i. 258, 259, 519, 550-553, 555, 556, 579, 580, 625, 650, 683,
687, ii. 165, 284, 341, 417, 479, 497, 700, 705, 706, 708-713,
715, 716, 718-720, 725, 734 _sq._;
among uncivilised peoples, i. 403, 542-544, 578, ii. 59, 60,
69, 115, 271, 272, 671-681, 683-685, 690-695;
the belief in a, ii. 515 _sq._;
its influence on the notions concerning homicide, i. 382;
concerning the killing of old or sick persons, i. 390, 392;
concerning infanticide, i. 411 _sq._;
concerning feticide, i. 416 _sq._;
concerning suicide, ii. 235-237, 244, 253, 262.
See Dead
---- state, the, of persons who have been struck by lightning, i.
26, ii. 544, 549, 697 _sq._;
who have not slain any enemies, i. 332;
who have slain enemies, i. 373, ii. 693;
who have died of old age, i. 390, ii. 235, 238 n. ^3, 698;
of disease, i. 392, ii. 238 n. ^3, 698;
by violence, i. 481 _sq._, ii. 237-239, 242;
by accident, ii. 238, 239, 241;
by starvation, ii. 238 n. ^3;
who have committed suicide, ii. 235-239, 242-244, 246, 253,
262, 694, 710;
who have been killed in war, ii. 237, 521, 694, 697, 704, 708;
who have been drowned, ii. 238, 521, 678, 697 _sq._;
who have suffered pain in this life, ii. 360;
who have died unmarried and childless, ii. 399-404;
who have refrained from connections with women, ii. 414 _sq._;
who have committed perjury, ii. 715 _sq._;
of women, i. 662 _sq._, ii. 673;
of women who have died in childbirth, ii. 238 n. ^3, 678;
of children, ii. 673, 727;
of unbaptised children, i. 411, 412, 416 _sq._, ii.
721-723;
of the heathen, ii. 720 _sq._;
influenced by human sacrifices offered to the dead, i. 472-476,
ii. 518;
by the mutilations and self-bleedings of mourners, i. 476, ii. 547;
by knowledge of religious truth, ii. 132-134, 719-721,
725-727;
by the treatment of the dead person's corpse, ii. 238, 521-523,
546, 548, 694, 704;
by offerings made to the dead, ii. 400-404, 517, 518, 524, 539,
692, 700, 701, 704, 708;
by alms given on behalf of the dead, ii. 550-552;
by prayer on behalf of the dead, ii. 552;
by curses, ii. 692, 693, 708, 709, 715 _sq._;
by rank, ii. 698;
by magical practices, ii. 700, 701, 706, 709, 710, 712;
by vicarious expiation, ii. 719 _sq._;
by divine election, ii. 719 _sq._;
by faith, ii. 719-721, 725-727;
by sacramental grace, ii. 719 _sq._, by baptism, ii. 721-723
GENERALITY, the moral emotions characterised by a flavour of, i.
104, 105, 107, 117-123
Generosity, charity and, ch. xxiii. (i. 526-569)
Gifts, blessings pronounced by recipients of, i. 561-565;
the danger of accepting, i. 593 _sq._
Girls, at puberty, ii. 307 _sq._
Gluttony, ii. 290 _sq._
Goat-dung, a means of purification, i. 376
-----flesh, abstinence from, ii. 322, 332
"God," definition of the term, ii. 602
Goddesses, jealous of the chastity of their priests, ii. 414
Gods, duties to, ch. xlviii. _sq._ (ii. 602-662);
as guardians of morality, chs. l.-lii. (ii. 663-737);
punish innocent persons in consequence of the sins of the
guilty, i. 48-72, ii. 660;
punish unchastity, i. 49, ii. 675;
curses personified {847} and elevated to the rank of
supernatural agents or, i. 60, 379, 482, 561, 585, 623, 624, 626,
ii. 68, 116, 715, 732;
human sacrifices offered to, i. 62, 63, 65, 66, 339, 434-472,
ii. 295, 296, 419, 559, 562, 563, 579, 651, 697;
reward undeserving persons in consequence of the merits of
others, i. 96-99, ii. 660;
connection between the severity of punishment and the belief
in, i. 193-198;
disobedience to, i. 194-198, ii. 659 _sq._;
revengeful feelings attributed to, i. 194, 198, 438-440, 471
_sq._, ii. 660, 661, 667, 668, 702, 714;
attach undue importance to the outward aspect of conduct, i.
227-231, 233-235, ii. 714;
judge upon human actions without much regard to their motives,
i. 299-302;
punish homicide, i. 378-380, ii. 669, 672, 676, 684, 686, 700,
714, 717, 732;
curses transformed into attributes of, i. 379, 561, 562, 585,
624, ii. 68, 116, 715;
blood pollution shunned by, i. 380-382;
enjoin or approve of charity, i. 549-558. 561-569, ii. 669,
672, 699, 705, 711, 717, 718, 725, 726, 732;
appealed to in curses or oaths, i. 561, 564 _sq._, ii. 66, 67,
120-123, 658, 686-690, 699, 731 _sq._;
in blessings, i. 562, 564 _sq._, ii. 686, 731;
enjoin hospitality, i. 578-580, ii. 669, 711, 714, 717, 718,
726, 732;
exposed to the curses of men, i. 585, ii. 618-624, 636, 638,
656-659, 700;
protect refugees, i. 585, ii. 629-633, 636, 638, 714;
enjoin regard for parents, i. 610, 624, ii. 711, 714, 717, 732;
punish abandoning of old persons, i. 620;
punish disrespect for chiefs, i. 626;
women shunned by, i. 664-666;
guardians of property, ii. 59-69, 669, 675-677, 679, 684, 686,
699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732;
guilty of falsehood, ii. 94, 95, 98;
guardians of truth and good faith, ii. 96, 114-123, 128, 129,
669, 672, 675-677, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703-705, 707, 711, 714,
717, 726, 732;
perjury regarded as an offence against, ii. 122, 122 _sq._ n. ^10;
perjury punished by, ii. 123 n. ^1, 684, 686, 714;
condemn pride, ii. 144 _sq._;
different, fused into one, ii. 225 _sq._;
approve of suicide, ii. 236, 244, 261;
suicide offensive to, ii. 237, 243, 245-249, 251-254, 260, 263;
agriculture pleasing to, ii. 275, 277;
commend industry, ii. 275, 280, 281, 675, 705;
require pure sacrifices, ii. 295 _sq._;
prohibit the eating of certain foods, ii. 326, 330, 335 671;
disapprove of abstinence from intoxicating drink, ii. 339;
disapprove of drunkenness, ii. 342;
demand ceremonial cleanliness, ii. 352, 353, 700 n. ^5, 705,
718, 726;
punish ablutions, ii. 355;
self-mortification pleasing to, ii. 356-361, 421;
exciting the compassion of, ii. 361;
envious of men, ii. 361, 714, 716;
punish incest, ii. 375, 376, 671;
women married to, ii. 412-414;
sexual **pollution shunned by, ii. 418;
addicted to homosexual practices, ii. 472, 474;
eating of, ii. 563 _sq._, see Totem;
the tendency to make them more and more perfect, ii. 599, 600,
730, 731, 733 _sq._;
not necessarily immortal, ii. 602 _sq._;
killing of, ii. 602-610, 753 _sq._, see Totem;
punished by men, ii. 610;
subject to human needs, ii. 610 _sq._;
sacrifices to, ii. 611-626, see Sacrifice;
fear of, ii. 612-614, 725;
malevolent, ii. 613, 665-667, 706, 707, 709, 714, 716, 728,
729, 733;
benevolent, ii. 613-615, 667-669, 697-708, 712, 713, 716, 725,
728, 729, 731;
assistance expected from, ii. 614-616;
gratitude to, ii. 615 _sq._;
property of, ii. 626 _sq._;
self-regarding pride of, ii. 639-655;
blasphemy against, ii. 639, 640, 719;
taboos imposed upon the names of, ii. 640-643;
intolerance of, ii. 643-647, 649, 650, 652;
tolerance of, ii. 647-649, 652 _sq._;
free from human weaknesses, ii. 652;
prayers to, ii. 653-659, see Prayer;
priests regarded as manifestations of, ii. 657, 709;
the communal character of the relations between men and their,
ii. 661;
selection of, ii. 662, 729 _sq._;
punish transgressions of custom, ii. 670, 728;
punish bad behaviour towards old and sick persons, ii. 672, 675;
punish adultery, ii. 675, 676, 684, 686, 700, 717;
love justice, ii. 675, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703, 704, 732;
approve of valour, ii. 679;
fighting against evil {848} spirits, ii. 701, 702, 704-706, 729;
invoked by thieves, ii. 733.
See Guardian spirits, Religion, Supernatural beings, Supreme
beings, Totem
"Golden rule, the," i. 102 _sq._
"Good," analysis of the concept, i. 145-147
"---- deeds," i. 299-302
Good faith, regard for truth and, ch. xxx. _sq._ (ii. 72-131)
Gratitude, i. 21, 42, 43, 93, 94, 318, 319, 538, 618, ii. 154-166;
to gods, ii. 615 _sq._
Greetings, i. 590-592, ii. 146, 147, 149-151
Gregarious instinct, the, ii. 197 _sq._
Gregariousness, i. 94, 95, 113, ii. 195-197. 748
Grief, expressions of, ii. 283, 308, 316, 528
Group marriage, ii. 387, 392-396, 752
Guardian spirits, i. 373, 464 _sq._, ii. 210, 406, 528-531, 588,
666, 668, 669, 675, 676, 702
HABIT, the influence of, on moral ideas, i. 159, 160, 402, 533,
559, 646, ii. 52, 125-131, 146, 185, 272, 335, 343, 351, 392,
440, 441, 455, 471, 484, 509, 577, 578, 580;
on the authority of the law, i. 163 _sq._
Hair, conditional curses seated in the, i. 57 _sq._
Handicraft, moral valuation of, ii. 273, 274, 278-280, 282 _sq._
Handshaking, ii. 150, 151, 623 _sq._
Happiness, regard for other persons' ch. xxxiii. (ii. 153-185);
for one's own, ii. 265
Hares, abstinence from eating, ii. 333 _sq._
Head-hunting, i. 333, 373, 544
Heedlessness, i. 211, 305-310
Hell, notions about, ii. 60, 284, 417, 672, 674, 675, 677, 678,
683, 692, 706, 723, 724, 727
Heresy, ii. 646 _sq._;
punishment of, i. 47, 50, 245, 493;
considered a legitimate cause of war, i. 349-352, 359;
judicial torture in cases of, i. 523;
a bar to intermarriage, ii. 380 _sq._;
homosexual practices associated with, ii. 486-489;
the future state influenced by, ii. 721
Holiness, must not be defiled by curses or oaths, i. 58, 625, ii. 638;
by blood, i. 380-382;
by women, i. 664-666;
by food, ii. 294-296;
by certain kinds of food, ii. 322;
by intoxicating drink, ii. 344 _sq._;
by sexual pollution, ii. 415-420, 752;
very susceptible to any polluting influence, ii. 352, 353,
608-610;
objects endowed with, must not be appropriated for ordinary
purposes, ii. 627 _sq._;
a god's, polluted by his name being mentioned in profane
conversation, ii. 643;
attributed to sacrificial victims, i. 63, 65, 69, 444-447, ii.
