_Highways—Rivers—Fords—Ferries—Bridges—Water Part of the Journey—Coast
and Islands—Frail Structure of Japanese Vessels—Description
of them—Buildings on the Route—Proclamation Places—Places of
Execution—Tera, or Buddhist Temples—Miya, or Shintō Temples—Idols and
Amulets._
“The empire of Japan,” says Kämpfer, “is divided into seven great
tracts,[164] every one of which is bounded by a highway, and, as these
tracts are subdivided into provinces, so there are particular ways
leading to and from every one of these provinces, all ending in the
great highways, as small rivers lose themselves in great ones. These
highways are so broad that two companies, though never so great, can,
without hindrance, pass by one another. That company which, according
to their way of speaking, goes up, that is, to Miyako, takes the left
side of the way, and that which comes from Miyako the right. All the
highways are divided into measured miles, which are all marked, and
begin from the great bridge at Yedo as the common centre. This bridge
is by way of preëminence, called _Nihombashi_, that is, the bridge of
Japan. By this means, a traveller, in whatever part of the empire he
be, may know at any time how many Japanese miles it is from thence to
Yedo. The miles are marked by two small hills thrown up, one on each
side of the way, opposite each other, and planted at the top with
one or more trees. At the end of every tract, province, or smaller
district, a wooden or stone pillar is set up in the highway, with
characters upon it, showing what provinces or lands they are which
here bound upon each other, and to whom they belong. Like pillars are
erected at the entry of the sideways which turn off from the great
highway, showing what province or dominion they lead to, and the
distance in leagues to the next remarkable place. The natives, as
they improve every inch of ground, plant firs and cypress-trees in
rows along the roads over the ridges of hills, mountains, and other
barren places. No firs or cypress can be cut down without leave of the
magistrate of the place, and they must always plant young ones instead
of those they cut down.
“In our journey to court we pass along two of these chief highways,
and go by water from one to the other, so that our whole journey is
divided into three parts. We set out from Nagasaki to go by land across
the island Kiūshiū to the town of Kokura, where we arrive in five
days. From Kokura we pass the straits in small boats to Shimonoseki, a
convenient and secure harbor, about two leagues off, where we find our
barge, with the baggage, riding at anchor and waiting our arrival. The
road from Nagasaki to Kokura is called by the Japanese _Saikaidō_, that
is, the west sea way.[165] At Shimonoseki we go on board our barge for
Hyōgo, where we arrive in eight days, more or less, according to the
wind. Ōsaka, a city very famous for the extent of its commerce and the
wealth of its inhabitants, lies about thirteen Japanese water-leagues
from Hiōgo, which, on account of the shallowness of the water, we make
in small boats, leaving our barge at Hiōgo till our return. From Ōsaka
we go again by land, over the great island Nippon, as far as Yedo, the
emperor’s residence, where we arrive in about fourteen days or more.
The road from Ōsaka to Yedo is by the Japanese called Tōkaidō, that
is, the east sea or coast way. We stay at Yedo about twenty days, or
upwards; and having had an audience of his imperial majesty, and paid
our respects to some of his chief ministers and favorites, we return
to Nagasaki the same way, completing our whole journey in about three
months’ time.[166]
“In most parts of Saikaidō, and everywhere upon Tōkaidō, between the
towns and villages, there is a straight row of firs planted on each
side of the road, which by their agreeable shade make the journey both
pleasant and convenient. The ground is kept clean and neat, convenient
ditches and outlets are contrived to carry off the rain-water, and
strong dikes are cast up to keep off that which comes down from higher
places. This makes the road at all times good and pleasant, unless it
be then raining and the ground slimy. The neighboring villages must
jointly keep them in repair, and sweep and clean them every day.
People of great quality cause the road to be swept with brooms, just
before they pass it; and there lie heaps of sand in readiness, at due
distances (brought thither some days before), to spread over the road,
in order to dry it, in case it should rain upon their arrival. The
lords of the several provinces, and the princes of the imperial blood,
in their journeys, find, at every two or three leagues’ distance, huts
of green-leaved branches erected for them, with a private apartment,
where they may step in for their pleasures or necessities. The
inspectors for repairing the highway are at no great trouble to get
people to clean them, for whatever makes the roads nasty is of some use
to the neighboring country people, so that they rather strive who shall
first carry it away. The pine-nuts, branches, and leaves, which fall
down daily from the firs, are gathered for fuel to supply the want of
wood, which is very scarce in some places. Nor doth horses’ dung lie
long upon the ground, but is soon taken up by poor country children,
and serves to manure the fields. For the same reason care is taken that
the filth of travellers be not lost, and there are in several places,
near country people’s houses, or in their fields, houses of office
built for them. Old shoes of horses and men, which are thrown away as
useless, are gathered in the same houses, burnt to ashes, and added to
the mixture. Supplies of this composition are kept in large tubs or
tuns, buried even with the ground in their villages and fields, and,
being not covered, afford full as ungrateful and putrid a smell of
radishes (which is the common food of country people) to tender noses,
as the neatness and beauty of the road is agreeable to the eyes.
“In several parts of the country the roads go over hills and mountains,
which are sometimes so steep and high, that travellers are necessitated
to get themselves carried over them in kago, such as I have described
in the preceding chapter, because they cannot, without great difficulty
and danger, pass them on horseback. But even this part of the road,
which may be called bad in comparison to others, is green and pleasant,
for the abundance of springs of clear water, and green bushes, and
this all the year round, but particularly in the spring, when the
flower-bearing trees and shrubs being then in their full blossom, prove
an additional beauty, affording to the eye a curious view, and filling
the nose with agreeable scent.
“Several of the rivers we are to cross over, chiefly upon Tōkaidō,
run with so impetuous a rapidity towards the sea that they will bear
no bridge nor boat, and this by reason partly of the neighboring
snow-mountains, where they arise, partly of the frequent great rains,
which swell them to such a degree as to make them overflow their banks.
These must be forded. Men, horses, and baggage, are delivered up to
the care of certain people, bred up to this business, who are well
acquainted with the bed of the river, and the places which are the most
proper for fording. These people, as they are made answerable for their
passenger’s lives, and all accidents that might befall them in the
passage, exert all their strength, care, and dexterity, to support them
with their arms against the impetuosity of the river, and the stones
rolling down from the mountains where the rivers arise. Norimono are
carried over by the same people.
[Illustration: THE RIVER ŌI
From _Official History of Japan_]
“The chief of these rivers is the formidable _Ōigawa_, which separates
the two provinces Tōtōmi and Suruga. The passage of this river is what
all travellers are apprehensive of, not only for its uncommon rapidity
and swiftness, but because sometimes, chiefly after rains, it swells so
high that they are necessitated to stay several days on either bank,
till the fall of the water makes it passable, or till they will venture
the passage, and desire to be set over at their own peril. The rivers
_Fuji-jedagawa_ and _Abegawa_, in the last mentioned province, are of
the like nature, but not so much dreaded.
“There are many other shallows and rapid rivers, but because they are
not near so broad nor impetuous as those above mentioned, passengers
are ferried over them in boats, which are built after a particular
fashion proper for such a passage, with flat, thin bottoms, which will
give way, so that if they run aground, or upon some great stone, they
may easily, and without any danger, slide over it and get off again.
The chief of these are the river _Tenriū_, in the province Tōtōmi;
_Fujigawa_, in the province Suruga; _Benriū_, in the province Musashi,
and _Asukagawa_, which is particularly remarkable, for that its bed
continually alters, for which reason inconstant people are compared to
it in proverb.
“Strong, broad bridges are laid over all other rivers which do not run
with so much rapidity, nor alter their beds. These bridges are built of
cedar, and kept in constant repair, so that they look at all times as
if they had been but lately finished. They are railed on both sides.
As one may travel all over Japan without paying any taxes or customs,
so likewise they know nothing of any money to be paid by way of a toll
for the repair of highways and bridges. Only in some places the custom
is, in winter-time to give the bridge-keeper, who is to look after the
bridge, a zeni for his trouble.
“That part of our journey to court made by water is along the coasts
of the great island Nippon, which we have on our left, steering our
course so as to continue always in sight of land, and not above one
or two leagues off it at farthest, that in case of a storm arising it
may be in our power forthwith to put into some harbor. Coming out of
the straits of Shimonoseki, we continue for some time in sight of the
southeastern coasts of Kiūshiū. Having left these coasts, we come in
sight of those of the island Shikoku. We then make the island Awaji,
and steering between this island and the main land of the province
Izumi, we put into the harbor of Ōsaka, and so end that part of our
journey to court which must be made by sea. All these coasts are very
much frequented, not only by the princes and lords of the empire, with
their retinues, travelling to and from court, but likewise by the
merchants of the country, going from one province to another to buy and
sell, so that one may chance on some days to see upwards of a hundred
ships under sail. The coasts hereabouts are rocky and mountainous; but
many of the mountains are cultivated to their very tops; they are well
inhabited and stocked with villages, castles, and small towns. There
are very good harbors in several places, where ships put in at night
to lie at anchor, commonly upon good clean ground, in four to eight
fathoms.
