2. _critic_ ise, judge
3. _familiar_ ize, family
4. _fertil_ ize, bear, produce
5. _leg_ alize, law
6. _re cogn_ ize, again + know
7. _sym path_ ize, with + feel
8. _tan tal_ ize, Tantalus
9. agonize
10. brutalize
11. civilize
12. crystallize
13. equalize
14. generalize
15. harmonize
16. humanize
17. idolize
18. magnetize
19. modernize
20. naturalize
21. organize
22. realize
23. systematize
24. tyrannize
1. A merchant when he _advertises_ goods hopes thereby to _cause_
people to _turn_ their attention _to_ them.
2. To _criticise_ is to (_make_) pass _judgment_ upon.
3. To _familiarize_ means, literally, to _make_ as one of the
_family_, to become intimate with.
4. Ground is _fertilized_ when it is _caused_ to _produce_ more
abundantly.
5. Any conduct is _legalized_ when it is _made lawful_.
6. We _recognize_ a person when we _know_ him _again_; as, one whom we
have known before.
7. To _sympathize_ is to _feel with_ another.
8. _Tantalize_ is derived from Tantalus, a Phyrgian king who,
according to Greek mythology, was punished in the lower world by being
placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin, while there hung over
him luscious fruit, the fruit and the water receding whenever he
sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. Hence tantalize means to
tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and
frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach.
Words 9 to 24 may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by
using some meaning of the suffix _ize_ in the definition with the
first part of the word; thus, _agonize_ means to _cause_ to have
_agony_.
#ist# = one who.
1. _agri cultur_ ist, field + culture
2. _an arch_ ist, without + rule
3. _art_ ist, art
4. _a the_ ist, without + god
5. _botan_ ist, plant
6. _de_ ist, god
7. _dent_ ist, tooth
8. _flor_ ist, flower
9. _ge olog_ ist, earth + science
10. _hypno_ tist, sleep
11. _journ_ alist, day
12. _jur_ ist, right
13. _loy_ alist, law
14. _oc_ ulist, eye
15. _optim_ ist, best
16. _pessim_ ist, worst
17. _re viv_ alist, again + life
18. _roy_ alist, king
19. _sci_ entist, knowledge
20. _somn ambul_ ist, sleep + walk
4. An _atheist_ is _one who_ is _without_ belief in a personal _God_.
6. A _deist_ is _one who_ believes in _God_ but denies revealed
religion.
15. An _optimist_ is _one who_ holds the opinion that all events are
ordered for the _best_.
16. A _pessimist_ is _one who_ has a disposition to take the least
hopeful (_worst_) view of things; one who believes that the ultimate
tendency of the world is toward evil and not good.
#oid# = having the form of, shaped like.
1. _aster_ oid, star
2. _dent_ oid, tooth
3. _ethm_ oid, sieve
4. _spher_ oid, sphere
5. _typh_ oid, cloud, stupor
6. _variol_ oid, various
#meter, metr# = measure.
1. _anemo_ meter, wind
2. _baro_ meter, weight
3. _chrono_ meter, time
4. _dia_ meter, across
5. _gas_ ometer, gas
6. _ge_ ometer, earth
7. _hexa_ meter, six
8. _hydro_ meter, water
9. _lacto_ meter, milk
10. metr _ic_, pertaining to
11. _penta_ meter, five
12. _peri_ meter, around
13. _thermo_ meter, heat
14. _tri gon_ ometry, three + angle
1. The _anemometer_ is an instrument for _measuring_ the force and
velocity of the _wind_.
2. The _barometer measures_ the _weight_ of the atmosphere, and thus
aids in determining the indications of the weather.
3. A _chronometer_ is an instrument for _measuring time_.
Specifically, it is a large and very accurate watch for use in
astronomical observations.
6. _Geometry_ literally means _earth measure_. It treats of the
measurement of surfaces, and is therefore applied in the _measurement_
of _land_.
7. The _hexameter_ in poetry is a _measure_ having _six_ poetic feet
to the line.
8. The _hydrometer_ is used for _measuring_ the specific gravity of
_water_ and other liquids.
9. The _lactometer_ is used for _measuring_ the purity and richness of
_milk_.