563, 625, 658;
its magic virtue transferred by contact, i. 63-65, 69, 444-446,
ii. 605, 606, 625, 754;
by eating, i. 446, ii. 562-564, 605, 625;
by sexual intercourse, i. 593, ii. 444-446, 488;
looked upon as a transferable entity, i. 586, ii. 607-610, 754;
contact with, regarded as dangerous, ii. 538 n. ^2
See Sacred places
Home, love of, ii. 167-169, 179 _sq._
Homestead, sanctity of the, i. 587, ii. 635 n. ^4
Homicide, in general, chs. xiv-xvi. (i. 327-382);
punished with death i. 171, 172, 187, 189, 491, 492;
considered polluting, i. 225, 232, 233, 375-382, ii. 256 _sq._
n. ^2, 262, 714;
stigmatised by religion, i. 345, 346, 378-380, 382, ii. 669,
672, 676, 684, 686, 700, 705, 714, 716 n. ^2, 717, 732;
the influence of rank on the criminality of, i. 430-433;
duels in cases of, i. 501 _sq._
See Blood-revenge, Compensation for homicide, Duel, Head
hunting, Human sacrifice, Killing, Manslaughter, Manslayers,
Punishment of Death, War
Homosexual love, ch. xliii. (ii. 456-489), 752 _sq._
Honey, abstained from after a death, ii. 301
Honour, duels of, i. 498-503, 507-510;
respect for other men's, ii. 137-143
Hope, as an element in religion, ii. 614, 735;
in rewards after death, ii. 735
Horses, stealing of, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 14;
abstinence from the flesh of, ii. 322, 335
Hospitality, ch. xxiv. (i. 570-596); i. 333, 340, 540, 542, 543,
545, 548, 549, 555;
enjoined by religion, i. {849} 578-580, ii. 669, 711, 714, 715,
717, 718, 726, 732
Houses, stealing from, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 15, 16, 58, see
Burglary;
asylums, i. 587, ii. 630, 635 n. ^4, 636 _sq._
Human effigies, sacrifice of, i. 468-470, 475
---- sacrifice, ch. xix. (i. 434-476); i. 26-28, 62, 63, 65-67,
339, 486, ii. 234, 295, 296, 419, 450, 451, 518, 579, 651, 697;
the execution of blood-revenge a kind of, i. 476, 481 _sq._;
suicide as a kind of, ii. 234-236;
combined with cannibalism, ii. 559, 562 _sq._
Humility, ii. 144-146;
sacrifice as a symbol of, ii. 625 _sq._
Hunting peoples, vegetable food provided by the women among, i.
634, ii. 273;
the position of women among, i. 660 _sq._;
slavery hardly known among, i. 672;
social aggregates of, ii. 198-200;
the form of marriage among, ii. 389 _sq._
Husbands, their power over their wives, ch. xxvi. (i. 629-669);
wives punished if convicted of a design to kill their, i. 245;
crimes committed by wives in the presence of their, i. 284;
killing their wives, i. 418, 419, 631;
wives killing their, i. 419 _sq._;
wives sacrificed on the death of their, i. 472-474, ii. 450 _sq._;
wives committing suicide on the death of their, i. 473 _sq._,
ii. 232, 234, 235, 241, 242, 244, 247;
inflicting bodily injuries upon their wives, i. 514-516, 631;
their duty to protect and support their wives, i. 526-529, 532 _sq._;
lending their wives to guests, i. 575, 593;
living with their fathers-in-law, i. 601, 656 _sq._, ii. 202, 203;
curses of, i. 626;
selling their wives as slaves, i. 675. 684;
belief in a mysterious bond of sympathy between wives and, ii. 205;
wives fasting on the death of their, ii. 298-301;
adultery committed by, ii. 397, 451-455;
eating their wives, ii. 555.
See Marital affection, Marriage, Widowers
IDIOTS, injuries committed by, i. 269-273, 275;
objects of religious reverence, i. 270 _sq._;
kindness to, i. 547
Idleness, ii. 268-277, 281 _sq._;
a cause of uncleanliness, ii. 350 _sq._
Illegitimate children, rules of inheritance relating to, i. 47,
ii. 46, 48, 49, 56 _sq._;
treatment of, i. 47, ii. 431, 439;
sacrifice of, i. 467
Impartiality, apparent, a characteristic of the moral emotions,
i. 103, 104, 107, 117-122
Inanimate things, revenged upon or punished, i. 26, 27, 260-264, 308;
retributive emotions evoked by, i. 26, 27, 260-264, 315, 318;
conceived as animate, i. 27, 263, ii. 595;
moral praise and blame not applied to, i. 319
Incantations, ii. 656-659
Incest, prohibition and horror of, i. 174. 175, 177, 197. 492,
ii. 364-378, 747-752;
stigmatised by religion, ii. 375, 376, 671
Indemnification, i. 168, 169, 308 _sq._ See Compensation
Independence, love of national, ii. 170, 175
"Indifferent, the morally," i. 154-157
Industry, ii. 268-282;
commended by religion, ii. 275, 280, 281, 675, 705;
cleanliness promoted by, ii. 35
Infanticide, i. 378, 394-413, 633, ii. 562;
supposed relationship between the social reaction against
homosexuality and against, ii. 484, 485, 752 _sq._
Infants, exposure of, i. 406-412;
a source of slavery, i. 689.
See Infanticide
Inheritance, rules of, ii. 44-49, 53-57
Initiation ceremonies, instituted by the All-father, ii. 671
"Injustice," analysis of the concept, i. 141-145
Injustice, punished by the supreme being, ii. 675
"Instinct," the meaning of the word, ii. 374 n. ^2
Insults, i. 39, 502, 503, 509, 510, 524 _sq._, ii. 110,
138-143;
to the dead, ii. 519;
to gods, ii. 639-652
Intellectual disability, agents under, ch. x. (i. 249-282)
Intemperance, ii. 290 _sq._
Intentions, i. 204-206, 212 _sq._;
punishment of bare, i. 244 _sq._
Intolerance, religious, ii. 643-653
{850} Intoxicants, religious, veneration of, ii. 591 _sq._
See Drink, intoxicating; Drunkenness; Wine
Inversion, sexual, ii. 465-470, 752 _sq._
JEALOUSY, ii. 387, 389, 449, 450, 751
_Jinn_ (_jnûn_), i. 378, 379, 619, ii. 355, 493. 589, 593-594,
640, 642, 650
Joint family, the, i. 539 _sq._, ii. 213-216
"Judgment of God," war looked upon as a, i. 358, 360;
the duel as a, i. 504-507.
See Ordeals
_Jus primæ noctis_, ii. 395, 752
"Justice," analysis of the concept, i. 141-145
Justice, the sense of, among savages, i. 124, 126-129;
loved by gods, ii. 675, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703, 704. 732
_Karma_, ii. 711
Killing, in self-defence, i. 288-290;
of foreigners, i. 331-334, 337-34, 370, 371, 373;
of enemies, i. 331-333, 373, ii. 693;
of slaves, i. 378, 421-429, 696, 707;
of infants by their parents, i. 378, 394-413, 633, ii. 562;
of human embryos, i. 378, 408, 409, 413-417, ii. 705;
of parents by their children, i. 383-386, 522, ii. 256 _sq._ n. ^2;
or abandoning of aged parents, i. 386-390, 606, 607, 612, 620;
or abandoning of sick persons, i. 391-393, ii. 542;
of grown-up children by their parents, i. 393 _sq._, ii. 256
_sq._ n. ^2;
of wives by their husbands, i. 418, 419, 631;
of women, i. 418-421;
of husbands by their wives, i. 419 _sq._;
of freemen by slaves, i. 429, 430, 491 n. ^5;
of chiefs, i. 430;
of the firstborn child, i. 458-460, ii. 562;
of the firstborn son, i. 458-461;
of departed souls, ii. 516 _sq._;
of divine beings, ii. 602-610, 753 sq.;
of disappointing magicians, ii. 609.
See Blood-revenge, Compensation for homicide, Duel, Head
hunting, Homicide, Human sacrifice, Manslaughter, Manslayers,
Punishment of death, Suicide, War
Killing of animals, ch. xliv. (ii. 490-514);
in consequence of harm done by them, i. 26, 27, 251-260;
of sacred animals, i. 227, ii. 603-606, 609;
of totem animals, ii. 210, 603, 604, 606;
of vermin, i. 26, 27, 251;
dogs, i. 381 n. ^6, ii. 501;
monkeys, ii. 329, 490, 513;
buffaloes, ii. 330;
sheep, ii. 330;
cattle, ii. 330, 493 _sq._;
cows, ii. 330, 331, 497;
the ploughing ox, **ii. 330, 331, 493. 494, 504;
calves, ii. 331;
bees, ii. 490;
pigeons, ii. 490;
storks, ii. 490;
swallows, ii. 490;
ravens, ii. 491;
toads, ii. 491;
fish, ii. 497 _sq._
See Sacrifice
King, the, tied by custom, i. 161 _sq._;
the poor and the weak protected by, i. 180 _sq._;
the right of pardon a prerogative of, i. 192, 196, 226;
an object of religious veneration, i. 194, ii. 606-610, 754;
homicide committed by the command of, i. 285;
strangers protected by, i. 338;
homicide regarded as an injury inflicted upon, i. 374;
sacrificed, i. 443, 466;
human sacrifices offered for the purpose of saving the life of,
i. 454-457, 466;
proprietary rights of, ii. 33;
loyalty to, ii. 180, 182;
suicide regarded as an offence against, ii. 240, 263 n. ^1;
taboos imposed upon, ii. 287 _sq._, 407, 418;
the custom of shutting up doors used by, ii. 538 n. ^2;
cannibalism as a duty incumbent upon, ii. 558;
killing of, ii. 606-610, 753 _sq._;
his burial place an asylum, ii. 630;
his house an asylum, ii. 636;
his person an asylum, ii. 636 _sq._;
swearing on the life of, ii. 637;
criminals prevented from cursing, ii. 637;
curses pronounced by, ii. 703
Kinship, mutual assistance imposed as a duty by, i. 538-540;
the social influence of, ii. 198, 201-206, 220, 224, 227, 748.
See Descent
Knots, magic, ii. 585, 619, 652
Knowledge, regard for, ii. 131-136;
of religious truth, influencing the future state, ii. 132-134,
719-721, 725-727
Known concomitants of acts, i. 212-214, 249
LABOUR, ii. 268-283;
the division of, between the sexes i. 633-637, ii. 271;
property acquired by, ii. 41-43, 53, 69-71;
suspension of, {851} on various occasions, ii. 283-289;
temporarily forbidden to men who have eaten human flesh, ii. 575
_L-[(]ahd_, ii. 623 _sq._
Lamentations at funerals, ii. 524, 528, 541 _sq._
Landmarks, removing of, i. 186, ii. 60, 61, 67-69, 703, 714, 717
Language, as a communicator of moral emotions, i. 115-117;
as an expression of moral concepts, i. 131-133;
the influence of a common, ii. 167, 170, 181;
as an emblem of nationality, ii. 224 _sq._
_L-[(]âr_, i. 57, 58, 566, 586, 587, 591, ii. 584-586, 618-620,
623, 638
Laws, customs and, as expressions of moral ideas, ch. vii. (i.
158-201);
their relations to customs, i. 163-166
Lent fast, ii. 295, 308 _sq._
Levirate, the, i. 528
_Lex talionis_. See Equivalence, the rule of
Libel, i. 522, ii. 96, 141
Lightning, persons struck by, i. 26, ii. 239, 544, 549, 697 _sq._
Likings, disinterested, i. 117, ii. 16, 58, 185, 227, 261, 262,
266, 267, 744-746
_Limbus_, ii. 722
Lions, their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 583
Love. See Affection, Free love, Homosexual love
Loyalty, ii. 180, 182
Lunacy, attributed to demoniacal possession, i. 270, 274 _sq._,
ii. 593;
to malignant magical agency, i. 317, ii. 531 _sq._;
regarded as a divine punishment, i. 274 _sq._;
as a punishment inflicted by a saint, ii. 628
Lunatics, injuries committed by, i. 189, 269-277, 298, 299, 316,
317, 319;
objects of religious reverence, i. 270 _sq._, ii. 590;
burned as witches, i. 273
Luxury, ii. 266
Lying. See Truth, regard for
Lynching, i. 91
MADNESS. See Lunacy
Magic, regarded as a cause of death, i. 24, 29, ii. 534, 651;
as a cause of lunacy, i. 317, ii. 531 _sq._;
expertness in, attributed to strangers, i. 584;
to old persons, i. 619 _sq._;
to women, i. 620, 666-668;
the position of slaves influenced by the dread of, i. 716;
fasting in connection with, ii. 293 _sq._;
definitions of, ii. 584, 753;
attitude of religion towards, ii. 649, 650, 652, 753;
its influence on moral ideas, ii. 696;
supposed to influence the future state of men, ii. 700, 701,
706, 709, 710, 712.
See Blessings, Blood, Charms, Cross, Cross-roads, Curses,
Evil eye, Knots, _L-[(]ahd_, _L-[(]âr_, Magicians, Oaths,
Ordeals, Prayer, Purificatory ceremonies, Sacrifice, Sexual
intercourse (as a magical or religious rite), Spitting,
Transference, Witchcraft
----, hom[oe]opathic, ii. 446 n. ^7, 753
----, sympathetic, i. 589 _sq._, ii. 204, 205, 209 n. ^5, 546,
566, 643
Magicians, curses of, i. 563;
sexual intercourse with, i. 593 n. ^1;
abstain from certain foods, ii. 322, 327;
purificatory ceremonies of, ii. 352;
celibacy compulsory on, ii. 405 _sq._;
conjugal faithfulness compulsory on persons who wish to become,
ii. 419;
addicted to homosexual practices, ii. 458, 459, 465, 472, 477,
484, 486 _sq._;
treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 527;
cannibalism of, ii. 564;
killing of disappointing, ii. 609;
their residences asylums, ii. 631.
