Monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable,
ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the
final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel." This
rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not
doubled unless these conditions are all complied with.
Model for drill on this rule:
"_Refer_ is not a monosyllable, but it is accented on the last
syllable; it ends in a single consonant _r_, preceded by a single
vowel _e_; therefore, on adding the suffix _ed_, beginning with the
vowel _e_, the final consonant _r_ is doubled, and the word is
spelled, _referred_."
refer + ed gallop + ed suspend + ed suffer + ing
omit + ed abhor + ence kidnap + ed travel + ed
cheat + ed join + ing admit + ing rebel + ious
flatter + ed benefit + ed differ + ence fertil + izer
prefer + ing permit + ed enamel + ed quarrel + ing
remit + ance map + ing drug + ist brag + art
heap + ing connect + ing emit + ed unfit + ed
confer + ing offer + ed conceal + ed parallel + ed
acquit + ed* commit + ee shelter + ed stir + ing
root + ed squeal + ing intermit + ent equal + ed
depend + ent begin + er cheer + ed vigor + ous
occur + ed shovel + ed forgot + en regret + ed
submit + ed transmit + ed drum + er spin + ing
* After _q_, _u_ is a consonant.
EXCEPTIONS.
The final consonant is not doubled when, in the derivative, the accent
is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive; as, _re fer'_,
_ref'er ence_.
ref'er ence def'er ence ref er ee'
pref er ence in fer ence ref'er a ble _or_
con fer ence pref er a ble re fer'ri ble
OTHER EXCEPTIONS.
gas es (but gassy) tranquillity
gas eous humbug ging trans fer able
crystallize humbug ged ex cellence
chagrined
NOTE.--There is a large class of words ending in _l_, and accented on
some other syllable than the last, in whose derivatives the _l_ is
doubled by many writers; but it accords more with the analogy of the
language not to double the _l_. Such words are the following: apparel,
cancel, channel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, enamel, equal,
gambol, grovel, jewel, libel, marshal, marvel, metal, model, panel,
peril, quarrel.
REFERENCE TABLE OF SUFFIXES.
_able_, see ble
_age_, that which, having
_ain_, see ian
_al_, pertaining to
_an_, pertaining to, one who
_ant_, one who, that which, quality of, condition of
_ary_, one who, that which, place where, condition of, quality of,
pertaining to
_ate_, act of, state of, shaped like
_ble_, capable of, fit to be
_cle_, little, that which
_ed_, condition of
_ee_, one who
_ence_, see ant
_ent_, see ant
_er_, one who, that which
_es_, see er
_et_, little
_ful_, full of, having
_fy_, to make
_ial_, see al
_ian_, one who
_ible_, see ble
_ic_, pertaining to
_il_, see ile
_ile_, capable of, quality of
_ion_, act of, state of, that which
_ious_, see ous
_ish_, act of
_is_, that which
_ise_, see ize
_ism_, state of, doctrine of
_ist_, one who
_ity_, that which, state of being, quality of
_ive_, that which, quality of
_ize_, act of
_lent_, full of
_less_, without
_ly_, state of being
_ment_, that which
_oid_, form
_or_, one who
_ory_, see ary
_ous_, full of, quality of, having
_tic_, see ic
_tude_, quality of
_ty_, see ity
_ure_, that which, act of
_y_, that which
INDEX TO ROOTS.
This index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which, words
in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated.
Page.
act 11, 61
ambl 15, 18, 82
anim 25, 35
*ann 11
aqua 74, 80
arch 28, 45, 82
*art 12
*aster 12
*aud 13
bi, be 9, 64, 65, 74
brev 9, 39
burse 13, 20
*capt, caput 53
*ced, cess 53
*cent 54
cept 14, 55
*chron 46
cep, cip 18, 50
*civ 55
clam, claim 20, 74
clud, clus 16
cogn 20, 56, 81
*cord, card 17
*corpus, corpor 17
*cura, curo 18
*curr 58
cuspid 21, 35, 50
cycl 21, 50, 64
*dent 58
*dict 58
*doc, doct 59
dors 26, 56
dote 25, 63
*duc 22
dur 32, 33
*fac, fec, fic 23
femin 35, 71
*fer, lat 24
*fest 24
fid 39, 51, 56, 67
*fin 62
*firm 62
fix 19, 49, 60
