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ORTHOGRAPHY
AS OUTLINED IN THE
STATE COURSE OF STUDY FOR ILLINOIS.
SEVENTH AND EIGHTH YEARS.
BY ELMER W. CAVINS,
TEACHER OF ORTHOGRAPHY IN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY.
INTRODUCTION BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
SECOND EDITION--JANUARY, 1906.
_PUBLISHED BY C. M. PARKER,
TAYLORVILLE, ILLINOIS._
Copyright, 1904, by C. M. Parker.
PREFACE.
This book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the Illinois
State Course of Study. The outline in Orthography for the Seventh and
Eighth Years is the basis of all that is included herein. Three fifths
or more of this work is word analysis which, valuable as it is,
teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text,
never having learned much of it themselves. What, for example, can the
average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be
analyzed which contain the root _ann_, meaning year? He might turn in
the dictionary to _annual_, _anniversary_, and _annuity_, but he must
fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as, _biennial_,
_centennial_, _millennium_, _perennial_, and _superannuate_. And
having the list, very many teachers, as well as pupils, need help in
the analysis.
The aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient
form such facts as are needed by those who follow the State Course of
Study.
Emphasis has been placed upon word analysis. The author believes that
this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it.
When Mr. Kennedy named his work on word analysis "What Words Say", he
gave it the best possible title. Composite words have a wealth of
meaning; each syllable is significant. And, as a rule, only to those
who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning.
Accuracy is the mark of a scholar. Accuracy in speech and in the
understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of
words is vague and general. Pupils should early learn how to interpret
_what words say_, and to discriminate carefully in the use of words,
for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various
departments for acquiring knowledge.
Normal, Ill., Aug. 30, 1904. E. W. CAVINS.
INTRODUCTION
BY DR. EDWIN C. HEWETT.
I have long thought that the careful, discriminating study of words is
much neglected in our schools. And I am glad to approve, and help to
forward, anything that will promote such a study.
Not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly, but it
will, at the same time, do much to improve the clearness and precision
of his thinking; thought and language have a reciprocal effect.
If a child, while young, can be made to be interested in words
themselves,--their origin, their exact meaning, their relations to
each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from
their use,--he will be likely to retain that interest through life; it
will be more likely to increase than to diminish.
It seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably
with the study of words made up from Greek and Latin roots till he has
acquired some mastery of those languages. But I know from experience
and much observation that this is not true. Why should it be? Must one
master Greek and Latin before he can understand that, in English
words, _graph_ means write; _ge_ means earth; _phone_ means sound;
_cur_ means run; _fin_ means limit; _port_ means carry, etc.?
And then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes, is
it preposterous to train him to know the etymological significance of
a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up?
Of course, we know that many words in common use have shades of
meaning quite different from, and in some cases almost opposite to,
their literal significance. But will not the student be better able to
understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal
significance than in any other way? At any rate, I am fully persuaded
that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very
profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared.
The teacher will find, however, that the teaching of this subject will
require much careful labor on his part. The mere learning of the
meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves, with the
brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words, will need to be
supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part. And to this
must be added much thought of his own, together with careful research
in the great dictionaries. But to the earnest and intelligent teacher,
such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own
thinking, and in his use of English speech.
I cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction; and as
adapted, in my opinion, to do much to supply a serious lack in the
present work of the schools.
Normal, Ill., Aug. 18, 1904. E. C. H.
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.
1. From the lists given in this book omit such words as in your
opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils.
2. All words given for the first month's work are either defined or
illustrated below the lists. This is done to help make clear the
method of showing their _literal_ significance. Further along in each
year's work only the most difficult words are explained. Insist that
pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as
to show the _literal_ meaning, else much of the value of the study is
lost.
And, moreover, the ordinary, or current meaning, _where it differs
from the literal_, should be given. Very many of the words have
various uses. Thorough work requires that these be illustrated. This
necessitates a free use of the dictionary.
It is strongly urged that the pupils (with the aid of the teacher when
necessary) try to find _an appropriate sentence to illustrate each
word_ and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the
purpose.
In work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of
reviews. By this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils,
especially the meanings of roots and prefixes. Since these meanings
are given in a single word, reviews may proceed rapidly.
One convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils
to the blackboard without their books, assign them by turns words to
be analyzed according to the examples given under "Directions to
Pupils", and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written
on the board.
DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS.
Given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the State Course of
Study are 45 prefixes, 64 roots, and 33 suffixes,--in all 142 elements
or component parts of words. In this book a list of words is furnished
to illustrate each element, the average number of words in each list
being about eleven, and the total number of different words analyzed,
or partially analyzed, is over 1200.
TO ANALYZE A WORD.
1. Name its component parts--root, prefix, and suffix--and give the
literal meaning of each.
2. Combine these meanings in a definition, _supplying additional words
if necessary_, to make the sense complete. In exceptional cases,
however, the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put
together in a good definition. One or more of the parts must then be
omitted entirely, or represented by words which are not exactly
literal.
3. Give an illustration of the use of the word.
(Caution: Carefully distinguish verbs, adjectives and nouns. Do not
define adjectives as nouns or verbs, or vice versa. Do not, for
illustration, say _audible_ is _that which_ can be _heard_; but rather
say _audible_ means _capable of_ being _heard_.)
EXAMPLES.
avert: (1) _a_, away + _vert_, turn.
(2) To _turn away_; to ward off.
(3) The evils which exist are necessary to _avert_ greater evils.
deify: (1) _dei_, god + _fy_, to make.
(2) To _make_ a _god_ of; to praise and revere as if a deity.
(3) The people of India _deify_ the Ganges River.
hostile: (1)_host_, enemy + _ile_, belonging to.
(2) _Belonging to_ or having the characteristics of an _enemy_.
(3) Yon tower which rears its head so high invites the
_hostile_ winds.
portable: (1) _port_, carry + _able_, capable of.
(2) _capable of_ being _carried_ or moved from place to place;
not stationary.
(3) A _portable_ photograph gallery stopped for three
days at the cross-roads near my home.
benefactor: (1) _bene_, good + _fact_, make, do + _or_, one who.