See Witches; _cf._ Priests
Males, the sexual impulse of, i. 657
Mammals, paternal care among, ii. 189 _sq._;
maternal care among, ii. 190;
the duration of conjugal unions among, ii. 192
Man-gods, eating of, ii. 563 _sq._;
killing of, ii. 606-610, 753 _sq._
Mankind at large, duties to. See Cosmopolitanism
Manslaughter, distinguished from murder, i. 294-298, ii. 633
Manslayers, regarded as unclean, i. 225, 232, 233, 375-382, ii.
256 _sq._ n. ^2;
adoption of unintentional, i. 484;
refuge denied to, ii. 632 _sq._
Marital affection, i. 113, 532 _sq._, ii. 190-193.
See Conjugal affection
Marriage, ch. xl. (ii. 364-398);
as a compensation for homicide, i. 484;
the father's consent required for a daughter's, i. 599, 609,
611, 613, 615 _sq._, ii. 383;
for a son's, i. 609, 613, 615 _sq._;
the parents' {852} consent required for a child's, i. 607, 608,
617, 618, 624 _sq._;
slaves prohibited from contracting a legal, i. 693, 697, 706 _sq._;
prohibition of, between white and coloured persons, i. 714;
between relations by adoption, ii. 369, 374, 375, 748-750, 752;
regarded as a duty, ii. 399-405;
enjoined by religion, ii. 399-404;
between dead persons, ii. 400;
forbidden to persons whose function it is to perform religious
or magical rites, ii. 405-409, 412-414, 418-421;
considered impure, ii. 410-412;
between a god and a woman, ii. 412-414;
avoidance of, between cannibals and their non-cannibal
neighbours, ii. 571;
the contracting of a second, forbidden to widows, i. 475, ii. 450 _sq._;
to priests, ii. 412;
considered improper for widowers, ii. 451.
See Divorce, Group marriage, Incest, Levirate
Marriage by capture, ii. 382 _sq._
---- by purchase, i. 421, 599, 632 _sq._, ii. 382-385, 751;
a hindrance to polygyny, ii. 389;
the marriage tie strengthened by, ii. 397;
the standard of female chastity raised by, ii. 436, 437, 440
---- portion, ii. 385 _sq._;
the marriage tie strengthened by the, ii. 397
Maternal affection, i. 405, 529-531, ii. 186-190, 193, 748
---- duties, i. 526, 533, **ii. 748
---- rights, ch. xxv. (i. 597-628), **ii. 748
Matter, regarded as impure, ii. 362 _sq._
Meat, manslayers prohibited from eating, i. 375;
abstained from before the offering of a sacrifice, ii. 296;
after a death, ii. 301, 302, 304 _sq._
See Vegetarianism
----, fresh, abstained from after a death, ii. 300 _sq._;
by girls at puberty, ii. 307 _sq._
Medicines, religious veneration of, ii. 591, 641
Men, the occupations of, i. 633-637;
the sexual impulse of, i. 657;
forbidden to eat certain foods, ii. 321 _sq._;
extra-matrimonial intercourse of, ii. 422-434, 436-455;
the preference given to virgin brides by, ii. 434-437, 440;
homosexual practices between, ch. xliii. (ii. 456-489), ii. 752 _sq._
"Merit," analysis of the concept, i. 150-152
Merits, i. 86, ii. 360 _sq._, common enjoyment of, i. 96-99;
the conferring of, upon the dead, ii. 550-552
Midsummer customs, i. 56 _sq._
Milk, prohibition of boiling, i. 197;
offered to strangers, i. 590 _sq._;
abstinence from, ii. 325 _sq._;
after a death, ii. 301
Miracles, ii. 590 _sq._
Modesty, ii. 144 _sq._
Monkeys, the feeling of revenge in, i. 37 _sq._;
self-regarding pride in, i. 39, ii. 138;
sympathetic resentment in, i. 112;
credited with a conscience, i. 249;
adoption of young among, ii. 189;
abstinence from eating, ii. 328 _sq._;
aversion to killing, ii. 329, 490, 513. See Apes
Monks, sexual intercourse forbidden to, ii. 409, 412;
addicted to homosexual practices, ii. 462, 467
Monogamy, ii. 192, 387-392
Monotheism, intolerance of, ii. 644-647, 649, 650, 652;
its tendency to attribute the most exalted qualities to the
deity, ii. 734
Moon, abstinence from work in connection with changes in the, ii.
284-287, 747;
fasting in connection with changes in the, ii. 296, 297.
309-313
---- gods, appealed to in oaths, ii. 121, 122, 699;
regarded as judges, ii. 699, 703 _sq._
Moral approval, the nature of, i. 21, 93-107;
the origin of, i. 108-111, 117-123, 129 _sq._;
moral concepts springing from, i. 145-154;
only indirectly expressed in custom, i. 160;
hardly at all expressed in law, i. 166 _sq._;
the resemblance between the phenomena which give rise to
gratitude and those which call forth, i. 318 _sq._
"---- axioms," i. 12
---- concepts, based on moral emotions, ch. i. (i.
4-20);
analysis of the principal, ch. vi (i. 131-157);
among non-European peoples, i. 131-133
---- disapproval, the nature of, i. 21-93, 100-107;
the origin of, i. {853}108-129;
moral concepts springing from, i. 134-145;
expressed in customs and laws, ch. vii. (i. 158-201);
the resemblance between the phenomena which give rise to
non-moral resentment and those which call forth, i. 315-319
Moral emotions, the moral concepts based on, chs. i. (i. 4-20),
vi. (i. 131-157);
the nature of the, chs. ii.-iv. (i. 21-107);
the origin of the, ch. v. (i. 108-130);
expressed in customs and laws, ch. vii. (i. 158-201);
the resemblance between the phenomena which give rise to
non-moral retributive emotions and those which call forth, i.
314-319;
not determined by the cognition of free-will, i. 321-326
---- evolution, general characteristics of, ii. 743-746
---- ideals, i. 153 _sq._
---- judgments, the emotional origin of, ch. i. (i. 4-20);
the assumed objectivity of, i. 6-20, 104 _sq._;
the general nature of the subjects of, chs. viii.-xii. (i.
202-313);
why conduct and character form the subjects of, i. 314-320;
the relation between free-will and, i. 320-326;
the innate character the proper subject of, i. 326
---- law, the authoritativeness attributed to the, i. 14-17
"---- reason," i. 7 _sq._
"---- truth," i. 17 _sq._
Morbid impulses, injuries committed under the influence of, i.
298 _sq._
Morning gift, ii. 385
_Mos_, i. 119, 122
Mother, children's affection for their, i. 534-538, 618, 659, ii.
194, 748;
descent traced through the, i. 597 598, 655 _sq._, ii. 44-46,
54, 202, 203, 205, 206, 211, 220;
committing suicide on the death of her only son, ii. 244 n. ^3.
See Maternal affection, duties, rights; Parents
Motives, ch. xi. (i. 283-302); i. 207-209, 316, 318
Mourners, delicate state of, ii. 283, 307;
considered polluted, ii. 306, 307, 545;
purificatory ceremonies of, ii. 354
Mourning costume, ii. 524, 545, 547
---- customs, ii. 283, 284, 298-308, 520, 524, 526, 528, 541,
542, 544-548;
forbidden in the case of suicide, ii. 247.
See Death
Murder, manslaughter distinguished from, i. 294-298, ii. 633.
See Homicide
Mutilation, as a punishment, i. 192, 195. 311, 312, 513, 518-523.
ii. 8, 9, 12, 13, 74, 84, 123 n. ^1, 143 n. ^1, 447, 449 _sq._
Mutton, abstinence from, ii. 322, 327
Mutual aid, i. 538-569
NAMES, certain superstitions relating to, i. 460, ii. 369;
social influence of, ii. 203 _sq._;
their influence on exogamy, ii. 369, 748;
prohibition of mentioning dead persons', ii. 524, 545-547, 550;
of mentioning supernatural beings', ii. 640-643
National conceit, ii. 170-174
Nationalism, i. 367-369, ii. 184, 185, 224 _sq._
Nationality, the feeling of, ii. 183-185.
See Patriotism
Negative commandments, why more prominent than positive
commandments, i. 303
Negligence, i. 210, 211, 303-305
Negro slavery, i. 428, 429, 516-518, 683, 704-714, ii. 32 _sq._
Negroes, not accepted as witnesses against white persons, i. 429;
antipathy to, i. 713 _sq._;
injuries inflicted upon white persons by, i. 713 _sq._;
white persons prohibited from marrying, i. 714
New, fear of anything, i. 462 _sq._
Nuns, sexual intercourse forbidden to, ii. 409, 412
OATHS, materialistic conception of, i. 58-61, 233 _sq._;
the taking of, forbidden to the high priest, i. 58, ii. 638;
to priestesses, ii. 638;
contained in ordeals, i. 505 _sq._, ii. 687-690;
taken upon arms, i. 506, ii. 119-121;
upon tent-poles, i. 588 n. ^5;
in connection with theft, ii. 62, 63, 66, 68;
sworn by the eldest sister, i. 606;
on the life of the king, ii. 637;
supernatural beings appealed to in, ii. 67, 68, 120-123,
686-690, 699, 731 _sq._;
prohibition of taking, ii. 99, 124;
not considered binding if contrary to the good of the Church,
ii. 100;
methods of adding supernatural {854} energy to, ii.
118-122;
taken upon blood, ii. 118-121, 621, 622, 687-689;
blood-covenants accompanied by, ii. 208, 209, 567.
See Perjury
Obedience, to parents, ch. xxv. (i. 597-628);
to husbands, ch. xxvi. (i. 629-669);
slaves, to their masters, ch. xxvii (i. 670-716);
to rulers, i. 194-196;
to gods, i. 194-198, ii. 659 _sq._;
to the dead, ii. 519, 520, 541
Occupation, acquisition of property by, ii. 35-39, 51, 52, 54 _sq._
Occupations of life, divided between the sexes, i. 633-637, ii. 271
Offerings to the dead, ii. 302, 303, 400-404, 517, 518, 524, 539,
547, 550, 692, 700, 701, 704, 708;
connection between almsgiving and, ii. 550-552
---- to gods. See Sacrifice
Offspring, man's desire for, i. 533, ii. 388, 391, 400-404, 423, 440;
the future state of persons who have died without, ii. 400-404
Old age, criminal responsibility affected by, i. 266 _sq._;
the future state of persons who have died of, i. 390, ii. 235,
238 n. ^3, 698
---- persons, killing or abandoning of, i. 386-390, 606, 607,
612, 620;
eaten by their relatives, i. 390, ii. 554, 568 _sq._;
kind treatment of, i. 540, 546, 625 _sq._, ii. 672;
respect for, i. 603-605, 614, 615, 619-621, ii. 194, 675;
supposed to be versed in magic, i. 619 _sq._;
curses and blessings of, i. 622, 626;
suicide committed by, ii. 232, 235, 236, 247 _sq._
Omissions, i. 210-212, 303-305, 317
_Opera supererogativa_, i. 86, 98 _sq._ See Merits
Opinions, moral judgments relating to, i. 215 _sq._
Ordeals, ii. 686-690, 732;
duels as, i. 504-507
"Ought," analysis of the concept, i. 134-137
Outlawry, i. 46, 47, 172, 173, 311
Owls, prohibition of eating, ii. 321
Oxen, prohibition of killing ploughing, ii. 330, 331, 493, 494, 504
PARDON, the right of, as a prerogative of the Crown, i. 192, 196, 226
Parental affection. See Maternal, Paternal affection
Parents, their authority over their children, ch. xxv. (i. 597-628);
curses or blessings of, i. 58, 538, 621-627, ii. 703, 715, 716
n. ^2, 732;
children punished if convicted of a design to kill their, i. 245;
killing their infant children, i. 378, 394-413, 633, ii. 562,
752 _sq._;
children killing their, i. 383-386, 522, ii. 256 _sq._ n. ^2, 749;
children killing or abandoning their aged, i. 386-390, 606,
607, 612, 620;
eaten by their children, i. 390, ii. 554, 568 _sq._;
killing their grown up children, i. 393 _sq._, ii. 256 _sq._ n. ^2;
exposing their new-born children, i. 406-412, 689;
children sacrificed to save the lives of their, i. 455, 456,
459-461;
sacrificing their children, i. 455-461;
eating their children, i. 458 _sq._, ii. 554, 555. 562, 568 _sq._;
daughters committing suicide on the death of their, i. 473;
inflicting corporal punishment upon their children, i. 513-515,
607, 610;
children using violence against their, i. 513, 624 _sq._, ii. 677;
their duty of taking care of their children, i. 526-533;
children's duty of taking care of their, i. 533-538;
children's respect for their, i. 534-538, 600, 601, 607-613,
616-628, ii. 194;
children's affection for their, i. 534-538, 618, 659, ii. 194, 748;
religion emphasising children's duties to their, i. 536, 537,
608, 610, 612, 613, 616, 617, 620-627, ii. 711, 714, 715, 716 n.