[Illustration: JAPANESE CRAFT: SAILBOATS: ROWBOATS: JUNKS]
“In this voyage we pass innumerable small islands, particularly in the
straits between Shikoku and Nippon. They are all mountainous, and for
the most part barren and uncultivated rocks. Some few have a tolerable
good soil and sweet water. These are inhabited, and the mountains,
though never so steep, cultivated up to their tops. These mountains
(as also those of the main land of Nippon) have several rows of firs
planted for ornament’s sake along their ridges at top, which makes
them look at a distance as if they were fringed, and affords a very
curious prospect. There is hardly an island, of the inhabited ones,
but what hath a convenient harbor, with good anchoring ground, where
ships may lie safe. All Japanese pilots know this very well, and will
sometimes come to an anchor upon very slight pretences. Nor, indeed,
are they much to be blamed for an over-carefulness, or too great a
circumspection, which some would be apt to call fear and cowardice.
Their ships are not built strong enough to bear the shocks and tossings
of huge raging waves. The deck is so loose that it will let the water
run through, unless the mast hath been taken down and the ship covered,
partly with mats, partly with sails. The stem is laid quite open, and,
if the sea runs high, the waves will beat in on all sides. In short,
the whole structure is so weak that, a storm approaching, unless anchor
be forthwith cast, the sails taken in, and the mast let down, it is in
danger every moment to be shattered to pieces.
“All the ships and boats we met with on our voyage by sea were built of
fir or cedar, both which grow in great plenty in the country. They are
of a different structure, according to the purposes and the waters for
which they are built. The pleasure-boats, made use of only for going up
and down rivers, or to cross small bays, are widely different in their
structure, according to the possessor’s fancy. Commonly they are built
for rowing. The first and lowermost deck is flat and low; another, more
lofty, with open windows, stands upon it, and this may be divided,
like their houses, by folding screens, as they please, into several
apartments. Several parts are curiously adorned with variety of flags
and other ornaments.
“The merchant-ships which venture out at sea, though not very far from
the coasts, and serve for the transport of men and goods from one
island or province to another, deserve a more accurate description.
They are commonly eighty-four feet long and twenty-four broad, built
for sailing as well as rowing. They run tapering from the middle
towards the stern, and both ends of the keel stand out of the water
considerably. The body of the ship is not built bulging, as our
European ones; but that part which stands below the surface of the
water runs almost in a straight line towards the keel. The stern is
broad and flat, with a wide opening in the middle for the easier
management of the rudder, which reaches down almost to the bottom of
the ship, and lays open all the inside to the eye. The deck, somewhat
raised towards the stern, consists only of deal boards laid loose,
without anything to fasten them together. It rises but little above the
surface of the water, when the ship hath its full lading, and is almost
covered with a sort of a cabin, full a man’s height, only a small part
of it towards the stern being left empty to lay up the anchor and
other tackle. This cabin jets beyond the ship about two feet on each
side; and there are sliding-windows round it, which may be opened or
shut, as occasion requires. In the furthermost parts are the cabins,
or rooms for passengers, separate from each other by folding screens
and doors, with floors covered with fine neat mats. The furthermost
cabin is always reckoned the best and for this reason assigned to the
chief passenger. The roof, or upper deck, is flatfish, and made of
neat boards curiously joined together. In rainy weather the mast is
let down upon the upper deck, and the sail extended over it, affording
to the sailors and the people employed in the ship’s service shelter
and a place to sleep at night. Sometimes, and the better to defend
the upper deck, it is covered with common straw mats, which for this
purpose lie there at hand. The ship hath but one sail, made of hemp,
and very large. She hath also but one mast, standing up about a fathom
beyond her middle towards the stern. This mast, which is of the same
length with the ship, is hoisted up by pulleys, and again, when the
ship comes to an anchor, let down upon deck. The anchors are of iron,
and cables twisted of straw, and stronger than one would imagine. Ships
of this burden have commonly thirty or forty hands apiece to row them
if the wind fails. The watermen’s benches are towards the stern. They
row according to the air of a song, or other noise, which serves at
the same time to direct and regulate their work and to encourage the
rowers. They do not row after our European manner, extending their
oars straight forwards, and cutting just the surface of the water,
but let them fall down into the water almost perpendicularly, and
then lift them up again. This way of rowing not only answers all the
ends of the other, but is done with less trouble. The benches of the
rowers are raised considerably above the surface of the water. Their
oars are, besides, made in a particular manner, calculated for this
way of rowing, being not straight like our European oars, but somewhat
bent, with a movable joint in the middle, which, yielding to the
violent pressure of the water, facilitates the taking them up. The
ship’s timbers and planks are fastened together with hooks and bands
of copper. The stern is adorned with a knot of fringes made of thin,
long, black strings. Men of quality in their voyages have their cabin
hung all about with cloth, whereupon is stitched their coats of arms.
Their pike of state, as the badge of their authority, is put up upon
the stern on one side of the rudder. On the other side there is a
weather-flag for the use of the pilot. In small ships, as soon as they
come to an anchor, the rudder is hoisted up, and one end of it extended
to the shore, so that one may pass through the opening of the stern, as
through a back door, and walking over the rudder, as over a bridge, get
ashore. Thus much of the ships. I proceed now to other structures and
buildings travellers meet with in their journeys by land.
[Illustration: A MERCHANT SHIP
From _Official History of Japan_]
“It may be observed, in general, that the buildings of this country,
ecclesiastical or civil, public or private, being commonly low and of
wood, are by no means to be compared to ours in Europe, neither in
largeness nor magnificence. The houses of private persons never exceed
six ken, or thirty-six feet in height. Nay, ’tis but seldom they build
their houses so high, unless they design them also for warehouses.
Even the palaces of the Dairi, the secular monarch, and of the princes
and lords, are not above one story high. And although there be many
common houses, chiefly in towns, of two stories, yet the upper story,
if it deserves that name, is generally very low, unfit to be inhabited,
and good for little else but to lay up some of the least necessary
household goods, it being often without a ceiling or any other cover
but the bare roof. The reason of their building their houses so low,
is the frequency of earthquakes, which prove much more fatal to
lofty and massy buildings of stone, than to low and small houses of
wood. But if the houses of the Japanese be not so large, lofty, or so
substantially built as ours, they are on the other hand greatly to
be admired for their uncommon neatness and cleanliness, and curious
furniture. I could not help taking notice that the furniture and the
several ornaments of their apartments make a far more graceful and
handsome appearance in rooms of a small compass, than they would do
in large, lofty halls. They have none, or but few, partition walls to
divide their rooms from each other, but instead of them make use of
folding screens, made of colored or gilt paper, and laid into wooden
frames, which they can put up or remove whenever they please, and by
this means enlarge their rooms or make them narrower, as it best suits
their fancy or convenience. The floors are somewhat raised above the
level of the street, and are all made of boards, neatly covered with
fine mats[167], the borders whereof are curiously fringed, embroidered,
or otherwise neatly adorned. All mats are of the same size in all parts
of the empire, to wit, a ken, or six feet long[168], and half a ken
broad. All the lower part of the house, the staircase leading up to
the second story, if there be any, the doors, windows[169], posts and
passages, are curiously painted and varnished. The ceilings are neatly
covered with gilt or silver colored paper, embellished with flowers,
and the screens in several rooms curiously painted. In short, there is
not one corner in the whole house but looks handsome and pretty, and
this the rather since all their furniture may be bought at an easy rate.
“I must not forget to mention, that it is very healthful to live in
these houses, and that in this particular they are far beyond ours in
Europe, because of their being built all of cedar wood or fir; and
because the windows are generally contrived so that upon opening them,
and removing the screens which separate the rooms, a free passage is
left for the air through the whole house.
“I took notice that the roof, which is covered with planks[170], or
shingles of wood, rests upon thick, strong, heavy beams, as large
as they can get them, and that the second story is generally built
stronger and more substantial than the first. This they do by reason of
the frequent earthquakes which happen in this country, because, they
observe, that in case of a violent shock, the pressure of the upper
part of the house upon the lower, which is built much lighter, keeps
the whole from being overthrown.
“The castles of the Japanese nobility are built, either on great
rivers, or upon hills and rising grounds. They take in a vast deal
of room, and consist commonly of three different fortresses, or
enclosures, which cover and defend, or, if possible, encompass one
another. Each enclosure is surrounded and defended by a clean, deep
ditch, and a thick, strong wall, built of stone or earth, with strong
gates. Guns they have none. The principal and innermost castle or
enclosure is called the _Honmaru_, that is, the true or chief castle.