10. The _metric_ system of weights and measures is one in which the
meter is the unit of _measure_.
12. The _perimeter_ is the _measure around_ a body or figure.
14. _Trigonometry_ treats of _measurements_ based on the triangle
(_three angles_).
#phon# = sound.
1. _eu_ phony, well
2. phon _etic_, pertaining to
3. phon _ic_, pertaining to
4. phono _graph_, write
5. _sym_ phony, with
6. _tele_ phone, far
#polis# = city.
1. _acro_ polis, high, upper
2. _Anna_ polis, Ann
3. _Constantin_ ople, Constanine
4. _Indiana_ polis, Indiana
5. _metro_ polis, mother
6. _Minne_ apolis, Minne
7. police
8. politics
1. The _acropolis_ was the _upper_ part of a Grecian _city_. It
commanded a view of the surrounding country.
2. Named for Queen _Ann_.
3. A contraction of Constantinopolis. Named for _Constantine_.
4. _Indiana_ means, literally, the _land_ of the _Indians_.
_Indianapolis_ means _city_ of _Indiana_.
5. The _metropolis_ is the chief, or _mother city_, of the state or
country.
6. The _city_ of _Minne_ (haha).
7. A _police_ force is a body of civil officers in a _city_ organized
for its protection.
8. _Politics_ is the science of government in state or _city_.
#scop# = view.
1. _horo_ scope, hour
2. _kaleido_ scope, beautiful + form
3. _micro_ scope, small
4. _stereo_ scope, solid
5. _tele_ scope, far
1. The _horoscope_ is an instrument for _viewing_ the heavens at the
_hour_ of one's birth, by which the astrologers professed to foretell
the events of a person's life.
2. The _kaleidoscope_ is an optical instrument in which an endless
variety of _beautiful_ patterns or _forms_ may be _viewed_ by changing
its position.
4. The _stereoscope_ is an instrument, with two eye glasses, for
giving to pictures the appearance of _solid_ forms as seen in nature.
PART TWO
Letters, Sounds, Syllables, Words,
Principles of Pronunciation, and
Rules of Spelling.
SEVENTH YEAR.
(First Month.)
TERMS TO BE DEFINED.
An ELEMENTARY SOUND is the simplest sound of spoken language.
There are forty-four elementary sounds in the English language. As
there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters
represent more than one sound. Certain marks or distinguishing
characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are
called DIACRITICAL MARKS.
PHONOTYPY is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by
a distinct printed character or letter.
The VOCALS or TONICS are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified
or uninterrupted tone of the voice; as [=a], [)e].
The SUBVOCALS or SUBTONICS are those elementary sounds made by the
tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech, making an
undertone; as b, d, g, r.
The ASPIRATES or ATONICS are those elementary sounds made by merely
breathing modified by the organs of speech; sometimes called breath
sounds; as p, t, s.
TABLE OF ELEMENTARY SOUNDS.
[From Swett's Normal Word Book.]