(2) _One who does good_; especially one who makes a
charitable donation.
(3) "He is a true _benefactor_ and alone worthy of honor who
brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries
the tear of sorrow."
A careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to
analyze words a pupil must--
1. Learn some _facts_--meanings of the component parts of words.
2. Be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible
definition.
3. Use the dictionary to find the ordinary, or current, use of a word.
4. Gather illustrations. This is not easy, but it should not be
neglected, for it is the most practical feature of word analysis.
Pupils should help each other, and the teacher may contribute when his
help is needed. One good illustration for a difficult word might
suffice the entire class.
PART ONE
Word Analysis.
SEVENTH YEAR.
FIRST MONTH.
#a, ab, abs# = from, away.
1. a _vert_, turn
2. ab _brevi_ ate, short
3. ab _duct_, lead
4. ab _ject_, cast
5. ab _lut_ ion, wash
6. ab _origin_ es, beginning
7. ab _rupt_, break
8. ab _sorb_, suck in
9. ab _solve_, loosen
10. ab _use_, use.
2. To _shorten_, to take _from_; to make briefer.
3. To _lead away_; to carry off by force; to kidnap.
4. An _abject_ person is one sunk to low condition (as if _cast from_
the society of others).
5. An _ablution_ is a _washing_ or _cleansing_; especially a religious
rite.
6. The inhabitants of a country _from_ the _beginning_. The earliest
inhabitants of which anything is known.
7. _Broken_ or appearing as if broken _away_ or off; as an _abrupt_
cliff.
8. To _suck_ up; to drink in. A brick will _absorb_ a pint of water.
9. To _loosen_ or set free, as _from_ some duty or obligation
10. To divert _from_ the proper _use_; to misuse.
#ambi, (amphi)# = both, on both sides, around.
1. ambi _dextr_ ous, right hand
2. ambi _ti_ on, go
3. amphi _bi_ ous, life
4. amphi _theatre_, view.
1. _Having_ skill with _both_ hands (as if both were _right hands_).
2. A _going around_ or about, as of a candidate soliciting votes;
eager for favors; strongly desirous.
3. _Living both_ on land and in water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles,
seals, otters, and beavers are _amphibious_.
4. An _amphitheatre_ is a building built circular so that spectators
may _view_ a performance from _both sides_ or from all _around_.
#bene# = well, good.
1. bene _dict_ ion, speak
2. bene _fact_ ion, do
3. bene fact _or_, one who
4. bene _fic_ ent, do
5. bene fic _ial_, pertaining to
6. bene _fit_, do
7. bene _vol_ ent, will
8. beni _gn_, (genus) kind
9. beni gn _ant_, being
10. _nota_ bene, note
1. The _act of speaking well_ to or of; a blessing pronounced at the
close of divine service.
2. The _act of doing_ good; making a charitable donation.
4. _Doing_ or effecting _good_; performing acts of kindness.
5. _Pertaining to_ what _does good_, is useful or profitable.
6. A _good_ deed _done_; an act of kindness.
7. _Willing_ to _do good_; well-wishing; charitable.
8. _Good_ and _kind_ of heart; expressive of gentleness or kindness.
Literally, of a _good kind_.
9. _Being kind_ and gracious.
10. _Note well_; observe carefully; take notice. Usually abbreviated
to N. B.
#circum# = around.
1. circum _fer_ ence, carry
2. circum _flex_, bend
3. circum _locut_ ion, speak
4. circum _navig_ ate, sail
5. circum _scribe_, write, draw
6. circum _spect_, look
7. circum _sta_ nce, stand
8. circum _vent_, come.
1. Think the _circumference_ in the process of making; _carry_ the
crayon _around_ the circle to produce the _circumference_.
2. A _bending around_; a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a
rise and a fall on the same syllable.
3. The _act of speaking_ in a _round_ about way; particularly a
studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech.
4. The _act of sailing around_; especially the earth or globe.
5. To _draw_ a bounding line _round_; hence to mark out the limits of.
6. _Looking around_ on all sides; examining carefully.
7. That which attends or relates to (_stands around_, as it were,) an
event, a person or a thing.
8. To _circumvent_ one in any enterprise is to _come around_ in an
unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage.
#contra, (contro, counter)# = against
1. contra _dict_, speak
2. contra _vene_, come
3. contra _st_, stand
4. counter _act_, do
5. counter _balance_, scales
6. contro _versy_, turn
1. To _speak against_; to assert the opposite of.
2. To _come against_; to oppose.
3. To _stand against_; to set in opposition to, as two or more objects
of a like kind with a view to showing their difference.
4. To act _against_; to _do_ what hinders.
5. To _weigh against_ with equal weight; equal weight, power or
influence acting in opposition to.
6. A _turning against_; debate, contention.
#ann# = year.
1. annu _al_, relating to
2. anni _vers_ ary, turn
3. annu _ity_, that which
4. _bi_ ennial, two
5. _cent_ ennial, hundred
6. _mille_ nnium, thousand
7. _per_ ennial, through
8. _super_ annuate, beyond
1. _Relating to_ a _year_; yearly.
2. _That_ day _which returns_ once a _year_ commemorating some event.
3. A stated sum of money payable _yearly_.
4. Happening once in _two years_; lasting two years.
5. Consisting of or lasting a _hundred years_. Happening every hundred
years.
6. A period or interval of a _thousand years_.
7. _Throughout_ the _year_; lasting, perpetual.
8. Condition of being _beyond_ the _years_ of active service; impaired
or disabled by length of years.
#art# = skill.
1. art _ist_, one who
2. arti _fic_ ial, make
3. artist _ic_, relating to
4. art _less_, without
1. _One who_ is _skilled_ or adept in any of the fine arts.
2. Produced or _made_ by _art_ or _skill_ rather than by nature.
3. _Relating_ to _skill_ in any field.
4. _Without skill_; especially without skill in fraud or deceit.
#aster, (astr)# = star.
1. aster _isk_, little
2. aster _oid_, form
3. astr _olog_ er, speak.
4. astr _onomy_, distribute
5. _dis_ aster, apart
1. Literally, a _little star_; a mark like a star used to refer to a
note in the margin.