It is the residence of the prince or lord who is in possession of it,
and as such it is distinguished from the others by a square, large,
white tower, three or four stories high, with a small roof encompassing
each story like a crown or garland. In the second enclosure, called
_Ni-no-maru_, that is, the second castle, are lodged the gentlemen of
the prince’s bedchamber, his stewards, secretaries, and other chief
officers, who are to give a constant attendance about his person. The
empty spaces are cultivated, and turned either into gardens or sown
with rice. The third and outwardmost enclosure is called _Sotogamaye_,
that is, the outwardmost defence; as, also, _Sannomaru_, that is,
the third castle. It is the abode of a numerous train of soldiers,
courtiers, domestics, and other people, everybody being permitted to
come into it. The white walls, bastions, gates, each of which hath two
or more stories built over it, and above all the beautiful tower of the
innermost castle, are extremely pleasant to behold at a distance. There
is commonly a place without the castle designed for a rendezvous and
review of troops. Hence it appears, that, considering wars are carried
on in this country without the use of great guns, these castles are
well enough defended, and of sufficient strength to hold out a long
siege. The proprietors are bound to take particular care that they be
kept in constant repair. However, if there be any part thereof going
to ruin, the same cannot be rebuilt without the knowledge and express
leave of the emperor. Much less doth the emperor suffer new ones to be
built in any part of his dominions. The castles where the prince or
lords reside are commonly seated at the extremity of some large town,
which encompasses them in the form of a half-moon[171].
“Most of the towns are very populous and well built. The streets are
generally speaking regular, running straight forward, and crossing
each other at right angles, as if they had been laid out at one time,
and according to one general ground-plot. The towns are not surrounded
with walls and ditches. The two chief gates, where people go in and
out, are no better than the ordinary gates which stand at the end of
every street, and are shut at night. Sometimes there is part of a wall
built contiguous to them on each side, merely for ornament’s sake. In
larger towns, where some prince resides, these two gates are a little
handsomer, and kept in better repair, and there is commonly a strong
guard mounted, all out of respect for the residing prince. The rest of
the town generally lies open to the fields, and is but seldom enclosed
even with a common hedge or ditch. In our journey to court I counted
thirty-three towns and residences of princes of the empire, some
whereof we passed through, but saw others only at a distance. Common
towns and large villages or boroughs, on our road, I computed at from
seventy-seven to eighty or upwards[172].
“I could not help admiring the great number of shops we met with
in all the cities, towns, and villages; whole streets being scarce
anything else but continued rows of shops on both sides, and I own,
for my part, that I could not well conceive how the whole country is
able to furnish customers enough, only to make the proprietors get a
livelihood, much less to enrich them.
“The villages along the highways in the great island Nippon, have among
their inhabitants but few farmers, the far greater part being made up
by people who resort there to get their livelihood either by selling
some odd things to travellers, or by servile daily labor. Most of these
villages consist only of one long street, bordering on each side of
the highway, which is sometimes extended to such a length as almost to
reach the next village.
“The houses of country people and husbandmen consist of four low walls
covered with a thatched or shingled roof. In the back part of the
house the floor is somewhat raised above the level of the street, and
there it is they place the hearth; the rest is covered with neat mats.
Behind the street door hang rows of coarse ropes made of straw, not
to hinder people from coming in or going out, but to serve instead of
a lattice-window to prevent such as are without from looking in and
observing what passes within doors. As to household goods they have
but few. Many children and great poverty is generally what they are
possessed of; and yet with some small provision of rice, plants, and
roots, they live content and happy.
“Passing through cities and villages and other inhabited places, we
always found, upon one of the chief public streets, a small place,
encompassed with grates, for the supreme will, as the usual way of
speaking is in this country, that is, for the imperial orders and
proclamations. The lord or governor of every province publishes them
in his own name for the instruction of passengers. They are written,
article by article, in large, fair characters, upon a square table
of a foot or two in length, standing upon a post at least twelve
feet high. We saw several of these tables, as we travelled along, of
different dates and upon different subjects. The chief, largest, and
oldest contain the edict against the Roman Catholic religion, setting
forth also proper orders relating to the image-trampling inquisition,
and specifying what reward is to be given to any person or persons
that discover a Christian or a priest. The lords or governors of
provinces put up their own orders and edicts in the same place.
This is the reason why there are sometimes so many standing behind
or near one another, that it is scarce possible to see and to read
them all. Sometimes, also, they have pieces of money, in gold or
silver, stuck or nailed to them, to be given as a reward to any one
who discovers any fact, person, or criminal therein mentioned. These
grated proclamation-cases are commonly placed, in great cities, just at
the entrance, and in villages and hamlets in the middle of the chief
streets, where there is the most passing. Along the road there are some
other orders and instructions for passengers put up in the like manner,
but upon lower posts. These come from the sheriffs, surveyors of the
roads, and other inferior officers, and although the things therein
ordered or intimated be generally very trifling, yet they may involve a
transgressor or negligent observer in great troubles and expense.
“Another remarkable thing we met with, as we travelled along, were the
places of public execution, easily known by crosses, posts, and other
remains of former executions. They commonly lie without the cities
or villages, on the west side.
[Illustration: A DRY-GOODS SHOP]
“In this heathen country fewer capital crimes are tried before the
courts of justice, and less criminal blood shed by the hands of public
executioners, than perhaps in any part of Christendom. So powerfully
works the fear of an inevitable, shameful death upon the minds of a
nation, otherwise so stubborn as the Japanese, and so regardless of
their lives, that nothing else but such strictness would be able to
keep them within due bounds. ’Tis true, indeed, Nagasaki cannot boast
of that scarcity of executions; for besides that this place hath been
in a manner consecrated to cruelty and blood, by being made the common
butchery of many thousand Japanese Christians, there have not been
since wanting frequent executions, particularly of those people who,
contrary to the severe imperial edict, cannot leave off carrying on a
smuggling trade with foreigners, and who alone perhaps of the whole
nation seem to be more pleased with this unlawful gain, than frightened
by the shameful punishment which they must inevitably suffer if caught
in the fact or betrayed to the governors.
“Of all the religious buildings to be seen in this country, the Tera,
that is, the Buddhist temples, with the adjoining convents, are,
doubtless, the most remarkable, as being far superior to all others,
by their stately height, curious roofs, and numberless other beautiful
ornaments. Such as are built within cities or villages, stand commonly
on rising grounds and in the most conspicuous places. Others, which are
without, are built on the ascent of hills and mountains. All are most
sweetly seated,—a curious view of the adjacent country, a spring or
rivulet of clear water, and the neighborhood of a wood, with pleasant
walks, being necessary for the spots on which these holy structures are
to be built.
“All these temples are built of the best cedars and firs, and adorned
within with many carved images. In the middle of the temple stands
a fine altar, with one or more gilt idols upon it, and a beautiful
candlestick, with sweet-scented candles burning before it. The whole
temple is so neatly and curiously adorned, that one would fancy himself
transported into a Roman Catholic church, did not the monstrous shape
of the idols, which are therein worshipped, evince the contrary.
The whole empire is full of these temples, and their priests are
without number. Only in and about Miyako they count three thousand
eight hundred and ninety-three temples, and thirty-seven thousand and
ninety-three Shukke, or priests, to attend them.
“The sanctity of the Miya, or temples sacred to the gods of old
worshipped in the country, requires also that they should be built
in some lofty place, or, at least, at some distance from unclean,
common grounds. I have elsewhere observed that they are attended only
by secular persons[173]. A neat broad walk turns in from the highway
towards these temples. At the beginning of the walk is a stately and
magnificent gate, built either of stone or of wood, with a square
table, about a foot and a half high, on which the name of the god
to whom the temple is consecrated is written or engraved in golden
characters.
“Of this magnificent entry one may justly say, _Parturiunt Montes_;
for if you come to the end of the walk, which is sometimes several
hundred paces long, instead of a pompous, magnificent building, you
find nothing but a low, mean structure of wood, often all hid amidst
trees and bushes, with one single grated window to look into it, and
within either all empty, or adorned only with a looking-glass of metal,
placed in the middle, and hung about with some bundles of straw, or
cut white paper, tied to a long string, in form of fringes, as a mark
of the purity and sanctity of the place. The most magnificent gates
stand before the temples of _Tenshō daijin_, of _Hachiman_, and of
that _Kami_, or god, whom particular places choose to worship as their
tutelar deity, who takes a more particular care to protect and defend
them[174].
“Other religious objects travellers meet with along the roads are the
Hotoke, or foreign idols, chiefly those of _Amida_ and _Jizō_, as also
other monstrous images and idols, which we found upon the highways in
several places, at the turning in of sideways, near bridges, convents,
temples, and other buildings. They are set up partly as an ornament
to the place, partly to remind travellers of the devotion and worship
due to the gods. For this same purpose, drawings of these idols
printed upon entire or half sheets of paper, are pasted upon the
gates of cities and villages, upon wooden posts, near bridges, upon
the proclamation-cases above described, and in several other places
upon the highway, which stand the most exposed to the traveller’s view.