_I. Vocals._
+--------------+-------------------------+
| a | [=a]-le, [=a]i-m |
| ae | ae-lms, ae-rt |
| [a:] | [a:]-ll, b-[a:]-ll |
| [)a] | [)a]-n, m-[)a]-n |
| a | [-c]-a-re, a-ir |
| [.a] | [.a]-sk, f-[.a]-st |
| [=e] | [=e]-ve, b-[=e] |
| [ve] | [ve]-nd, m-[ve]-n |
| [~e] | h-[~e]-r, [~e]-rr |
| [=i], [=y] | [=i]-ce, b-[=y] |
| [)i], [)y] | [)i]-t, h-[)y]-mn |
| [=o] | [=o]-ld, n-[=o] |
| [vo] | [vo]-n, n-[vo]-t |
| [o:], [=oo] | m-[o:]-ve, m-[=oo]-n |
| [=u] | [=u]-se, m-[=u]-[s,]e |
| [vu] | [vu]-p, b-[vu]-t |
| u | u-rge, b-u-rn |
| [u.], [)oo] | f-[u.]-ll, w-[)oo]-l |
| oi, oy | oi-l, b-oy |
| ou, ow | ou-t, ow-l |
+--------------+-------------------------+
_II. Subvocals._
+----------+-------------------------------+
| b | b-i-b, b-a-be |
| d | d-i-d, d-ea-d |
| [=g] | [=g]-i-[=g], [=g]-a-[=g] |
| j | j-ar, j-et |
| l | l-u-ll, te-ll |
| m | m-ai-m, [-c]a-me |
| n | n-u-n, n-o-ne |
| ng, [n=] | ri-ng, i-[n=]-k |
| r | r-oa-r, r-ea-r |
| th | th-ese, wi-th |
| v | val-ue, v-ain |
| w | w-ell, w-eb |
| y | y-es, y-et |
| z | z-one, z-est |
| zh, z | a-z'-ure, sei-z'-ure |
+----------+-------------------------------+
_III. Aspirates._
+--------------+-------------------------+
| f | f-i-fe, o-ff |
| h | h-at, h-ome |
| k | k-ite, k-ill |
| p | p-i-pe, to-p |
| s | s-un, s-ame |
| t | t-en-t, t-ar-t |
| ch | ch-ur-ch, ch-ild |
| sh | sh-all, wi-sh |
| th | th-in, th-ree |
| wh | wh-ere, wh-y |
+--------------+-------------------------+
NOTE.--The foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the
English language. Some of these sounds are represented by other
letters, as shown in the following:
#IV.--Table of Equivalents.#
[Dictionary Work--Metcalf & DeGarmo.]
CHAR. EQUIV.
[=e] = [=i]
[~e] = [~i] = u
[=a] = [e=]
a = e
o = [a:] (_broad a_)
[o:] = [=oo] = [u:]
[)i] = [)y]
[)u] = [.o]
[)o] = [a.]
[o.] = [)oo] = [u.]
[=i] = [=y]
oi = oy
ou = ow
[=u] = ew
CHAR. EQUIV.
j = [.g] (soft)
g = [=g] (hard)
z = [[s.]=]
k = [-c] = [-c]h
f = ph
s = c (_cedilla c_)
sh = ch
[n=] = ng
x = ks
[x=] = gz
COGNATE sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech
in a similar position. The cognates are in pairs, as follows:
_Vowels_: [=a] [)e], [=e] [)i], a [)a], ae [.a], [a:] [)o], u [)u],
[=o][=o] [)oo]; _consonants_: g' k, b p, d t, j ch, th th, v f, z s.
#[Second Month.]#
LETTERS.
A LETTER is a mark or character used to represent a sound,--usually an
elementary sound.
An ALPHABET is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a
language.
The NUMBER OF LETTERS in the different alphabets vary, as follows:
English 26, Arabic 28, French 25, German 26, Greek 24, Hebrew 22,
Italian 21, Russian 33, Spanish 27, Sanskrit 49. The Chinese have no
alphabet, but about 20,000 syllabic characters.
The POWER OF A LETTER is the elementary sound for which it stands.
LETTERS AS TO FORM are either script or print.
There are many different STYLES OF LETTERS; as, Roman, Italic, Old
English, and Script.
As to SIZE letters are both capital and lower case.
#[Third Month.]#
VOWELS.
A VOWEL sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice. The
vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified, but not interrupted, by
the various positions of the tongue and lips.
A CONSONANT sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice,
and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound.
There is no absolute division between vowels and consonants. Certain
vowels are so open as to be only vowels, certain consonants are so
close as to be only consonants; but there are yet others which have
the value now of vowels and now of consonants; as, _i_, _u_, _w_, and
_y_.
"_Y_ as a vowel is a substitute for _i_, and _i_ is a consonant as a
substitute for _y_. _W_ and _y_ are vowels: (1) When they end words or
syllables, (2) when they are not followed by a vowel in the same
syllable, (3) when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same
syllable. _W_ and _y_ are consonants when they begin words or
syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel. _I_ is a consonant
when it represents the consonant _y_, as in _alien_. _U_ is a
consonant when it represents the consonant _w_, as in _quick_,
_language_."--_Irish's Orthography._
A DIPHTHONG is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the
same syllable.
A diphthong is PROPER if both the vowels are sounded; as _o_ and _i_
in _boil_.
