SECTION VIII. CAUSATION

1. CONSTANCY OF SEQUENCE IN EVENTS

#153. [Constant antecedent]. Cause.—N. cause, origin, source,

principle, element; occasioner[obs3], prime mover, primum mobile[Lat];

vera causa[Lat]; author &c. (producer) 164; mainspring; agent; leaven;

groundwork, foundation &c. (support) 215. spring, fountain, well, font;

fountainhead, spring head, wellhead; fons et origo[Lat], genesis;

descent &c. (paternity) 166; remote cause; influence. pivot, hinge,

turning point, lever, crux, fulcrum; key; proximate cause, causa

causans[Lat]; straw that breaks the camel's back. ground; reason,

reason why; why and wherefore, rationale, occasion, derivation; final

cause &c. (intention) 620; les dessous des cartes[Fr]; undercurrents.

rudiment, egg, germ, embryo, bud, root, radix radical, etymon, nucleus,

seed, stem, stock, stirps, trunk, tap-root, gemmule[obs3], radicle,

semen, sperm. nest, cradle, nursery, womb, nidus, birthplace, hotbed.

causality, causation; origination; production &c. 161. V. be the cause

&c. n of; originate; give origin to, give rise, to, give occasion to;

cause, occasion, sow the seeds of, kindle, suscitate[obs3]; bring on,

bring to bring pass, bring about; produce; create &c. 161; set up, set

afloat, set on foot; found, broach, institute, lay the foundation of;

lie at the root of. procure, induce, draw down, open the door to,

superinduce, evoke, entail, operate; elicit, provoke. conduce to &c.

(tend to) 176; contribute; have a hand in the pie, have a finger in the

pie; determine, decide, turn the scale; have a common origin; derive

its origin &c. (effect) 154. Adj. caused &c. v; causal, original;

primary, primitive, primordial; aboriginal; protogenal[obs3]; radical;

embryonic, embryotic[obs3]; in embryo, in ovo[Lat]; seminal, germinal;

at the bottom of; connate, having a common origin. Adv. because &c.

155; behind the scenes. Phr. causa latet vis est notissima [Lat][Ovid];

felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas [Lat][Vergil].

#154. [Constant sequent.] Effect.— N. effect, consequence;

aftergrowth[obs3], aftercome[obs3]; derivative, derivation; result;

resultant, resultance[obs3]; upshot, issue, denouement; end &c. 67;

development, outgrowth, fruit, crop, harvest, product, bud. production,

produce, work, handiwork, fabric, performance; creature, creation;

offspring, offshoot; firstfruits[obs3], firstlings; heredity,

telegony[obs3]; premices premises[obs3]. V. be the effect of &c. n.; be

due to, be owing to; originate in, originate from; rise -, arise, take

its rise spring from, proceed from, emanate from, come from, grow from,

bud from, sprout from, germinate from, issue from, flow from, result

from, follow from, derive its origin from, accrue from; come to, come

of, come out of; depend upon, hang upon, hinge upon, turn upon. take

the consequences, sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. Adj. owing to;

resulting from &c. v.; derivable from; due to; caused by &c. 153;

dependent upon; derived from, evolved from; derivative; hereditary;

telegonous[obs3]. Adv. of course, it follows that, naturally,

consequently; as a consequence, in consequence; through, all along of,

necessarily, eventually. Phr. cela va sans dire[Fr], "thereby hangs a

tale" [Taming of the Shrew].

#155. [Assignment of cause] Attribution—N. attribution, theory,

etiology, ascription, reference to, rationale; accounting for &c. v;

palætiology,[1] imputation, derivation from. filiation[obs3],

affiliation; pedigree &c. (paternity) 166. explanation &c.

(interpretation) 522; reason why &c. (cause) 153. V. attribute to,

ascribe to, impute to, refer to, lay to, point to, trace to, bring home

to; put down to, set down to, blame; charge on, ground on; invest

with, assign as cause, lay at, the door of, father upon; account for,

derive from, point out the reason &c. 153; theorize; tell how it comes;

put the saddle on the right horse. Adj. attributed &c. v.; attributable

&c. v.; referable to, referrible to[obs3], due to, derivable from;

owing to &c. (effect) 154; putative; ecbatic[obs3]. Adv. hence, thence,

therefore, for, since, on account of, because, owing to; on that

account; from this cause, from that cause; thanks to, forasmuch as;

whence, propter hoc[Lat]. why? wherefore? whence? how comes it, how is

it, how happens it? how does it happen? in some way, in some such way;

somehow, somehow or other. Phr. that is why; hinc illae lachrymae

[Lat][Horace].

[1] Whewell History of the inductive Sciences, book xviii vol. iii.p.

397 (3d edit.).

#156. [Absence of assignable cause.] Chance.[2]—N. chance,

indetermination, accident, fortune, hazard, hap, haphazard, chance

medley, random, luck, raccroc[obs3], casualty, contingence, adventure,

hit; fate &c. (necessity) 601; equal chance; lottery; tombola[obs3];

toss up &c. 621; turn of the table, turn of the cards; hazard of the

die, chapter of accidents, fickle finger of fate; cast of the dice,

throw of the dice; heads or tails, flip of a coin, wheel of Fortune;

sortes[obs3], sortes Virgilianae[obs3]. probability, possibility, odds;

long odds, run of luck; accidentalness; main chance, odds on, favorable

odds. contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; situation

(circumstance) 8. statistics, theory of Probabilities, theory of

Chances; bookmaking; assurance; speculation, gaming &c. 621. V. chance,

hap, turn up; fall to one's lot; be one's -fate &c. 601; stumble on

light upon; take one's chance &c. 621. Adj. casual, fortuitous,

accidental, adventitious, causeless, incidental, contingent, uncaused,

undetermined, indeterminate; random, statistical; possible &c. 470;

unintentional &c. 621. Adv. by chance, accidentally, by accident;

casually; perchance &c. (possibly) 470; for aught one knows; as good

would have it, as bad would have it, as luck would have it, as ill-luck

would have it, as chance would have it; as it may be, as it may

chance, as it may turn up, as it may happen; as the case may be. Phr.

"grasps the skirts of happy chance" [Tennyson]; "the accident of an

accident" [Lord Thurlow]. "There but for the grace of God go I."

[2] The word Chance has two distinct meanings: the first, the absence

of assignable cause, as above; and the second, the absence of

design—for the latter see 621.

2. CONNECTION BETWEEN CAUSE AND EFFECT

#157. Power.—N. power; potency, potentiality; jiva[obs3]; puissance,

might, force, energy &c. 171; dint; right hand, right arm;

ascendency[obs3], sway, control; prepotency, prepollence|;

almightiness, omnipotence; authority &c. 737; strength &c. 159.

ability; ableness &c. adj[obs3].; competency; efficacy; efficiency,

productivity, expertise (skill) 698; validity, cogency;

enablement[obs3]; vantage ground; influence &c. 175. pressure;

conductivity; elasticity; gravity, electricity, magnetism, galvanism,

voltaic electricity, voltaism, electromagnetism; atomic power, nuclear

power, thermonuclear power; fuel cell; hydraulic power, water power,

hydroelectric power; solar power, solar energy, solar panels; tidal

power; wind power; attraction; vis inertiae[Lat], vis mortua[Lat], vis

viva [Latin]; potential energy, dynamic energy; dynamic friction,

dynamic suction; live circuit, live rail, live wire. capability,

capacity; quid valeant humeri quid ferre recusent [obs3][Latin];

faculty, quality, attribute, endowment, virtue, gift, property,

qualification, susceptibility. V. be powerful &c. adj.; gain power &c.

n. belong to, pertain to; lie in one's power, be in one's power; can,

be able. give power, confer power, exercise power &c. n.; empower,

enable, invest; indue[obs3], endue; endow, arm; strengthen &c. 159;

compel &c. 744. Adj. powerful, puissant; potential; capable, able;

equal to, up to; cogent, valid; efficient, productive; effective,

effectual, efficacious, adequate, competent; multipotent[obs3],

plenipotent[obs3], omnipotent; almighty. forcible &c. adj. (energetic)

171; influential &c. 175; productive &c. 168. Adv. powerfully &c. adj.;

by virtue of, by dint of. Phr. a toute force[Fr]; δός μοι ποῦ στῶ καὶ

κινῶ τὴν γῆν[Grk]; eripuit cœlo fulmen sceptrumque tyrannis [Latin];

fortis cadere cedere non potest [Latin].

#158. Impotence.—N. impotence; inability, disability; disablement,

impuissance, imbecility; incapacity, incapability; inaptitude,

ineptitude, incompetence, unproductivity[obs3]; indocility[obs3];

invalidity, disqualification; inefficiency, wastefulness. telum

imbelle[Lat], brutum fulmen[Lat], blank, blank cartridge, flash in the

pan, vox et proeterea nihil[Lat], dead letter, bit of waste paper,

dummy; paper tiger; Quaker gun. inefficacy &c. (inutility) 645[obs3];

failure &c. 732. helplessness &c. adj.; prostration, paralysis, palsy,

apoplexy, syncope, sideration|, deliquium|[Lat], collapse, exhaustion,

softening of the brain, inanition; emasculation, orchiotomy [Med],

orchotomy[Med]. cripple, old woman, muff, powder puff, creampuff,

pussycat, wimp, mollycoddle; eunuch. V. be impotent &c. adj.; not have

a leg to stand on. vouloir rompre l'anguille au genou [French], vouloir

prendre la lune avec les dents [French]. collapse, faint, swoon, fall

into a swoon, drop; go by the board, go by the wayside; go up in smoke,

end in smoke &c. (fail) 732. render powerless &c. adj.; deprive of

power; disable, disenable[obs3]; disarm, incapacitate, disqualify,

unfit, invalidate, deaden, cramp, tie the hands; double up, prostrate,

paralyze, muzzle, cripple, becripple[obs3], maim, lame, hamstring, draw

the teeth of; throttle, strangle, garrotte, garrote; ratten[obs3],

silence, sprain, clip the wings of, put hors de combat[Fr], spike the

guns; take the wind out of one's sails, scotch the snake, put a spoke

in one's wheel; break the neck, break the back; unhinge, unfit; put out

of gear. unman, unnerve, enervate; emasculate, castrate, geld, alter,

neuter, sterilize, fix. shatter, exhaust, weaken &c. 160. Adj.

powerless, impotent, unable, incapable, incompetent; inefficient,

ineffective; inept; unfit, unfitted; unqualified, disqualified;

unendowed; inapt, unapt; crippled, disabled &c. v.; armless[obs3].

harmless, unarmed, weaponless, defenseless, sine ictu[Lat],

unfortified, indefensible, vincible, pregnable, untenable. paralytic,

paralyzed; palsied, imbecile; nerveless, sinewless[obs3],

marrowless[obs3], pithless[obs3], lustless[obs3]; emasculate,

disjointed; out of joint, out of gear; unnerved, unhinged;

water-logged, on one's beam ends, rudderless; laid on one's back; done

up, dead beat, exhausted, shattered, demoralized; graveled &c. (in

difficulty) 704; helpless, unfriended[obs3], fatherless; without a leg

to stand on, hors de combat[Fr], laid on the shelf. null and void,

nugatory, inoperative, good for nothing; ineffectual &c. (failing) 732;

inadequate &c. 640; inefficacious &c. (useless) 645. Phr. der kranke

Mann[Ger]; "desirous still but impotent to rise" [Shenstone]; the

spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.