*flex, flect 62
flor 39, 66, 82
*flu 63
*foli 26
form 15, 25, 61, 73
*fort 26
*fract, frang 27
*frater 27
fresh 20, 40
fuse 13, 59, 61
fy 70
gam 21, 28, 45
*ge 47
gnost 59, 63
gon 26, 83
grad, gress 52, 54, 59, 60, 61
*graph 47
*grat, grac 65
*greg 65
hale 55, 56
hypnot 45, 82
itio, it 9, 55, 61
*ject 66
journ 49, 82
junct 71, 75
juven 20, 70
laps 20, 51
lect 51, 60, 71
*leg 66
*liber 30
*liter 31
loc 13, 40
*log, logy 48
loqu 51, 57, 59, 76
luc 39, 61
luna 60, 80
lut, luv 9, 50
*manu 31
mar 61, 71
*mater 32
matur 19, 56
*ment 68
meridi 50, 57
*meter 83
mingle 14, 51
*mit 69
moni 19, 49
mort 39, 56, 57
mot 40, 51, 59, 71
mut 32, 51, 56, 61
nat 40, 56, 66
nomi 21, 28, 50, 66
*norm 69
nov 20, 56
numer 38, 74
opo, opt 29, 44, 64, 76, 80
*pater 69
path 25, 29, 30, 45, 63, 76, 81
*ped, pod 36
*pel, puls 35
*pend, pens 35
*phon 83
ple, plen 20, 40
*polis 84
*pon, pos 37
*port 72
preci 52, 74
roy 63, 66, 82
*rupt 72
sal 34, 71
scend 52, 61
*scop 84
*scrib, scrip 72
secu 15, 40
sect 13, 14, 21, 50, 56, 71
soci 25, 32
solv 9, 68
son 25, 68
*spec 73
sta, sist 11, 15, 57, 60, 71
struct 20, 57
surrect 20, 71
*tang, tact 41
*tempor 41
*ten, tain 42
*terr 43
thesis 25, 29, 64
*tors, tort 76
*tract 77
trude 56, 57, 59
une 21, 39
use, uti 9, 32, 39
vade 15, 56
*ven 78
*vers, vert 79
via, vi 15, 21, 56, 74
vir 21, 70
viv 39, 70, 74, 82
vol 10, 67
zoo 48, 64
* Given in the Illinois State Course of Study.
INDEX TO PREFIXES.
Page.
a (an) 63
a, ab, abs 9
ad (ac, etc.) 49
ambi, amphi 9
ante 50
anti 25
auto 64
bene 10
bi 50
circum 10
con (col, etc.) 51
contra 11
de 52
dia 26
dis 13
en (on) 26
epi 64
ex (e, ec) 55
extra 14
in (im) 56
inter 14
micro 65
non 15
mono 28
ob (op) 57
para 29
per 15
peri 29
post 57
pre 18
pro 59
re 20
retro 60
se 60
semi 20
sub (suc, etc.) 60
super 20
syn (sym) 29
tele 30
trans 61
tri 21
uni 25
vice 63
INDEX TO SUFFIXES.
Page
able 32
ac 44
aceous 66
acy 33
al 66
an 33
ance 68
ary 34
ate 35
ence 67
ent 68
fy 70
ic 38, 80
ics 44
id 39
ile 70
ine 71
ion 71
ise 81
ist 82
ism 45
ite 71
ity 39
ive 40
ment 40
oid 82
ory 73
ous 74
ulent 75
ure 75
y 45, 75
CONTENTS.
Seventh Year.
First Month. Page.
Word Analysis 9-13
Elementary Sounds 85
Rule of Spelling 100
Second Month.
Word Analysis 13-18
Letters, Alphabet, etc. 87
Rule of Spelling 100
Third Month.
Word Analysis 18-24
Vowels 88
Rule of Spelling 101
Fourth Month.
Word Analysis 25-28
Consonants 89
Rule of Spelling 102
Fifth Month.
Word Analysis 28-32
Silent Letters--Principle 93
Rule of Spelling 102
Sixth Month.
Word Analysis 32-38
Silent Letters--Principle 94
Principle of Pronunciation 96
Seventh Month.
Word Analysis 38-43
Silent Letters--Principle 94
Principle of Pronunciation 97
Eighth Month.
Word Analysis 44-48
Silent Letters--Principle 95
Principle of Pronunciation 97
Eighth Year.
First Month.
Word Analysis 49-55
Syllables 90
Silent Letters--Principle 95
Second Month.
Word Analysis 55-59
Accent 91
Silent Letters--Principle 95
Third Month.
Word Analysis 59-63
Words 92
Silent Letters--Principle 95
Fourth Month.
Word Analysis 63-66
Silent Letters--Principle 95
Principle of Pronunciation 97
Fifth Month.
Word Analysis 66-70
Silent Letters--Principle 96
Principle of Pronunciation 98
Sixth Month.
Word Analysis 70-73
Silent Letters--Principle 96
Principle of Pronunciation 98
Seventh Month.
Word Analysis 73-80
Silent Letters--Principle 96
Principle of Pronunciation 99
Eighth Month.
Word Analysis 80-84
Silent Letters--Principle 96
Principle of Pronunciation 99
Reference Table of Suffixes 105
Index to Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes 106-107
Transcriber's notes:
The legend for reading accented characters:
[=x] macron (straight line) above the letter
[x_] macron (straight line) below the letter
[:x] diaeresis (umlaut) above the letter
[x:] diaeresis (umlaut) below the letter
[)x] breve above the letter
[x)] breve below the letter
[~x] tilde above the letter
[x~] tilde below the letter
[-x] overlay hyphen through the letter