Travellers, however, are not obliged to fall down before them, or to
pay them any other mark of worship and respect than they are otherwise
willing to do.
“On the doors and houses of ordinary people (for men of quality seldom
suffer to have theirs thus disfigured) there is commonly pasted a sorry
picture of one of their Lares, or house gods, printed upon a half
sheet of paper. The most common is the black-horned _Gion_, otherwise
called _Gozutennō_,—that is, according to the literal signification
of the Chinese characters for this name, _the ox-headed prince of
heaven_,—whom they believe to have the power of keeping the family
from distempers, and other unlucky accidents, particularly from the
small-pox, which proves fatal to great numbers of their children.
Others fancy they thrive extremely well, and live happy, under the
protection of a countryman of Yezo, whose monstrous, frightful picture
they paste upon their doors, being hairy all over his body, and
carrying a large sword with both hands, which they believe he makes use
of to keep off, and, as it were, to parry, all sorts of distempers and
misfortunes endeavoring to get into the house.
“On the fronts of new and pretty houses I have sometimes seen dragons’
or devils’ heads, painted with a wide open mouth, large teeth, and
fiery eyes. The Chinese and other Indian nations—nay, even the
Mahometans in Arabia and Persia—have the same placed over the doors
of their houses, by the frightful aspect of this monstrous figure to
keep off, as the latter say, the envious from disturbing the peace of
families.
“Often, also, they put a branch of the _Hanashikimi_, or anise-tree,
over their doors, which is, in like manner, believed to bring good
luck into their houses; or else liverwort, which they fancy hath
the particular virtue to keep off evil spirits; or some other
plants or branches of trees. In villages they often place their
indulgence-boxes[175], which they bring back from their pilgrimage to
Ise, over their doors, thinking, also, by this means to bring happiness
and prosperity upon their houses. Others paste long strips of paper to
their doors, which the adherents of the several religious sects and
convents are presented with by their clergy, for some small gratuity.
There are odd, unknown characters, and divers forms of prayers, writ
upon these papers, which the superstitious firmly believe to have
the infallible virtue of conjuring and keeping off all manner of
misfortunes. Many more amulets of the like nature are pasted to their
doors, against the plague, distempers, and particular misfortunes.
There is, also, one against poverty.”
END OF VOL. I.
INDEX
Abegawa, River, i., 385.
Acorns, Edible, ii., 142.
_Acorus_, ii., 124.
Actors, i., 212, 360-365; ii., 160, 161.
Acupuncture, ii., 145, 202.
Adams, ——, ii., 345.
Adams, Captain Robert, i., 240.
Adams, Thomas, i., 172.
Adams, William, i., 169-179, 192, 199-204, 206, 207, 210, 211, 213,
224, 225, 239, 240.
Ainslie, Dr., ii., 208.
“Ainu and their Folk-lore, The,” ii., 345.
“Ainu of Japan, The,” ii., 345.
Akechi Mitsuhide, i., 116, 117.
_Alcea rosea_, ii., 124.
Alcock, ——, ii., 345.
Almeida, Louis, i., 93, 95, 96, 153, 165.
Alphabets in use, i., 78; ii., 164.
Alvarez, George, i., 38, 50.
Ambassadors to the Pope, i., 103-115, 121, 122, 126, 128, 132.
Ambergris, i., 329.
Amboyna, Massacre of, i., 240, 241; ii., 355.
“America in the East,” ii., 273.
“American anchorage,” ii., 291.
American relations with Japan. _See_ United States’ relations with Japan.
Amida, the god and his idols, i., 399; ii., 49, 65.
Amiot, Père, i., 7.
“Amœnitates Exoticae,” i., 289, 315.
_Amomum miōga_, ii., 124.
_Anas galericulata_, ii., 135.
Ancestor worship, ii., 188.
Anderson, W., ii., 345.
Angelis, Jerome de, i., 220, 265.
Animals and birds eaten for food, i., 54, 75, 187; ii., 135;
those not eaten, ii., 253.
Anise-tree, i., 401; ii., 126.
Anjirō, i., 38, 39, 41, 49-54, 82, 359.
“Annales des Voyages,” ii., 349.
“Annals des Dairi,” ii., 89.
“Annals des Empereurs du Japon,” i., 257, 391; ii., 108, 165.
“Annals of the Dairi,” i., 357.
Apples, ii., 140.
Arai, ii., 65, 70.
Arai Hakuseki, ii., 112.
_Aratame_, ii., 65.
Architecture, domestic, i., 77, 187, 218, 339, 340, 390-392, 395; ii.,
52, 63, 79, 129-131, 306, 318-322.
“Archives of Japan,” i., 8.
_Argonaut_, English ship, ii., 191.
Arima, King of, i., 98, 102, 126.
Armies and soldiery, i., 59, 215, 258.
Armor, i., 139.
Arms, or mark, upon clothing, etc., i., 116, 188, 371, 373; ii., 17,
18, 285, 322.
_Artemisia_, ii., 146.
_See also_ Wormwood.
“Arts and Crafts of Old Japan,” ii., 345.
_Arum dracontium_ and _esculentum_, ii., 142.
Asakawa, ——, ii., 345.
“Asiatic Journal,” i., 195; ii., 46, 72, 108, 254, 352.
Aston, W. G., i., 8, 145; ii., 199, 206, 345.
Astronomers, ii., 143, 201, 223, 251.
Asukagawa, River, i., 385.
“Atlas Japonensis,” i., 266.
_Atotsuke_, i., 370, 372.
Atsuta (Miya), ii., 69.
Audiences with emperor and princes, i., 175, 189-191, 217; ii., 55,
56, 60-62, 85-104, 149-153, 331-334.
Audsley, ——, and Bowes, ——, ii., 345.
Austerities practised by both bonzes and Jesuits, i., 71, 88.
Autographs of travellers, i., 218.
Awa, Provinces of, ii., 283.
Azuchiyama, i., 103, 116.
Bacon, Miss, ii., 344.
Baggage, i., 370-377.
Baker, Edmund, i., 177.
Baptiste, Father Pierre, i., 242.
Barley, i., 76.
Batchelor, John, ii., 345.
Baths, ii., 9, 52, 134.
Batoli, Father Daniel, i., 115.
Bedding, ii., 5, 133, 156.
Beechey, Captain, ii., 282.
Beer, ii., 207.
Beggars, ii., 23-28, 58.
Bell in Miyako temple, ii., 105, 108.
Benriū, River, i., 385.
Bent, Lieut., ii., 302.
Bettelheim, Rev. B. J., ii., 266, 267.
Biddle, Commodore, ii., 261-265.
Bidinger, Mr., ii., 300.
_Bikuni_ (nuns), ii., 23, 24.
Binding of prisoners, ii., 214, 270.
Bird, Miss, ii., 344.
Birds eaten for food, ii., 135.
Biscanio, Sebastian, i., 270.
Biwa, Lake, ii., 63, 67.
Black, ——, ii., 345.
Blindness, ii., 29.
Blomhoff, Herr, ii., 245, 247.
Blomhoff, Mme., ii., 245.
_Blossom_, English ship, ii., 282.
Bonin Islands, ii., 282, 292.
Books, i., 77; ii., 118, 123, 224.
Bōshū (Awa) Province, ii., 283.
“Botanical Magazine” (Curtis), ii., 125.
Botany, i., 374, 375; ii., 123, 157, 162, 253.
Bowes, ——, and Audsley, ——, ii., 345.
Bowmen, ii., 149.
Bramhall, Mrs., ii., 344.
_Brassica orientalis_, ii., 124, 137.
_Breskens_, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262-264.
Bridges, i., 385; ii., 50, 51, 57, 58, 67, 78, 329.
Brixiano, Father Organtino, i., 149.
Broadcloth, English, i., 224.
Broughton, Captain, i., 265; ii., 191.
Brown, Mr., ii., 302.
Buddha, The great, ii., 108.
Buddhism, i., 65, 70-74, 139, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., 28, 65.
Buddhist clergy, i., 72-74, 275-277, 342, 343; ii., 65.
Buddhist temples (_Tera_), i., 71, 275, 342, 397, 398; ii., 65, 304.
_Buke_ (military nobility), i., 63.
_Buku_, ii., 187.
Bullocks, ii., 317.
_See also_ Oxen.
Bungo, Kingdom of, i., 25-29, 34-36, 84-86, 93, 98, 102, 118-120,
124, 125, 145.
Burger, Dr., ii., 252.
Burial service, Jesuit, i., 88.
Burrows, Silas E., ii., 312-314.
Burying-grounds, ii., 123, 296, 307, 316.
“Bushido—The Soul of Japan,” ii., 344.
Cabot, Sebastian, i., 167.
Cabral, Father, i., 97, 98, 100-101.