#159. [Degree of power.] Strength.—N. strength; power &c. 157;

energy &c. 171; vigor, force; main force, physical force, brute force;

spring, elasticity, tone, tension, tonicity. stoutness &c. adj.;

lustihood[obs3], stamina, nerve, muscle, sinew, thews and sinews,

physique; pith, pithiness; virtility, vitality. athletics,

athleticism[obs3]; gymnastics, feats of strength. adamant, steel, iron,

oak, heart of oak; iron grip; grit, bone. athlete, gymnast, acrobat;

superman, Atlas, Hercules, Antæus[obs3], Samson, Cyclops, Goliath;

tower of strength; giant refreshed. strengthening &c. v.; invigoration,

refreshment, refocillation[obs3]. [Science of forces] dynamics,

statics. V. be strong &c. adj., be stronger; overmatch. render strong

&c. adj.; give strength &c. n.; strengthen, invigorate, brace, nerve,

fortify, sustain, harden, case harden, steel, gird; screw up, wind up,

set up; gird up one's loins, brace up one's loins; recruit, set on

one's legs; vivify; refresh &c. 689; refect[obs3]; reinforce, reenforce

&c. (restore) 660. Adj. strong, mighty, vigorous, forcible, hard,

adamantine, stout, robust, sturdy, hardy, powerful, potent, puissant,

valid. resistless, irresistible, invincible, proof against,

impregnable, unconquerable, indomitable, dominating, inextinguishable,

unquenchable; incontestable; more than a match for; overpowering,

overwhelming; all powerful, all sufficient; sovereign. able-bodied;

athletic; Herculean, Cyclopean, Atlantean[obs3]; muscular, brawny,

wiry, well-knit, broad-shouldered, sinewy, strapping, stalwart,

gigantic. manly, man-like, manful; masculine, male, virile.

unweakened[obs3], unallayed, unwithered[obs3], unshaken, unworn,

unexhausted[obs3]; in full force, in full swing; in the plenitude of

power. stubborn, thick-ribbed, made of iron, deep-rooted; strong as a

lion, strong as a horse, strong as an ox, strong as brandy; sound as a

roach; in fine feather, in high feather; built like a brick shithouse;

like a giant refreshed. Adv. strongly &c. adj.; by force &c. n.; by

main force &c. (by compulsion) 744. Phr. "our withers are unwrung"

[Hamlet]. Blut und Eisen[Ger]; coelitus mihi vires[Lat]; du fort au

diable[Fr]; en habiles gens[Lat]; ex vi termini; flecti non

frangi[Lat]; "he that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and

sharpens our skill" [Burke]; "inflexible in faith invincible in arms"

[Beattie].

#160. Weakness.—N. weakness &c. adj.; debility, atony[obs3],

relaxation, languor, enervation; impotence &c. 158; infirmity;

effeminacy, feminality[obs3]; fragility, flaccidity; inactivity &c.

683. anaemia, bloodlessness, deficiency of blood, poverty of blood.

declension of strength, loss of strength, failure of strength;

delicacy, invalidation, decrepitude, asthenia[obs3], adynamy[obs3],

cachexy[obs3], cachexia[Med], sprain, strain. reed, thread, rope of

sand, house of cards. softling[obs3], weakling; infant &c. 129; youth

&c. 127. V. be weak &c. adj.; drop, crumble, give way, totter, tremble,

shake, halt, limp, fade, languish, decline, flag, fail, have one leg in

the grave. render weak &c. adj.; weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, shake,

deprive of strength, relax, enervate, eviscerate; unbrace, unnerve;

cripple, unman &c. (render powerless) 158; cramp, reduce, sprain,

strain, blunt the edge of; dilute, impoverish; decimate; extenuate;

reduce in strength, reduce the strength of; mettre de l'eau dans son

vin[Fr]. Adj. weak, feeble, debile|; impotent &c. 158; relaxed,

unnerved, &c. v.; sapless, strengthless[obs3], powerless; weakly,

unstrung, flaccid, adynamic[obs3], asthenic[obs3]; nervous. soft,

effeminate, feminate[obs3], womanly. frail, fragile, shattery[obs3];

flimsy, unsubstantial, insubstantial, gimcrack, gingerbread; rickety,

creaky, creaking, cranky; craichy[obs3]; drooping, tottering &c. v..

broken, lame, withered, shattered, shaken, crazy, shaky; palsied &c.

158; decrepit. languid, poor, infirm; faint, faintish[obs3]; sickly &c.

(disease) 655; dull, slack, evanid|, spent, short-winded, effete;

weather-beaten; decayed, rotten, worn, seedy, languishing, wasted,

washy, laid low, pulled down, the worse for wear. unstrengthened &c.

159[obs3], unsupported, unaided, unassisted; aidless[obs3], defenseless

&c. 158; cantilevered (support) 215. on its last legs; weak as a child,

weak as a baby, weak as a chicken, weak as a cat, weak as a rat; weak

as water, weak as water gruel, weak as gingerbread, weak as milk and

water; colorless &c. 429. Phr. non sum qualis eram[Lat].

3. POWER IN OPERATION

#161. Production.—N. {ant. 162, 158} production, creation,

construction, formation, fabrication, manufacture; building,

architecture, erection, edification; coinage; diaster[obs3];

organization; nisus formativus[Lat]; putting together &c. v.;

establishment; workmanship, performance; achievement &c. (completion)

729. flowering, fructification; inflorescence. bringing forth &c. v.:

parturition, birth, birth-throe, childbirth, delivery, confinement,

accouchement, travail, labor, midwifery, obstetrics; geniture[obs3];

gestation &c. (maturation) 673; assimilation; evolution, development,

growth; entelechy[Phil]; fertilization, gemination, germination,

heterogamy[Biol], genesis, generation, epigenesis[obs3], procreation,

progeneration[obs3], propagation; fecundation, impregnation; albumen

&c. 357. spontaneous generation; archegenesis[obs3], archebiosis[obs3];

biogenesis, abiogenesis[obs3], digenesis[obs3], dysmerogenesis[obs3],

eumerogenesis[obs3], heterogenesis[obs3], oogenesis, merogenesis[obs3],

metogenesis[obs3], monogenesis[obs3], parthenogenesis,

homogenesis[obs3], xenogenesis|[obs3]; authorship, publication; works,

opus, oeuvre. biogeny[obs3], dissogeny[obs3], xenogeny[obs3];

tocogony[obs3], vacuolization. edifice, building, structure, fabric,

erection, pile, tower, flower, fruit. V. produce, perform, operate, do,

make, gar, form, construct, fabricate, frame, contrive, manufacture;

weave, forge, coin, carve, chisel; build, raise, edify, rear, erect,

put together, set up, run up; establish, constitute, compose, organize,

institute; achieve, accomplish &c. (complete) 729. flower, bear fruit,

fructify, teem, ean[obs3], yean[obs3], farrow, drop, pup, kitten,

kindle; bear, lay, whelp, bring forth, give birth to, lie in, be

brought to bed of, evolve, pullulate, usher into the world. make

productive &c. 168; create; beget, get, generate, fecundate,

impregnate; procreate, progenerate[obs3], propagate; engender; bring

into being, call into being, bring into existence; breed, hatch,

develop, bring up. induce, superinduce; suscitate|; cause &c. 153;

acquire &c. 775. Adj. produced, producing &c. v.; productive of;

prolific &c. 168; creative; formative, genetic, genial, genital;

pregnant; enceinte, big with, fraught with; in the family way, teeming,

parturient, in the straw, brought to bed of; puerperal,

puerperous[obs3]. digenetic[obs3], heterogenetic[obs3], oogenetic,

xenogenetic[obs3]; ectogenous[obs3], gamic[obs3], haematobious[obs3],

sporogenous[Biol], sporophorous[Biol]. architectonic. Phr. ex nihilo

nihil[Lat]; fiat lux[Lat]; materiam superabat opus [Lat][Ovid]; nemo

dat quod non habet [Latin].

#162. [Nonproduction.] Destruction.—N. {ant. 161} destruction;

waste, dissolution, breaking up; diruption[obs3], disruption;

consumption; disorganization. fall, downfall, devastation, ruin,

perdition, crash; eboulement[French], smash, havoc,

delabrement[French], debacle; break down, break up, fall apart;

prostration; desolation, bouleversement[Fr], wreck, wrack, shipwreck,

cataclysm; washout. extinction, annihilation; destruction of life &c.

361; knock-down blow; doom, crack of doom. destroying &c. v.;

demolition, demolishment; overthrow, subversion, suppression; abolition

&c. (abrogation) 756; biblioclasm[obs3]; sacrifice; ravage,

razzia[obs3]; inactivation; incendiarism; revolution &c. 146;

extirpation &c. (extraction) 301; beginning of the end, commencement de

la fin[French], road to ruin; dilapidation &c. (deterioration) 659;

sabotage. V. be destroyed &c.; perish; fall to the ground; tumble,

topple; go to pieces, fall to pieces; break up; crumble to dust; go to

the dogs, go to the wall, go to smash, go to shivers, go to wreck, go

to pot, go to wrack and ruin; go by the board, go all to smash; be all

over, be all up, be all with; totter to its fall. destroy; do away

with, make away with; nullify; annual &c. 756; sacrifice, demolish;

tear up; overturn, overthrow, overwhelm; upset, subvert, put an end to;

seal the doom of, do in, do for, dish*, undo; break up, cut up; break

down, cut down, pull down, mow down, blow down, beat down; suppress,

quash, put down, do a job on; cut short, take off, blot out; dispel,

dissipate, dissolve; consume. smash, crash, quell, squash, squelch,

crumple up, shatter, shiver; batter to pieces, tear to pieces, crush to

pieces, cut to pieces, shake to pieces, pull to pieces, pick to pieces;

laniate[obs3]; nip; tear to rags, tear to tatters; crush to atoms,

knock to atoms; ruin; strike out; throw over, knock down over; fell,

sink, swamp, scuttle, wreck, shipwreck, engulf, ingulf[obs3], submerge;

lay in ashes, lay in ruins; sweep away, erase, wipe out, expunge, raze;

level with the dust, level with the ground; waste; atomize, vaporize.

deal destruction, desolate, devastate, lay waste, ravage gut;

disorganize; dismantle &c. (render useless) 645; devour, swallow up,

sap, mine, blast, bomb, blow to smithereens, drop the big one,

confound; exterminate, extinguish, quench, annihilate; snuff out, put

out, stamp out, trample out; lay in the dust, trample in the dust;

prostrate; tread under foot; crush under foot, trample under foot; lay

the ax to the root of; make short work of, make clean sweep of, make

mincemeat of; cut up root and branch, chop into pieces, cut into

ribbons; fling to the winds, scatter to the winds; throw overboard;

strike at the root of, sap the foundations of, spring a mine, blow up,

ravage with fire and sword; cast to the dogs; eradicate &c. 301. Adj.

destroyed &c. v.; perishing &c. v.; trembling to its fall, nodding to

its fall, tottering to its fall; in course of destruction &c. n.;

extinct. all-destroying, all-devouring, all-engulfing. destructive,

subversive, ruinous, devastating; incendiary, deletory|; destroying &c.

n. suicidal; deadly &c. (killing) 361. Adv. with crushing effect, with

a sledge hammer. Phr. delenda est Carthago[Lat]; dum Roma deliberat

Saguntum perit[Lat]; ecrasez l'infame [Fr][Voltaire].

#163. Reproduction.—N. reproduction, renovation; restoration &c.

660; renewal; new edition, reprint, revival, regeneration,

palingenesis[obs3], revivification; apotheosis; resuscitation,

reanimation, resurrection, reappearance; regrowth; Phoenix. generation

&c. (production) 161; multiplication. V. reproduce; restore &c. 660;

revive, renovate, renew, regenerate, revivify, resuscitate, reanimate;

remake, refashion, stir the embers, put into the crucible; multiply,

repeat; resurge[obs3]. crop up, spring up like mushrooms. Adj.

reproduced &c. v.; renascent, reappearing; reproductive;

suigenetic[obs3].

#164. Producer.—N. producer, originator, inventor, author, founder,

generator, mover, architect, creator, prime mover; maker &c. (agent)

690; prime mover.

#165. Destroyer.—N. destroyer &c. (destroy &c. 162); cankerworm &c.