^2, 717, 732;
children cursing their, i. 564;
selling their children as slaves, i. 599, 607, 609, 611, 612,
615, 675, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689, 691 _sq._;
children telling a falsehood in the presence of their, ii. 96;
children addressing abusive language to their, ii. 142;
their duties to their children, ii. 166, 748;
children's duties to their, ii. 166, 748;
committing suicide on the death of their children, ii. 232, 244
n. ^3;
fasting after the death of their children, ii. 298-300;
children fasting after the death of their, ii. 298-301;
children punished after death for {855} inflicting injuries
upon their, ii. 715.
See Maternal, Paternal affection
Parricide. See Parents
_Parricidium_, i. 384 _sq._
Pastoral life, supposed connection between the custom of
ultimogeniture and a, ii. 48 n. ^4, 56 n. ^5
---- peoples, vegetable food provided by the women among, i. 634,
ii. 273;
the position of women among, i. 660 _sq._;
slavery among, i. 672, 673, 681;
social aggregates of, ii. 201;
their sympathy for their domestic animals, ii. 506
Passing-bell, the, ii. 524, 544
Passover, the, i. 459, 470, ii. 296
Paternal affection, i. 401, 402, 405, 529-533. ii. 187-190, 193, 748;
its influence on the duration of marriage, ii. 397
Patriotism, ii. 167-185
Peace, perpetual, i. 334, 337, 367
---- Societies, i. 369
_Peculium_, of slaves, i. 690, 697, ii. 31-33;
of sons, ii. 28;
of women, ii. 29
Pederasty. See Homosexual love
Penance, ii. 356-361, 363, 708, 735;
fasting as a form of, ii. 246, 315-318, 406
Perjury, considered contagious, i. 58-61;
considered sinful though committed unconsciously, i. 229, 231,
233 _sq._;
punished by custom or law, i. 505, 521 _sq._, ii. 123 n. ^1;
regarded as an offence against the deity, i. 507, ii. 122, 122
_sq._ n. ^10;
no civil punishment affixed to, ii. 123 n. ^1;
believed to incur divine punishment, ii. 123 n. ^1, 684, 686, 714;
to cause misery after death, ii. 715 _sq._
Phratry, the, ii. 217, 218, 222 _sq._
Pigeons, prohibition of killing, ii. 490;
eating of, ii. 737
Pilgrimage, ii. 314, 416, 538 n. ^2, 725
"Pious fraud," ii. 100, 104, 112
Pocket-picking, i. 187, 243
Politeness, i. 160, ii. 146-152
Pollution, of sin, i. 52-57, 61-65, 70, 71, 85, 86, 407, ii. 256
n. ^2, 654 _sq._;
of curses, i. 57-61, 70, 233, 234, 624 _sq._, ii. 583, 584, 703;
of blood, i. 225, 232, 233, 375-382, ii. 256 _sq._ n. ^2, 262, 714;
of women, i. 663-666, ii. 538 n. ^2;
of self-inflicted death, ii. 257 n. ^5 262;
of death, ii. 283, 302-307, 416, 536-539, 544 _sq._;
of natural death, ii. 416, 609;
of food, ii. 294-296;
of wine, ii. 344 _sq._;
sexual, ii. 414-420, 752;
caused by partaking of human flesh, ii. 538, 575 _sq._;
holiness very susceptible to, i. 58, 380-382, 625, ii. 294-296,
322, 344, 345. 352, 353, 415-420, 608-610, 638, 643, 752
Polyandry, ii. 387, 395
Polygyny, ii. 387-392, 395;
connection between illegitimate children's right to inheritance
and, ii. 57;
a cause of homosexual practices, ii. 466
Polytheism, tolerance of, ii. 647-652
Pork, abstinence from, ii. 321, 322, 326-330, 335
Positive commandments, i. 303-305, 310
Possession, acquisition of property by continued, ii. 39-41, 52
Potatoes, abstinence from, after a death, ii. 301
Poverty, estimation of, i. 556, ii. 280 _sq._;
a cause of uncleanliness, ii. 351;
monogamy associated with, ii. 392
Prayer, ii. 653-659;
for remission of sin, i. 49, 54, 55, 228 _sq._, ii. 654, 655.
72, 707;
purification preparatory to, i. 380 _sq._, ii. 352, 353, 358,
359, 415. 416, 418 _sq._;
development of a curse or a blessing into a, i. 564 _sq._, ii.
66-68, 120-123, 658, 686-690, 731;
almsgiving connected with, i. 567 _sq._;
forbidden to women, i. 664, 667 n. ^1;
used as greeting, ii. 150;
fasting an appendage to, ii. 316 _sq._;
magic efficacy ascribed to, ii. 353, 418, 419, 656-659, 706, 712;
continence a preparation for, ii. 417-419
Preparation, acts of, i. 243-246
Prescription, ii. 40, 41, 52 _sq._
Pride, condemnation of, ii. 144 _sq._
See Self-regarding pride
Priestesses, forbidden to marry or to have intercourse with men,
ii. 406-408, 412-414, 420;
continence compulsory on women who wish to become, ii. 419;
prostitution of, ii. 443 _sq._;
asylums, ii. 637 _sq._;
prohibited from taking an oath, ii. 638
Priests, forbidden to take an oath, i. 58, ii. 638;
to engage in warfare, {856} i. 348, 381;
to shed human blood, i. 381 _sq._;
to take part in a capital charge, i. 381, 382, 493;
to engage in hunting, ii. 506;
the law of torture relating to, i. 523 _sq._;
curses of, i. 563;
enslaving of children of incontinent, i. 700;
certain foods forbidden to, or rejected by, ii. 322, 329, 333, 338;
forbidden to marry and to have intercourse with women, ii.
405-409, 412, 414, 418-421;
eunuch, ii. 408, 414, 488 n. ^6;
forbidden to contract a second marriage, ii. 412;
to marry widows, ii. 412, 420;
to marry harlots or divorced wives, ii. 420;
taboos imposed upon, ii. 417 _sq._;
continence compulsory on persons who wish to become, ii. 419;
temporary continence compulsory on, ii. 419 _sq._;
the punishment of unchastity in the daughters of, ii. 420;
represented as corrupters of domestic virtue, ii. 432;
their celibacy a cause of homosexual practices, ii. 467;
boys kept as, ii. 473;
used as temple prostitutes, ii. 473, 488;
cannibalism of, ii. 563, 574;
their residences asylums, ii. 630, 634, 637;
opposing sorcery, ii. 652;
regarded as manifestations of gods, ii. 657, 709;
encouraging the belief in the magic efficacy of prayer, ii. 658
_sq._
See Benefit of Clergy; _cf._ Magicians
Primogeniture, ii. 45, 46, 48, 55 _sq._
Promiscuity, the theory of, ii. 396
Promises. See Good faith
Property, the right of, ch. xxviii. _sq._ (ii. 1-71);
forfeiture of, as a punishment, i. 47, ii. 254;
acquired by a successful duel, i. 498, 503, ii. 9;
of wives, i. 632, 637-641, 643, 645, 661, ii. 28-31, 41;
of women, i. 661, ii. 28-30, 41;
of slaves, i. 677, 684, 688, _cf._ _Peculium_ of slaves;
of the dead, i. 399, ii. 44, 518, 539 _sq._, see Inheritance, Wills;
of supernatural beings, ii. 626 _sq._;
supernatural beings as guardians of, ii. 59-69, 669, 675-677,
679, 684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732
Prostitution, i. 608, ii. 428-431, 437, 439-446;
religious, ii. 443-446, 488;
of men, ii. 459-462, 463, 476, 478, 488
Provocation, i. 290-298, 311, 316 _sq._
Prudence, i. 560, 581, 715, ii. 52, 59, 114, 124, 176, 185,
265-268, 331, 332, 334. 335, 342, 428, 497, 539, 547, 548, 660
Puberty, girls at, ii. 307 _sq._
Public approval, the prototype of moral approval, i. 9, 122, 129
---- disapproval, the prototype of moral disapproval, i. 9, 119-122
Pulse, abstinence from, ii. 322, _cf._ ii. 430 _sq._
Punishment, inflicted on others than the culprit, i. 43-48, 69 _sq._;
restricted to the culprit, i. 70-72;
essentially an expression of the moral indignation of the
society which inflicts it, i. 79, 89-91, 169, 185, 198-201;
theories as to the proper object of, i. 79-91;
regarded as a means of eliminating the criminal, i. 80-82;
as a deterrent, i. 80-84, 88-91;
as a means of reforming the criminal, i. 80-91;
defined, i. 82, 169 _sq._;
the limited efficiency of, as a deterrent, i. 90 n. ^1;
a source of moral disapproval, i. 115;
the relation between indemnification and, i. 168 _sq._;
among savages, i. 170-177;
transition from revenge to, i. 180-185;
the opinion that determent actually is or has been the chief
object of, i. 185-200;
the increasing severity of, i. 186-198;
inflicted on criminals in public, i. 191 _sq._;
of unintentional injuries, i. 219, 221-226, 231, 232, 235-240;
of attempts to commit crimes, i. 241-247, 374;
of acts of preparation, i. 243-246;
of bare intentions, i. 245;
inflicted on animals, i. 253-260, 264, 308;
on inanimate things, i. 261-264, 308;
of injuries committed by children, i. 265-269;
by old persons, i. 266 _sq._;
by lunatics, i. 271-277, 298 _sq._;
by idiots, i. 273;
in drunkenness, i. 279-282;
inflicted upon the offending member, i. 311, 312, 513, 518,
519, 521 _sq._, ii. 9, 13, 74, 84, 123 n. ^1, 143 n. ^1;
from a deterministic point of view, i. 320 _sq._;
influenced by rank, i. 430-433, 491, 518, 519, 524, ii. 19, 20,
58, 142, 143, 448-450;
corporal, i. 520-525;
suicide committed out of fear of, ii. 233;
redeems the sufferer from {857} punishment in a future
existence, ii. 360;
inflicted on gods, ii. 610.
For various kinds of punishment see Banishment, Cannibalism
(as a punishment), Emasculation, Mutilation, Outlawry, Property
(forfeiture of), Serfdom (as a punishment), Shame (putting
offenders to), Slavery (as a punishment)
Punishment in a future existence. See Future life
---- of death, i. 491-496;
among savages, i. 188-190, 195-197;
as a kind of human sacrifice, i. 440, 471 _sq._;
suicide as an alternative to, ii. 243;
inflicted for a variety of crimes, i. 44-46, 171, 172, 174,
177, 186-197, 253, 254, 287, 306, 311, 312, 331, 383-386, 404,
407, 409, 412, 416, 419, 420, 423, 424, 429-433, 439, 440, 491,
492, 495, 496, 508, 509, 513, 516, 518, 685, ii. 4, 5, 7-9,
12-15, 19, 96, 140-142, 256 n. ^2, 276, 331, 366-368, 378,
406-408, 420, 424-426, 428, 429, 431, 442, 447-450, 453, 474, 475
n. ^10, 477-482, 497, 558, 640, 647, 650-652
Purificatory ceremonies, i. 53-57, 69, 233, 375-377, 379-381,
625, ii. 256 _sq._ n. ^2, 257 n. ^5, 294, 295, 328, 352-354, 358,
359, 415, 416, 472 n. ^7, 476, 538, 545, 726
RAIN, human sacrifices offered for the purpose of producing, i.