2. _Formed_ like a _star_.
3. _One who speaks_ about the _stars_; one who foretells events by the
stars, or interprets the supposed influence of the stars.
4. The science which treats of the _distribution_, arrangement and
size of heavenly bodies (_stars_).
5. An unfavorable aspect of a _star_ or planet, hence an ill portent,
a calamity.
#aud# = hear.
1. aud _ible_, capable of
2. audit _ory_, pertaining to
3. audit _ors_, those who
4. _in_ audible, not
1. _Capable of_ being _heard_.
2. _Pertaining to_ the _hearing_, or the sense of hearing.
3. _Those who hear_; people who assemble for the purpose of hearing
music or discourse.
4. _Not capable_ of being _heard_; indistinct.
SECOND MONTH.
#dis (dif)# = apart, from, away.
1. dis _burse_, purse
2. dis _cord_, heart
3. dis _cuss_, shake
4. dif _fer_, bear
5. dif _fuse_, pour
6. dis _loc_ ate, place
7. dis _miss_, send
8. dis _pel_, drive
9. dis _pose_, put
10. dis _rupt_, break
11. dis _sect_, cut
12. dis _tend_, stretch
1. To _disburse_ money is to pay it out (_from_ one's _purse_).
2. (Literally, _hearts apart_.) Want of harmony; not agreeing in
opinion, or in action.
3. The _discussion_ of a question _shakes_ it _apart_, for a more
thorough examination.
4. When two minds _differ_, one _bears_ in one direction, the other in
another, and thus they _bear apart_. They do not agree.
5. To _pour_ out and cause to spread _apart_, as a fluid; to
circulate; to scatter.
6. To _place apart_ or out of proper position.
7. To _dismiss_ a congregation is to _send_ the people (or allow them
to go) _apart_ to their homes.
8. To _dispel_ fear is to _drive_ it _away_.
9. To _dispose_ of property is to part with it (_put_ it _apart_ from
one).
10. Rocks are _disrupted_ when _broken apart_.
11. To _dissect_ the eye of an ox is to _cut_ it _apart_, for the
purpose of examination.
12. To _distend_ is to _stretch apart_ or spread in all directions; to
dilate, to expand.
#extra# = beyond.
1. Extra _ordin_ ary, order, rule (_ary_, relating to). _Relating to_
what is _beyond_ or out of the common _rule_ or _order_; exceptional,
unusual.
2. Extra _vag_ ant, _wander_ (_ant_, ing). _Wandering beyond_ bounds
or out of the regular course; excessive.
#inter# = between, among, through.
1. inter _cede_, go
2. inter _cept_, take
3. inter _course_, run
4. inter _ject_ ion, throw
5. inter _lop_ er, run
6. inter _mingle_, mix
7. inter _pose_, place
8. inter _rogate_, ask
9. inter _sect_, cut
10. inter _val_, wall
11. inter _vene_, come
12. inter _view_, see
1. To _go between_ parties for the purpose of reconciling those who
differ; to plead in favor of another.
2. To seize or _take between_ the starting point and destination; as
to _intercept_ a letter or messenger.
3. Frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another
(a _running between_, to and fro).
4. An _interjection_ is a word _thrown_ in _between_ other words to
express emotion or feeling.
5. An _interloper_ is _one who runs_ in _between_ two parties to get
the advantage which one would obtain from the other. One who
intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a
grocery store would, from the standpoint of the merchant, be an
_interloper_.
6. To _mix between_ or together.
7. To protect the eyes from a strong light _interpose_ (_place
between_ the eyes and light) a shade.
8. To _interrogate_ is to question. (The _questions_ come _between_
the answers.)
9. One line _intersects_ another when it _cuts_ through it, or
_between_ its parts.
10. An _interval_ is an open space or stretch between things or
limits. Formerly it meant a space _between walls_.
11. To _come between_ persons, things, or events.
12. A mutual exchange of _views between_ two or more people.
#non# = not, un.
The prefix _non-_ may be joined to the leading word by means of a
hyphen, or, in most cases, the hyphen may be dispensed with.
1. noncommittal
2. non compos mentis
3. nonconductor
4. nondescript
5. nonentity
6. nonessential
7. nonpareil
8. non-payment
9. nonplus
10. non-resident
11. nonsense
12. nonsuit
2. _Com_, with + _pos_, power + _mentis_, of mind. Literally, _not
with power of mind_. Not of sound mind; not capable, mentally, of
managing one's own affairs.
4. That which has _not_ been _described_; difficult to describe; new,
novel, odd.
5. _Entity_ means thing or being; hence a _nonentity_ is _no thing_ or
nothing. Often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or
_nothing_.
9. _Plus_ means more. Literally, a person is _nonplused_ when he can
do _no more_, or go no further; puzzled, confounded, embarrassed.
(It seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other
words of the above list.)
#per# = through, thoroughly, by.
1. per _ambul_ ate, walk
2. per _ceive_, take
3. per _cent_, hundred
4. per _col_ ate, filter
5. per _enni_ al, year
6. per _fect_, make
7. per _for_ ate, bore
8. per _form_, form
9. per _fume_, smoke
10. per _mit_, let go
11. per _plex_, entangle
12. per _secute_, follow
13. per _sist_, stand
14. per _vade_, go
15. per _vert_, turn
16. per _vi_ ous, way
1. To _walk through_ or over. He got out of bed and _perambulated_ the
room for some minutes.
2. To _take_ or obtain knowledge _through_ the senses. To _take_ with
a _thorough_ mental grasp; to understand.
3. _By_ the _hundred_.
4. To pass _through_; as, a _filter_ or strainer.
5. Lasting _through_ the _year_, or through many years.
6. _Thoroughly made_; finished in every part; without blemish or
defect.
7. To _bore through_; to make holes in; to pierce.
8. To _form thoroughly_; to execute, accomplish, or carry out.
9. "To _perfume_ means literally to _smoke thoroughly_. Hence to
impregnate or fill with scent or odor."--_Kennedy._
10. By this _permit_ we may _go through_ the factory.
11. To _entangle thoroughly_. "Love with doubts _perplexes_ still the
mind."