(bane) 663; assassin &c. (killer) 361; executioner &c. (punish) 975;

biblioclast[obs3], eidoloclast[obs3], iconoclast, idoloclast[obs3];

nihilist.

#166. Paternity.—N. paternity; parentage; consanguinity &c. 11.

parent; father, sire, dad, papa, paterfamilias, abba[obs3];

genitor, progenitor, procreator; ancestor; grandsire[obs3],

grandfather; great- grandfather; fathership[obs3], fatherhood;

mabap[obs3]. house, stem, trunk, tree, stock, stirps, pedigree,

lineage, line, family, tribe, sept, race, clan; genealogy,

descent, extraction, birth, ancestry; forefathers, forbears,

patriarchs. motherhood, maternity; mother, dam, mamma,

materfamilias[Lat], grandmother. Adj. paternal, parental;

maternal; family, ancestral, linear, patriarchal. Phr. avi

numerantur avorum[Lat]; "happy he with such a mother" [Tennyson];

hombre bueno no le busquen abolengo[Sp][obs3]; philosophia stemma

non inspicit [Lat][Seneca].

#167. Posterity.—N. posterity, progeny, breed, issue, offspring,

brood, litter, seed, farrow, spawn, spat; family, grandchildren, heirs;

great-grandchild. child, son, daughter; butcha[obs3]; bantling, scion;

acrospire[obs3], plumule[obs3], shoot, sprout, olive-branch,

sprit[obs3], branch; off-shoot, off-set; ramification; descendant;

heir, heiress; heir-apparent, heir- presumptive; chip off the old

block; heredity; rising generation. straight descent, sonship[obs3],

line, lineage, filiation[obs3], primogeniture. Adj. filial;

diphyletic[obs3]. Phr. "the child is father of the man" [Wordsworth];

"the fruit doesn't fall far from the tree", "like father, like son".

#168. Productiveness—N. productiveness &c. adj.; fecundity,

fertility, luxuriance, uberty|. pregnancy, pullulation, fructification,

multiplication, propagation, procreation; superfetation. milch cow,

rabbit, hydra, warren, seed plot, land flowing with milk and honey;

second crop, aftermath; aftercrop, aftergrowth[obs3]; arrish[obs3],

eddish[obs3], rowen[obs3]; protoplasm; fertilization. V. make

-productive &c. adj.; fructify; procreate, generate, fertilize,

spermative[obs3], impregnate; fecundate, fecundify[obs3]; teem,

multiply; produce &c. 161; conceive. Adj. productive, prolific;

teeming, teemful[obs3]; fertile, fruitful, frugiferous[obs3],

fruit-bearing; fecund, luxuriant; pregnant, uberous[obs3].

procreant[obs3], procreative; generative, life-giving, spermatic;

multiparous; omnific[obs3], propagable. parturient &c. (producing) 161;

profitable &c. (useful) 644.

#169. Unproductiveness.—N. unproductiveness &c. adj.; infertility,

sterility, infecundity[obs3]; masturbation; impotence &c. 158;

unprofitableness &c. (inutility) 645. waste, desert, Sahara, wild,

wilderness, howling wilderness. V. be - unproductive &c. adj.; hang

fire, flash in the pan, come to nothing. [make unproductive] sterilize,

addle; disable, inactivate. Adj. unproductive, acarpous[obs3],

inoperative, barren, addled, infertile, unfertile, unprolific[obs3],

arid, sterile, unfruitful, infecund[obs3]; sine prole; fallow;

teemless[obs3], issueless[obs3], fruitless; unprofitable &c. (useless)

645; null and void, of no effect.

#170. Agency.—N. agency, operation, force, working, strain,

#

function, office, maintenance, exercise, work, swing, play;

interworking[obs3], interaction; procurement.

causation &c. 153; instrumentality &c. 631; influence &c. 175;

action

&c. (voluntary) 680; modus operandi &c. 627.

quickening power, maintaining power, sustaining power; home

stroke.

V. be -in action &c. adj.; operate, work; act, act upon; perform,

play, support, sustain, strain, maintain, take effect, quicken, strike.

come play, come bring into operation; have play, have free play;

bring

to bear upon.

Adj. operative, efficient, efficacious, practical, effectual.

at work, on foot; acting &c. (doing) 680; in operation, in force,

in

action, in play, in exercise; acted upon, wrought upon.

Adv. by the -agency &c. n.- of; through &c. (instrumentality) 631;

by

means of &c. 632.

Phr. "I myself must mix with action lest I wither by despair"

[Tennyson].

#171. Physical Energy.—N. energy, physical energy, force, power &c.

#

157; keenness &c. adj.; intensity, vigor, strength, elasticity; go;

high

pressure; fire; rush.

acrimony, acritude[obs3]; causiticity[obs3], virulence; poignancy;

harshness &c. adj.; severity, edge, point; pungency &c. 392.

cantharides; seasoning &c. (condiment) 393.

activity, agitation, effervescence; ferment, fermentation;

ebullition,

splutter, perturbation, stir, bustle; voluntary energy &c. 682;

quicksilver.

resolution &c. (mental energy) 604; exertion &c. (effort) 686;

excitation &c. (mental) 824.

V. give -energy &c. n.; energize, stimulate, kindle, excite,

exert;

sharpen, intensify; inflame &c. (render violent) 173; wind up &c.

(strengthen) 159.

strike home, into home, hard home; make an impression.

Adj. strong, energetic, forcible, active; intense, deep-dyed,

severe,

keen, vivid, sharp, acute, incisive, trenchant, brisk.

rousing, irritation; poignant; virulent, caustic, corrosive,

mordant,

harsh, stringent; double-edged, double-shotted[obs3], double-distilled;

drastic, escharotic|; racy &c. (pungent) 392.

potent &c. (powerful) 157; radioactive.

Adv. strongly &c. adj.; fortiter in re[Lat]; with telling effect.

Phr. the steam is up; vires acquirit eundo[Lat]; "the race by

vigor

not by vaunts is won" [Pope].

#172. Physical Inertness.—N. inertness, dullness &c. adj.; inertia,

#

vis inertiae[Latin], inertion[obs3], inactivity, torpor, languor;

quiescence &c. 265; latency, inaction; passivity.

mental inertness; sloth &c. (inactivity) 683; inexcitability &c.

826[obs3]; irresolution &c. 605; obstinacy &c. 606; permanence &c. 141.

rare gas, paraffin, noble metal, unreactivity.

V. be -inert &c. adj.; hang fire, smolder.

Adj. inert, inactive, passive; torpid &c. 683; sluggish, dull,

heavy,

flat, slack, tame, slow, blunt; unreactive; lifeless, dead,

uninfluential[obs3].

latent, dormant, smoldering, unexerted[obs3].

Adv. inactively &c. adj.; in suspense, in abeyance.

#173. Violence.—N. violence, inclemency, vehemence, might,

impetuosity; boisterousness &c. adj.; effervescence, ebullition;

turbulence, bluster; uproar, callithump [obs3][U. S.], riot, row,

rumpus, le diable a quatre[Fr], devil to pay, all the fat in the fire.

severity &c. 739; ferocity, rage, fury; exacerbation, exasperation,

malignity; fit, paroxysm; orgasm, climax, aphrodisia[obs3]; force,

brute force; outrage; coup de main; strain, shock, shog[obs3]; spasm,

convulsion, throe; hysterics, passion &c. (state of excitability) 825.

outbreak, outburst; debacle; burst, bounce, dissilience[obs3],

discharge, volley, explosion, blow up, blast, detonation, rush,

eruption, displosion|, torrent. turmoil &c. (disorder) 59; ferment &c.

(agitation) 315; storm, tempest, rough weather; squall &c. (wind) 349;

earthquake, volcano, thunderstorm. berserk, berserker; fury, dragon,

demon, tiger, beldame, Tisiphone[obs3], Megaera, Alecto[obs3], madcap,

wild beast; fire eater &c. (blusterer) 887. V. be -violent &c. adj.;

run high; ferment, effervesce; romp, rampage, go on a rampage; run

wild, run amuck, run riot; break the peace; rush, tear; rush headlong,

rush foremost; raise a storm, make a riot; rough house*; riot, storm;

wreak, bear down, ride roughshod, out Herod, Herod; spread like

wildfire. [(person) shout or act in anger at something] explode, make a

row, kick up a row; boil, boil over; fume, foam, come on like a lion,

bluster, rage, roar, fly off the handle, go bananas, go ape, blow one's

top, blow one's cool, flip one's lid, hit the ceiling, hit the roof;

fly into a rage (anger) 900.. break out, fly out, burst out; bounce,

explode, go off, displode|, fly, detonate, thunder, blow up,

crump[obs3], flash, flare, burst; shock, strain; break open, force

open, prize open. render violent &c. adj.; sharpen, stir up, quicken,

excite, incite, annoy, urge, lash, stimulate, turn on; irritate,

inflame, kindle, suscitate|, foment; accelerate, aggravate, exasperate,

exacerbate, convulse, infuriate, madden, lash into fury; fan the flame;

add fuel to the flame, pour oil on the fire, oleum addere camino[Lat].

explode; let fly, fly off; discharge, detonate, set off,

detonize[obs3], fulminate. Adj. violent, vehement; warm; acute, sharp;

rough, rude, ungentle, bluff, boisterous, wild; brusque, abrupt,

waspish; impetuous; rampant. turbulent; disorderly; blustering, raging

&c. v.; troublous[obs3], riotous; tumultuary[obs3], tumultuous;

obstreperous, uproarious; extravagant; unmitigated; ravening,

inextinguishable, tameless; frenzied &c. (insane) 503. desperate &c.

(rash) 863; infuriate, furious, outrageous, frantic, hysteric, in

hysterics. fiery, flaming, scorching, hot, red-hot, ebullient. savage,

fierce, ferocious, fierce as a tiger. excited &c. v.; unquelled[obs3],

unquenched, unextinguished[obs3], unrepressed, unbridled, unruly;

headstrong, ungovernable, unappeasable, immitigable, unmitigable[obs3];

uncontrollable, incontrollable[obs3]; insuppressible, irrepressible;

orgastic, orgasmatic, orgasmic. spasmodic, convulsive, explosive;

detonating &c. v.; volcanic, meteoric; stormy &c. (wind) 349. Adv.

violently &c. adj.; amain[obs3]; by storm, by force, by main force;

with might and main; tooth and nail, vi et armis[Lat], at the point of

the sword, at the point of the bayonet; at one fell swoop; with a high

hand, through thick and thin; in desperation, with a vengeance; a

outrance[obs3], a toute outrance[Fr][obs3]; headlong, head foremost.

Phr. furor arma ministrat[Lat]; "blown with restless violence round

about the pendent world" [Measure for Measure].

#174. Moderation.—N. moderation, lenity &c. 740; temperateness,

gentleness &c. adj.; sobriety; quiet; mental calmness &c.

(inexcitability) 826[obs3]. moderating &c. v.; anaphrodisia[obs3];

relaxation, remission, mitigation, tranquilization[obs3], assuagement,

contemporation[obs3], pacification. measure, juste milieu[Fr], golden

mean, ἄριστον μέτρον[Grk]. moderator; lullaby, sedative, lenitive,

demulcent, antispasmodic, carminative, laudanum; rose water, balm,

poppy, opiate, anodyne, milk, opium, "poppy or mandragora"; wet

blanket; palliative. V. be -moderate &c. adj.; keep within bounds, keep

within compass; sober down, settle down; keep the peace, remit, relent,

take in sail. moderate, soften, mitigate, temper, accoy|;

attemper[obs3], contemper[obs3]; mollify, lenify[obs3], dulcify[obs3],

dull, take off the edge, blunt, obtund[obs3], sheathe, subdue, chasten;

sober down, tone down, smooth down; weaken &c. 160; lessen &c.