449-451;
certain other methods of procuring, ii. 315, 361
Rama[d.]ân, the fast of, i. 271, ii. 313-315, 725
Rank, influencing customs or laws relating to homicide, i. 34,
35, 178, 430-433, 491;
to capital punishment, i. 491;
to bodily injuries, i. 518, 519, 524;
to corporal punishment, i. 522-524;
to torture, i. 523 _sq._;
to theft, ii. 19, 20, 58;
to sincerity, ii. 103;
to insults, i. 142 _sq._;
to politeness, i. 151 _sq._;
to suicide, i. 243;
to marriage, ii. 379, 380, 384;
to chastity, ii. 428, 433 _sq._;
to rape, ii. 437 _sq._;
to adultery, ii. 448-450;
to the disposal of the dead, ii. 527, 549;
to cannibalism, ii. 573 _sq._;
supposed to influence the efficacy of curses, i. 626 _sq._;
to influence men's state in the other world, ii. 698
Rape, i. 187, 188, 311, 521, ii. 437, 438, 476, 633, 679;
self-defence in the case of, i. 290
Rashness, i. 211, 305-310
Ravens, fear of killing, ii. 491
Reason, the theory according to which moral judgments are
ultimately based on, i. 7-17
Reception ceremonies, i. 590-592
Reflection, its influence on moral estimates, i. 10, 11, 70, 216,
237, 247, 248, 251, 283, 303, 310, 312-314, ii. 111, 136, 267,
268, 274, 283, 405, 512-514, 580, 581, 744-746;
on non-moral resentment, i. 315, 316, 318
Reflex action, i. 22
Regalia, regarded as wonder-working talismans, ii. 608 n. ^4, 753 _sq._
Regret, the similarity between remorse and, i. 123 _sq._
_Religio_, the meaning of the word, ii. 584-586
Religion, belief in supernatural being an essential element in,
ch. xlvii., (ii. 582-601);
duties to gods inculcated by, ch. xlviii. _sq._ (ii. 602-662);
relations between morality and, chs. l.-lii. (ii. 663-737), 745 _sq._;
custom stronger than, i. 164;
enjoins abstinence from work on certain days, i. 187, ii. 284-289, 718;
the severity of punishment increased by, i. 193-198;
enjoins fasting, i. 271, ii. 246, 292-298, 308-318, 358, 406, 725;
a source of war, i. 339, 349-352, 359;
attitude of, towards war, i. 339, 341, 342, 345-366, 369
_sq._, ii. 711;
condemns homicide, i. 345, 346, 378-380, 382, ii. 669, 672,
676, 684, 686, 700, 705, 714, 716 n. ^2, 717, 732;
condemns the killing or exposure of infants, i. 407, 411 _sq._;
condemns feticide, i. 414-417, ii. 705;
attitude of, towards slavery, i. 424, 426, 516, 683-689,
693-700, 711-713, ii. 711;
gives support to capital punishment, i. 496;
influences the right to bodily integrity, i. 520;
inculcates filial duties, i. 536, 537, 608, 610, 612, 613, 616,
617, 620-627, ii. 711, 714, 715, 716 n. ^2, 717, 732;
enjoins charity, i. 549-558, 561-569, ii. 669, 672, 699, 705,
711, 717, 718, 725, 726, 732;
enjoins hospitality, i. 578-580, ii. 669, 711, 714, {858} 715,
717, 718, 726, 732;
influences the treatment of old persons, i. 620 _sq._, ii. 672, 675;
influences the position of women, i. 663;
regards women as unclean, i. 663-666;
attitude of, towards serfdom, i. 703 _sq._;
the right of property sanctioned by, ii. 59-69, 669, 675-677,
679, 684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732;
the regard for truth and good faith sanctioned by, ii. 96,
114-124, 128, 129, 669, 672, 675-677, 684, 686, 699, 700,
703-705, 707. 711, 714, 717, 726, 732;
leads to "pious fraud," ii. 100, 104, 112;
condemns pride, ii. 144 _sq._, its relation to national feeling
and patriotism, ii. 174, 175, 178 _sq._;
as a social tie, ii. 209-213, 225-227, 725;
the opinions as regards suicide influenced by, ii. 234, 236,
237, 242-254, 260, 261, 263;
the moral ideas relating to self-regarding conduct influenced
by, ii. 267 _sq._;
commends agriculture, ii. 275;
attitude of, towards labour, ii. 275, 280-289, 675, 705, 747;
commends poverty, ii. 280-282;
requires ceremonial cleanliness, ii. 294, 295, 352-354, 358,
359, 415-420, 700 n. ^5, 705, 718, 726;
enjoins pilgrimage, ii. 314, 725;
imposes various restrictions in diet, ii. 322-338, 671;
encourages drunkenness, ii. 339;
enjoins sobriety or total abstinence from intoxicating liquors,
ii. 341-345;
a cause of uncleanliness, ii. 354-356;
leads to various forms of asceticism, ii. 355-363;
stigmatises incest, ii. 375, 376, 671;
enjoins various forms of endogamy, ii. 378-382;
a bar to inter-marriage, ii. 380-382;
enjoins monogamy, ii. 392;
prohibits divorce, ii. 397;
enjoins marriage, ii. 399-404;
enjoins celibacy or continence, ii. 406-421;
regards marriage as impure, ii. 410-412;
condemns second marriages, ii. 412, 451;
enjoins sexual cleanliness, ii. 415-420, 736, 752;
requires chastity of unmarried women, i. 49, ii. 427 _sq._;
condemns extra-matrimonial intercourse, ii. 431-433, 439, 675;
prostitution connected with, ii. 443-446, 488;
condemns adultery, ii. 447, 448, 450, 453-455, 675, 676, 684,
686, 700, 717;
homosexual practices connected with, ii. 458, 459, 472-474,
484, 486-489, 752;
stigmatised by, ii. 475, 476, 479-482, 485-489, 705;
inculcates regard for the lower animals, ii. 497-504, 705;
looks down upon the lower animals, ii. 505-508;
cannibalism in connection with, ii. 562 _sq._;
definitions of, ii. 584, 753;
born of fear, ii. 612-614;
hope an element in every, ii. 614-616;
attitude of, towards magic, ii. 649, 650, 652, 753;
the communal character of, ii. 661.
See Asylums, Atheism, Baptism, Blasphemy, Blood (effusion of,
as a religious rite), Eucharist, Flagellation, Future life, Future
state, "God," Goddesses, Gods, Guardian spirits, Hell, Heresy,
Holiness, Human sacrifice, Intolerance, Monotheism, Oaths, Ordeals,
Penance, Perjury, Pilgrimage, Polytheism, Prayer, Priestesses,
Priests, Purificatory ceremonies, Sacred places, Sacrifice,
Sacrilege, Saints, Self-mortification, Self-mutilation (as a
religious rite), Sin, Supreme beings, Tolerance, Totem, Totemism,
Unbelief
Remorse, i. 105-107, 123-125, 136;
absence of, in criminals, i. 90 n. ^1;
a cause of suicide, i. 106, ii. 233
Repentance, i. 105-107, 123-125;
as a ground for forgiveness, i. 84-88, 99, 311, 318, ii. 360, 735;
adequate, deemed impossible in the case of blasphemy, ii. 640
Repetition of an offence, i. 186, 187, 189, 257, 306, 311, 312,
318, ii. 7
Reptiles, aversion to eating, ii. 324
Requisitions, military, ii. 27
Resentment, i. 21-93;
towards animals, i. 26, 27, 251-260, 264, 308, 316;
towards inanimate things, i. 26, 27, 260-264, 315;
the phenomena which call forth, i. 315-318
----, sympathetic, i. 111-116, 169, 179, 180, 185, 372, 373, 429,
433, 524, 533, 559, 560, 659, 714 _sq._, ii. 52, 109, 112, 113,
140, 166, 176, 185, 262, 266, 496, 528, 580, 661;
in animals, i. 112, ii. 52
Rest, ii. 283-289, 747
Retaliation, moral valuation of, i. 73-79. See Punishment, Revenge
Retributive emotions, i. 21-99;
the phenomena which call forth, i. {859} 314-319;
not determined by the cognition of free-will, i. 322, 326
Retributive kindly emotion, i. 21, 93-99;
in animals, i. 94;
the phenomena which call forth, i. 318 _sq._;
sympathetic, i. 117, 129
Revenge, taken upon animals, i. 26, 27, 251-253, 255, 256, 258;
upon inanimate things, i. 26, 27, 260-263;
regarded as a duty, i. 73 _sq._;
condemned, i. 73-79;
demanded by public opinion, i. 176 _sq._;
regulated by the rule of equivalence, i. 177-180;
succeeded by punishment, i. 180-185;
believed to be taken by animals upon men, i. 252, 258, ii. 491,
497. 500, 502, 504, 603;
taken upon offenders caught _flagrante delicto_, i. 290-294,
ii. 8, 13, 17, 429, 447;
not to be taken upon a guest, i. 576, 587 _sq._;
taken for injuries inflicted upon guests, i. 577 _sq._;
suicide as a method of taking, ii. 233, 234, 242-245;
supposed to be taken by the dead upon the living, ii. 530, 531,
548, 576;
taken by the living upon the dead, ii. 692 _sq._;
supposed to be taken by ghosts upon other ghosts, ii. 693 _sq._
See Blood-revenge
----, the feeling of, its nature and origin, i. 21-42;
in animals, i. 37 _sq._;
appeased by repentance, i. 87, 88, 318;
attributed to gods, i. 194, 198, 438-440, 471 _sq._, ii. 660,
661, 667, 668, 702, 714;
to the souls of murdered persons, i. 232, 372, 375, 376, 378
379, 406, 476, 481 _sq._, ii. 559 _sq._;
to the dead, ii. 530, 531, 534;
a motive for committing suicide, ii. 233, 234, 242-245;
a motive for cannibalism, ii. 557-559
Rewards, vicarious, i. 96-99;
a source of moral approval, i. 117;
public, i. 166 _sq._;
in a future existence, see Future life
Rice, abstinence from, after a death, ii. 301
"Right," analysis of the concept, i. 137-139;
the relation between "good" and, i. 146 _sq._
"Rights," analysis of the concept, i. 139-141
Rivers, human sacrifices offered to, i. 452-454
Robbery, i. 187-189, ii. 1-27, 57-69;
distinguished from theft, ii. 16, 17, 58;
of tombs, ii. 518, 519, 540 _sq._;
of temples, ii. 627;
refuge denied to persons guilty of, ii. 633.
See Stealing
SABBATH, the Jewish, i. 187, ii. 286-289, 718, 747;
originally a fast-day, ii. 310 _sq._
Sacramental grace, considered necessary for salvation, ii. 719 _sq._
Sacred places, polluted persons prohibited from entering, i. 58,
ii. 294, 415 _sq._;
shedding of human blood prohibited in, i. 380, ii. 635;
women excluded from, i. 664 _sq._;
sexual intercourse prohibited in, ii. 416, 752;
fear of disturbing the peace in, ii. 635 _sq._
See Asylums
Sacrifice, ii. 611-626;
transference of evil combined with a, i. 62-65;
vicarious expiatory, i. 65-70, 438-440;
purification preparatory to, i. 380, ii. 294, 352, 353, 358,
359, 415;
connection between alms giving and, i. 565-569, ii. 550-552;
as a means of transferring curses, i. 586 _sq._, ii. 618-624, 658;
as a reception ceremony, i. 591, ii. 621;
women prohibited from offering a, i. 664 _sq._;
fasting in connection with, ii. 294-298;
fasting the survival of an expiatory, ii. 316-318;
asceticism in some other instances the survival of an earlier,
ii. 359;
oaths taken in connection with a, ii. 621 _sq._;
connected with prayer, ii. 655 _sq._;
importance of, ii. 705, 707-712, 714, 716, 718.