12. To _follow_ with persistence or _thoroughness_. To follow close
after; specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a
particular creed. The early Christians suffered _persecution_.
13. To take a _thorough stand_; to continue steadily in some state or
course of action; especially in spite of opposition.
14. To _go through_; to spread throughout the whole.
15. To turn in another direction; to _turn thoroughly_ from a former
course. "Blessings unused _pervert_ into a waste."
16. _Having_ a _way through_. "---- to have their way free and
_pervious_ to all places."
#clud, clus# = shut.
1. close
2. clos _et_, little
3. _con_ clude, together
4. _dis_ close, un
5. _en_ close, in
6. _ex_ elude, out
7. exclus _ion_, act of
8. _in_ clude, within
9. _pre_ clude, before
10. _re_ cluse, back
11. _se_ clude, aside
12. se clus _ion_, state of being
1. To _shut_.
2. A _small_ side room in which, clothing and other articles are kept
_shut_ away from view.
3. To bring to an end. Literally to _shut_ in or _together_
(obsolete); as, "The body of Christ was _concluded_ in the grave."
4. To _un-shut_; to open or uncover; to make known.
9. To put an obstacle _before_, or in the way of, in order to _shut_
out; to prevent or hinder.
10. One who is _shut_ up (or has _shut_ himself _back_) from the world
or public view.
11. To _shut_ off or keep apart or _aside_, as from company or
society.
#cor, cord# = heart.
1. core
2. cordi_al_, relating to
3. _con_ cord, with
4. cord _ate_, shaped
5. _dis_ cord, apart
6. discord _ant_, being
7. _re_ cord, again
8. cour _age_, having
1. The _heart_ or innermost part of a thing; as the _core_ of an
apple.
2. _Relating to_ the _heart_; hearty, sincere.
3. Heart _with heart_; hence unity of sentiment or harmony. "Love
quarrels oft in _concord_ end."
4. _Heart shaped_; as a _cordate_ leaf.
5. Heart _apart_ from _heart_; hence disagreement or want of harmony.
6. State of _being_ out of harmony.
7. _Record_; through the Latin _recordari_, to remember (or know
_again_). To get by _heart_; hence to register; to write or inscribe
an authentic account of.
8. _Having heart_; hence bravery, calmness, firmness. (The heart is
accounted the seat of bravery; hence the derivative sense of courage.)
#corpus, corpor# = body.
1. corpse
2. corps (pronounce core)
3. corpor _al_, relating to
4. corpu _lent_, full of
5. incorpor _ate_, make
6. corpus _cle_, small
7. corset
8. _habeas_ corpus. You may have
1. The _body_ only; hence a dead body.
2. A _body_ of soldiers.
3. _Relating to_ the _body_; as _corporal_ punishment.
4. A _corpulent_ person is fleshy; literally _full of body_.
5. To _make into_ a _body_ in the legal sense, so that a number of
individuals may transact business legally as one person.
6. A _small body_; a minute particle.
7. In the middle ages, a close-fitting _body_ garment, having sleeves
and skirt.
8. Literally, _you may have the body_. A writ requiring the body of a
person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the
lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated.
#cura, curo# = care.
1. cure
2. cur_able_, capable of
3. cur_ate_, one who
4. curi _ous_, full of
5. _mani_ cure, hand
6. _ac_ cur ate, to
7. _pro_ cure, for
8. _se_ cure, aside
1. To take _care_ of; to restore to health.
2. _Capable of_ being cured or restored by _care_.
3. _One who_ has the _care_ of souls; a parish priest.
4. Formerly, _curious_ meant _full of care_, or careful, nice,
precise; as, "Men were not _curious_ what syllables or particles they
used." Eager to learn; inquisitive.
5. To _care_ for the _hands_ and nails.
6. A thing is made _accurate_ by giving _care to_ it.
7. Literally, to _care for_; to look after; as, "I _procured_ that
rumor to be spread." To obtain; to get.
8. _Aside_, or free, from _care_, anxiety, or fear; safe.
THIRD MONTH.
#pre# = before.
1. pre _amble_, walk
2. pre _cede_, go
3. pre ced _ent_, that which
4. pre _cip_ ice, head
5. pre _clude_, shut
6. pre _coc_ ious, cook, ripe
7. pre _curs_ or, run
8. pre _destinate_, to determine
9. pre _dict_, speak
10. pre _face_, say
11. pre _fer_, bring
12. pre _fix_, fasten
13. pre _judice_, judgment
14. pre _limin_ ary, threshold
15. pre _mature_, ripe
16. pre _monit_ ion, warning
17. pre _pare_, make ready
18. pre _posit_ ion, place
19. pre _poster_ ous, after
20. pre _scribe_, write
1. The introductory part of a discourse. Formerly _preamble_ meant, to
_walk_ over _before_hand; as, "I will take a thorough view of those
who have _preambled_ this by path."
3. _That which_ has _gone before_. A previous example or usage which
has, in some measure at least, become established; as, a custom,
habit, or rule.
4. A _head_long fall; an abrupt descent. Literally, _head_ _fore_most.
5. See second month, page 16.
6. _Ripe_ in understanding at an early age or _before_ due time; as, a
_precocious_ child.
7. A _precursor_ is a _forerunner_. That which precedes an event and
indicates its approach.
8. To _determine_ _before_hand by an unchangeable purpose or decree.
"Whom He did foreknow He also did _predestinate_ to be conformed to
the image of His Son."
11. To _prefer_ one thing to another is to _bring_ or set it before
the other in estimation. To hold in greater liking or esteem.
13. A _prejudgment_ formed without due examination. "_Prejudice_ is
the child of ignorance."
14. Literally, _before_ the _threshold_. Preceding or leading up to
something more important; as _preliminary_ arrangements.
18. A _preposition_ is so called because usually _placed before_ the
word with which it is phrased.
19. Anything is _preposterous_ when it is contrary to nature, reason,
or common sense. Literally, having that _last_ which ought to be
_first_; as, the "cart before the horse".