(decrease) 36; check palliate. tranquilize, pacify, assuage, appease,

swag, lull, soothe, compose, still, calm, calm down, cool, quiet, hush,

quell, sober, pacify, tame, damp, lay, allay, rebate, slacken, smooth,

alleviate, rock to sleep, deaden, smooth, throw cold water on, throw a

wet blanket over, turn off; slake; curb &c. (restrain) 751; tame &c.

(subjugate) 749; smooth over; pour oil on the waves, pour oil on the

troubled waters; pour balm into, mattre de l'eau dans son vin[Fr]. go

out like a lamb, "roar you as gently as any sucking dove,"

[Midsummer-Night's Dream]. Adj. moderate; lenient &c. 740; gentle,

mild, mellow; cool, sober, temperate, reasonable, measured; tempered

&c. v.; calm, unruffled, quiet, tranquil, still; slow, smooth,

untroubled; tame; peaceful, peaceable; pacific, halcyon. unexciting,

unirritating[obs3]; soft, bland, oily, demulcent, lenitive, anodyne;

hypnotic &c. 683; sedative; antiorgastic[obs3], anaphrodisiac[obs3].

mild as mother's milk; milk and water. Adv. moderately &c. adj.;

gingerly; piano; under easy sail, at half speed; within bounds, within

compass; in reason. Phr. est modue in rebus[obs3]; pour oil on troubled

waters.

4. INDIRECT POWER

#175. Influence.—N. influence; importance &c. 642; weight, pressure,

preponderance, prevalence, sway; predominance, predominancy[obs3];

ascendency[obs3]; dominance, reign; control, domination, pull*;

authority &c.737; capability &c. (power) 157; effect &c. 154; interest.

synergy (cooperation) 709. footing; purchase &c. (support) 215; play,

leverage, vantage ground. tower of strength, host in himself;

protection, patronage, auspices. V. have -influence &c. n.; be

-influential &c. adj.; carry weight, weigh, tell; have a hold upon,

magnetize, bear upon, gain a footing, work upon; take root, take hold;

strike root in. run through, pervade; prevail, dominate, predominate;

out weigh, over weigh; over-ride, over-bear; gain head; rage; be -rife

&c. adj.; spread like wildfire; have the upper hand, get the upper

hand, gain the upper hand, have full play, get full play, gain full

play. be recognized, be listened to; make one's voice heard, gain a

hearing; play a part, play a leading part, play a leading part in; take

the lead, pull the strings; turn the scale, throw one's weight into the

scale; set the fashion, lead the dance. Adj. influential, effective;

important &c. 642; weighty; prevailing &c. v.; prevalent, rife,

rampant, dominant, regnant, predominant, in the ascendant,

hegemonical[obs3]. Adv. with telling effect. Phr. tel maure tel

valet[Fr].

#175a. Absence of Influence.—N. impotence &c. 158; powerlessness;

#

inertness &c. 172; irrelevancy &c. 10.

V. have no -influence &c. 175.

Adj. uninfluential[obs3], ineffective; inconsequential, nugatory;

unconducing, unconducive, unconducting to[obs3]; powerless &c. 158;

irrelevant &c. 10.

#176. Tendency.—N. tendency; aptness, aptitude; proneness,

proclivity, bent, turn, tone, bias, set, leaning to, predisposition,

inclination, propensity, susceptibility; conatus[Lat], nisus[Lat];

liability &c. 177; quality, nature, temperament; idiocrasy[obs3],

idiosyncrasy; cast, vein, grain; humor, mood; drift &c. (direction)

278; conduciveness, conducement[obs3]; applicability &c. (utility) 644;

subservience &c. (instrumentality) 631. V. tend, contribute, conduce,

lead, dispose, incline, verge, bend to, trend, affect, carry, redound

to, bid fair to, gravitate towards; promote &c. (aid) 707. Adj. tending

&c. v.; conducive, working towards, in a fair way to, calculated to;

liable &c. 177; subservient &c. (instrumental) 631; useful &c. 644;

subsidiary &c. (helping) 707. Adv. for, whither.

#177. Liability.—N. liability, liableness[obs3]; possibility,

contingency; susceptivity[obs3], susceptibility, exposure. V. be

-liable &c. adj.; incur, lay oneself open to; run the chance, stand a

chance; lie under, expose oneself to, open a door to. Adj. liable,

subject; in danger &c. 665; open to, exposed to, obnoxious to;

answerable; unexempt from[obs3]; apt to; dependent on; incident to.

contingent, incidental, possible, on the cards, within range of, at the

mercy of.

5. COMBINATIONS OF CAUSES

#178. Concurrence.—N. concurrence, cooperation, coagency[obs3];

#

union; agreement &c. 23; consilience[obs3]; consent, coincidence &c.

(assent) 488; alliance; concert, additivity, synergy &c. 709;

partnership

&c. 712.

common cause.

V. concur, conduce, conspire, contribute; agree, unite; hang

together,

pull together, join forces, make common cause.

&c. (cooperate) 709; help to &c. (aid) 707.

keep pace with, run parallel; go with, go along with, go hand in

hand

with, coincide.

Adj. concurring &c. v.; concurrent, in alliance with, banded

together,

of one mind, at one with, coinciding.

Adv. with one consent.

#179. Counteraction.—N. counteraction, opposition; contrariety &c.

14; antagonism, polarity; clashing &c. v.; collision, interference,

inhibition, resistance, renitency, friction; reaction; retroaction &c.

(recoil) 277; counterblast[obs3]; neutralization &c. (compensation) 30;

vis inertiae[Lat]; check &c. (hindrance) 706. voluntary opposition &c.

708, voluntary resistance &c. 719; repression &c. (restraint) 751.

opposites, action and reaction, yang and yin, yang-yin (contrariety)

14. V. counteract; run counter, clash, cross; interfere with, conflict

with; contravene; jostle; go against, run against, beat against,

militate against; stultify; antagonize, block, oppose &c. 708;

traverse; withstand &c. (resist) 719; hinder &c. 706; repress &c.

(restrain) 751; react &c. (recoil) 277. undo, neutralize; counterpoise

&c. (compensate) 30; overpoise[obs3]. Adj. counteracting &c. v.;

antagonistic, conflicting, retroactive, renitent, reactionary; contrary

&c. 14. Adv. although &c. 30; in spite of &c. 708; against. Phr. "for

every action there is a reaction, equal in force and opposite in

direction" [Newton].

CLASS II

WORDS RELATING TO SPACE

SECTION I. SPACE IN GENERAL

1. ABSTRACT SPACE

#180. [Indefinite space.] Space.—N. space, extension, extent,

superficial extent, expanse, stretch, hyperspace; room, scope, range,

field, way, expansion, compass, sweep, swing, spread. dimension, length

&c. 200; distance &c. 196; size &c. 192; volume; hypervolume. latitude,

play, leeway, purchase, tolerance, room for maneuver. spare room, elbow

room, house room; stowage, roomage[obs3], margin; opening, sphere,

arena. open space, free space; void &c. (absence) 187; waste; wildness,

wilderness; moor, moorland; campagna[obs3]. abyss &c. (interval) 198;

unlimited space; infinity &c. 105; world; ubiquity &c. (presence) 186;

length and breadth of the land. proportions, acreage; acres, acres and

perches, roods and perches, hectares, square miles; square inches,

square yards, square centimeters, square meters, yards (clothing) &c.;

ares, arpents[obs3]. Adj. spacious, roomy, extensive, expansive,

capacious, ample; widespread, vast, world-wide, uncircumscribed;

boundless &c. (infinite) 105; shoreless[obs3], trackless, pathless;

extended. Adv. extensively &c. adj.; wherever; everywhere; far and

near, far and wide; right and left, all over, all the world over;

throughout the world, throughout the length and breadth of the land;

under the sun, in every quarter; in all quarters, in all lands; here

there and everywhere; from pole to pole, from China to Peru [Johnson],

from Indus to the pole [Pope], from Dan to Beersheba, from end to end;

on the face of the earth, in the wide world, from all points of the

compass; to the four winds, to the uttermost parts of the earth.

#180a. Inextension.—N. inextension[obs3], nonextension[obs3], point;

dot; atom &c. (smallness) 32.

#181. [Definite space.] Region.—N. region, sphere, ground, soil,

#

area, field, realm, hemisphere, quarter, district, beat, orb, circuit,

circle; reservation, pale &c. (limit) 233; compartment, department;

clearing.

[political divisions: see property &c. 780 and Government &c.

737a.].

arena, precincts, enceinte, walk, march; patch, plot, parcel,

inclosure, close, field, court; enclave, reserve, preserve; street &c.

(abode) 189.

clime, climate, zone, meridian, latitude.

biosphere; lithosphere.

Adj. territorial, local, parochial, provincial, regional.

#182. [Limited space.] Place.—N. place, lieu, spot, point, dot;

niche, nook &c. (corner) 244; hole; pigeonhole &c. (receptacle) 191;

compartment; premises, precinct, station; area, courtyard, square;

abode &c. 189; locality &c. (situation) 183. ins and outs; every hole

and corner. Adv. somewhere, in some place, wherever it may be, here and

there, in various places, passim.

2. RELATIVE SPACE

#183. Situation.—N. situation, position, locality, locale, status,

#

latitude and longitude; footing, standing, standpoint, post; stage;

aspect,

attitude, posture, pose.

environment, surroundings (location) 184; circumjacence &c.

227[obs3].

place, site, station, seat, venue, whereabouts; ground; bearings

&c.

(direction) 278; spot &c. (limited space) 182.

topography, geography, chorography[obs3]; map &c. 554.

V. be situated, be situate; lie, have its seat in.

Adj. situate, situated; local, topical, topographical &c. n.

Adv. in situ, in loco; here and there, passim; hereabouts,

thereabouts, whereabouts; in place, here, there.

in such and such surroundings, in such and such environs, in

such and such entourage, amidst such and such surroundings, amidst such

and

such environs, amidst such and such entourage.

#184. Location.—N. location, localization; lodgment; deposition,

reposition; stowage, package; collocation; packing, lading;

establishment, settlement, installation; fixation; insertion &c. 300.

habitat, environment, surroundings (situation) 183; circumjacence &c.

227[obs3]. anchorage, mooring, encampment. plantation, colony,

settlement, cantonment; colonization, domestication, situation;

habitation &c. (abode) 189; cohabitation; "a local habitation and a

name" [Midsummer Night's Dream]; endenization[obs3], naturalization. V.

place, situate, locate, localize, make a place for, put, lay, set,

seat, station, lodge, quarter, post, install; house, stow; establish,

fix, pin, root; graft; plant &c. (insert) 300; shelve, pitch, camp, lay

down, deposit, reposit[obs3]; cradle; moor, tether, picket; pack, tuck

in; embed, imbed; vest, invest in. billet on, quarter upon, saddle

with; load, lade, freight; pocket, put up, bag. inhabit &c. (be

present) 186; domesticate, colonize; take root, strike root; anchor;

cast anchor, come to an anchor; sit down, settle down; settle; take up

one's abode, take up one's quarters; plant oneself, establish oneself,

locate oneself; squat, perch, hive, se nicher[Fr], bivouac, burrow, get

a footing; encamp, pitch one's tent; put up at, put up one's horses at;

keep house. endenizen[obs3], naturalize, adopt. put back, replace &c.

(restore) 660. Adj. placed &c. v.; situate, posited, ensconced,

imbedded, embosomed[obs3], rooted; domesticated; vested in,

unremoved[obs3]. moored &c. v.; at anchor.

#185. Displacement.—N. displacement, elocation[obs3], transposition.

#

ejectment &c. 297[obs3]; exile &c. (banishment) 893; removal &c.

(transference) 270.

misplacement, dislocation &c. 61; fish out of water.

V. displace, misplace, displant[obs3], dislodge, disestablish;

exile

&c. (seclude) 893; ablegate[obs3], set aside, remove; take away, cart

away;

take off, draft off; lade &c. 184.

unload, empty &c. (eject) 297; transfer &c. 270; dispel.

vacate; depart &c. 293.