See Human sacrifice, Offerings to the dead
Sacrificial victims, magic virtue ascribed to, i. 63, 65, 69,
444-447, ii. 563, 625, 658;
looked upon as guardian spirits, i. 464 _sq._;
as messengers, i. 465 _sq._, ii. 618;
privilege granted to, i. 585 n. ^1;
must be free from pollution, ii. 295, 296, 419
Sacrilege, punished with death, i. 188, 197, 439, 492;
refuge denied to persons guilty of, ii. 633;
if committed by foreigners, ii. 648
Sago, abstinence from, after a death, ii. 301
Saints, oaths taken at the shrines of, i. 59 _sq._, ii. 120;
diseases cured by contact with, i. 63;
lunatics regarded as, i. 270 _sq._;
curses pronounced by, i. 563, 622;
_l-[(]âr_ (implying {860} the transference of a conditional curse)
made upon, i. 566, ii. 584, 585, 618, 619, 636, 638;
robbed of their holiness, i. 586, ii. 608;
compacts made at the shrines of, i. 587, ii. 623 _sq._;
old men regarded as, i. 619;
looked upon as guardians of property, ii. 67 _sq._;
the saliva of, ii. 322;
ceremonial cleanliness required of those who approach the
shrines of, ii. 416, 418, 752;
sexual intercourse with, ii. 444, 488;
places of striking appearance associated with, ii. 589, 627;
miracles performed by, ii. 590-592;
gifts offered to, ii. 619;
offerings to, participate in their sanctity, i. 445 _sq._, ii. 625;
sacredness of the shrines of, ii. 627, 628, 635;
lunacy attributed to the resentment of, ii. 628;
their shrines asylums, ii. 628, 635, 636, 638;
persons attached to the shrines of, ii. 635;
unconcerned about the worldly morality of their devotees, ii. 669;
invoked by thieves, ii. 669
Salmon, abstinence from eating, after a death, ii. 306 _sq._
Salutations, i. 590-592, ii. 146, 147, 149-151
Sanctuary, the right of. See Asylums
Scalping, i. 333, 375, ii. 525
Scape-goats, i. 53-55, 61-65
Scientific research, ii. 133-136
Scourging, as a religious rite, ii. 294, 357-359
Sea, human sacrifices offered to the, i. 452-454
Self-approval, i. 105-107, 123
-----defence, i. 288-290;
lying in, ii. 92, 94, 97-101, 103-106, 112
-----mortification, ii. 281, 315-318, 355-363, 421
-----mutilation, after a death, i. 26, 27, 476, ii. 524, 528,
544, 545, 547;
as a religious rite, i. 470 _sq._, ii. 357
Self-regarding duties and virtues, ii. 265-268
-----regarding pride, respect for other men's, ch. xxxii. (ii.
137-152);
in men, i. 23, 24, 30, 38-40, 94, 179, 315, ii. 110, 137-140;
a cause of suicide, ii. 73, 139, 140, 231-233, 243;
in animals, i. 39, ii. 137 _sq._;
attributed to the dead, ii. 519;
to gods, ii. 639-655
-----reproach, i. 105-107, 123-125
-----respect, ii. 265
Self-sacrifice, i. 213, 214, 565, ii. 154, 265, 359
Seniority, respect for, i. 605, 606, 614, 615, 619, 626, ii. 703
Sensuous pleasures, condemnation of, ii. 291, 292, 361-363
Sentiment, i. 110 n. ^3
Separation, judicial, ii. 397, 455
Serfdom, i. 701-704;
as a punishment, ii. 19;
strangers reduced to, ii. 24;
shipwrecked persons reduced to, ii. 25
Serfs, bodily injuries inflicted upon, i. 524 n. ^3;
proprietary rights or in capacities of, i. 701 _sq._, ii. 32;
intermarriage between freewomen and, ii. 379
Serpents, worship of, ii. 590.
See Snakes
Seven, the number, ii. 311 _sq._
Seventh day, the, ii. 286-289. See Sabbath
Sexual impulse, the, in males, i. 657, ii. 435 _sq._;
in females, i. 657 _sq._, ii. 435;
connection between religious feelings and, ii. 375 n. ^3;
regarded as sinful in the unmarried, ii. 432;
associated with affection, ii. 439 _sq._, see Conjugal affection
---- intercourse, between man and beast, i. 253 _sq._, ii. 409, 749;
manslayers temporarily prohibited from, i. 375, 377;
abstinence from, with women who are pregnant or who suckle a
child, i. 399, ii. 388, 391;
with strangers, i. 575, 593, ii. 444-446;
with holy persons, i. 593 n. ^1, ii. 444, 488;
abstained from after a death, ii. 306;
abstained from during the month of Rama[d.]ân, ii. 313;
abstinence from, a means of propitiating or pleasing the deity,
ii. 358, 420 _sq._;
as a magical or religious rite, ii. 395, 443-446, 488;
between a man and a married woman, ii. 397, 447-455;
between a married man and a woman, ii. 397, 451-455;
forbidden to priests and priestesses, ii. 405-409, 412-414, 418-421;
to monks and nuns, ii. 409, 412;
considered impure, ii. 410, 411, 414-420, 752;
regarded as a consequence of Adam's sin, ii. 411;
supposed to have been originally free from all carnal desire,
ii. 411 n. ^4;
supposed to take place between gods and women, ii. 412 _sq._;
the future state of persons {861} who have refrained from, ii.
414 _sq._;
danger attributed to, ii. 415, 446;
prohibited in sacred places, ii. 416, 752;
abstained from in connection with religious observances, ii.
416-420, 736, 752;
admission into priesthood preceded by abstinence from, ii. 419;
regarded as a transmitter of hereditary sin, ii. 421;
between unmarried persons, ii. 422-446, 675, 747;
between persons of the same sex, ch. xliii. (ii. 456-489), 752 _sq._;
between animals of the same sex, ii. 456, 466, 475 n. ^2;
temporarily forbidden to men who have eaten human flesh, ii. 575.
See Adultery, Incest, _Jus primæ noctis_, Sodomy
Sexual inversion, congenital, ii. 465-467;
acquired, ii. 467-470
Shame, putting offenders to, i. 170;
a cause of suicide, ii. 233
Shaving, as a means of purification, ii. 294 _sq._
Sheep, stealing of, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 14;
abstinence from killing, for food, ii. 330.
See Mutton
Shipwrecked persons, sacrifice of, i. 467;
treatment of, ii. 25, 37 _sq._
Sick persons, killing or abandoning of, i. 391-393, ii. 542;
kind treatment of, i. 546-548;
suicide committed by, ii. 232;
unkindness to, punished by the supreme being, ii. 672.
See Disease
Sin, collective responsibility in the case of, i. 48-57, 61-72;
prayers for remission of, i. 49, 54, 55, 228 _sq._, ii. 654,
655, 702, 707;
materialistic conception and transference of, i. 52-57, 61-65,
70, 71, 85, 86, 407, ii. 256 n. ^2, 654 _sq._;
committed accidentally or unknowingly, i. 227-231, 233-235;
the sense of, ii. 361;
sexual intercourse regarded as a transmitter of hereditary, ii. 421
Sister, the elder, respect for, i. 605, 606, 614;
swearing by, i. 606;
curses of, i. 626, ii. 703
Slander, ii. 96, 98, 140-142, 700
Slavery, ch. xxvii. (i. 670-716);
as a punishment for crime, i. 45, 46, 494, 518, 675, 676, 681,
682, 685, 688-691, ii. 7, 8, 12, 13, 74;
a cause of suicide, ii. 233, 235, 241;
produces contempt for manual labour, ii. 272, 273, 278
Slaves, sacrificed to gods, i. 66, 452, 455, 456, 467 _sq._;
to dead persons, i. 472, 474, 486, ii. 234;
killing of, i. 378, 421-429, 696, 707;
of free men by, i. 429, 430, 491 n. ^5;
refuge denied to, i. 427;
granted to, i. 690, 692, 696, ii. 637;
not allowed as witnesses, i. 429, 697;
bodily injuries inflicted upon, i. 515-518, 524, 677, 707;
upon freemen by, i. 516-518;
corporal punishment inflicted upon, i. 522-524;
children sold as, by their parents, i. 599, 607, 609, 611, 612,
615, 675, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689, 691 _sq._;
curses of, i. 716;
proprietary rights and incapacities of, i. 677, 684, 688, 690,
697, ii. 28, 31-33, 57;
rules of inheritance relating to, i. 679, ii. 46 _sq._;
addicted to falsehood, ii. 113, 129 _sq._;
insults offered by, ii. 142 _sq._;
offered to, ii. 143;
marriages between free men and, ii. 379;
treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 527, 549;
eaten, ii. 559 567;
cursed by their masters, ii. 703
Snakes, abstinence from eating, ii. 324.
See Serpents
Social affection, i. 94, 95, 112-114, 559, ii. 197, 198, 226-228
---- aggregates, the evolution of, ii. 198-226
Socialism, ii. 69-71
Society, the birthplace of the moral consciousness, i. 117-123
Sodomy, i. 188, ii. 460, 465 n. ^2, 474-476, 479-483, 486-489.
See Homosexual love
Solstices, fasting at, ii. 309 _sq._
See Midsummer customs
_Soma_, ii. 591, 592, 707 _sq._
Son, sacrificed to save the life of his father, i. 455 _sq._;
the parents' or father's consent required for the marriage of
the, i. 607-609, 613, 615-618, 624 _sq._;
mother committing suicide on the death of her only, ii. 244 n. ^3;
allowed to eat only certain foods after the death of his
father, ii. 301 _sq._
See Children, Firstborn, Primogeniture, Ultimogeniture
Sorrow expressions of, ii. 283, 308, 316, 528
Soul, the immateriality of the, ii. 595 _sq._
See Annihilation, Dead, Future Life, Future state, Transmigration
{862} Spiders, prohibition of killing white, ii. 490
Spirits, evil. See Evil spirits
"Spiritual relationship," a bar to inter-marriage, ii. 369, 377
Spitting, superstitions relating to, i. 588, 594, ii. 65, 151,
209, 322, 546 n. ^2, 636 _sq._
State, the, as a social unit, ii. 221-226;
its influence on the smaller units of which it was composed, i.
627 _sq._, ii. 222 _sq._;
suicide regarded as a wrong against, ii. 248, 253, 259, 263;
celibacy regarded as a wrong against, ii. 404
Stealing, ii. 1-27, 57-69;
of horses**, cattle, or sheep, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 14;
from houses, i. 187 _sq._, ii. 15, 16, 58, see Burglary;
of letters, i. 188;
of food, i. 286, 287, 676, ii. 14, 15, 57 _sq._;
at night, i. 289, ii. 16, 58;
self-defence in the case of, i. 289 _sq._;
persons who are caught, i. 293. 294. 311, ii. 8, 13, 17-19, 58;
punishment inflicted on the offending member in the case of, i.
311, 312, 521 n. ^1, ii. 9, 13;
from relatives, ii. 53 _sq._ n. ^4;
punished by supernatural beings, ii. 59-69, 669, 675-677, 679,
684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732;
curses pronounced to punish or prevent, ii. 62-69, 703;
adultery regarded as a form of, ii. 449 _sq._;
from tombs, ii. 518, 519, 540 _sq._;
of property belonging to gods, ii. 626 _sq._
Stimulants, religious veneration of, ii. 591
Storks, abstinence from killing, ii. 490
Strangers, protected by the chief or king, i. 180, 181, 338;
killing of, i. 331-334, 337-34, 370, 371, 373;
sacrificed, i. 467 _sq._;
infliction of bodily injuries upon, i. 519;
kindness to, i. 556-558, see Hospitality;
blessings of, i. 581-584, ii. 446;
regarded as semi-supernatural beings, i. 583 _sq._;
supposed to be versed in magic, i. 584;
the evil eye of, i. 584, 591-593;
curses of, i. 584-594, ii. 715, 732;
reception of, i. 590-592, ii. 621;
gifts of, i. 593 _sq._;
sexual intercourse with, i. 593, ii. 444-446;
enslaving of, i. 674, 675, 689, 690, 691, 714 _sq._;
respect for the proprietary rights of, ii. 2, 11, 59;
robbery committed upon, ii. 20-25, 58 _sq._;
reduced to serfdom, ii. 24;
rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 49;
deceiving of, ii. 87, 88, 90, 94, 97, 112, 126-129;
politeness to, ii. 152;
duties to, ii. 166;
despised, ii. 171-174, 532;
disregard of their interests, ii. 176;
antipathy to, ii. 227;
marriages with, ii. 378, 381 _sq._;
treatment of departed, ii. 525, 548 _sq._;
eaten, ii. 554;
sacrilege committed by, ii. 648.