_Cactus ficus_, ii., 159.
_Caladium_, ii., 142.
Calendar, Japanese, i., 32, 357.
California, ii., 276, 278.
Call to arms, i., 34, 35.
Cambodia River, ii., 354.
_Camellia sasankwa_, ii., 125.
Campbell, ——, i., 302; ii., 345.
Campbell, Archibald, ii., 203.
Camphor-tree, i., 76; ii., 46, 125, 250.
Candles, ii., 38, 39.
Canvas batteries, ii., 257.
“Capital of the Tycoon, The,” ii., 345.
_Capsicum_, ii., 124.
“Captive of Love, A,” ii., 345.
“Captivity in Japan,” i., 33.
Carac of Macao, Cargo of, i., 153, 154, 269, 270.
Card games, ii., 224.
Caron, Francis, i., 224, 240, 243, 253-257, 260, 261, 266, 267, 273,
343, 352, 368, 373; ii., 16, 30, 46, 65, 135, 355, 365, 366.
Carvilho, Father Valentine, i., 227, 242.
Cassa, Heer, ii., 207, 209.
Castles, i., 186, 392-394; ii., 48, 54, 58, 63, 69, 80-83, 86-88.
_Castricoom_, Dutch ship (1643), i., 262, 264, 265.
Casuar, rare Batavian bird, i., 265, 368; ii., 53.
Catechists, Native, i., 100, 127, 128, 231.
Catholic Church in the East, i., 40, 41, 45-47, 65, 205, 235, 261,
267, 277, 396.
_See also_ Missionaries _and_ Xavier, Francis.
Cats, ii., 138, 253.
Cavendish, Thomas, i., 167, 271.
Cecille, Admiral, ii., 265.
Cedar-trees, ii., 141.
_Celastrus alatus_, ii., 124.
Cevicos, Don Jean, i., 245, 246.
Chamberlain, ——, ii., 345.
Chaplin-Ayrton, Mrs., ii., 344.
Charlevoix, Father, i., 20, 85, 101, 115, 154, 232, 246, 265, 290.
Charms against evil spirits, ii., 323.
Cherry-trees, ii., 10, 140.
“Child Life in Japan,” ii., 344.
Children, i., 259, 260, 353; ii., 41, 73, 121, 135, 211.
China trade, i., 12, 270, 273-275, 277-281; ii., 111, 275, 276.
“Chinese Repository,” ii., 254, 255, 258, 284.
“Chiushingura, the Loyal League,” ii., 345.
Chronicles, Japanese, i., 1, 64.
_Citrus tripoliata_, ii., 142.
Civility of Japanese, i., 287; ii., 34, 41.
“Classical Poetry of the Japanese,” ii., 345.
Clement, Ernest W., i., 78; ii., 343, 357, 360.
_Cleopatra_, French frigate, ii., 265.
Climate, ii., 162.
Clocks, ii., 126, 251.
Coal, ii., 311, 312.
Cocks, Richard, i., 213, 223-225, 229, 234, 236, 239, 240; ii., 121,
122.
Coimbra (Portugal) University, i., 45;
Jesuit college, i., 46, 85.
Coins and currency, i., 59, 60, 257, 272, 273, 277, 278, 322, 372;
ii., 109-111, 309-311, 337.
“Coins of Japan, The,” ii., 310.
Colbert, ——, i., 266, 368; ii., 355, 364.
Colds and catarrh, ii., 134.
Colewort, ii., 124.
Colic, Treatment of, ii., 145.
Collado, Father, i., 244-246.
_Columbus_, American ship, ii., 261-265, 283.
Company of Jesus.
_See_ Order of Jesuits _and_ Missionaries, Jesuit.
Company’s Island, i., 124, 265.
Compliments, i., 27.
Concubines and courtesans, i., 260, 279, 292, 310, 340, 341, 356;
ii., 23, 30, 120, 121, 175, 249.
Conder, ——, ii., 7.
Contee, Mr., ii., 284.
“Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Japanese Empire,” ii., 247.
Converts, native, i., 84, 85, 88, 94-98, 100, 102, 103, 118-121,
124-129, 134, 140, 141, 145, 155-158, 162-164, 195, 207, 211, 222,
227-234, 243-248, 267, 268.
_See also_ Missionaries.
Cook-shops, ii., 12, 13.
Cooper, Captain, ii., 260, 261.
Copper, i., 329; ii., 159, 202, 203.
Corean expedition, i., 128, 140, 141, 144, 145, 151, 162; ii., 108.
Corvailho, Father.
_Same as_ Carvilho, Father Valentine.
Couros, Father Matthew de, i., 159.
Cows, ii., 137.
Craftsmen segregate, i., 187, 217.
Credit on accounts, ii., 127.
Crucifixion, i., 156.
_Crusado_, i., 17.
Cuello, Father Gaspard, i., 102, 119, 126.
_Cupressus japonica_, ii., 141.
_Cyprus_, English brig, ii., 254.
Daguerreotypes, ii., 302.
Daibutsu Temple, ii., 106.
Daifu-Sama.
_See_ Iyeyasu.
_Daikoku_, i., 359.
Dairi, or Mikado, i., 60-66; ii., 166, 167.
Dale, Sir Thomas, i., 237, 238.
Date Masamune, i., 204.
Davidson, J. W., i., 302; ii., 345.
Davis, pilot of Dutch vessel, i., 169, 177; ii., 353, 354.
Dee-yee-no-skee, Japanese seaman, ii., 312-314.
De Jancigny, ——, ii., 254, 274, 277, 310.
Dening, ——, i., 150.
Deshima, Island of, i., 248, 262, 291-294; ii., 117.
Devereux, Captain, ii., 194.
_Diana_, Russian sloop, ii., 212, 226-243, 324.
“Diary of Richard Cocks,” i., 226, 267.
Dick, Stewart, ii., 345.
Dickins, ——, ii., 345.
Dickson, ——, ii., 345.
Dictionary, Japanese-Dutch, ii., 210.
_Dioscorea Japonica_, ii., 124.
Distance, Measures of, i., 382, 391; ii., 89.
Dixon, ——, ii., 345.
Doeff, Heer Hendrick, ii., 194-212, 245.
Dogs, ii., 138, 253.
_Dolichos polystachos_, ii., 159.
_Dolichos soia_, ii., 159.
Dominicans in Japanese missions.
_See_ Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.
Dosha powder, ii., 147.
Dōshin, or imperial soldiers, i., 257, 346; ii., 223.
Drake, Sir Francis, i., 167; ii., 351.
Draughts, Game of, ii., 224, 225.
Dress, i., 105, 210-212, 276, 375, 376; ii., 55, 56, 58, 143, 154-156,
248, 285, 331, 332.
Dress, ease of adjustment, ii., 9, 133, 156.
Dresser, ——, ii., 345.
Drinking, i., 343; ii., 39, 226.
Dutch East India Company, i., 169, 209, 238, 251-253, 261, 272,
283-336, 366; ii., 31-41, 101, 109-111, 114-120, 122, 123, 126-129,
136, 139, 193-209, 245, 246.
_See also_ Dutch in Japan.
Dutch in Japan, i., 165, 167-175, 177, 179, 181-185, 191, 192,
195-204, 206-209, 220, 221, 223, 228, 233-238, 240, 241, 251-256,
261-267, 271-273, 277-281, 284-301; ii., 274, 275, 325.
_See also_ Dutch East India Company.
_Dyosperos kaki_, ii., 159.
“Early Institutional Life of Japan,” ii., 345.
“Early Study of Dutch in Japan, The,” ii., 210.
Earthquakes, i., 77, 151, 391, 392; ii., 50, 85, 143, 173, 324.
_Eclipse_, American ship, ii., 203.
Eclipses, ii., 143, 223.
Edicts, i., 395, 396.
_Edmund_, English whaler, ii., 273.
Education, i., 77, 88.
Elephant, ii., 209, 223.
Elgin, Lord, ii., 335.
_Eliza_, American ship, ii., 193, 194.
Elserak, Dutch director, i., 264.
Embassy to Washington, ii., 335-339.
Emperor, Castle of, ii., 80-83, 86-91, 148-153.
Emperors, Chronology of, ii., 158, 166, 360, 361.
Empress, ii., 91.
English East India Company, i., 178, 219, 220, 225, 236-241, 267.
_See also_ English in the East.
English in the East, i., 167, 169, 175, 178, 179, 207-209, 219-221,
228, 230, 233-240, 278; ii., 246, 259, 260, 272, 273, 323, 324, 335.
_See also_ English East India Company.
Enoshima, Island of, ii., 74.
“Essay on the Commerce of Japan,” ii., 274.
Everett, Hon. Edward, ii., 280.
“Evolution of the Japanese, The,” ii., 344.
“Examiner” (London), ii., 259.
Executions and tortures, i., 156, 214, 246, 247, 333-335, 349, 353,
354, 396; ii., 75.