Adj. displaced &c. v.; unplaced, unhoused[obs3], unharbored[obs3],

unestablished[obs3], unsettled; houseless[obs3], homeless; out of

place,

out of a situation; in the wrong place.

misplaced, out of its element.

3. EXISTENCE IN SPACE

#186. Presence.—N. presence; occupancy, occupation; attendance;

#

whereness[obs3].

permeation, pervasion; diffusion &c. (dispersion) 73.

ubiety[obs3], ubiquity, ubiquitariness[obs3]; omnipresence.

bystander &c. (spectator) 444.

V. exist in space, be present &c. adj.; assister[obs3]; make one

of,

make one at; look on, attend, remain; find oneself, present oneself;

show

one's face; fall in the way of, occur in a place; lie, stand; occupy;

be

there.

people; inhabit, dwell, reside, stay, sojourn, live, abide, lodge,

nestle, roost, perch; take up one's abode &c. (be located) 184; tenant.

resort to, frequent, haunt; revisit.

fill, pervade, permeate; be diffused, be disseminated, be through;

over spread, overrun; run through; meet one at every turn.

Adj. present; occupying, inhabiting &c. v.; moored &c. 184;

resiant[obs3], resident, residentiary[obs3]; domiciled.

ubiquitous, ubiquitary[obs3]; omnipresent; universally present.

peopled, populous, full of people, inhabited.

Adv. here, there, where, everywhere, aboard, on board, at home,

afield; here there and everywhere &c. (space) 180; in presence of,

before;

under the eyes of, under the nose of; in the face of; in propria

persona[Lat].

on the spot; in person, in the flesh.

Phr. nusquam est qui ubique est [Lat][Seneca].

#187. [Nullibiety.[1]] Absence.—N. absence; inexistence &c. 2[obs3];

#

nonresidence, absenteeism; nonattendance, alibi.

emptiness &c. adj.; void, vacuum; vacuity, vacancy; tabula

rasa[Lat];

exemption; hiatus &c. (interval) 198; lipotype|!.

truant, absentee.

nobody; nobody present, nobody on earth; not a soul; ame qui

vive[Fr].

V. be absent &c. adj.; keep away, keep out of the way; play

truant,

absent oneself, stay away; keep aloof, hold aloof.

withdraw, make oneself scarce, vacate; go away &c. 293.

Adj. absent, not present, away, nonresident, gone, from home;

missing;

lost; wanting; omitted; nowhere to be found; inexistence &c. 2[obs3].

empty, void; vacant, vacuous; untenanted, unoccupied, uninhabited;

tenantless; barren, sterile; desert, deserted; devoid; uninhabitable.

Adv. without, minus, nowhere; elsewhere; neither here nor there;

in

default of; sans; behind one's back.

Phr. the bird has flown, non est inventus[Lat].

"absence makes the heart grow fonder" [Bayley]; "absent in body

but

present in spirit" [1 Corinthians v, 3]; absento nemo ne nocuisse velit

[Lat][Propertius]; "Achilles absent was Achilles still" [Homer]; aux

absents les os; briller par son absence[Fr]; "conspicuous by his

absence"

[Russell]; "in the hope to meet shortly again and make our absence

sweet"

[B. Jonson].

[1] Bishop Wilkins.

#188. Inhabitant.—N. inhabitant; resident, residentiary[obs3];

dweller, indweller[obs3]; addressee; occupier, occupant; householder,

lodger, inmate, tenant, incumbent, sojourner, locum tenens,

commorant[obs3]; settler, squatter, backwoodsman, colonist; islander;

denizen, citizen; burgher, oppidan[obs3], cockney, cit, townsman,

burgess; villager; cottager, cottier[obs3], cotter; compatriot;

backsettler[obs3], boarder; hotel keeper, innkeeper; habitant; paying

guest; planter. native, indigene, aborigines, autochthones[obs3];

Englishman, John Bull; newcomer &c. (stranger) 57. aboriginal,

American[obs3], Caledonian, Cambrian, Canadian, Canuck*, downeaster

[U.S.], Scot, Scotchman, Hibernian, Irishman, Welshman, Uncle Sam,

Yankee, Brother Jonathan. garrison, crew; population; people &c.

(mankind) 372; colony, settlement; household; mir[obs3]. V. inhabit &c.

(be present) 186; endenizen &c. (locate oneself) 184[obs3]. Adj.

indigenous; native, natal; autochthonal[obs3], autochthonous; British;

English; American[obs3]; Canadian, Irish, Scotch, Scottish, Welsh;

domestic; domiciliated[obs3], domiciled; naturalized, vernacular,

domesticated; domiciliary. in the occupation of; garrisoned by,

occupied by.

#189. [Place of habitation, or resort.] Abode.—N. abode, dwelling,

lodging, domicile, residence, apartment, place, digs, pad, address,

habitation, where one's lot is cast, local habitation, berth, diggings,

seat, lap, sojourn, housing, quarters, headquarters, resiance|,

tabernacle, throne, ark. home, fatherland; country; homestead,

homestall[obs3]; fireside; hearth, hearth stone; chimney corner,

inglenook, ingle side; harem, seraglio, zenana[obs3]; household gods,

lares et penates[Lat], roof, household, housing, dulce domum[Lat],

paternal domicile; native soil, native land. habitat, range, stamping

ground; haunt, hangout; biosphere; environment, ecological niche. nest,

nidus, snuggery[obs3]; arbor, bower, &c. 191; lair, den, cave, hole,

hiding place, cell, sanctum sanctorum[Lat], aerie, eyrie, eyry[obs3],

rookery, hive; covert, resort, retreat, perch, roost; nidification;

kala jagah[obs3]. bivouac, camp, encampment, cantonment,

castrametation[obs3]; barrack, casemate[obs3], casern[obs3]. tent &c.

(covering) 223; building &c. (construction) 161; chamber &c.

(receptacle) 191; xenodochium[obs3]. tenement, messuage, farm,

farmhouse, grange, hacienda, toft[obs3]. cot, cabin, hut, chalet,

croft, shed, booth, stall, hovel, bothy[obs3], shanty, dugout [U.S.],

wigwam; pen &c. (inclosure) 232; barn, bawn[obs3]; kennel, sty,

doghold[obs3], cote, coop, hutch, byre; cow house, cow shed; stable,

dovecote, columbary[obs3], columbarium; shippen[obs3]; igloo,

iglu[obs3], jacal[obs3]; lacustrine dwelling[obs3], lacuslake

dwelling[obs3], lacuspile dwelling[obs3]; log cabin, log house; shack,

shebang*, tepee, topek[obs3]. house, mansion, place, villa, cottage,

box, lodge, hermitage, rus in urbe[Lat], folly, rotunda, tower,

chateau, castle, pavilion, hotel, court, manor-house, capital messuage,

hall, palace; kiosk, bungalow; casa[Sp], country seat, apartment house,

flat house, frame house, shingle house, tenement house; temple &c.

1000. hamlet, village, thorp[obs3], dorp[obs3], ham, kraal; borough,

burgh, town, city, capital, metropolis; suburb; province, country;

county town, county seat; courthouse [U.S.]; ghetto. street, place,

terrace, parade, esplanade, alameda[obs3], board walk, embankment,

road, row, lane, alley, court, quadrangle, quad, wynd[Scot], close,

yard, passage, rents, buildings, mews. square, polygon, circus,

crescent, mall, piazza, arcade, colonnade, peristyle, cloister;

gardens, grove, residences; block of buildings, market place, place,

plaza. anchorage, roadstead, roads; dock, basin, wharf, quay, port,

harbor. quarter, parish &c. (region) 181. assembly room, meetinghouse,

pump room, spa, watering place; inn; hostel, hostelry; hotel, tavern,

caravansary, dak bungalow[obs3], khan, hospice; public house, pub, pot

house, mug house; gin mill, gin palace; bar, bar room; barrel house*

[U.S.], cabaret, chophouse; club, clubhouse; cookshop[obs3], dive

[U.S.], exchange [euphemism, U.S.]; grill room, saloon [U.S.],

shebeen[obs3]; coffee house, eating house; canteen, restaurant, buffet,

cafe, estaminet[obs3], posada[obs3]; almshouse[obs3], poorhouse,

townhouse [U.S.]. garden, park, pleasure ground, plaisance[obs3],

demesne. [quarters for animals] cage, terrarium, doghouse; pen, aviary;

barn, stall; zoo. V. take up one's abode &c. (locate oneself) 184;

inhabit &c. (be present) 186. Adj. urban, metropolitan; suburban;

provincial, rural, rustic; domestic; cosmopolitan; palatial. Phr.

eigner Hert ist goldes Werth[Ger]; "even cities have their graves"

[Longfellow]; ubi libertas ibi patria[Lat]; home sweet home.

#190. [Things contained.] Contents.—N. contents; cargo, lading,

freight, shipment, load, bale, burden, jag; cartload[obs3], shipload;

cup of, basket of, &c. (receptacle) 191 of; inside &c. 221; stuffing,

ullage.

#191. Receptacle.—N. receptacle; inclosure &c. 232; recipient,

receiver, reservatory. compartment; cell, cellule; follicle; hole,

corner, niche, recess, nook; crypt, stall, pigeonhole, cove, oriel;

cave &c. (concavity) 252. capsule, vesicle, cyst, pod, calyx, cancelli,

utricle, bladder; pericarp, udder. stomach, paunch, venter, ventricle,

crop, craw, maw, gizzard, breadbasket; mouth. pocket, pouch, fob,

sheath, scabbard, socket, bag, sac, sack, saccule, wallet, cardcase,

scrip, poke, knit, knapsack, haversack, sachel, satchel, reticule,

budget, net; ditty bag, ditty box; housewife, hussif; saddlebags;

portfolio; quiver &c. (magazine) 636. chest, box, coffer, caddy, case,

casket, pyx, pix, caisson, desk, bureau, reliquary; trunk, portmanteau,

band-box, valise; grip, grip sack [U.S.]; skippet, vasculum; boot,

imperial; vache; cage, manger, rack. vessel, vase, bushel, barrel;

canister, jar; pottle, basket, pannier, buck-basket, hopper, maund|,

creel, cran, crate, cradle, bassinet, wisket, whisket, jardiniere,

corbeille, hamper, dosser, dorser, tray, hod, scuttle, utensil;

brazier; cuspidor, spittoon. [For liquids] cistern &c. (store) 636;

vat, caldron, barrel, cask, drum, puncheon, keg, rundlet, tun, butt,

cag, firkin, kilderkin, carboy, amphora, bottle, jar, decanter, ewer,

cruse, caraffe, crock, kit, canteen, flagon; demijohn; flask, flasket;

stoup, noggin, vial, phial, cruet, caster; urn, epergne, salver,

patella, tazza, patera; pig gin, big gin; tyg, nipperkin, pocket

pistol; tub, bucket, pail, skeel, pot, tankard, jug, pitcher, mug,

pipkin; galipot, gallipot; matrass, receiver, retort, alembic,

bolthead, capsule, can, kettle; bowl, basin, jorum, punch bowl, cup,

goblet, chalice, tumbler, glass, rummer, horn, saucepan, skillet,

posnet|, tureen. [laboratory vessels for liquids] beaker, flask,

Erlenmeyer flask, Florence flask, round-bottom flask, graduated

cylinder, test tube, culture tube, pipette, Pasteur pipette, disposable

pipette, syringe, vial, carboy, vacuum flask, Petri dish, microtiter

tray, centrifuge tube. bail, beaker, billy, canakin; catch basin, catch

drain; chatti, lota, mussuk, schooner [U.S.], spider, terrine, toby,

urceus. plate, platter, dish, trencher, calabash, porringer, potager,

saucer, pan, crucible; glassware, tableware; vitrics. compote, gravy

boat, creamer, sugar bowl, butter dish, mug, pitcher, punch bowl,

chafing dish. shovel, trowel, spoon, spatula, ladle, dipper,

tablespoon, watch glass, thimble. closet, commode, cupboard, cellaret,

chiffonniere, locker, bin, bunker, buffet, press, clothespress, safe,

sideboard, drawer, chest of drawers, chest on chest, highboy, lowboy,

till, scrutoire|, secretary, secretaire, davenport, bookcase, cabinet,

canterbury; escritoire, etagere, vargueno, vitrine. chamber, apartment,

room, cabin; office, court, hall, atrium; suite of rooms, apartment

[U.S.], flat, story; saloon, salon, parlor; by-room, cubicle; presence

chamber; sitting room, best room, keeping room, drawing room, reception

room, state room; gallery, cabinet, closet; pew, box; boudoir; adytum,

sanctum; bedroom, dormitory; refectory, dining room, salle-a-manger;