20. To lay down _before_hand in _writing_ as a rule of action.
"_Prescribe_ not us our duties."
#re# = back, again.
1. re _bound_, leap
2. re _cede_, go
3. re _claim_, call
4. re _cluse_, shut
5. re _cogn_ ize, know
6. re con _struct_, build
7. re _course_, run
8. re _create_, make
9. re _cruit_, grow
10. re _cur_, run
11. re _flect_, bend
12. re _fresh_, new
13. re _hash_, chop
14. re im _burse_, purse
15. re _ject_, throw
16. re _juven_ ate, young
17. re _lapse_, slip
18. re _late_, carry
19. re _lease_, loose
20. re _mit_, send
21. re _morse_, bite
22. re _nov_ ate, new
23. re _pel_, drive
24. re _plen_ ish, full
25. re _pulse_, drive
26. re _sult_, leap
27. re _sume_, take (up)
28. re _surrect_ ion, rise
29. re _tain_, hold
30. re _tract_, draw
Use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning,
thus: A ball thrown against a brick wall will _rebound_ (_leap back_).
#semi# = half.
1. semicircle
2. semicolon
3. semidiameter
4. semilunar
5. semivowel
6. semiweekly
#super# = over, above, beyond.
1. super _annu_ ate, year
2. super _cili_ ous, pride
3. super _fic_ ial, face
4. super _flu_ ous, flow
5. super _natur_ al, nature
6. super _numer_ ary, number
7. super _pose_, put
8. super _script_ ion, write
9. super _struct_ ure, build.
10. super _vise_, see
1. A _superannuate_ is one who has become impaired or disabled by
length of years. Specifically, one living _beyond_ the _years_ of
active service and allowed to retire on a pension.
2. Lofty with _pride_; _over_bearing. "A _supercilious_ nabob of the
east, haughty and purse-proud."
3. Literally, not extending below (i. e. in depth _beyond_) the
sur_face_; shallow. "She despised _superficiality_, and looked deeper
than the color of things."
4. _Overflowing_; more than is needed; as, a composition abounding
with _superfluous_ words.
5. Being _beyond_ or exceeding the powers of _nature_. Miracles were
performed by _supernatural_ power.
6. _Beyond_ a stated or required _number_; as, a _supernumerary_
officer in a regiment.
7. To _put over_ or upon; as to _superpose_ one rock upon another.
8. A _superscription_ is a _writing over_ or _upon_; especially an
address on a letter.
9. A _superstructure_ is something _built over_ something else;
particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation.
10. To _oversee_; as, to _supervise_ the erection of a house.
#tri# = three.
1. tri _angle_, angle
2. tri _cuspid_, point
3. tri _cycle_, circle
4. tri _dent_, tooth
5. tri _enni_ al, year
6. tri _gam_ ist, marriage.
7. tri gon _ometry_, measure
8. tri _later_ al, side
9. tri _nomi_ al, term
10. trio
11. tri _pod_, foot
12. tri _sect_, cut
13. tri _syllable_, syllable
14. trium _vir_, man
15. tri _une_, one
16. tri _via_ l, way
2. A _tricuspid_ tooth has _three points_.
4. A _three-toothed_ or three-pronged spear. Specifically, a fishing
spear.
"His nature is too noble for the world;
He would not flatter Neptune for his _trident_,
Or Jove for his power to thunder."
6. A _trigamist_ is one who has been _three_ times _married_;
especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time.
7. _Trigonometry_ literally means _three angle measure_. That branch
of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of
triangles, and applies them to other figures.
9. A _trinomial_ in algebra is a quantity consisting of _three terms_.
10. A _trio_ is a musical composition in _three_ parts.
11. A _tripod_ has _three feet_ or legs; as a three-legged table or
stool, a three-footed kettle or vase.
14. A _triumvir_ is one of _three men_ united in office; specifically
in ancient Rome.
15. The _triune_ is _three_ in _one_; the three-fold personality of
one divine being,--Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
16. _Trivial_ formerly meant, pertaining to _three ways_; where three
ways or roads cross; of the cross roads; hence, common, commonplace,
such as may be picked up anywhere; ordinary; trifling; of little
worth.
#due# = lead, draw.
1. _ab_ duct, away
2 _ad_ duce, to
3. _aque_ duct, water
4. _con_ duct, with
5. _de_ duct, from
6. duct _ile_, capable of
7. duke, a leader
8. _e_ duc ate, out
9. _in_ duce, into
10. in duce _ment_, that which
11. _intro_ duce, into
12. _pro_ duce, forth
13. _se_ duce, aside
14. _re_ duce, back
1. To _lead_ or carry _away_ wrongfully and usually by force; to
kidnap; as, to _abduct_ a child.
2. To _lead_ or bring _to_; to bring forward or offer as an argument
in a case. "I too prize facts and shall _adduce_ nothing else."
3. An _aqueduct_ is a _lead_way or artificial channel for conveying
_water_.
4. A guide _conducts_ a traveler when he goes _with_ him and, in a
sense, _leads_ him along a safe route.
5. To _deduct_ is to take _from_; to _draw_ away.
6. A _ductile_ metal is one _capable of_ being _drawn_ into wire; as,
copper, platinum, steel, etc.
8. To develop mentally and morally by instruction. _Educate_ literally
means to _lead_ forth, to _draw out_.
11. An _introduction_ is the initial step which _leads_ people _into_
one another's acquaintance.
14. (1) To _lead_ or bring _back_ to a former state; as,
"It were but right
And equal to _reduce_ me to my dust."
(2) To bring to any specific state or form.
#fac, fact# = do, make.
(fec, fic, fy, fea, fash are variations.)
1. fact
2. fact _ory_, place where
3. facil _ity_, quality of
4. _bene_ fact or, good
5. _manu_ fact ure, hand
6. _ef_ fect, (ex.) out
7. _per_ fect, thoroughly
8. _im_ perfect, not
9. _arti_ ficial, skill
10. _bene_ ficial, good
11. _sacri_ fice, sacred
12. _paci_ fic, peace
13. feat
14. _de_ feat, un
15. feas _ible_, capable of
16. fashion.