Eye diseases, ii., 29, 123.
Fans, i., 376.
Farming class, ii., 159.
“Fauna Japonica,” ii., 253.
Feith, M., ii., 157.
Fernandes, Jean, i., 52.
Ferreyra, Father Christopher, i., 247, 248, 264.
Ferry-boats, i., 385.
Festivals, i., 69, 223, 224, 356-365; ii., 188, 189, 225, 226.
“Feudal and Modern Japan,” ii., 344.
_Figara peperita_, ii., 124.
Figure-treading, Ceremony of, i., 298, 352, 396; ii., 128, 271.
Fillmore, President, ii., 276-281.
Firearms, i., 24, 25, 33; ii., 149, 224, 346-348.
Fire-extinguishers, i., 367; ii., 52, 79, 303.
Fire-flies, ii., 158.
Firemen, ii., 76, 79, 200.
Fires, i., 77; ii., 70, 71, 78, 79, 143, 173, 200, 303, 321.
Fir-trees, ii., 141.
Fischer, ——, i., 33.
_Fiscus pumila_ and _erecta_, ii., 124.
Fishermen, i., 214; ii., 213.
Fisscher, Herr, ii., 210, 247-250.
Fitch, Ralph, i., 269, 270; ii., 351, 352.
“Flora Japonica” (Siebold and Zaccarini), ii., 253.
“Flora Japonica” (Thunberg), ii., 162.
Floris, ——, ii., 354.
Flower-arrangements, ii., 7.
Flute, ii., 315.
Food, i., 54, 75, 76, 187, 216, 286, 343; ii., 12, 13, 38, 75, 98, 99,
102-104, 126, 127, 140, 159, 215, 217, 220, 317, 318, 333, 334.
Foot-coverings, ii., 142.
Fords, i., 384, 385.
Foreigners, Antipathy to, i., 214.
Forestry regulations, i., 381.
Formosa, i., 252-255, 262, 271, 274, 302; ii., 355.
“Formosa under the Dutch,” i., 302; ii., 345.
Fowls, Domestic, ii., 138.
Foxes, i., 75; ii., 42, 43.
Franciscans in Japanese missions.
_See_ Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit.
_Franklin_, American ship, ii., 194.
“Free Press” (Serampore), ii., 265.
French East India Company, i., 266.
French in Japanese affairs, i., 266; ii., 265, 335.
Frisius, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 265, 266.
Froez, Father Louis, i., 95, 96, 131, 133, 141, 159, 165, 266; ii., 38.
“Frog-in-a-well” policy, ii., 170, 171, 193.
“From Far Formosa,” ii., 345.
Fruits, ii., 140, 159.
Fuchū, i., 25, 27, 35, 36.
_Fucus saccharinus_, ii., 140.
Fujigawa, River, i., 385; ii., 72.
Fuji-jedagawa, River, i., 385.
Fuji-no-Yama, ii., 72, 141, 286, 328.
Funeral customs, ii., 183-189.
Furniture and interiors, i., 340, 391, 392; ii., 4-8, 52, 55, 62, 130,
131, 133, 303, 330.
Fushimi, i., 140, 151, 215; ii., 58.
Gago, Balthaza, i., 87, 90, 93.
Galvano, Antonio, i., 13, 14, 40, 41, 56.
_Gardenia Florida_, ii., 142.
Gardens, i., 194; ii., 10-12, 52, 82, 322.
Gate Guard, Nagasaki, i., 312.
“Gate of the two kings,” ii., 108.
Gaubil, Father, i., 8.
_Gege_ (plebeians), i., 62.
Geisenger, Captain, 266.
“Genji Monogatari,” ii., 345.
Gin, ii., 206.
Ginseng, ii., 118.
“Glimpse at the Art of Japan, A,” ii., 345.
“Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan,” ii., 344.
_Globe_, English ship, ii., 354.
Globius (Takaro Sampei), ii., 201, 222, 223, 239, 248.
Glyn, Commander, ii., 266-269, 271.
Gnecchi, Father, i., 97, 103, 119, 146, 155, 159, 164.
Goa, i., 12, 38, 41, 48; ii., 350-353.
Godō, i., 277.
_Goede Frouw_, Dutch ship, ii., 206.
Go-kirai (The Tenza), i., 164.
Golownin, Vassili, i., 21, 22, 33, 59, 66, 124, 162, 221, 265; ii.,
140, 159, 200, 208, 212-244, 246.
Gomez, Father, i., 126.
Gongen-Sama (Iyeyasu, _which see_), i., 230.
Gordon, Captain, ii., 246.
Goseman, ——, ii., 205.
Gotō Shōzaburō, treasurer to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.
Governors of Nagasaki, i., 347.
Gowns presented to Company, ii., 104, 154;
to U. S. Consul, ii., 333.
Griffis, William Elliot, i., 74; ii., 273, 324, 344.
Gros, Baron, ii., 335.
Grote, George, i., 275.
Gruy, ——, ii., 345.
“Guitar” (samisen), ii., 315.
Gulick, Sidney, ii., 344.
Gusman, Father Luys de, i., 115, 131.
Gutzlaff, Mr., ii., 255.
Gysbert (or Guysbert), Roger, i., 243, 244, 352, 354.
Hackluyt’s translations, i., 14, 122, 150, 152, 165, 177, 178, 270;
ii., 350, 351.
Hagenaar, ——, i., 247, 253-255, 261, 343; ii., 355.
Hagendorp, Heer, ii., 196.
Hair, Manner of wearing, ii., 147, 148.
Hakata, Island of Shimo, i., 82, 213, 214.
Hakodate, Island of Matsumae, i., 221; ii., 191, 213, 216, 305, 306.
Hakone pass, ii., 65, 73, 141, 328.
Hamamatsu, ii., 70.
Hamilton, Dr., ii., 316.
_Hanashikimi_ (anise-tree), i., 401.
_See also_ Shikimi.
“Handbook of Modern Japan, A,” i., 78; ii., 343, 357, 360.
Handkerchiefs, ii., 155.
Harada Kiyemon, i., 134, 135, 142, 148.
Hara-kiri, i., 78, 79, 229, 260.
Harbors, i., 386, 387.
“Harper’s Magazine,” i., 166.
Harris, Mrs., ii., 345.
Harris, Townsend, ii., 325-335.
Hartman, S., ii., 345.
Hartshorne, Miss, ii., 344.
Hashiba (Taikō-Sama), i., 117-121, 123, 124, 126-144, 147-151, 155,
158-161, 193; ii., 54, 167.
Hatch, Arthur, i., 240.
Hawkins, Sir Richard and Sir John, i., 167.
Hay’s (John) translations, i., 115, 132, 150, 165, 205.
Healthfulness of houses, i., 392.
Hearn, Lafcadio, ii., 344.
Heating of houses, ii., 5, 6, 120, 131, 303, 321.
Hecr, ——, ii., 346.
Heine, Mr., ii., 302.
Hemmi, Adams’s estate, i., 225, 240.
Hemp, ii., 124.
Heusken, Mr., ii., 328, 332.
_Hibiscus manihot_, ii., 132.
Hidetsugu (Kwambacudono), i., 140, 149.
Hideyori, son of Taikō-Sama, i., 150, 161, 163, 197, 198, 229.
“Hideyoshi’s Invasion of Korea,” i., 145.
Hieizan, Mountain of, i., 98; ii., 67.
Highways, i., 189, 216, 380-384; ii., 15, 16, 33, 123, 328, 329.
Higo, Castle of, ii., 54.
Hildreth, Richard, i., 10; ii., 364.
Hiōgo, ii., 334.
Hirado, i., 254, 261.
Hirado, Prince of, i., 177, 184, 185, 196, 197, 210, 213.
“His Pilgrimes” (or “His Pilgrimage”), i., 177, 178, 220, 225, 232;
ii., 354.
“Hist. Gen. des Voyages,” i., 198.
“Histoire de la Dynastie des Mongoux,” i., 8.
“Histoire du Japon,” i., 20, 115, 246.
“Histoire Général de la China,” i., 7.
“Histoire Mythologique,” i., 357.
“Historia de la Compagnia de Gesu,” i., 115.
“History of Greece,” i., 275.
“History of Japan” (Adams), ii., 345.
“History of Japan” (Charlevoix), i., 290.
“History of Japan” (Kämpfer), i., 289-291.
“History of Japanese Literature,” ii., 345.
“History of Java,” i., 272; ii., 110-112.
“History of Plants,” ii., 125.
“History of the Empire of Japan,” ii., 346.
“History of the English Factory at Hirado,” i., 226.
“History of the United States,” ii., 364.
Hizen, Province of, i., 82, 120.
Hoffman, assistant to Siebold, i., 8.
Hōin-Sama.
_See_ Hirado, Prince of.
Homicide, Punishment for, i., 354.
“Honda the Samurai,” ii., 344.