nursery, schoolroom; library, study; studio; billiard room, smoking

room; den; stateroom, tablinum, tenement. [room for defecation and

urination] bath room, bathroom, toilet, lavatory, powder room; john,

jakes, necessary, loo; [in public places] men's room, ladies' room,

rest room; [fixtures: see 653 (uncleanness)]. attic, loft, garret,

cockloft, clerestory; cellar, vault, hold, cockpit; cubbyhole; cook

house; entre-sol; mezzanine floor; ground floor, rez-de-chaussee;

basement, kitchen, pantry, bawarchi-khana, scullery, offices; storeroom

&c. (depository) 636; lumber room; dairy, laundry. coach house; garage;

hangar; outhouse; penthouse; lean-to. portico, porch, stoop, stope,

veranda, patio, lanai, terrace, deck; lobby, court, courtyard, hall,

vestibule, corridor, passage, breezeway; ante room, ante chamber;

lounge; piazza [=veranda, U.S.]. conservatory, greenhouse, bower,

arbor, summerhouse, alcove, grotto, hermitage. lodging &c. (abode) 189;

bed &c. (support) 215; carriage &c. (vehicle) 272. Adj. capsular;

saccular, sacculated; recipient; ventricular, cystic, vascular,

vesicular, cellular, camerated, locular, multilocular, polygastric;

marsupial; siliquose, siliquous.

SECTION II. DIMENSIONS

1. GENERAL DIMENSIONS

#192. Size.—N. size, magnitude, dimension, bulk, volume; largeness

&c. adj.; greatness &c. (of quantity) 31; expanse &c. (space) 180;

amplitude, mass; proportions. capacity, tonnage, tunnage; cordage;

caliber, scantling. turgidity &c. (expansion) 194; corpulence, obesity;

plumpness &c. adj.; embonpoint, corporation, flesh and blood,

lustihood. hugeness &c. adj.; enormity, immensity, monstrosity. giant,

Brobdingnagian, Antæus, Goliath, Gog and Magog, Gargantua, monster,

mammoth, Cyclops; cachalot, whale, porpoise, behemoth, leviathan,

elephant, hippopotamus; colossus; tun, cord, lump, bulk, block, loaf,

mass, swad, clod, nugget, bushel, thumper, whooper, spanker, strapper;

"Triton among the minnows" [Coriolanus]. mountain, mound; heap &c.

(assemblage) 72. largest portion &c. 50; full size, life size. V. be

large &c. adj.; become large &c. (expand) 194. Adj. large, big; great

&c. (in quantity) 31; considerable, bulky, voluminous, ample, massive,

massy; capacious, comprehensive; spacious &c. 180; mighty, towering,

fine, magnificent. corpulent, stout, fat, obese, plump, squab, full,

lusty, strapping, bouncing; portly, burly, well-fed, full-grown; corn

fed, gram fed; stalwart, brawny, fleshy; goodly; in good case, in good

condition; in condition; chopping, jolly; chub faced, chubby faced.

lubberly, hulky, unwieldy, lumpish, gaunt, spanking, whacking,

whopping, walloping, thumping, thundering, hulking; overgrown; puffy

&c. (swollen) 194. huge, immense, enormous, mighty; vast, vasty;

amplitudinous, stupendous; monster, monstrous, humongous, monumental;

elephantine, jumbo, mammoth; gigantic, gigantean, giant, giant like,

titanic; prodigious, colossal, Cyclopean, Brobdingnagian, Bunyanesque,

Herculean, Gargantuan; infinite &c. 105. large as life; plump as a

dumpling, plump as a partridge; fat as a pig, fat as a quail, fat as

butter, fat as brawn, fat as bacon. immeasurable, unfathomable,

unplumbed; inconceivable, unimaginable, unheard-of. of cosmic

proportions; of epic proportions, the mother of all, the granddaddy of

all.

#193. Littleness.—N. littleness &c. adj.; smallness &c. (of

quantity) 32; exiguity, inextension[obs3]; parvitude[obs3],

parvity[obs3]; duodecimo[obs3]; Elzevir edition, epitome, microcosm;

rudiment; vanishing point; thinness &c. 203. dwarf, pygmy, pigmy[obs3],

Liliputian, chit, pigwidgeon[obs3], urchin, elf; atomy[obs3],

dandiprat[obs3]; doll, puppet; Tom Thumb, Hop-o'-my- thumb[obs3];

manikin, mannikin; homunculus, dapperling[obs3], cock-sparrow.

animalcule, monad, mite, insect, emmet[obs3], fly, midge, gnat, shrimp,

minnow, worm, maggot, entozoon[obs3]; bacteria; infusoria[obs3];

microzoa[Microbiol]; phytozoaria[obs3]; microbe; grub; tit, tomtit,

runt, mouse, small fry; millet seed, mustard seed; barleycorn; pebble,

grain of sand; molehill, button, bubble. point; atom &c. (small

quantity) 32; fragment &c. (small part) 51; powder &c. 330; point of a

pin, mathematical point; minutiae &c. (unimportance) 643. micrometer;

vernier; scale. microphotography, photomicrography, micrography[obs3];

photomicrograph, microphotograph; microscopy; microscope (optical

instruments) 445.. V. be little &c. adj.; lie in a nutshell; become

small &c. (decrease) 36, (contract) 195. Adj. little; small &c. (in

quantity) 32; minute, diminutive, microscopic; microzoal;

inconsiderable &c. (unimportant) 643; exiguous, puny, tiny, wee, petty,

minikin[obs3], miniature, pygmy, pigmy[obs3], elfin; undersized; dwarf,

dwarfed, dwarfish; spare, stunted, limited; cramp, cramped; pollard,

Liliputian, dapper, pocket; portative[obs3], portable; duodecimo[obs3];

dumpy, squat; short &c. 201. impalpable, intangible, evanescent,

imperceptible, invisible, inappreciable, insignificant, inconsiderable,

trivial; infinitesimal, homoeopathic[obs3]; atomic, subatomic,

corpuscular, molecular; rudimentary, rudimental; embryonic, vestigial.

weazen|!, scant, scraggy, scrubby; thin &c. (narrow) 203; granular &c.

(powdery) 330; shrunk &c. 195; brevipennate[obs3]. Adv. in a small

compass, in a nutshell; on a small scale; minutely, microscopically.

#194. Expansion.—N. expansion; increase &c. 35 of size; enlargement,

extension, augmentation; amplification, ampliation[obs3];

aggrandizement, spread, increment, growth, development, pullulation,

swell, dilation, rarefaction; turgescence[obs3], turgidness, turgidity;

dispansion|; obesity &c. (size) 192; hydrocephalus,

hydrophthalmus[Med]; dropsy, tumefaction, intumescence, swelling,

tumor, diastole, distension; puffing, puffiness; inflation;

pandiculation[obs3]. dilatability, expansibility. germination, growth,

upgrowth[obs3]; accretion &c. 35; budding, gemmation[obs3]. overgrowth,

overdistension[obs3]; hypertrophy, tympany[obs3]. bulb &c. (convexity)

250; plumper; superiority of size. [expansion of the universe] big

bang; Hubble constant. V. become larger &c. (large &c. 192); expand,

widen, enlarge, extend, grow, increase, incrassate[obs3], swell,

gather; fill out; deploy, take open order, dilate, stretch, distend,

spread; mantle, wax; grow up, spring up; bud, bourgeon[Fr], shoot,

sprout, germinate, put forth, vegetate, pullulate, open, burst forth;

gain flesh, gather flesh; outgrow; spread like wildfire, overrun. be

larger than; surpass &c. (be superior) 33. render larger &c. (large &c.

192); expand, spread, extend, aggrandize, distend, develop, amplify,

spread out, widen, magnify, rarefy, inflate, puff, blow up, stuff, pad,

cram; exaggerate; fatten. Adj. expanded &c. v.; larger &c. (large &c.

192; swollen; expansive; wide open, wide spread; flabelliform[obs3];

overgrown, exaggerated, bloated, fat, turgid, tumid, hypertrophied,

dropsical; pot bellied, swag bellied|; edematous, oedematous[obs3],

obese, puffy, pursy[obs3], blowzy, bigswoln[obs3], distended; patulous;

bulbous &c. (convex) 250; full blown, full grown, full formed; big &c.

192; abdominous[obs3], enchymatous[obs3], rhipidate[obs3];

tumefacient[obs3], tumefying[obs3].

#195. Contraction.—N. contraction, reduction, diminution; decrease

&c. 36 of size; defalcation, decrement; lessening, shrinking &c. v.;

compaction; tabes[obs3], collapse, emaciation, attenuation,

tabefaction[obs3], consumption, marasmus[obs3], atrophy; systole, neck,

hourglass. condensation, compression, compactness; compendium &c. 596;

squeezing &c. v.; strangulation; corrugation; astringency; astringents,

sclerotics; contractility, compressibility; coarctation[obs3].

inferiority in size. V. become small, become smaller; lessen, decrease

&c. 36; grow less, dwindle, shrink, contract, narrow, shrivel,

collapse, wither, lose flesh, wizen, fall away, waste, wane, ebb; decay

&c. (deteriorate) 659. be smaller than, fall short of; not come up to

&c. (be inferior) 34. render smaller, lessen, diminish, contract, draw

in, narrow, coarctate[obs3]; boil down; constrict, constringe[obs3];

condense, compress, squeeze, corrugate, crimp, crunch, crush, crumple

up, warp, purse up, pack, squeeze, stow; pinch, tighten, strangle;

cramp; dwarf, bedwarf[obs3]; shorten &c. 201; circumscribe &c. 229;

restrain &c. 751. [reduce in size by abrasion or paring; see

subtraction 38] abrade, pare, reduce, attenuate, rub down, scrape,

file, file down, grind, grind down, chip, shave, shear, wear down. Adj.

contracting &c. v.; astringent; shrunk, contracted &c. v.;

strangulated, tabid[obs3], wizened, stunted; waning &c. v.; neap,

compact. unexpanded &c. (expand &c. 194)[obs3]; contractile;

compressible; smaller &c. (small &c.193).

#196. Distance.—N. distance; space &c. 180; remoteness,

farness[obs3], far-cry to; longinquity[obs3], elongation; offing,

background; remote region; removedness[obs3]; parallax; reach, span,

stride. outpost, outskirt; horizon; aphelion; foreign parts, ultima

Thule[Lat], ne plus ultra[Lat], antipodes; long range, giant's stride.

dispersion &c.73. [units of distance] length &c. 200. cosmic distance,

light-years. V. be distant &c. adj.; extend to, stretch to, reach to,

spread to, go to, get to, stretch away to; range. remain at a distance;

keep away, keep off, keep aloof, keep clear of, stand away, stand off,

stand aloof, stand clear of, stay away, keep one's distance'.