An IMPROPER DIPHTHONG or DIGRAPH is merely a collection of two vowels
in the same syllable, of which only one is sounded; as in _rain_,
_teach_.
The diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use,
viz.: t_oi_l, t_oy_, s_ou_nd, c_ow_, p_ea_l, _oi_l, _au_dible,
_aw_ning, s_ay_, s_ei_ne, p_eo_ple, f_eu_d, ob_ey_, esch_ew_,
bel_ie_ve, l_oa_n, h_oe_, h_ue_, j_ui_ce. Of these _oi_, _oy_, _ou_,
and _ow_ are the only _proper_ diphthongs.
A TRIPHTHONG is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the
same syllable.
A triphthong is PROPER if all three of the vowels are sounded. (But
there are no proper triphthongs that I know of.)
A triphthong is IMPROPER or is called a TRIGRAPH if one or two of the
three vowels is silent; as in ad_ieu_, b_eau_ty.
#[Fourth Month.]#
CONSONANTS.
CONSONANTS are divided on three different bases; as follows:
I. MUTES and SEMIVOWELS.
The mutes represent an explosive sound, and are so called because the
mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice
is momentarily _mute_.
The four subvocals _b_, _d_, _j_, _g_, and their cognates, _p_, _t_,
_ch_, and _k_, are generally classed as mutes. Pronounce them and see
if they do not represent _explosive_ sounds.
All other consonants are _semivowels_, and are pronounced with a
_continuous_ sound. The sound may be continued so long as the breath
lasts; but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive
utterance.
II. The SUBVOCALS and ASPIRATES are shown in the vertical columns of
the table below. The subvocals are sometimes called _voice_ consonants
and the aspirates _breath_ consonants. These are fit terms, for they
indicate the basis of classification.
III. LABIALS, LINGUA-DENTALS, and PALATALS constitute a classification
of the consonants with respect to the place of formation. Bead the
table from left to right. The _lips_ have most to do with making the
labial sounds; the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the
_tongue_ in contact with the _teeth_, the palatals between the tongue
and hard and soft _palate_.
#Consonant Table.#
#Subvocals.# #Aspirates.#
(Voice.) (Breath.)
Labials. { b p
(Lips.) { v f
{ w wh
{ m
Lingua- { d t
Dentals. { z s
(Point of{ th (sonant) (non-sonant) th
tongue.) { l
{ n
{ r
Palatals.{ zh sh
(Between { j ch
tongue { g k
and { y
palate.) { h
{ ng
EIGHTH YEAR.
#[First Month.]#
SYLLABLES.
SYLLABLE literally means _taken together_.
A SPOKEN SYLLABLE is an elementary sound, or a combination of
elementary sounds, uttered _together_, or with a single impulse of the
voice. It constitutes a word or a part of a word.
A WRITTEN or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the
rest, and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice.
As to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables
depends upon the PURPOSE OF SYLLABICATION. When the purpose is to show
the derivation the division is made with reference to the component
parts (roots, prefixes, and suffixes); but if the purpose is to
indicate correct pronunciation, the result may be very different. For
illustration, the following words are divided, first, to show
derivation: abs-tract, bene-vol-ent, pre-de-cess-or, e-duc-ate,
phon-o-typ-y, pro-gress, e-lig-ible; and, second, to indicate correct
pronunciation: ab-stract, be-nev-o-lent, pred-e-ces-sor, ed-u-cate,
pho-not-y-py, prog-ress, el-i-gi-ble.
While in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one
purpose are very different from those formed for the other, yet in the
majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided
for one purpose or for the other.
In the United States the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to
indicate pronunciation.
The ULTIMATE syllable of a word is the last (_ultimus_ = last); the
PENULTIMATE is next to the last (_pen_ = almost); the ANTEPENULTIMATE
is the third from the last (literally, _before almost_ the _last_);
the PREANTEPENULTIMATE is the fourth from the last (literally,
_before_ the one that is _before_ the one _almost last_).
#[Second Month.]#
ACCENT.
ACCENT is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a
word.
In long words two, and sometimes three, syllables are accented. But
one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are. The
stronger accent is called the PRIMARY accent, the weaker is called the
SECONDARY. Thus, in _am' mu ni' tion_ the primary accent falls on the
third syllable and the secondary on the first.