1. A _fact_ is something _done_ or brought to pass.
3. _Quality_ of being easily _done_.
5. _Manufacture_ formerly meant to _make_ by _hand_.
6. An _effect_ is something worked _out_, or _done_.
7. A thing is _perfect_ when _thoroughly made_, or _finished_.
11. _Sacrifice_ literally means to _make sacred_; to set apart as
sacred.
12. _Pacific_ means pertaining to _peace_; suited to _make_ or restore
peace.
13. A _feat_ is an act, a deed, an exploit; something _done_.
14. To _defeat_ means to overcome or vanquish. Literally to _un do_.
16. The _fashion_ of a thing is, in a sense, the _make_ of it.
NOTE.--_fy_, meaning to make, is found as a suffix in derivatives too
numerous to mention; as, purify (to _make pure_), rarefy (to _make
rare_), classify (to _make_ or put into a _class_), etc.
#fer, ferr# = carry, bear, bring.
1. _circum_ fer ence, around
2. _con_ fer, together
3. _dif_ fer, apart
4. fert _ile_, capable of
5. _of_ fer, (ob) near.
6. _pro_ (f)fer, forth
7. _re_ fer, back
8. re fer _ee_, one who
9. _suf_ fer, (sub) under
10. _trans_ fer, across
1. See first month, page 10.
2. When two or more persons _confer_ they _bring together_ opinions
and facts on some special subject.
3. See second month, page 13.
5. To _bring near_ to; to present for acceptance; as, to _offer_ one's
services.
6. To _bring_ or put _forward_; to hold _forth_ so that a person may
take; as, to _proffer_ a gift.
7. To direct for information. Literally, to _carry back_; as, "Mahomet
_referred_ his new laws to the angel Gabriel, by whose direction he
gave out they were made."
9. To _suffer_ is to _bear under_; to undergo.
NOTE.--_Ferr_ is an irregular Latin verb the principal parts of which
are: _fero_, _ferre_, _tuli_, _latus_. The last form is found in a
number of English words; as, dilate, elate, legislate, relate,
superlative, translate. The meaning of the root in these words, as in
the ten given above, is _bear_, _carry_, or _bring_.
#fest# = feast.
1. fest _al_. _Pertaining to_ a _feast_, a holiday or celebration.
2. fest _ive_. _Pertaining to_ or becoming a _feast_; festal, joyous,
gay.
3. festival. A time of _feasting_ or celebration.
4. festivity. Joyousness, gayety, such as becomes a _feast_.
5. festoon. Originally an ornament for decoration at a _feast_.
6. fete. Modern French, equivalent of _feast_.
FOURTH MONTH.
#uni# = one.
1. unit, one
2. un _ity_, ness
3. un _ion_, state of being
4. unite
5. _dis_ unite, not
6. _re_ unite, again
7. un _anim_ ous, mind
8. unanim _ity_, state of being
9. uni _corn_, horn
10. uni _form_, form
11. uni _son_, sound
12. uni _verse_, turn
13. unique
14. onion
9. The _unicorn_ is a fabulous _one-horned_ animal.
12. The _universe_ consists of all things considered as _one_ whole.
13. A thing is _unique_ when it is the only _one_ of its kind.
14. _Onion_ comes from the Latin _unio_, which means _oneness_; also a
single pearl of large size resembling the onion.
#anti# = against, opposed to.
1. anti _climax_, ladder
2. anti _christ_, Christ
3. anti _dote_, give
4. anti _path_ y, feel
5. anti _pod_ es, foot
6. anti _thesis_, place
7. anti _slave_ ry, slave
8. anti _soci_ al, companion
1. An _anti climax_ is _opposed to_ or in contrast with a _climax_. In
rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt
descent (down the _ladder_) from stronger to weaker expressions.
3. An _antidote_ is something _given_ to counteract (act _against_)
poison or disease.
5. Those who live at _opposite_ points on the globe so that their
_feet_ are directly toward each other are _antipodes_. Figuratively,
things opposed to each other.
6. In rhetoric an _antithesis_ is a figure of speech which consists of
one idea _placed against_ another; a contrast.
8. A person is _antisocial_ when he is averse or _opposed to_ society,
social intercourse or _companionship_.
#dia# = across, through, between.
1. dia_gon_ al, angle
2. dia _gram_, writing
3. dia _lect_, speech
4. dia _log_, speech
5. dia _meter_, measure
6. dia _pason_, all
7. dia _phragm_, fence
1. A _diagonal_ is a line _across_ from _angle_ to _angle_.
2. A _diagram_ is that which is marked out by lines drawn or _written_
across; as, a figure, a plan.
3. _Dialect_ is _speech_ or language by means of which ideas are
communicated (_across_) from one to another.
6. The _diapason_ is one of certain stops in the organ, so called
because it extends _through all_ notes of the scale.
7. The _diaphragm_ is a membranous partition or _fence between_ the
thorax and abdomen.
#en# = on.
1. en _dorse_, back
2. en _grave_, carve
3. en _throne_, throne
4. en _list_, list
1. To _endorse_ a check is to write one's name _on_ the _back_ of it.
NOTE.--_en_ in most words is the equivalent of the Latin _in_, meaning
in, into, within; as in encage, encase, encircle, enclose, encourage,
enrage, enroll, entangle, entice, entomb, entrap, entwine, envelop,
enwrap.
#foli# = leaf.
1. foliage. A cluster of _leaves_.
2. folio. A _leaf_-sheet folded once.
3. foil. A thin _leaf_ of metal.
4. _tre_foil. A plant with _three leaves_; as, clover.
5. _port_-folio. A case for _carrying_ loose _leaves_ of paper.
#fort, forc# = strong.
1. fort
2. forti _fy_, make
3. fortr _ess_
4. _ef_ fort, (ex.) out
5. forti _tude_, quality of
6. force
7. forc _ible_, capable of
8. _en_ force, on
9. _com_ fort, with
10. _piano_ forte, soft
1. A _fort_ is a _strong_hold.
2. To _make strong_; to strengthen or secure by means of forts,
batteries, or other military works.