[transitive] distance; distance oneself from. Adj. distant; far off,

far away; remote, telescopic, distal, wide of; stretching to &c. v.;

yon, yonder; ulterior; transmarine[obs3], transpontine[obs3],

transatlantic, transalpine; tramontane; ultramontane,

ultramundane[obs3]; hyperborean, antipodean; inaccessible, out of the

way; unapproached[obs3], unapproachable; incontiguous[obs3]. Adv. far

off, far away; afar, afar off; off; away; a long way off, a great way

off, a good way off; wide away, aloof; wide of, clear of; out of the

way, out of reach; abroad, yonder, farther, further, beyond; outre

mer[Fr], over the border, far and wide, "over the hills and far away"

[Gay]; from pole to pole &c. (over great space) 180; to the uttermost

parts, to the ends of the earth; out of hearing, nobody knows where, a

perte de vue[Fr], out of the sphere of, wide of the mark; a far cry to.

apart, asunder; wide apart, wide asunder; longo intervallo[It]; at

arm's length. Phr. "distance lends enchantment" [Campbell]; "it's a

long long way to Tipperary"; out of sight, out of mind.

#197. Nearness.—N. nearness &c. adj.; proximity, propinquity;

vicinity, vicinage; neighborhood, adjacency; contiguity &c. 199. short

distance, short step, short cut; earshot, close quarters, stone's

throw; bow shot, gun shot, pistol shot; hair's breadth, span. purlieus,

neighborhood, vicinage, environs, alentours[Fr], suburbs, confines,

banlieue[obs3], borderland; whereabouts. bystander; neighbor,

borderer[obs3]. approach &c. 286; convergence 7c. 290; perihelion. V.

be near &c. adj.; adjoin, hang about, trench on; border upon, verge

upon; stand by, approximate, tread on the heels of, cling to, clasp,

hug; huddle; hang upon the skirts of, hover over; burn. touch &c. 199

bring near, draw near &c. 286; converge &c. 290; crowd &c. 72; place

side by side &c. adv. Adj. near, nigh; close at hand, near at hand;

close, neighboring; bordering upon, contiguous, adjacent, adjoining;

proximate, proximal; at hand, handy; near the mark, near run; home,

intimate. Adv. near, nigh; hard by, fast by; close to, close upon; hard

upon; at the point of; next door to; within reach, within call, within

hearing, within earshot; within an ace of; but a step, not far from, at

no great distance; on the verge of, on the brink of, on the skirts of;

in the environs &c. n.; at one's door, at one's feet, at one's elbow,

at one's finger's end, at one's side; on the tip of one's tongue; under

one's nose; within a stone's throw &c. n.; in sight of, in presence of;

at close quarters; cheek by jole[obs3], cheek by jowl; beside,

alongside, side by side, tete-a-tete; in juxtaposition &c. (touching)

199; yardarm to yardarm, at the heels of; on the confines of, at the

threshold, bordering upon, verging to; in the way. about; hereabouts,

thereabouts; roughly, in round numbers; approximately,

approximatively[obs3]; as good as, well-nigh.

#198. Interval.—N. interval, interspace[obs3]; separation &c. 44;

break, gap, opening; hole &c. 260; chasm, hiatus, caesura;

interruption, interregnum; interstice, lacuna, cleft, mesh, crevice,

chink, rime, creek, cranny, crack, chap, slit, fissure, scissure[obs3],

rift, flaw, breach, rent, gash, cut, leak, dike, ha-ha. gorge, defile,

ravine, canon, crevasse, abyss, abysm; gulf; inlet, frith[obs3],

strait, gully; pass; furrow &c. 259; abra[obs3]; barranca[obs3],

barranco[obs3]; clove [U.S.], gulch [U.S.], notch [U.S.]; yawning gulf;

hiatus maxime[Lat], hiatus valde deflendus[Lat]; parenthesis &c.

(interjacence) 228[obs3]; void 7c. (absence) 187; incompleteness &c.

53. [interval of time] period &c. 108; interim (time) 106. V. gape &c.

(open) 260. Adj. with an interval, far between; breachy[obs3],

rimose[obs3], rimulose[obs3]. Adv. at intervals &c. (discontinuously)

70; longo intervallo[It].

#199. Contiguity.—N. contiguity, contact, proximity, apposition,

#

abuttal[obs3], juxtaposition; abutment, osculation; meeting,

appulse[obs3],

rencontre[obs3], rencounter[obs3], syzygy[Astron], coincidence,

coexistence; adhesion &c. 46; touching &c. v. (see touch 379).

borderland; frontier &c. (limit) 233; tangent; abutter.

V. be contiguous &c. adj.; join, adjoin, abut on, march with;

graze,

touch, meet, osculate, come in contact, coincide; coexist; adhere &c.

46.

[transitive][cause to be contiguous] juxtapose; contact; join

(unite)

43; link (vinculum) 45.

Adj. contiguous; touching &c. v.; in contact &c. n.; conterminous,

end

to end, osculatory; pertingent|; tangential.

hand to hand; close to &c. (near) 197; with no interval &c. 198.

2. LINEAR DIMENSIONS

#200. Length.—N. length, longitude, span; mileage; distance &c. 196.

#

line, bar, rule, stripe, streak, spoke, radius.

lengthening &c. v.; prolongation, production, protraction;

tension,

tensure[obs3]; extension.

[Measures of length] line, nail, inch, hand, palm, foot, cubit,

yard,

ell, fathom, rood, pole, furlong, mile, league; chain, link;

arpent[obs3],

handbreadth[obs3], jornada [obs3][U.S.], kos[obs3], vara[obs3].

[astronomical units of distance] astronomical unit, AU,

light-year,

parsec.

[metric units of length] nanometer, nm, micron, micrometer,

millimicron, millimeter, mm, centimeter, cm, meter, kilometer, km.

pedometer, perambulator; scale &c. (measurement) 466.

V. be long &c. adj.; stretch out, sprawl; extend to, reach to,

stretch

to; make a long arm, "drag its slow length along."

render long &c. adj.; lengthen, extend, elongate; stretch;

prolong,

produce, protract; let out, draw out, spin out|!; drawl.

enfilade, look along, view in perspective.

distend (expand) 194.

Adj. long, longsome[obs3]; lengthy, wiredrawn[obs3], outstretched;

lengthened &c. v.; sesquipedalian &c. (words) 577; interminable, no

end

of; macrocolous[obs3].

linear, lineal; longitudinal, oblong.

as long as my arm, as long as today and tomorrow; unshortened &c.

(shorten &c. 201)[obs3].

Adv. lengthwise, at length, longitudinally, endlong[obs3], along;

tandem; in a line &c. (continuously) 69; in perspective.

from end to end, from stem to stern, from head to foot, from the

crown

of the head to the sole of the foot, from top to toe; fore and aft.

#201. Shortness.—N. shortness &c. adj.; brevity; littleness &c. 193;

a span. shortening &c. v.; abbreviation, abbreviature[obs3];

abridgment, concision, retrenchment, curtailment, decurtation|;

reduction &c. (contraction) 195; epitome &c. (compendium) 596. elision,

ellipsis; conciseness &c. (in style) 572. abridger, epitomist[obs3],

epitomizer[obs3]. V. be short &c. adj.; render short &c. adj.; shorten,

curtail, abridge, abbreviate, take in, reduce; compress &c. (contract)

195; epitomize &c. 596. retrench, cut short, obtruncate[obs3]; scrimp,

cut, chop up, hack, hew; cut down, pare down; clip, dock, lop, prune,

shear, shave, mow, reap, crop; snub; truncate, pollard, stunt, nip,

check the growth of; foreshorten[in drawing]. Adj. short, brief, curt;

compendious, compact; stubby, scrimp; shorn, stubbed; stumpy, thickset,

pug; chunky [U.S.], decurtate[obs3]; retrousse[obs3]; stocky; squab,

squabby[obs3]; squat, dumpy; little &c. 193; curtailed of its fair

proportions; short by; oblate; concise &c. 572; summary. Adv. shortly

&c. adj.; in short &c. (concisely) 572.

#202. Breadth, Thickness.—N. breadth, width, latitude, amplitude;

#

diameter, bore, caliber, radius; superficial extent &c. (space) 180.

thickness, crassitude[obs3]; corpulence &c. (size) 192; dilation

&c.

(expansion) 194.

V. be broad &c. adj.; become broad, render broad &c. adj.; expand

&c.

194; thicken, widen, calibrate.

Adj. broad, wide, ample, extended; discous[obs3]; fanlike;

outspread,

outstretched; "wide as a church-door" [Romeo and Juliet];

latifoliate[obs3], latifolous[obs3].

thick, dumpy, squab, squat, thickset; thick as a rope.

#203. Narrowness. Thinness.—N. narrowness &c. adj.; closeness,

exility[obs3]; exiguity 7c. (little) 193. line; hair's breadth,

finger's breadth; strip, streak, vein. monolayer; epitaxial

deposition[Engin]. thinness &c. adj.; tenuity; emaciation,

macilency[obs3], marcor|. shaving, slip &c. (filament) 205; thread

paper, skeleton, shadow, anatomy, spindleshanks[obs3], lantern jaws,

mere skin and bone. middle constriction, stricture, neck, waist,

isthmus, wasp, hourglass; ridge, ghaut[obs3], ghat[obs3], pass; ravine

&c. 198. narrowing, coarctation[obs3], angustation[obs3], tapering;

contraction &c. 195. V. be narrow &c. adj.; narrow, taper, contract &c.

195; render narrow &c. adj; waste away. Adj. narrow, close; slender,

thin, fine; thread-like &c. (filament) 205; finespun[obs3], gossamer;

paper-thin; taper, slim, slight-made; scant, scanty; spare, delicate,

incapacious[obs3]; contracted &c. 195; unexpanded &c. (expand &c.

194)[obs3]; slender as a thread. [in reference to people or animals]

emaciated, lean, meager, gaunt, macilent[obs3]; lank, lanky; weedy,

skinny; scrawny slinky[U.S.]; starved, starveling; herring gutted;

worn to a shadow, lean as a rake [Chaucer]; thin as a lath, thin as a

whipping post, thin as a wafer; hatchet-faced; lantern-jawed.

attenuated, shriveled, extenuated, tabid[obs3], marcid|, barebone,

rawboned. monomolecular.

#204. Layer.—N. layer, stratum, strata, course, bed, zone,

substratum, substrata, floor, flag, stage, story, tier, slab,

escarpment; table, tablet; dess[obs3]; flagstone; board, plank;

trencher, platter. plate; lamina, lamella; sheet, foil; wafer; scale,

flake, peel; coat, pellicle; membrane, film; leaf; slice, shive[obs3],

cut, rasher, shaving, integument &c. (covering) 223; eschar[obs3].

stratification, scaliness, nest of boxes, coats of an onion. monolayer;

bilayer; trilayer[Biochem]. V. slice, shave, pare, peel; delaminate;

plate, coat, veneer; cover &c. 223. Adj. lamellar, lamellated[obs3],

lamelliform[obs3], layered; laminated, laminiferous[obs3];

micaceous[obs3]; schistose, schistous[obs3]; scaly, filmy, membranous,

pellicular, flaky, squamous[Anat]; foliated, foliaceous[obs3];

stratified, stratiform; tabular, discoid; spathic[obs3],

spathose[obs3]. trilamellar[obs3]. graphitic[obs3].

#205. Filament.—N. filament, line; fiber, fibril; funicle[obs3],

vein; hair, capillament[obs3], cilium, cilia, pilus, pili; tendril,

gossamer; hair stroke; veinlet[obs3], venula[obs3], venule[obs3]. wire,

string, thread, packthread, cotton, sewing silk, twine, twist,

whipcord, tape, ribbon, cord, rope, yarn, hemp, oakum, jute. strip,

shred, slip, spill, list, band, fillet, fascia, ribbon, riband, roll,

lath, splinter, shiver, shaving. beard &c. (roughness) 256;

ramification; strand. Adj. filamentous, filamentiferous[obs3],

filaceous[obs3], filiform[obs3]; fibrous, fibrillous[obs3];

thread-like, wiry, stringy, ropy; capillary, capilliform[obs3];

funicular, wire-drawn; anguilliform[obs3]; flagelliform[obs3]; hairy

&c. (rough) 256; taeniate[obs3], taeniform[obs3], taenioid[obs3];

venose[obs3], venous.