See Hospitality
Stratagems, ii. 106, 107, 112
Suicide, ch. xxxv. (**ii. 229-264);
punished with forfeiture of property, i. 47, ii. 254;
prompted by remorse, i. 106, ii. 233;
of daughters, i. 473;
of widows, i. 473 _sq._, ii. 232, 234, 235, 241, 242, 244, 247;
caused by wounded pride, ii. 73, 139, 140, 231-233,
243;
the future state of persons who have committed, ii. 235-239,
242-244, 246, 253, 262, 694, 710
Sun, fasting in connection with the, ii. 309, 310, 312 _sq._
---- gods, appealed to in oaths, ii. 121 _sq._;
regarded as judges, ii. 698, 699, 703
Sunday, as a day of rest, ii. 288 _sq._;
a cause of drunkenness, ii. 343 _sq._
Supernatural, the, ii. 582-584
---- beings, the belief in, ch. xlvii. (ii. 582-601);
disease supposed to be caused by, i. 392 _sq._, ii. 593;
curses personified and elevated to the rank of, i. 60, 379,
482, 561, 585, 623, 624, 626, ii. 68, 116, 715, 732;
fear of mentioning the names of, ii. 640-642;
distinction between offences committed against gods and
offences against other, ii. 661 _sq._
See Animals (killing of sacred), Erinyes, Evil spirits,
Goddesses, Gods, Guardian spirits, _Jinn_, Saints, Supreme beings,
Totem
"Superobligatory, the," i. 151-154
Suppliants. See Asylums, _L-[(]âr_
Supreme beings in savage beliefs, ii. 670-687
Swallows, prohibition of killing, ii. 490
Sympathetic feelings springing from association, i. 109 _sq._
---- magic. See Magic, sympathetic
{863} Sympathetic resentment. See Resentment, sympathetic
---- retributive kindly emotion. See Retributive kindly emotion,
sympathetic
Sympathy, i. 109-111;
for animals, ii. 494-506, 510-514.
See Affection, Altruistic sentiment
TABOO, i. 197, 233, ii. 63-66, 583, 584, 675
Talion. See Equivalence, the rule of
Testation, ii. 43, 53. See Wills
Thank offerings, i. 441, ii. 615 _sq._
Theft. See Stealing
Thrift, ii. 265
Throne, the Royal, regarded as holy, ii. 608, 754
Thunder, religious veneration of, ii. 587, 592
Tigers, abstinence from the flesh of, ii. 321;
their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 583
Toads, fear of killing, ii. 491
Tobacco, religious veneration of, ii. 591
Tolerance, religious, ii. 647-653
Tombs, theft or violation committed at, ii. 518, 519, 525, 540 _sq._;
places of refuge, ii. 630
Tomb-stones, ii. 544, 546
Tortoises, prohibition of eating, ii. 321
Torture, infliction of death by, i. 186-188, 190;
judicial, i. 523 _sq._
Totem, eating of the, i. 227, ii. 210, 211, 323, 324, 606;
killing of the, ii. 210, 603, 604, 606;
regardful treatment of the, ii. 490
Totemism, as a social tie, ii. 210-213;
represented as the source of the prohibition of incest, ii.
376, 376 _sq._ n. ^7, 377 n. ^1, 747;
believed to be instituted by the All-father, ii. 671
Tournaments, i. 354 _sq._
Trade, moral valuation of, ii. 274, 276, 278-280, 282
Transference, of blessings, see Blessings;
of curses, see Curses;
of disease, see Disease;
of evil, see Evil;
of holiness, see Holiness;
of the holiness temporarily seated in the ruling sovereign, ii.
607-610, 753 _sq._;
of magic virtue ascribed to sacrificial victims, i. 69,
444-447, ii. 563, 624 _sq._;
of magic virtue, by sexual intercourse, i. 593, ii. 444-446, 488;
by eating or by contact, ii. 562-564, 605, 606, 625;
of merits, see Merits;
of qualities inherent in animals, men, or man-gods, by eating
their flesh or drinking their blood, ii. 320, 333, 334, 560-564;
of sin, see Sin;
of the souls of divine kings, ii. 606, 607, 753 _sq._;
of virtue, see Virtue
Transmigration of human souls, into animals, ii. 324, 328, 338,
490, 496, 500, 504, 516, 517, 693, 709 _sq._;
into trees, ii. 516
Treason, punishment of, i. 45-48, 187-189, 492, ii. 558;
judicial torture in cases of, i. 523
Trees, revenge taken upon, i. 26, 27, 260-263;
transmigration of human souls into, ii. 516
Tribe, the, ii. 202, 217-219, 222 _sq._
Tribes, associations of, ii. 220 _sq._
Tribunals among savages, i. 173-175
Truce of God, the, i. 356 _sq._
Truth and good faith, regard for, ch. xxx. _sq._ (ii. 72-136);
gods as guardians of, ii. 96, 114-123, 128, 129, 669, 672,
675-677, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703-705, 707, 711, 714, 717, 726, 732
Turtle, abstinence from eating, ii. 319, 333
Twilight, prohibition of eating, travelling, and sleeping during,
ii. 309
Twins, i. 395, 396, 408, 460
ULTIMOGENITURE, ii. 46, 48, 56
Unbelief, ii. 644-646, 705;
as a subject of moral judgment, i. 216;
considered a legitimate cause of war, i. 339, 349-352, 359;
the right to bodily integrity influenced by, i. 520;
a cause of uncharitableness, i. 557, 696;
a ground for enslaving captives, i. 686, 695;
the valuation of theft or robbery influenced by, ii. 20, 25;
does not justify breach of faith, ii. 93;
a legitimate ground for deceiving an enemy, ii. 94;
a bar to intermarriage, ii. 380 _sq._;
homosexual practices associated with, ii. 486-489;
the right to life influenced by, ii. 705;
the future state influenced by, ii. 719-721, 725-727
Unchastity, ch. xlii. _sq._ (ii. 422-489);
of unmarried persons, supposed to incur divine punishment, i.
49, ii. 675;
forbidden to priests and priestesses, ii. 406-409, 412-414, 419 _sq._;
to monks and nuns, ii. {864} 409, 412;
to persons who wish to become priests or priestesses, ii. 419;
supposed to injure the harvest, ii. 417, 747;
celibacy a cause of, ii. 432
Uncle, children in the power of their maternal, i. 597 _sq._
Uncleanliness, ii. 348-356
Uncleanness. See Pollution
Unearned income, ii. 70 _sq._
Unintentional injuries, i. 217-240, 315, 316, 319, ii. 714;
benefits, i. 318 _sq._
Unnatural love. See Homosexual love
_Usucapio_, ii. 40
VAMPIRES, i. 476, ii. 564, 709
Veal, considered unwholesome, ii. 332
Vegetarianism, ii. 335-338, 499
Venison, abstinence from, ii. 320
Veracity. See Truth, regard for
Vermin, revenge taken upon, i. 26, 27, 251;
regard for, ii. 492, 493, 498 _sq._
Vestal virgins, i. 439, 453, ii. 407, 408, 637 _sq._
"Vice," analysis of the concept, i. 134
Village communities, ii. 200-202, 213, 214, 216, 219
Violent death, the future state of persons who have died a, i.
481 _sq._, ii. 237-239, 242
Virginity, required of priestesses, ii. 406-408;
religious veneration of, 409-411, 429;
not required of a bride, ii. 422-424, 440, 441, 444-446;
required of unmarried women, ii. 424-442;
the preference given by men to, ii. 434-437, 440
"Virtue," analysis of the concept, i. 147-150
Virtue, transference of, i. 98
Vivisection, ii. 510, 512, 514
Volitions, as subjects of moral judgments, i. 202-210;
as a source of non-moral retributive emotions, i. 314-319
---- absence of, a subject of moral judgment, i. 210-214;
a cause of non-moral retributive emotions, i. 317-319
WAGER of battle, i. 306, 504-507
War, i. 331-382;
provoked by a homicide, i. 33;
humanity towards enemies in, i. 335, 336, 342-344, 369, 370,
558, ii. 711;
private, i. 355-358;
human sacrifices offered in, i. 440, 441, 447 n. ^5, 449;
ending in a duel, i. 497 _sq._;
destruction of property in, ii. 25 _sq._;
seizure of property in, ii. 26, 27, 38, 58 _sq._;
deceit in, ii. 94, 106-108, 112;
the future state of persons who have fallen in, ii. 237, 521,
694, 697, 704, 708;
burial of persons who have fallen in, ii. 239;
considered a nobler occupation than labour, ii. 272-274, 278, 282;
fasting after a reverse in, ii. 315;
a cause of polygyny, ii. 389, 391;
prevalence of homosexual love among peoples addicted to, ii.
467, 479, 752
War, prisoners of, treatment of, i. 336, 343, 422;
sacrificed to gods, i. 339, 441, 450, 452, 467;
to the dead, i. 472, 474;
bodily injuries inflicted upon, i. 519 _sq._;
enslaved, i. 674, 675, 677, 681-686, 688-691, 695, 701, 715;
ransom accepted for, i. 701;
eaten, ii. 554, 561, 578
Water, human sacrifices offered for the purpose of getting
drinking, i. 451 _sq._
White men, atrocities committed by, among coloured peoples, i.
370 _sq._;
coloured persons not accepted as witnesses against, i. 429;
their demoralising influence upon savages, i. 548, 549, 571
_sq._, ii. 2, 126-129, 424, 735;
injuries inflicted by coloured persons upon, i. 713 _sq._;
prohibited from marrying coloured persons, i. 714;
looked down upon by savages, ii. 171 _sq._;
taken for spirits, ii. 590
Widowers, suicide committed by, ii. 232, 233, 235 _sq._;
fasting of, ii. 299-301;
second marriages of, prohibited or condemned, ii. 412, 451
Widows, sacrifice of, i. 472-474, ii. 450 _sq._;
suicide committed by, i. 473 _sq._, ii. 232, 234, 235, 241,
242, 244, 247;
prohibited from remarrying, i. 475, ii. 450 _sq._;
rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 45, 47 55 _sq._;
fasting of, ii. 298-301;
priests forbidden to marry, ii. 412, 420
Will, the, as the subject of moral judgment, ch. ix. (i.
217-248), i. 214-216, 310-314;
as a cause of non-moral retributive emotions, i. 315, 319.
See Free-will
{865} Wills, ii. 43, 53;
the sacredness attached to, ii. 519, 541, 552
Wine, superstitious notions concerning, i. 278, 281, ii. 344,
345, 591 _sq._;
prohibition of, ii. 341-345;
after a death, ii. 302, 305;
in honour of the sun, ii. 312
Wishes, deliberate, as subjects of moral judgments, i. 206 _sq._
Witchcraft, ii. 649-652;
punishment of, i. 45, 189, 190, 492, ii. 650-652.
See Magic
Witches, lunatics burned as, i. 273;
old women regarded as, i. 620;
addicted to homosexual practices, ii. 484 n. ^1;
the custom of swimming, ii. 690.
See Witchcraft
Wives, the subjection of, ch. xxvi. (i. 629-669);
punished if convicted of a design to kill their husbands, i. 245;
crimes committed by, in the presence of their husbands, i. 284;
husbands killing their, i. 418, 419, 631;
killing their husbands, i. 419 _sq._;
acquired by duels, i. 499, 500, 503;
husbands inflicting bodily injuries upon their, i. 514-516, 631;
the duty of husbands to protect and support their, i. 526-529,
532 _sq._;
lending of, to guests or others, i. 575, 593, ii. 752;
cursed by their husbands, i. 626;
sold as slaves by their husbands, i. 675, 684;
proprietary rights and incapacities of, i. 632, 637-641, 643,
645, 661, ii. 28-31, 41, 57;
belief in a mysterious bond of sympathy between husbands and,
ii. 205;
suicide committed by husbands on the death of their, ii. 232,
233, 235 _sq._;
fasting of husbands on the death of their, ii. 299-301;
adultery committed by, ii. 397, 447-455;
of gods, ii. 412-414;
priests forbidden to marry divorced, ii. 420;
exchange of, ii. 752;
eaten by their husbands, ii. 555.
See Conjugal affection, Marriage, Widows
Wizards. See Magicians
Wolf's flesh, abstinence from, ii. 320, 322, 327
Women, the position of, ch. xxvi. (i. 629-669);
rape committed upon, i. 187, 188, 290, 311, 521, ii. 437, 438,
633, 679;
punished by being burned alive, i. 188;
treatment of, in war, i. 335, 336, 342, 343, 369 _sq._;
killing of, i. 418-421;
not allowed to be beaten, i. 514;
the evil eye of, i. 592;
regarded as versed in magic, especially when old, i. 620, 666-668;
the occupations of, i. 633-637;
the sexual impulse of, i. 657 _sq._, ii. 435;
ideas held about, i. 661-669, ii. 192;
the future state of, i. 662 _sq._, ii. 673;
of such as have died in child-birth, ii. 238 n. ^3, 678;
menstruous, i. 663; ii. 307 n. ^2, 538 n. ^2, 586;
regarded as unclean, i. 663-666, ii. 538 n. ^2;
forbidden to enter sacred places, i. 664, 665, **ii. 752;
to offer sacrifices, i. 664 _sq._;
to pray, i. 664, 667 n. ^1;
curses of, i. 668;
serving as asylums, i. 668 _sq._;
proprietary rights and incapacities of, i. 661, ii. 28-30, 41, 57;
rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 44, 45, 47, 48, 55;
addicted to falsehood, ii. 76, 113;
to suicide, ii. 232;
politeness to, ii. 152;
certain foods forbidden to, ii. 320 sq.;
celibacy and continence of religious, ii. 406-414, 419-421;
married to gods, ii. 412-414;
chastity of unmarried, i. 49, ii. 422-446, 675;
coyness of, ii. 435 _sq._;
homosexual practices between, ii. 464, 465, 752;
the lack of accessible women a cause of homosexual practices
between men, ii. 466 _sq._;
their mental inferiority a cause of pederasty, ii. 470 _sq._;
treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 526, 527, 549;
forbidden to eat human flesh, ii. 554, 555 n., 573, 575;
refuge denied to kidnappers of, ii. 633.