3. _Ess_ is a feminine ending. A "maiden fortress" is a fortification
which has never been taken. A _fortress_ is a very strong fort.
4. An _effort_ is a putting _out_ of one's _strength_ for the
accomplishment of some end.
5. _Fortitude_ is _strength_ or firmness of mind in meeting danger,
pain, or adversity.
6. _Force_ is _strength_ in general, physical, mental, moral.
9. To _comfort_ is to _strengthen_ with hope and cheer; to give
consolation to.
10. The _piano forte_ is an instrument having both _soft_ and loud
(_strong_) tones. The name is generally shortened to _piano_.
#fract, frang# = break.
1. frail
2. frail _ty_, quality
3. fract _ure_, that which
4. fract _ion_, that which
5. fract _ious_, quality of
6. frag _ile_, capable of
7. frag _ment_, that which
8. _in_ fringe, in
1. A thing is _frail_ when it is easily _broken_.
2. _Frailty_ is a _quality_ of things easily _broken_.
3. A _fracture_ is a _break_; as of a bone.
4. A _fraction_ is a part, as if _broken_ off.
5. A _fractious_ person is one apt to _break_ out into a passion.
6. "The stalk of ivy is tough and not _fragile_" (_capable of_ being
_broken_).--_Bacon._
7. A _fragment_ is _that which_ is _broken_ off.
8. To _infringe_ is to _break in_ upon; to trespass on another's
rights.
#frater, fratr# = brother.
1. fratern _al_, pertaining to
2. fratern _ity_, that which
3. fratern _ize_, make
4. frater
5. friar
6. friary
1. _Fraternal_ means _brotherly_; like brothers.
2. An organization in _which_ the members hold one another in
_brotherly_ relations.
3. To _fraternize_ means to _make_ a _brother_ of; to receive into a
fraternity.
4. _Frater._ A _brother_; especially a monk.
5. _Friar._ A _brother_ of any religious order, but especially one of
certain monastic orders of the Roman Catholic church.
6. _Friary._ A home for friars (_brothers_); a monastery.
FIFTH MONTH.
#mono# = one, single, alone, solitary.
1. mon _arch_, rule
2. mono _gam_ ist, marriage
3. mono _gram_, write
4. mono _logue_, speak
5. mono _mania_, mind
6. mo _nomi_ al, term
7. mono _poly_, sell
8. mono _syllable_, syllable
9. mono _the_ ism, God
10. mono _tone_, tone, sound
1. A _monarch_ is a _sole_ or supreme _ruler_.
2. A _monogamist_ is _one who_ believes in _marriage_ with _one_
person only.
3. A _monogram_ is a single character formed of two or more letters
interwoven (as if done at _one writing_).
4. A _speak_ing by _one_ person.
5. _Monomania_ is a derangement of _mind_ in regard to a _single_
subject only.
6. A _monomial_ in algebra is a quantity which consists of a _single
term_.
7. A _monopoly_ is the sole (or _single_) right to _sell_ a certain
article, or to sell it at a given place.
9. _Monotheism_ is the doctrine of belief that there is but _one God_.
10. A _monotone_ is a _single tone_ without harmony or variation in
pitch.
#para# = aside, beside, similar
1. para _ble_ (ballo), throw
2. para _graph_, write
3. par _allel_, one another
4. para _phrase_, speak
5. para _site_, feed
6. par en _thesis_, put
1. A _parable_ is a short fictitious narrative placed (_thrown_)
_beside_ something which it is intended to illustrate.
2. A _paragraph_ was originally a mark or note of comment _written
beside_ the line or place where a division should be made; now a
distinct part of a discourse or writing.
3. _Parallel_ lines extend _beside one another_.
4. _Paraphrasing_ is telling (_speaking_) the _same_ thing in other
words.
5. A _parasite_ is an animal or plant which lives _beside_ or in
another organism on which it _feeds_.
6. Marks of _parenthesis_ are often used for a word, phrase, clause,
or sentence _put in_ by way of explanation to what it stands _beside_.
#peri# = around.
1. peri _anth_, flower
2. peri _cardium_, heart
3. peri _meter_, measure
4. peri _tone_ um, stretch
5. peri _oste_ um
1. The _perianth_ is the floral envelope _around_ the _flower_.
2. The _pericardium_ is the membrane which _surrounds_ the _heart_.
3. The _perimeter_ of a figure is the outer boundary or _measure
around_ it.
4. The _peritoneum_ is the membrane which is _stretched around_ the
abdomen.
5. The _periosteum_ is the membrane _around_ the _bones_.
#syn (syl, sym)# = with, together.
1. syl _lable_, take
2. sym _pathy_, feel
3. sym _phony_, sound
4. syn _chron_ ous, time
5. syn _onym_, name
6. syn _ops_ is, view
7. syn _thesis_, put, place
1. Literally, a _syllable_ is two or more sounds _taken together_, or
uttered by one impulse of the voice. Many syllables, however, comprise
but one sound.
2. _Sympathy_ is _feeling with_ another, especially his sorrows and
misfortunes.
3. A _symphony_ is a _sounding together_; a harmony of sounds.
4. _Synchronous._ Happening or existing at the _same time_.
5. _Synonym._ Literally, a word having the _same name_. But it is
applied to words of like or kindred meaning.
6. A _synopsis_ is a _view_ of the whole _together_. A summary giving
a general view of some subject.
7. The _putting_ of two or more things _together_. _Synthesis_ is the
opposite of analysis.
#tele# = far (distance).
1. tele _gram_, write
2. tele _graph_, write
3. tele _pathy_, feel
4. tele _meter_, measure
5. tele _phone_, sound
6. tele _scope_, view
1. A _telegram_ is a message transmitted (_written_) from _afar_.
3. _Telepathy_ is the sympathetic communication at a _distance_ of one
mind with another; not by the ordinary methods, but through _feeling_.
4. _Telemeter._ An instrument for _measuring distances_ in surveying.
#liber# = free.
1. liber _al_, relating to
2. _il_ liberal, not
3. liberal _ity_, quality of
4. liber _ate_, act of
5. liberat _or_, one who
6. liber _ty_, state of being
7. liberal _ize_, make
8. _de_ liver, from
9. deliver _er_, one who
10. deliver _y_, act of
1. _Liberal._ Relating to or possessing a _free_ and generous heart.
