commonly very commendable, and is requisite to support trust and
good correspondence in society. But in places of general though
casual concourse, where the pursuit of health and pleasure brings
people promiscuously together, public conveniency has dispensed with
this maxim, and custom there promotes an unreserved conversation for
the time by indulging the privilege of dropping afterwards every
indifferent acquaintance without breach of civility or good manners.
Even in societies which are established on principles the most immoral
and the most destructive to the interests of the general society there
are required certain rules which a species of false honour as well as
private interest engages the members to observe. Robbers and pirates,
it has often been remarked, could not maintain their pernicious
confederacy did they not establish a new distributive justice among
themselves and recall those laws of equity which they have violated
with the rest of mankind.
“I hate a drinking companion,” says the Greek proverb, “who never
forgets.” The follies of the last debauch should be buried in eternal
oblivion, in order to give full scope to the follies of the next.
Among nations where an immoral gallantry, if covered with a thin veil
of mystery, is in some degree authorized by custom, there immediately
arise a set of rules calculated for the conveniency of that attachment.
The famous court or parliament of love in Provence decided formerly all
difficult cases of this nature.
In societies for play there are laws required for the conduct of the
game, and these laws are different in each game. The foundation, I own,
of such societies is frivolous, and the laws are in a great measure,
though not altogether, capricious and arbitrary. So far is there a
material difference between them and the rules of justice, fidelity and
loyalty. The general societies of men are absolutely requisite for the
subsistence of the species, and the public conveniency, which regulates
morals, is inviolably established in the nature of man and of the world
in which he lives. The comparison, therefore, in these respects
is very imperfect. We may only learn from it the necessity of rules
wherever men have any intercourse with each other.
They cannot even pass each other on the road without rules. Waggoners,
coachmen, and postilions have principles by which they give way, and
these are chiefly founded on mutual ease and convenience. Sometimes
also they are arbitrary, at least dependent on a kind of capricious
analogy, like many of the reasonings of lawyers.[117]
To carry the matter further, we may observe that it is impossible for
men so much as to murder each other without statutes and maxims and
an idea of justice and honour. War has its laws as well as peace, and
even that sportive kind of war carried on among wrestlers, boxers,
cudgel-players, gladiators, is regulated by fixed principles. Common
interest and utility beget infallibly a standard of right and wrong
among the parties concerned.
NOTE, OF POLITICAL SOCIETY.
[117] That the lighter machine yields to the heavier, and in machines
of the same kind, that the empty yields to the loaded—this rule is
founded on convenience. That those who are going to the capital take
place of those who are coming from it—this seems to be founded on
some idea of the dignity of the great city, and of the preference of
the future to the past. From like reasons, among foot-walkers, the
right-hand entitles a man to the wall and prevents jostling, which
peaceable people find very disagreeable and inconvenient.
ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT OF AUTHORITIES CITED BY HUME.
ÆMILIUS, PAULUS, Roman general, B.C. 230–157. Defeated Perseus of
Macedonia.
AGATHOCLES, tyrant of Syracuse, born _circa_ B.C. 361, died 289.
ALCIBIADES, Athenian general and statesman, born B.C. 450, died B.C.
404. A disciple of Socrates, and noted for dissoluteness.
ALEXANDER the Great, born B.C. 356, died 323.
ANACHARSIS, Scythian philosopher, B.C. 600. Much esteemed by Solon.
ANTHONY, MARK, Triumvir, born _circa_ B.C. 85, died B.C. 30. Best
known through his association with Cleopatra.
ANTIGONUS, one of the greatest generals of Alexander the Great. Slain
in 301 at Ipsus.
ANTIPATER, minister of Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great, died
B.C. 319.
APPIANUS (Appian), belonged to the time of Trajan, and wrote the
history of Rome in Greek.
ARATUS, general of the Achæan League, born B.C. 271, died 213.
ARBUTHNOT, JOHN, physician, born 1675, died 1735. Associate of Pope
and Swift, and wrote on ancient measures, weights, and coins.
ARISTOTLE, philosopher, the Stagirite, born B.C. 384, died 332. Tutor
of Alexander the Great.
ARRIANUS, Greek historian, resided at Rome in the second century, a
disciple of Epictetus, died _circa_ A.D. 160.
ATHENÆUS, grammarian, born in Egypt in the third century.
ATTALUS, King of Pergamus, died B.C. 197.
AUGUSTUS, first Roman Emperor, born B.C. 63, grandnephew of Julius
Cæsar, died A.D. 14.
CÆSAR, CAIUS JULIUS, B.C. 100–44, Roman warrior and administrator,
known to every schoolboy from his _Commentaries_.
CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS, died B.C. 365, Roman warrior, six times
military tribune and five times dictator.
CARACALLA, brother of Geta, whom he murdered A.D. 212.
CATALINA, LUCIUS SERGIUS (Catiline), died B.C. 62, noted for his
depraved habits and his conspiracy that drew from Cicero his famous
orations.
CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS, surnamed from Utica, his birthplace, Uticensis,
died B.C. 46.
CATO, the elder, born B.C. 234, died 149, noted for his courage and
temperance.
CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS, Roman orator, born B.C. 106, died 43.
CLAUDIUS, Roman Emperor, born B.C. 9, died A.D. 54. Visited Britain
A.D. 43.
CLEOMENES, King of Sparta, died B.C. 220.
CLODIUS, enemy of Cicero, died B.C. 52. Used to go about Rome with an
intimidating band of gladiators.
COLUMELLA, native of Spain, resided at Rome in the reign of Claudius,
A.D. 41–54.
COMMODUS, Roman Emperor, son of Marcus Aurelius, born A.D. 161, died
192.
CTESIPHON. In his defence Demosthenes delivered his famous oration “On
the Crown” in B.C. 330.
DEMETRIUS PHALEREUS, Greek orator and statesman, born B.C. 345, died
_circa_ 283.
DEMOSTHENES, Greek orator, B.C. 385–322, whose speeches against
the encroachments of Philip of Macedon have given the general term
“philippics” to powerful invective.
DION CASSIUS, _circa_ 200–250, wrote history of Rome in Greek.
DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSÆUS, Greek rhetorician and historian, born B.C.
29, died B.C. 7. Chief work, _Roman Archæology_.
DIONYSIUS, the elder, tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 430–367; besides being
a warrior, was a patron of literary men and artists. Built Lautumiæ,
the famous prison, called also the “Ear of Dionysius.”
DIODORUS SICULUS, wrote a universal history, flourished _circa_ B.C.
50.
DRUSUS, Roman consul, born B.C. 38.
EPAMINONDAS, Theban statesman and general, died B.C. 362.
FLORUS, Roman historian, lived in the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian.
FOLARD, JEAN CHARLES, military tactician, born at Avignon 1669, died
1752, published an edition of _Polybius_.
GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA, called the Inca because descended from the
royal family of Peru (1530–1620), wrote _History of Peru_ and _History
of Florida_.
GEE, JOSHUA, eighteenth-century London merchant, wrote _Trade and
Navigation of Great Britain_ (1730).
GERMANICUS, son of Nero, died A.D. 19, aged 34.
GETA, second son of Emperor Severus, born A.D. 189, died 212.
GUICCIARDINI, FRANCISCO, Italian historian (1482–1540).
HANNIBAL, great Carthaginian general, born B.C. 247, died 183.
HELIOGABALUS, Roman emperor, born _circa_ A.D. 205, died 222.
HERODIAN, flourished in the third century, wrote in Greek a history of
the period from the death of Marcus Aurelius to 238.
HESIOD, one of the earliest Greek poets, supposed to have flourished
in the eighth century B.C. “Works and Days” is his best known poem.
HIERO II., King of Syracuse, died B.C. 215, aged 92. Archimedes lived
in his reign.
HIRTIUS, Roman consul, contemporary with Cæsar and Cicero; is said to
be the author of the eighth book of Cæsar’s _Commentaries_.
HYPERIDES, Athenian orator, died B.C. 322, disciple of Plato.
ISOCRATES, Greek orator, born B.C. 436, died 338.
JUSTIN, a Latin historian, lived in second or third century,
epitomized _Historiæ Philippicæ of Trogus Pompeius, a native of Gaul_.
LIVIUS, TITUS (Livy), historian of Rome (B.C. 59–17). Of his 142
books, only 35 have been preserved.
LONGINUS, DIONYSIUS, Greek philosopher, died B.C. 273. His extensive
knowledge earned him the title of “The living library.”
LUCIAN, Greek writer, lived in the time of Marcus Aurelius.
LYCURGUS, Spartan lawgiver, whose severe regulations made the Spartans
a race of warriors, is said to have flourished in the ninth century
B.C.
LYSIAS, Greek orator, born B.C. 458, died 373, wrote 230 orations, of
which only 35 remain.
MACHIAVELLI, Florentine statesman and historian, born 1469, died 1527.
MAILLET, French writer, born 1656, died 1738, consul in Egypt and at
Leghorn.
MARTIAL, Roman poet, born A.D. 43.