The "PRINCIPLES" which govern the placing of accent are complicated.
The International Dictionary says there are no principles by which to
determine the accent in English. Another high authority says: "All
attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in English only
serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded."
There are, however, certain _tendencies_ which mature pupils might
profitably consider, but the limited scope of this book will not
permit me to attempt to set them forth.
In the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of
meaning. When nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the
first syllable; when verbs, on the second:
abstract
accent
compound
conflict
concert
contract
contrast
converse
convict
desert
escort
export
ferment
forecast
frequent
incense
insult
permit
prefix
present
produce
project
record
survey
#[Third Month.]#
WORDS.
A WORD is a sign of an idea. It may be either spoken or written.
A PRIMITIVE, OR ROOT, word is one not derived from any other word of
the language; as, _fix_, _strike_, _man_.
A DERIVATIVE is a word formed from a primitive by changing it
internally, or by adding a prefix or suffix; as, _men_, _suffix_,
_strikers_.
A SIMPLE WORD is a single word. It may be either primitive or
derivative.
A COMPOUND WORD is a combination of two or more simple words; as,
buck-saw, well-behaved, school-room.
A word of one syllable is a _monosyllable_ (mono = one); of two
syllables, a _dissyllable_ (dis = two); of three syllables, a
_trisyllable_ (tri = three); of three or more syllables, a
_polysyllable_ (poly = many).
The ROOT of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries
the primitive notion or significance with it, without prefix or
suffix; as, _ge_ (earth), _graph_ (write), _vol_ (wish).
A PREFIX is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word;
as, _auto_graph, _circum_vent, _amphi_theater.
A SUFFIX is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word; as,
man _ly_, fert _ile_, ment _ion_.
AFFIX is a general term for prefixes and suffixes; it may be applied
to either or to both together.
SEVENTH YEAR.
#[Fifth Month.]#
SILENT LETTERS.
Silent letters have at least four uses:
1. To modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable.
Drop final silent _e_ from such words as the following and note the
effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable: _bare_,
_pure_, _ripe_, _lame_.
2. To indicate pronunciation.
In the four words last given, for illustration, the pronunciation
changes when the final silent _e_ is dropped.
Another class of words ending in _ce_ and _ge_ retain the final silent
_e_ on adding a suffix beginning with _a_ or _o_ to preserve the soft
sound of _c_ and _g_, and with it the correct pronunciation of the
word; as, _serviceable_, _noticeable_, _changeable_, _courageous_.
3. To show the meaning of words.
Illustrations: _clime_, _climb_, _plumb_, _belle_, _butt_, _dyeing_,
_singeing_, _guilt_, _damn_.
4. To show the derivation of words.
Numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the Greek. In
_chronic_, and _chronology_, the _h_ is silent, but serves to indicate
that the root of those words is identical with the Greek root _chron_,
which means _time_. Similarly the _g_ in _gnostic_, the _e_ in
_eulogy_, _p_ in _pneumonia_, the _h_ in _chromatic_.
In _honour_ and _favour_ _u_ is silent, and therefore a useless
letter, so far as sound is concerned. The _u_ signifies that the word
came to us through the French, instead of directly from the Latin. The
question is, whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra
letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical
association. Perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so, but
others of us are more intent on saving time and ink. When the spelling
reform idea becomes operative with English speaking people, a great
many silent letters will go the way of the _u_ in _labour_, _favour_,
and the like.
The following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters
together with the principle found to be operative through them.
#[Sixth Month.]#
"_E_ final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same
syllable."
change sense adverse Chinese condense
brace quite bade oppose deceive
force scribe burlesque embrace machine
crease measure canine emerge endorse
cease absolve caprice examine advise
#[Seventh Month.]#
"_B_ is usually silent before _t_ or after _m_ in the same syllable."
lamb tomb numb debt bomb
comb thumb dumb doubt crumb
limb climb plumb redoubt jamb
#[Eighth Month.]#
"_C_ is silent before _k_ in the same syllable. _C_ is silent in czar,
victuals, muscle, corpuscle, indict, and Connecticut."
back deck lack stack Patrick
buck duck hack stick reckon
burdock chick luck suck thicken
clock click lick beckon Cossack
EIGHTH YEAR.