Horseback-riding, i., 370-377.
Horse-shoes, i., 373.
Horses, i., 215; ii., 138, 317.
_Hotei_, i., 359.
_Hotoke_, or idols, i., 399.
Houtman, Cornelius, i., 168, 169, 177; ii., 353.
Huish, ——, ii., 345.
Hyōgo, Province Settsu, ii., 49.
“Ideals of the East, The,” ii., 345.
Idols, i., 193, 399, 400; ii., 45, 106-108.
_See also_ Temples.
“Illustrations of Japan,” i., 79; ii., 81, 147, 168, 174.
Image-trampling.
_See_ Figure-treading.
Imhoff, author of Dutch memoir, i., 272; ii., 110.
_Imi_, ii., 186, 187.
Incomes of princes, i., 240, 256-259.
“Indian History,” i., 14.
Indulgence-boxes, i., 401.
Ingen, Buddhist priest, i., 275-277.
Inns, i., 187, 216; ii., 2-13, 29, 36-41, 328.
“Intercourse between the United States and Japan, The,” ii., 273.
Interest, ii., 127.
Interpreters, i., 302-306, 369, 370; ii., 34, 117, 164.
Ise Temple, i., 68, 69; ii., 20, 21, 69.
“Island of Formosa, The,” i., 302; ii., 345.
Iyeyasu (Tokugawa Iyeyasu), i., 161-163, 175-177, 190-193, 200, 201,
218-223, 230.
Izu, Cape, ii., 283, 328.
Jacatra (Batavia), i., 237; ii., 354.
Jancigny.
_See_ De Jancigny.
“Japan” (De Jancigny), ii., 254, 277.
“Japan” (Dickson), ii., 345.
“Japan” (Reed), ii., 345.
“Japan—An Interpretation,” ii., 344.
“Japan and her People,” ii., 344.
“Japan and its Art,” ii., 345.
“Japan in Art and Industry,” ii., 345.
“Japan in History, Folk-lore, and Art,” ii., 344.
“Japan, its Architecture, Art, and Art Manufactures,” ii., 345.
“Japan: presented in Sketches of the Manners and Customs of that
Realm, especially of the Town of Nagasaki,” ii., 249.
Japan Society, London, i., 8.
“Japanese Armour,” ii., 149.
“Japanese Art,” ii., 345.
“Japanese Boy, A,” ii., 344.
“Japanese Calendars,” i., 352.
“Japanese Costume,” ii., 154.
“Japanese Education,” ii., 345.
“Japanese Fairy World” (Griffis), ii., 344.
“Japanese Fairy World, The” (Ozaki), ii., 344.
“Japanese Fans,” i., 376.
“Japanese Funeral Rites,” ii., 183.
“Japanese Girls and Women,” ii., 344.
“Japanese Heraldry,” i., 117.
“Japanese Homes,” ii., 344.
Japanese in America, i., 152.
“Japanese Life in Town and Country,” ii., 344.
“Japanese Plays,” ii., 345.
“Japanese Rituals,” i., 66.
Jarves, J. J., ii., 345.
Jesuits.
_See_ Order of Jesuits.
Jewels, ii., 332.
Jizō, Idol of, i., 399; ii., 45.
Jodogawa, River, ii., 50.
Johannis Botanicus, ii., 201.
Jones, Sir William, ii., 164.
Jontoux, Father, ii., 118.
“Journal of Commerce” (New York), ii., 293.
Jūdo, i., 74, 277.
_Jugulans nigra_, ii., 144.
_Junrei_, ii., 22.
_Kago_, i., 377-379.
Kahei, Takataya, ii., 228-243.
Kakegawa, ii., 70.
Kamakura image of Buddha, i., 218.
Kamakura, Island of, ii., 74.
_Kamban_, i., 323-325.
Kamel, George Joseph, ii., 125.
_Kami_, i., 66.
_See also_ Shintō.
Kämpfer’s account of Japan, i., 8, 27, 32, 59, 64, 66, 196, 202, 225,
240, 244, 249, 256, 257, 267, 272, 274-401; ii., 1-109, 118, 125,
146, 159, 169, 250, 254, 300.
Kanagawa, ii., 74, 293, 300, 303, 334.
_Kanrin-maru_, Japanese steamer, ii., 336.
“Keramic Art of Japan,” ii., 345.
Kinosita, Yetaro, ii., 345.
Kitchin, ——, ii., 345.
_Kitō_, i., 60, 276; ii., 167.
Kiūshiū.
_See_ Shimo.
Klaproth, Heinrich, i., 32, 69, 181, 257, 357, 359, 391; ii., 46, 62,
67, 72, 89, 108, 112, 165, 199.
Knapp, A. M., ii., 344.
Knox, Dr., ii., 112.
Knox, G. W., ii., 344.
Kōbō, saint and sage, ii., 147.
Kochebecker, of the Dutch East India Company, i., 261.
“Kojiki,” i., 359; ii., 346.
“Kokoro,” ii., 344.
_Koku_, i., 240.
Kokura, capital of Buzen, ii., 48.
Konishi Settsu-no-Kami, i., 163.
Kōshi (Confucius), ii., 68.
Koxinga, Chinese pirate, i., 302.
Koya, near Miyako, i., 292.
Kōzukeno-Suke, secretary to Emperor Hashiba, i., 199, 200.
Kramer, Conrad, i., 252.
Krusenstern, Captain, ii., 196, 197.
Kublai Khan, i., 2, 4, 8-10.
Kubō-Sama, i., 58, 61, 62, 64.
Kuchiki Samon, ii., 163.
Kuchinotsu, i., 94, 102.
_Kuge_ (patricians), i., 62, 66; ii., 21.
Kuno, Fortress of, ii., 71.
_Kuri_, i., 300, 308.
Kurile Islands, i., 123, 221, 265; ii., 190, 212, 213.
Kurume, Castle of, ii., 47.
Kuwana, Province of Owari, ii., 69.
Kwambacudono, i., 118, 123, 140, 149, 150.
Kwannon Temple, ii., 107.
Kyōto (Miyako, _which see_), i., 215.
_Ladoga_, American whaler, ii., 266, 269.
_Lady Pierce_, American ship, ii., 312-314.
_Lady Rowena_, ii., 258.
Lampacau Island, i., 19.
Lancaster, Captain, i., 167, 177.
“Land of the Morning, The,” ii., 345.
Langsdorff, Attaché, ii., 197.
Lanterns, i., 373; ii., 329.
La Perouse, Voyage of, i., 124, 221, 265; ii., 190.
La Salle, ii., 364.
Lattices, ii., 91.
_Lawrence_, American whaler, ii., 265.
Laws, i., 78, 206, 260, 354; ii., 161, 162, 245.
Laxman, Lieut., ii., 191, 192, 196, 219.
Lay, ——, ii., 183.
Leeds, ——, ii., 351, 352.
Lepers, i., 164.
“Letters Written by the English Residents in Japan, 1611-1623,”
i., 178, 207, 219.
Lew Chew Islands, i., 31, 124, 181, 281; ii., 312, 355.
Liano, Spanish gentleman, i., 142.
Linschooten, Hugh, i., 168.
Liverwort used as charm, i., 401.
“Log of a Japanese Journey,” ii., 345.
Lowell, P., ii., 344.
Loyola, Ignatius, i., 42, 43, 90.
“L’univers, ou Histoire et Description de tout les Peuples,” ii., 254.
Macartney, Lord, ii., 164.
Mackay, ——, ii., 345.
Maclay, A. C., ii., 345.
Maffei, ——, i., 14, 81, 165.
Mahay, Jacques, i., 169, 170.
Maize, ii., 317.
Makino Bingo-no-Kami, ii., 84.
Malela, Father, i., 7.
_Malva Mauritiana_, ii., 124.
_Mamori_, ii., 179.
Manchu dynasty, i., 274.
_Manjū_, a cake, ii., 13, 98.
_Mankoku_, i., 240.
Manners, ii., 174.
_See also_ Civility of Japanese.
“Manners and Customs of the Japanese in the Nineteenth Century,”
ii., 254.
Manufactures, i., 77;
of Miyako, ii., 63, 64;
of Suruga, ii., 71.
Manuscript history, ii., 168.
Maple-trees, ii., 141.
Maps, ii., 157, 251, 252.
Marco Polo, i., 1-6, 13.
_Mariner_, English ship, ii., 272, 273.
“Marriage Ceremonies,” ii., 170, 172.
Marriages, i., 259; ii., 174-183, 225.
Marsden, ——, translator, i., 2, 4, 6.
Matheson, Commander, ii., 272, 273.
Mats, Floor, i., 391; ii., 5, 52, 89, 91, 131, 152.
Matsumae, ii., 220, 226.
Matsumae Island.
_See_ Matsumaye Island.
Matsumaye (Yezo or Matsumae) Island, i., 123, 124, 220, 221, 262-265;
ii., 222.