MASSINISSA, King of Numidia, born B.C. 238, died 148.
MAZARIN, JULES, cardinal, and first minister of Louis XIV. (1602–61).
NABIS, Spartan tyrant, died B.C. 192, noted for his cruelty.
NERO, Roman emperor, born A.D. 37, died 67.
OCTAVIUS, became Emperor Augustus.
OVIDIUS PUBLIUS NASO (Ovid), Roman poet, B.C. 43–A.D. 18, enjoyed the
patronage of Augustus until banished A.D. 8. Chief works—_Amores_, _De
Arte Amandi_, _Fasti_.
PATERCULUS, Roman historian, born _circa_ B.C. 19, died A.D. 31.
PAUSANIAS, Greek writer, flourished _circa_ A.D. 120–140.
PERSEUS, or PERSES, last King of Macedonia. Ascended the throne B.C.
178.
PESCENIUS NIGER, became Roman Emperor in 193.
PETRONIUS, died A.D. 66, Roman author, lived at the court of Nero, and
acquired celebrity for his licentiousness.
PHILIP of Macedon, born 382, assassinated 336.
PLATO, born B.C. 429, died 347.
PLAUTUS, Roman comedy writer, born _circa_ B.C. 255, died 184.
PLINY. There were two Plinys—one born A.D. 23, the other, nephew
of the preceding, A.D. 62. The former was a naturalist; the latter
a pleader and soldier, whose chief writings are his account of the
Christians and _Epistles_.
PLUTARCH, celebrated biographer, died _circa_ B.C. 120.
POLYBIUS, Greek historian, B.C. 204–122. His history deals with Greece
and Rome during the period 220–146, and is of great importance.
POMPEY the younger, born B.C. 75.
PRUSIAS, King of Bithynia, _circa_ B.C. 190.
PYRRHUS, King of Epirus, B.C. 318–272, one of the greatest warriors of
ancient days.
SALLUSTIUS, CRISPUS CAIUS, Roman historian, B.C. 86–35, excluded from
the Senate on account of his debauchery.
SENECA, LUCIUS ANNÆUS, Roman philosopher, A.D. 3–65, belonged to the
Stoic school, and was believed to have been acquainted with St. Paul.
SERVIUS TULLIUS, sixth King of Rome, changed the constitution so that
the plebs obtained political power.
SEVERUS, Roman Emperor, born A.D. 146, died at York 211. Wrote history
of his own reign.
SOLON, celebrated Athenian legislator, died _circa_ B.C. 558, aged
eighty. Established the principle that property, not birth, should
entitle to state honours and offices.
STRABO, Greek historian and geographer, born _circa_ B.C. 50, died
_circa_ A.D. 20. His chief work in seventeen books gives a description
of different countries, manners and customs, particulars of their
history, and eminent men.
SUETONIUS, Roman historian, born _circa_ A.D. 75, died _circa_ 160.
TACITUS, Roman historian, born _circa_ A.D. 54. His _Annales_ cover
the period A.D. 14–68.
THEOCRITUS, Greek poet, lived third century B.C., considered the
father of pastoral poetry. Visited the court of Ptolemæus Soter.
THRASYBULUS, Athenian naval commander, died B.C. 389.
THUCYDIDES, Greek historian, born B.C. 471, died _circa_ 401. His
great work, the history of the Peloponnesian War, is the first example
of philosophical history.
TIBERIUS, CLAUDIUS NERO, Roman Emperor, B.C. 42–A.D. 37, succeeded
Augustus A.D. 14.
TIMOLEON, Greek general, born in Corinth _circa_ B.C. 400, died 337.
Resided at Syracuse.
TISSAPHERNES, Persian satrap, died B.C. 395. An intimate friend of
Alcibiades.
TRAJANUS, MARCUS ULPIUS (Trajan), Roman Emperor, A.D. 52–117.
Succeeded to the throne in 98, and surnamed by the Senate “Optimus.”
VARRO, Roman writer, born B.C. 116, died 28. Reputed the most learned
among the Romans, and wrote 490 books.
VAUBAN, SÉBASTIEN LE PRESTRE DE, Marshal of France and great military
engineer, 1633–1707. Published works on sieges, frontiers, etc., and
left twelve folio volumes of MS., and was pronounced the most upright,
simple, true, and modest man of his age.
VESPASIAN, TITUS FLAVIUS, Roman Emperor, born A.D. 9, died 79.
VOPISCUS, Syracusan, flourished _circa_ A.D. 304. Wrote histories.
XENOPHON, Greek historian, born circa B.C. 450, a disciple and friend
of Socrates.
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