See Daughters, Mother, Wives, Widows
Work. See Labour
World, renunciation of the, ii. 361-363
"Wrong," analysis of the concept, i. 134
YOUNG PERSONS, certain foods forbidden to, ii. 319 _sq._
See Children, young
THE END
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY R. CLAY AND SONS, LTD.,
BRUNSWICK STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND BUNGAY,
SUFFOLK.
The Origin and Development
of the
Moral Ideas
BY EDWARD WESTERMARCK, PH.D., LL.D.
_SOME PRESS OPINIONS ON VOL. I._
ATHENÆUM.--
"The first attempt to deal with the subject of the evolution of
human morality in the concrete on a scale at all corresponding to
its complexity and sheer bulk. . . . This book remains an
achievement unsurpassed in its own kind, a perpetual monument of
the courage, the versatility, and the amazing industry of its
author."
R. R. Marett, in MIND.--
"Dr. Westermarck's work fills me with profound admiration. . . .
There is no book in any language that deals concretely with the
evolution of morality on so grand a scale or in so authoritative
a way."
Havelock Ellis, in THE JOURNAL OF MENTAL SCIENCE.--
"Throughout marked by an extraordinary degree of erudition which
never becomes pedantic, by an invariably fair-minded and
well-balanced attitude towards difficult problems, and by a power
of broad and lucid presentation which recalls Buckle."
Q. C. Wheeler, in REVUE DE DROIT INTERNATIONAL.--
"Une des contributions les plus importantes à la sociologie qui
aient été produites pendant les dernières années. . . . Cet
ouvrage aura pour effet de rendre presque impossible toute étude
scientifique de la morale sur les anciennes bases."
Franz Oppenheimer, in DAS BLAUBUCH.--
"Ein neues Buch von Edward Westermarck bedeutet ein
soziologisches Ereignis. Westermarck, das heisst: profundestes
ethnographisches Wissen, meisterhaft beherrscht durch ordnenden
Verstand und durchleuchtet von schürfster Kritik und
spürkräftigster Psychologie. Wie seine 'Geschichte der Ehe' ein
_standard work_ der Gesellschaftslehre bleiben wird, als
dasjenige Buch, das zum erstenmal eines der schwierigsten Gebiete
des menschlichen Zusammenlebens auf brietester Grundlage
schilderte und erklärte, so wird auch dieses zweite mächtige
Werk, dessen erster Band uns jetzt vorliegt, auf lange Zeit
hinaus zu den Grundsteinen der werdenden Wissenschaft von
Menschen gehören."
PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW.--
"Altogether it is perhaps safe to say that the work is the most
important contribution to ethical literature within recent years."
W. R. Sorley, in THE BOOKMAN.--
"Dr. Westermarck is the only writer who can claim to have
systematically examined the whole of the evidence, and to have
produced a comprehensive treatise on the development of men's
ideas of good and evil. . . . He is to be congratulated on having
produced a standard work on a subject of first-rate importance.
It is distinguished alike by breadth of view and mastery of
detail, by skilful marshalling of evidence and by sound judgment."
NATURE.--
"The readers of his 'History of Human Marriage'--all of them his
debtors--were doubtless prepared for the vast array of footnotes,
the excellent way in which long series of facts are arranged, the
clearness of the style, the sanity and reasonableness of a work
which certainly was needed to keep ethical theory abreast of
anthropological research, and which will add greatly to its
author's reputation. . . . The account of the moral emotions, the
treatment of punishment (in which subtle arguments are offered
against determent as a sufficient guiding principle), the
discussion of the various distinctions suggested by terms like
act, agent, motive, intention, the detailed examination of the
facts advanced by such authorities as Lord Avebury, Dr. J. G.
Frazer, Dr. Steinmetz, are all excellent."
NORTHERN WHIG.--
"For learning and research the book is simply a marvel. . . . It
will be an authoritative book for many a day on the subjects with
which it deals."
L. T. Hobhouse, in TRIBUNE.--
"It has remained for Dr. Westermarck, a Finn writing in English,
to give to the English-speaking world the first comprehensive and
systematic account of the genesis of moral ideas on the basis of
a detailed survey of the customs of mankind. . . . It is not too
much to predict that it will mark the beginning of a new era in
the study of general sociology."
GUARDIAN.--
"This work, by the author of 'The History of Human Marriage,'
will undoubtedly take its place, and that a foremost place,
amongst the standard works on the subject of ethics. . . . The
width and depth of his learning will be recognised by every
reader, and will be utilised by many generations of
students."
DAILY NEWS.--
"A perfect graveyard of the hasty generalisations of his
predecessors."
CAMBRIDGE REVIEW.--
"The purpose of the present work is to arrange and examine all
the available evidence regarding the nature of men's moral
judgments and the kind of objects which they approve or condemn.
No one could be found more competent than Dr. Westermarck to
carry this great undertaking to a successful issue."
EXPOSITORY TIMES.--
"One of the greatest contributions of recent years to the study
of Comparative Religion."
S. Alexander, in THE SPEAKER.--
"Dr. Westermarck's book is without doubt of the first importance,
whether it be regarded as a philosophical treatise on ethics or
as a history of moral institutions. Neither of these descriptions
singly does justice to it, for its merit lies in its blending of
the analytical with the historical method, so that the long
history which begins in the second half of this volume and is to
be completed in the next volume, constitutes a continuous
verification of his main ethical thesis that moral disapprovals
und approvals arise from and express social indignation and
social gratitude. . . . I conclude by expressing my unqualified
admiration of Dr. Westermarck's work, which is worthy of the
years of labour he has bestowed upon it. Besides its scientific
importance it is recommended to readers by the unfailing interest
and lucidity of its manner."
UNIVERSITY REVIEW.--
"Dr. Westermarck belongs to no accepted school of moralists. He
endorses neither the humanist nor the religious views of society.
He is neither a utilitarian nor an intuitionalist. He is both an
anthropologist and a historian; he is also a sociologist and a
traveller. In neglected lands where he might escape from European
prejudices he has lived and studied the problems of the human
heart and mind, accumulating at first hand a mass of material
which throws much light on the origin and development of peculiar
customs and beliefs. This, added to a remark able erudition, a
scientific temper, a felicity and abundance of illustration, and
a clear and vigorous style, gives us a contribution to ethics,
psychology, and sociology which is undoubtedly of the first rank,
and, in our opinion, the most comprehensive and luminous work
which has yet been written on the subject."
GLOBE.--
"Both by the clarity and the philosophical insight of its
arguments, and the wide range of its investigations and
illustrative details, it will claim securely to rank among those
epoch-marking works which define the steady progress of mankind
in the study and understanding of its sociological developments."
PALL MALL GAZETTE.--
"The fuller consideration of Dr. Westermarck's book as a
philosophic treatise must wait; meanwhile we can only
congratulate him and the Duchy, of which he is so conspicuous an
ornament, on the production of a book that is really epoch-marking."
SCOTSMAN.--
"One of its prime characteristics is the skill with which it
traces out the historical connection between moral opinions and
magic and religious beliefs."
YORKSHIRE POST.--
"In Dr. Westermarck's hands a subject which might be impossibly
abstruse becomes almost as attractive as a romance. . . . In pure
philosophy he is to some extent a pioneer, and will have the
noble satisfaction of the pioneer in arousing doubt, interest,
and admiration."
* * * * *
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
* * * * *
Transcriber's Note
This text combines the two separate volumes of Westermarck's
book into one file.
Footnotes have been renumbered sequentially through each chapter
and placed below the paragraph in which they occur.
Conventions for transcription of foreign languages, etc.
Page numbers
Page numbers are preserved in the text, and are placed inside curly
brackets with a space on each side, even if that means breaking some
other PG transcription guideline. Pages without a printed number (such
as initial pages of chapters) are left unmarked, even though the table
of contents etc. may refer to those particular pages.
Greek alphabet
Greek expressions are transliterated in normal PG style (upsilon always
as "u"), except that accents are marked thus, with symbols following
the Greek letter:
acute /
grave \
circumflex ^
Breathings are marked thus, with symbols following the Greek letter:
rough (
smooth )
Other Non-English alphabetic symbols
The oe-ligature is written [oe].
Again, other non-standard symbols not in the basic ASCII range are
marked as usual in PG: the transcription is placed in square brackets;
marks above the basic letter are symbolised with a character preceding
the basic character, those beneath the letter with a character
following the basic character:
Acute accent (or a similar mark on consonants) is marked with '
Circumflex with ^
Macron (long mark) with =
Breve above a vowel (short mark) with )
Inverted circumflex/breve below with v
Dot with .
Westermarck uses some other unusual letters: this text uses "(" for the
transcription left half ring for Arabic ayin and for something like a
rough breathing above "w" in the name "E[(w]e".
Corrected text
Corrected text is marked with "**" preceding the correction (except for
volume 2, p. 234, footnote 31 where ** is the original text).
Corrections to the text:
Page Text of 2nd edition Correction
ch. 2, p. 32 n. 57 Obaralbanien Oberalbanien
ch. 7, p. 181 n. 89 _Du Boys_ Du Boys
ch. 7, p. 195 n. 186 slove slave
ch. 9, p. 232 neglected neglectful
ch. 10, p. 260 n. 60 pr[oe]mio præmio
ch. 10, p. 262 text for n. 81 has no initial "
ch. 16, p. 381 has hast
ch. 18, p. 427 n. 65 Communtarii Commentarii
ch. 18, p. 432 larcency larceny
ch. 19, p. 437 text for n. 28 has no final "
ch. 19, p. 451 Anthenians Athenians
ch. 19, p. 468 text for n. 251 has no final "
ch. 21, p. 502 text for n. 21 has no final "
ch 22, p. 517 n. 45 abuse abused
ch. 22, p. 521 memtioned mentioned
ch. 23, p. 531 n. 42 Magazin Magazine
ch. 23, p. 558 n. 254 Law is not italicised
ch. 24, p. 572 n. 11 the Discovery Discovery
ch. 25, p. 601 text for n. 33 has no initial "
ch. 26, p. 634 n. 39 Globus is not italicised
ch. 29, p. 35 n. 3 tibes tribes
ch. 30, p. 74 text for n. 6 has no final "
ch. 30, p. 99 n. 256 100 110
ch. 33, p. 166 m-dash .
ch. 35, p. 248 n. 151 Phædro Phædo
ch. 35, p. 257 n. 211 everbody everybody
ch. 35, p. 261 m-dash .
ch. 37, p. 301, n. 80 . ,
ch. 39, p. 349, n. 21 , .
ch. 42, p. 422 text for n. 2 has no final "
ch. 43, p. 459 n. 6. . ,
ch. 43, p. 487 n. 209 italics omitted from Sacred Books etc.
ch. 44, p. 498 n.,* n. *,
ch. 46, p. 553 n. 1 ,
ch. 46, p. 555 If It
ch. 48, p. 618 n. 85 i 1
ch. 51, p. 727 wordly worldly
ch. 52, p. 734 wordly worldly
Authorities, p. 786 Indan Indian
Authorities, p. 798 mosaich mosaisch
Authorities, p. 800 Reisin Reisen
Authorities, p. 826 Museun Museum
Authorities, p. 828 Soceity Society
Index, p. 828 London 1839 London, 1839
Index, p. 842 514 515
Index, p. 844 n. ^2 n. ^8
Index, p. 847 polution pollution
Index, p. 850 i. ii.
Index, p. 852 (twice) ii.
Index, p. 862 ; ,
Index, p. 862 i. ii.
Index, p. 865 ii.