THE MEDES.
The Medes belonged to the Indo-European branch of the Aryan race. It is
supposed that they came into Europe from the far east, and thence
migrated to Asia, some time previous to 1000 B.C. They settled a
mountainous tract to the east of Assyria, occupying a district rather
larger than Babylonia and Assyria together. Because of its rugged
mountains, narrow passes, and inclement winter weather, their country
was easily defended against invaders. In the days of Assyrian dominance,
the people of Media maintained uniform independence, notwithstanding the
fact that military kings were annexing territories far and near with
almost irresistible force. And so today, those who live in this
district, remain comparatively free from the government which seeks to
rule them.
For the history of this ancient nation we are thrown almost wholly upon
the writings of Herodotus, Xenophon and other Greek travellers, for as
yet no antiquarian has attempted to recover Median past from mounds of
buried ruins. Indeed the country has never been left desolate like
Babylonia, but its cities fell to the share of others, and later
generations, finding material for new buildings in the structures of
their predecessors, have left no mounds to allure the historian and
archæologist. Since rich finds in other lands have in recent years
thrown unexpected light upon the past, it has been surmised that beneath
the present cities, in this land of ancient Media, might be recovered
monuments of her early life. So far, however, other fields have proven
more inviting to the explorer and the excavator.
In spite of the faults of credulence and exaggeration so characteristic
of Herodotus, we must nevertheless turn to his writings and to those of
Xenophon for Median history.
We have noted that during the eighth century, Assyria made a raid into
Media. The independence of the people was not disturbed however. This
verifies the statement of Herodotus that the Medians made good soldiers,
hardy and well able to defend their land. They were trained to a life
of physical activity, inured to the hardships of a rigorous climate.
Charging on horseback at full speed, they made a formidable defense.
In their early conflicts they seem to have displayed excessive cruelty
in war, showing no mercy to helpless women or innocent children. As for
plunder, they cared little for it, and Isaiah refers to them as "the
Medes who care not for silver, and as for gold, have no delight in
it."[1]
By frequent plundering raids into their territory, the Assyrians
incurred the lasting hatred of the Medes, who, urged on by a spirit of
revenge, united in 606 B.C. under a Median prince to aid the king of
Babylonia against the Assyrian monarch. Having defeated the army, the
Medes pursued, and shut the Assyrian force within the walls of Nineveh.
Thereupon they made an assault upon the defenses of the city and carried
the day. The capital of Assyria and all the wealthy cities of the realm
were overrun, plundered and burned, while the surviving inhabitants were
so widely scattered that we hear no more about them.
Before this the Medes had cared little for luxury and ease, although
they always delighted in a certain barbaric splendor. With the vast
treasure of Nineveh their king now built a palace of extensive
proportions. Its halls and pillars were of woods, its courts wide and
the whole structure magnificent. No wood was left visible, all being
concealed by a coating of silver tiles. Herodotus wrote thus of the
palace walls:
"The walls enclose the palace, rising in circles, one within the other.
The plan of the place is that each of the walls should out-top the one
beyond it by the battlements. The nature of the ground, which is a
gentle slope, favors this arrangement in some degree, but it was mainly
effected by art. The number of the circles is seven, the royal palace
and the treasuries standing within the last. Of the outer wall, the
battlements are white; of the next, black; of the third, scarlet; of the
fourth, blue; of the fifth, orange; all these are covered with paint.
The last two have their battlements coated respectively with silver and
gold."
We may gain some idea of the wealth represented by this building when
we learn that the king of Persia carried away the greater portion of the
gold and silver decorations for his palace; Alexander the Great removed
the silver tiling from the roof, and some seventy years later another
conqueror found about $5,000,000 worth of gold and silver plating
overlooked by his predecessors. While no former palace may have exceeded
this in actual outlay of wealth, others may have been more artistic, for
the Medes reached no special architectural skill.
After the Assyrian conquest, the Median nation soon became weak and
degenerate. The people affected a life of luxury and idleness. The king
lived amidst pomp and ostentatious seclusion; his courtiers and nobles
gave themselves up to immoderate indulgences and amusements. While under
Cyaxares and his father, Media had become a power in Asia, upon the
death of this king, his son Astyages succeeded to the throne. He had
grown up during the later years of ease and had no greater ambition than
to rule the kingdom left him, no more animating impulses than to pass
his days amid the ceremony and studied formality of the Median court.
Astyages seems to have planned neither political activity nor personal
diversion. He never joined in the hunts which were popular with his
courtiers. Rather, he spent his leisure with such entertainment as his
palace afforded and for his administration, depended wholly upon the
reports of his officials. Such was Media when a Persian king, realizing
the real situation, led an army against the country. In connection with
our study of Persia we shall come again to the story of this conquest.
Polygamy was always allowed by the code of Median laws and morals, while
women seem to have been treated with a certain chivalrous attention and
deference. The civilization of the land was similar to that of Persia,
which nation, it is supposed, sprang originally from the same stock. No
greater difference existed between the two peoples than might be found
between two modern Teutonic nations.
Education and learning was not valued in either country. Boys were
taught to ride, to hunt, to shoot, and to become proficient in out of
door sports rather than the arts of reading and writing.
The religion was akin to that of Persia, and the faith of the Persians
was singularly pure. They like the Hebrews, worshipped one God. No
degrading ceremonies and teachings attached to their forms of worship,
as was the case in Egypt and Babylonia. The most ancient writings of the
Zenda-Vesta appear to embody the faith of the Medes, and these will be
considered in connection with the religion of Persia.
In conclusion, it may be said that the Medes were neither an inventive
nor an ingenious people, nor did they develop a great civilization,
culture, or literature. Indeed we are forced to the conclusion of
Rawlinson: they scarcely contributed an idea or invention to the great
store of knowledge transmitted by the past to the modern world.
[Illustration: RUINS OF PERSEPOLIS.]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Isa. 13, 17. The chapter is late, and, as Duhm says, the fact that
the redactor ascribed it to Isaiah is instructive as regards the want of
critical ability of the _diaskenasts_. Craig.