3. _Liberality_ is the quality of being _free_ or generous.
7. To _liberalize_ is to _make free_, as to free from narrow views or
prejudices.
8. To _deliver_ means to set _free from_ bondage or restraint.
#liter# = letter.
1. letter
2. letters
3. liter _ary_, pert. to
4. liter _ate_, condition of
5. _il_ literate, not
6. _al_ literation, (ad) to
7. liter _al_, relating to
8. _ob_ literate, against
1. _Letter_ (from L. linere, to besmear); so called because smeared on
parchment and not cut on wood.
2. _Letters_ usually means literature in general; hence knowledge
gained from books; literary culture.
6. _Alliteration_ is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the
beginning of two or more words in close succession. Examples: "A whole
fleet of _b_ulky _b_ottomed _b_oats." "What a _t_ale of _t_error now
_t_heir _t_urbulency _t_ells." Literally, _letter to letter_.
8. In _obliterate_, _ob_ means _against_ or the reverse. The reverse
of _besmear_ is to rub off; hence to _obliterate_ means to rub out, to
erase.
NOTE.--Other words from the same root are, literally, illiteracy,
literati, literature, literalize, literalist.
#man (manus)# = hand.
1. _bi_ mana, two
2. e man _cip_ ate, take
3. man _acle_, cuff
4. man _euver_, work
5. man (n) _er_, relating to
6. manu _al_, pert. to
7. manu _fact_ ory, make
8. manu _script_, write
1. _Bimana_ is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia.
Animals having _two hands_.
2. To _emancipate_ a slave is to _take_ him _out_ of the _hands_ of
his master.
3. The word _manacle_ comes from _manicula_, which means _handcuff_.
4. Literally, _maneuver_ means a _working_ with the _hands_. To make
adroit and artful moves; as, of an army.
5. _Manner relates to_ the way of _handling_ or doing things.
6. _Manual._ Performed, made, or used by the _hands_; as manual labor,
manual arts.
#mater# = mother.
1. _alma_ mater, foster
2. matern _al_, pert. to
3. matern _ity_, state of being
4. matri _cide_, kill
5. metro _polis_, city
6. metropolit _an_, relating to
7. matron
8. matron _ly_, like
1. Literally, _alma mater_ means _foster mother_. It is applied by
students to the university or college in which they have been trained.
5. _Metropolis_ means _mother city_; the chief city of a state or
country. Chicago is the metropolis of Illinois.
6. _Metropolitan._ _Relating to_ the metropolis; as, a metropolitan
newspaper.
7. A _matron_ is a woman with _motherly_ duties; as the _matron_ of a
school or hospital.
SIXTH MONTH.
#able# = capable of, fit to be.
1. _ar_ able, plow
2. _cap_ able, take, hold
3. _dur_ able, last, hard
4. _lia_ ble, bind
5. _mut_ able, change
6. _laud_ able, praise
7. _port_ able, carry
8. _soci_ able, companion
9. _ten_ able, hold
10. _us_ able, use.
1. _Arable_ land is _capable_ of being _plowed_.
2. A _capable_ mind can _take_ and _hold_ ideas (understand and
remember).
4. One is _liable_ for a debt when legally _bound_ to pay it.
7. A _portable_ library is one fitted for being _carried_ from place
to place.
9. _Tenable_ ground for argument is ground which is _capable of_ being
_held_ or maintained.
#acy# = state of being, office of.
1. _celib_ acy, unmarried
2. _delic_ acy, pleasing
3. _magistr_ acy, master
4. _obdur_ acy, hard
5. _obstin_ acy, firmly set
6. _pap_ acy, pope
7. _intim_ acy, inmost
8. _intric_ acy, entangle
1. _Celibacy_ is the _state of being unmarried_; especially that of a
bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry.
3. _Magistracy._ The _office of master_; of one clothed with power, as
a civil officer.
4. _Obduracy_ is the _state of being hardened_, especially against
moral influences; hard-hearted; stubbornly wicked.
6. The _papacy_ is the _office of_ the _pope_.
7. _Intimacy_ is the _state of being inmost_ or near in relationship.
#an# = pertaining to.
This suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states.
It means, _pertaining to_ what is of that country or state; as,
American history, American products, American people.
1. African
2. Alaskan
3. Armenian
4. Australian
5. Bolivian
6. Bulgarian
7. Corsican
8. European
9. Georgian
10. Hawaiian
11. Indian
12. Mexican
13. Ohioan
14. Persian
15. Russian
16. amphibian
17. republican
18. metropolitan
16. _Amphibian_: _amphi_, both (two); _bi_, life; _an_, pertaining to:
_pertaining to two_ kinds of _life_; i. e. life on the land and in the
water. Frogs, turtles, crocodiles, seals, walruses, otters, beavers,
etc., are _amphibians_, because they can live in water (for a time at
least) and on land.
18. _Metropolitan._ _Pertaining to_ the _mother city_. (See fifth
month's work, page 32.)
#ary# = one who, that which.
1. ad _vers_ ary, turn
2. _anni_ vers ary, year
3. _antiqu_ ary, ancient
4. _drom_ ed ary, run
5. _miss_ ion ary, send
6. _e_ miss ary, out
7. _not_ ary, note
8. _sal_ ary, salt
9. _secret_ ary, secret
1. Literally, an _adversary_ is _one who turns toward_ another (to
oppose him); hence, one who turns against another.
2. _That_ day _which returns_ each _year_ commemorating some event is
an _anniversary_.
3. An _antiquary_ is _one who_ collects and examines old (_ancient_)
things; as, coins, medals, weapons.
4. A _dromedary_ is a thorough-bred Arabian camel of more than
ordinary speed and bottom; hence well adapted for _running_.
5. A _missionary_ is _one who_ is _sent_ on a mission; especially one
sent to propagate religion.
6. An _emissary_ is _one who_ is _sent out_; especially one sent on
secret business, as a spy. "I am charged with being an _emissary_ to
France."--_Robert Emmet._