_Matsuri_ (public spectacle at Nagasaki), i., 296, 356-365.
Matsuura Hoin.
_See_ Hirado, Prince of.
“Matthew Galbraith Perry,” ii., 324.
May, Henry, i., 178.
McClatchie, ——, ii., 345.
McCoy, American seaman, ii., 270, 271.
McDonald, Ranald, American seaman, ii., 271, 272.
Meals, ii., 39, 133.
Measures and weights, i., 23, 59, 249, 272.
Medhurst, Mr., ii., 210.
Medicine and surgery, i., 26, 28, 77; ii., 68, 93, 94, 118, 122,
145-147.
_Melea azedarach_, ii., 125.
Melis, Thomas, i., 169.
“Memoir on the Trade of Japan, and the Causes of its Decline,”
i., 272; ii., 110.
“Mémoires concernant les Chinois,” i., 7.
“Memoirs of the Shōguns” (or Djoguns), i., 98; ii., 168.
“Memorable Embassies of the Dutch to the Emperors of Japan,” i., 266,
272; ii., 88.
“Memorials of the Empire of Japan,” i., 225.
_Mentha piperita_, ii., 124.
_Mercator_, American whaler, ii., 260, 261.
Merchant class, ii., 139, 174, 243, 244.
Merchant marine of Japan, i., 180, 181.
_See also_ Trade.
Mermaids, ii., 53.
_Mespillus japonica_, ii., 159.
Messengers, ii., 2.
Meylan, G. F., ii., 248-250.
Mimitsuka Chapel, ii., 108.
Mindanao, Island of, i., 55, 56.
Mines, ii., 111, 112, 250.
“Mirror of Yedo,” i., 257.
Mirrors, ii., 133.
_Miseratsie_, or wall adornments, ii., 4, 6-8.
Missionaries, Catholic, other than Jesuit, i., 147-149, 151, 152,
155-160, 163, 164, 179, 223, 228-232, 241-248, 268.
Missionaries, Jesuit, i., 38-41, 45-56, 60, 63-65, 67, 70-72, 81-91,
93-98, 100-103, 116-121, 124-136, 138, 142, 143, 145-149, 151-160,
162-164, 175, 179, 205, 222, 227-234, 241-248, 263, 264, 268, 269,
279, 280; ii., 169, 259.
Missionaries, Protestant, i., 147; ii., 255, 259, 266.
_Mississippi_, American frigate, ii., 281, 282, 287, 291, 314, 315.
Mitford, A. B. F., ii., 344.
“Mito Yashiki,” ii., 345.
Mitsukuri, Dr., ii., 210.
Miya (Atsuta), ii., 69.
_Miya_ (Shintō temples), i., 67-69, 398, 399; ii., 302.
Miyako, i., 61, 83, 96, 97, 155, 161, 163, 164, 192, 222; ii., 58,
62-66, 104-108, 140.
Mongols, i., 2, 6-10.
“Moniteur des Indes,” ii., 274.
Monsoons, i., 316.
Moor, Captain, ii., 228, 229, 236.
Mōri Motonari, i., 90, 95, 103.
_Morrison_, American brig, ii., 255-258, 284.
Morse, E. S., ii., 344.
_Morus papyrifira_, ii., 132.
Mossman, ——, ii., 345.
Mountain priests, i., 74; ii., 23-25, 72.
Mountains, i., 386, 387; ii., 134, 255.
Mourning, ii., 178, 185-187.
Moxa, ii., 126, 145, 146.
Mulberry-trees, i., 76; ii., 132.
Munro, ——, ii., 310.
Murakami, N., i., 226.
Murakawn, K., i., 178.
Murray, D., ii., 158, 344.
Murray, Lieut., ii., 302.
Mushrooms, ii., 159.
Music and musicians, i., 212, 213, 357, 362; ii., 28, 315.
Nabores, Hieronymo de, i., 270.
Nagasaki, i., 97, 102, 125, 128, 143, 145, 156-160, 164, 234, 235,
244, 275, 284, 285, 291-294, 337-353, 355-365, 397.
_Naibun_, ii., 241.
_Namida_ (Sanscrit prayer), i., 344; ii., 27, 73.
“Narrative of a Japanese, The,” ii., 346.
Natural history researches, ii., 251-253.
Nettles, ii., 124.
“New Japan,” ii., 345.
“New Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi,” i., 150.
New Moon ceremonies, ii., 316.
New Year’s Day (European), ii., 126.
New Year’s Day (Japanese), i., 357; ii., 127, 225, 226.
“New York Times,” ii., 310.
“New York Tribune,” ii., 301, 316.
Newbury, John, ii., 351, 352.
_Niagara_, U. S. frigate, ii., 337.
Nicholson, Lieut., ii., 302.
_Nihombashi_, or great bridge at Yedo, i., 380; ii., 78, 200.
Nikkō Temple, i., 230, 253.
Ningpo, i., 13.
Ni-ō-mon, “gate of the two kings,” ii., 108.
Nippon, i., 1, 27, 57, 124.
“Nippon Ōdai Ichiran,” ii., 165.
“Nippon, or Archives for the Description of Japan,” ii., 254.
Nitobe, I. O., ii., 273, 344.
Nobles, i., 240, 256-260; ii., 70, 81, 149-153.
Nobunaga (Oda Nobunaga), i., 96-98, 102, 103, 116, 117, 139.
Noises of the town, i., 344; ii., 189.
Noort, Oliver, i., 169, 171.
_Norimono_, i., 347, 377-379; ii., 327.
_Noshi_, ii., 177.
“Notes on the Intercourse between Japan and Siam in the Seventeenth
Century,” ii., 354.
“Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits,” ii., 165.
“Noto, an Unexplored Corner of Japan,” ii., 344.
“Nouveau Journal Asiatique,” i., 181; ii., 112.
“Nouveau Mélanges Asiatique,” ii., 146, 165.
Nugnes Barreto, Father, i., 88-90.
Nuyts, Peter de, i., 252-254; ii., 355.
Oaks, ii., 142.
Oars, i., 389.
Ōbaku, papal residence of Ingen, i., 276.
Odawara, ii., 73.
Official life at Nagasaki, i., 345-350.
Ōgosho-Sama, i., 163.
_See also_ Iyeyasu.
_Oharai_, or indulgence, ii., 21.
Ōigawa, River, i., 384, 385; ii., 71.
Ōita, i., 27.
Okakara, ——, ii., 345.
Okasaki, ii., 69.
Ōmura, town and bay, ii., 45.
Opium war, ii., 259.
Order of Jesuits, i., 41-46, 54.
_See_ Missionaries, Jesuit.
Orfanel, Father Fray Jacinto, i., 246.
Oriental Translation Fund, ii., 165.
“Oriental Travels,” Marco Polo, i., 1-6.
“Origin of Spanish and Portuguese Rivalry in Japan, The,” i., 135.
“Origin of the Riches of Japan,” ii., 112.
_Oryris japonica_, ii., 142.
Ōsaka, i., 118, 127, 155, 161, 164, 175, 195, 214, 215, 230, 382;
ii., 49-54, 324, 334.
Ōshima, Island of, ii., 305.
Ōtsu, town and lake, ii., 63, 67.
Outcast Japanese, i., 249; ii., 192, 258.
Oxen, ii., 59, 137.
Ozaki, Miss, ii., 344.
Pacheco, Father, i., 245.
Pack-horses and travellers’ equipment, i., 370-377.
Palaces, i., 188, 189, 340; ii., 80.
_See also_ Castles _and_ Emperor, Castle of.
Palanquins, i., 216.
Paper, ii., 132, 133.
Paper-hangings, i.,340, 392; ii., 52.
Parish priests, i., 180, 229.
Parker, Dr., ii., 255.
“Parli, the Last of the Missionaries,” ii., 345.
“Past and Present of Japanese Commerce, The,” ii., 345.
Paul of the Holy Faith.
_See_ Anjirō.
Pazio, Father Francis, i., 163.
Pearls, ii., 45, 46.
Pears, ii., 140.
Peel’s Island, ii., 282.
Pellew, Captain, ii., 204, 205.
“Peregrinations in the East,” i., 14, 15; ii., 348-350.
Perry, Commodore, ii., 238, 276-324.
Persecution of Catholic missionaries, i., 119, 120, 125, 126,
155-160, 164, 205, 222, 227-234, 240-251, 261.
_Phaeton_, English frigate, ii., 204, 205, 208.
_Phascolus_, ii., 124, 159.
_Philadelphia_, U. S. steamer, ii., 336.
Philippine Islands, i., 56, 134, 135, 152, 166.
Physicians, i., 28, 29; ii., 68, 93, 94, 103, 144-147, 157, 172, 250.
“Pictorial Arts of Japan, The,” ii., 345.
Pilgrimages, i., 69; ii., 20-22, 69.
Pillows, ii., 5, 133.