#[First Month.]#
"_D_ is silent before _g_ in the same syllable."
edge hedge ridge lodge misjudge
wedge budge bridge sledge judgment
pledge drudge fudge begrudge lodgment
#[Second Month.]#
"_G_ is silent before _m_ or _n_ in the same syllable."
phlegm malign gnaw campaign gnash
arraign paradigm feign foreign gnu
benign diaphragm reign design seignior
resign gnat assign gnarl consign
#[Third Month.]#
"_H_ is silent when it follows _g_ or _r_ in the same syllable."
ghost myrrh rheumatism rhapsody rhinoceros
aghast hemorrhage rhyme rhythm Rhine
gherkin rhubarb rhombus rhomboid catarrh
#[Fourth Month.]#
"_K_ is silent before _n_ in the same syllable."
knack kneel knot knap sack knob
knave knife knock knowledge knucks
knead knight knoll knuckle knarl
knee knit know knell knout
#[Fifth Month.]#
"_N_ final after _l_ or _m_ is silent."
hymn contemn solemn limn damn
kiln condemn column autumn
#[Sixth Month.]#
"_T_ is silent before _ch_ in the same syllable."
hitch pitch match notch catch
kitchen botch hatch scratch patch
latch Dutch watch Mitchell satchel
thatch ditch witch batch Scotch
#[Seventh Month.]#
"_W_ is silent before _r_ in the same syllable."
wrestle wren wrist writing wreak
wrong wrote wreck wrest writ
wring wraith awry write wrought
wrath wretch wreath wrinkle wrangle
#[Eighth Month.]#
"_Gh_ is always silent after _i_ and, when not a substitute for _f_ or
_k_, is also silent after _au_ and _ou_."
sight plight weigh fraught through
light wright weight caught although
fight height freight thought slaughter
might wight aught daughter laughter
SEVENTH YEAR.
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.
#[Sixth Month.]#
"_A_ constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short Italian
_a_."
again America banana fatality papa
alas amuse canine fatigue parasol
algebra apparatus China lapel pica
alkali area data massacre sacrament
amass arena drama ornament valise
#[Seventh Month.]#
"_E_ constituting or ending a syllable is long."
depot memento obedience really society
event museum penal recess superior
feline nausea precedence resource theater
frequent negro precise sacrilegious theology
mechanic notoriety pretense secretary veto
#[Eighth Month.]#
"_O_ constituting or ending a syllable is long."
broken explosive melodeon poem spoken
chosen gondola melody police tobacco
composition licorice open potato trophy
coquet location opponent promotion zodiac
cupola locust pantomime proviso zooelogy
EIGHTH YEAR.
#[Fourth Month.]#
"_I_constituting or ending an unaccented syllable, not initial, is
always short, and is usually short even in initial syllables, if
unaccented."
divide tirade sentinel fidelity residence
direct intimate continent digest levity
finance indivisible defensible hilarious reticent
imitate equidistant predicate maritime reticule
piazza nobility finance invitation direction
In the _initial_ syllables _i_, _bi_, _chi_, _cli_, _cri_, _pri_,
_tri_, however, _i_ is generally _long_.
idea biology climatic primeval tripod
idle Chinese criterion triangular triune
isothermal chirography biennial binomial priority
#[Fifth Month.]#
_E_ before terminal _n_ should always be silent in participles, and
also in most other words.
given stolen ridden bidden forsaken
taken proven shaken woven gotten
broken driven written shaven risen
spoken frozen arisen chidden smitten
fallen hidden beaten eaten stricken
also
heaven oaken happen burden leaven
often leaden seven garden brazen
widen golden even eleven christen
But in the following words _e_ should be sounded:
hyphen chicken marten lichen sudden
linden linen gluten mitten aspen
_E_ should also be sounded in any word (not a participle) in which
terminal _en_ is immediately preceded by _l_, _m_, _n_, or _r_.
women Ellen Helen omen pollen
barren linen woolen Allen Warren
#[Sixth Month.]#
"_E_ before terminal _l_ should usually be sounded."