#206. Height.—N. height, altitude, elevation; eminence, pitch;

loftiness &c. adj.; sublimity. tallness &c. adj.; stature,

procerity[obs3]; prominence &c. 250. colossus &c. (size) 192; giant,

grenadier, giraffe, camelopard. mount, mountain; hill alto, butte

[U.S.], monticle[obs3], fell, knap[obs3]; cape; headland,

foreland[obs3]; promontory; ridge, hog's back, dune; rising ground,

vantage ground; down; moor, moorland; Alp; uplands, highlands; heights

&c. (summit), 210; knob, loma[obs3], pena [obs3][U.S.], picacho[obs3],

tump[obs3]; knoll, hummock, hillock, barrow, mound, mole; steeps,

bluff, cliff, craig[obs3], tor[obs3], peak, pike, clough[obs3];

escarpment, edge, ledge, brae; dizzy height. tower, pillar, column,

obelisk, monument, steeple, spire, minaret, campanile, turret, dome,

cupola; skyscraper. pole, pikestaff, maypole, flagstaff; top mast,

topgallant mast. ceiling &c. (covering) 223. high water; high tide,

flood tide, spring tide. altimetry &c. (angel) 244[obs3];

batophobia[obs3]. satellite, spy-in-the-sky. V. be high &c. adj.;

tower, soar, command; hover, hover over, fly over; orbit, be in orbit;

cap, culminate; overhang, hang over, impend, beetle, bestride, ride,

mount; perch, surmount; cover &c. 223; overtop &c. (be superior) 33;

stand on tiptoe. become high &c. adj.; grow higher, grow taller;

upgrow[obs3]; rise &c. (ascend) 305; send into orbit. render high &c.

adj.; heighten &c. (elevate) 307. Adj. high, elevated, eminent,

exalted, lofty, tall; gigantic &c. (big) 192; Patagonian; towering,

beetling, soaring, hanging [gardens]; elevated &c. 307; upper; highest

&c. (topmost) 210; high reaching, insessorial[obs3], perching. upland,

moorland; hilly, knobby [U.S.]; mountainous, alpine, subalpine, heaven

kissing; cloudtopt[obs3], cloudcapt[obs3], cloudtouching[obs3]; aerial.

overhanging &c. v.; incumbent, overlying, superincumbent[obs3],

supernatant, superimposed; prominent &c. c. 250. tall as a maypole,

tall as a poplar, tall as a steeple, lanky &c. (thin) 203. Adv. on

high, high up, aloft, up, above, aloof, overhead; airwind[obs3];

upstairs, abovestairs[obs3]; in the clouds; on tiptoe, on stilts, on

the shoulders of; over head and ears; breast high. over, upwards; from

top to bottom &c. (completely) 52. Phr. e meglio cader dalle finistre

che dal tetto[It].

#207. Lowness.—N. lowness &c. adj.; debasement, depression,

prostration &c. (horizontal) 213; depression &c. (concave) 252.

molehill; lowlands; basement floor, ground floor; rez de chaussee[Fr];

cellar; hold, bilge; feet, heels. low water; low tide, ebb tide, neap

tide, spring tide. V. be low &c. adj.; lie low, lie flat; underlie;

crouch, slouch, wallow, grovel; lower &c. (depress) 308. Adj. low,

neap, debased; nether, nether most; flat, level with the ground; lying

low &c. v.; crouched, subjacent, squat, prostrate &c. (horizontal) 213.

Adv. under; beneath, underneath; below; downwards; adown[obs3], at the

foot of; under foot, under ground; down stairs, below stairs; at a low

ebb; below par.

#208. Depth.—N. depth; deepness &c. adj.; profundity, depression

#

&c. (concavity) 252.

hollow, pit, shaft, well, crater; gulf &c. 198; bowels of the

earth,

bottomless pit[obs3], hell.

soundings, depth of water, water, draught, submersion; plummet,

sound,

probe; sounding rod, sounding line; lead.

bathymetry.

[instrument to measure depth] sonar, side-looking sonar;

bathometer[obs3].

V. be deep &c. adj.; render deep &c. adj.; deepen.

plunge &c. 310; sound, fathom, plumb, cast the lead, heave the

lead,

take soundings, make soundings; dig &c. (excavate) 252.

Adj. deep, deep seated; profound, sunk, buried; submerged &c.

310;

subaqueous, submarine, subterranean, subterraneous, subterrene[obs3];

underground.

bottomless, soundless, fathomless; unfathomed, unfathomable;

abysmal;

deep as a well; bathycolpian[obs3]; benthal[obs3], benthopelagic[obs3];

downreaching[obs3], yawning.

knee deep, ankle deep.

Adv. beyond one's depth, out of one's depth; over head and ears;

mark

twine, mark twain.

#209. Shallowness.—N. shallowness &c. adj.; shoals; mere scratch.

#

Adj. shallow, slight, superficial; skin deep, ankle deep, knee

deep;

just enough to wet one's feet; shoal, shoaly[obs3].

#210. Summit.—N. summit, summity|; top, peak, vertex, apex, zenith,

#

pinnacle, acme, culmination, meridian, utmost height, ne plus utra,

height,

pitch, maximum, climax, culminating point, crowning point, turning

point;

turn of the tide, fountain head; water shed, water parting; sky, pole.

tip, tip top; crest, crow's nest, cap, truck, nib; end &c. 67;

crown,

brow; head, nob[obs3], noddle[obs3], pate; capsheaf[obs3].

high places, heights.

topgallant mast, sky scraper; quarter deck, hurricane deck.

architrave, frieze, cornice, coping stone, zoophorus[obs3],

capital,

epistyle[obs3], sconce, pediment, entablature[obs3]; tympanum; ceiling

&c.

(covering) 223.

attic, loft, garret, house top, upper story.

[metaphorical use] summit conference, summit; peak of achievement,

peak of performance; peaks and troughs, peaks and valleys [in graphs].

V. culminate, crown, top; overtop &c. (be superior to) 33.

Adj. highest &c. (high &c. 206); top; top most, upper most;

tiptop;

culminating &c. v.; meridian, meridional[obs3]; capital, head, polar,

supreme, supernal, topgallant.

Adv. atop, at the top of the tree.

Phr. en flute; fleur deau[Fr].

#211. Base.—N. base, basement; plinth, dado, wainscot; baseboard,

mopboard[obs3]; bedrock, hardpan [U.S.]; foundation &c. (support) 215;

substructure, substratum, ground, earth, pavement, floor, paving, flag,

carped, ground floor, deck; footing, ground work, basis; hold, bilge.

bottom, nadir, foot, sole, toe, hoof, keel, root; centerboard. Adj.

bottom, undermost, nethermost; fundamental; founded on, based on,

grounded on, built on.

#212. Verticality.—N. verticality; erectness &c. adj.;

#

perpendicularity &c. 216a; right angle, normal; azimuth circle.

wall, precipice, cliff.

elevation, erection; square, plumb line, plummet.

V. be vertical &c. adj.; stand up, stand on end, stand erect,

stand

upright; stick up, cock up.

render vertical &c. adj.; set up, stick up, raise up, cock up;

erect,

rear, raise on its legs.

Adj. vertical, upright, erect, perpendicular, plumb, normal,

straight,

bolt, upright; rampant; standing up &c. v.; rectangular, orthogonal &c.

216a.

Adv. vertically &c. adj.; up, on end; up on end, right on end; a

plomb[Fr], endwise; one one's legs; at right angles.

#213. Horizontality.—N. horizontality[obs3]; flatness; level,

#

plane; stratum &c. 204; dead level, dead flat; level plane.

recumbency, lying down &c. v.; reclination[obs3],

decumbence[obs3];

decumbency[obs3], discumbency|; proneness &c. adj.; accubation[obs3],

supination[obs3], resupination[obs3], prostration; azimuth.

plain, floor, platform, bowling green; cricket ground; croquet

ground,

croquet lawn; billiard table; terrace, estrade[obs3], esplanade,

parterre.

[flat land area] table land, plateau, ledge; butte; mesa (plain)

344.

[instrument to measure horizontality] level, spirit level.

V. be horizontal &c. adj.; lie, recline, couch; lie down, lie

flat,

lie prostrate; sprawl, loll, sit down.

render horizontal &c. adj.; lay down, lay out; level, flatten;

prostrate, knock down, floor, fell.

Adj. horizontal, level, even, plane; flat &c. 251; flat as a

billiard

table, flat as a bowling green; alluvial; calm, calm as a mill pond;

smooth, smooth as glass.

recumbent, decumbent, procumbent, accumbent[obs3]; lying &c. v.;

prone, supine, couchant, jacent[obs3], prostrate, recubant[obs3].

Adv. horizontally &c. adj.; on one's back, on all fours, on its

beam

ends.

#214. Pendency.—N. pendency[obs3], dependency; suspension, hanging

#

&c. v.; pedicel, pedicle, peduncle; tail, train, flap, skirt, pigtail,

pony

tail, pendulum; hangnail

peg, knob, button, hook, nail, stud, ring, staple, tenterhook;

fastening &c. 45; spar, horse.

V. be pendent &c. adj.; hang, depend, swing, dangle; swag;

daggle[obs3], flap, trail, flow; beetle.

suspend, hang, sling, hook up, hitch, fasten to, append.

Adj. pendent, pendulous; pensile; hanging &c. v.; beetling,

jutting

over, overhanging, projecting; dependent; suspended &c. v.; loose,

flowing.

having a peduncle &c. n.; pedunculate[obs3], tailed, caudate.

#215. Support.—N. support, ground, foundation, base, basis; terra

firma; bearing, fulcrum, bait [U.S.], caudex crib[obs3]; point

d’appui[Fr], ποῦ στῶ[Grk], purchase footing, hold, locus standi[Lat];

landing place, landing stage; stage, platform; block; rest, resting

place; groundwork, substratum, riprap, sustentation, subvention; floor

&c. (basement) 211. supporter; aid &c. 707; prop, stand, anvil,

fulciment|; cue rest, jigger; monkey; stay, shore, skid, rib, truss,

bandage; sleeper; stirrup, stilts, shoe, sole, heel, splint, lap, bar,

rod, boom, sprit[obs3], outrigger; ratlings[obs3]. staff, stick,

crutch, alpenstock, baton, staddle[obs3]; bourdon[obs3],

cowlstaff[obs3], lathi[obs3], mahlstick[obs3]. post, pillar, shaft,

thill[obs3], column, pilaster; pediment, pedicle; pedestal; plinth,

shank, leg, socle[obs3], zocle[obs3]; buttress, jamb, mullion,

abutment; baluster, banister, stanchion; balustrade; headstone;

upright; door post, jamb, door jamb. frame, framework; scaffold,

skeleton, beam, rafter, girder, lintel, joist, travis[obs3],

trave[obs3], corner stone, summer, transom; rung, round, step, sill;

angle rafter, hip rafter; cantilever, modillion[obs3]; crown post, king

post; vertebra. columella[obs3], backbone; keystone; axle, axletree;

axis; arch, mainstay. trunnion, pivot, rowlock[obs3]; peg &c.

(pendency) 214[obs3]; tiebeam &c. (fastening) 45; thole pin[obs3].

board, ledge, shelf, hob, bracket, trevet[obs3], trivet, arbor, rack;

mantel, mantle piece[Fr], mantleshelf[obs3]; slab, console; counter,

dresser; flange, corbel; table, trestle; shoulder; perch; horse; easel,

desk; clotheshorse, hatrack; retable; teapoy[obs3]. seat, throne, dais;

divan, musnud[obs3]; chair, bench, form, stool, sofa, settee, stall;

arm chair, easy chair, elbow chair, rocking chair; couch, fauteuil[Fr],

woolsack[obs3], ottoman, settle, squab, bench; aparejo[obs3],

faldstool[obs3], horn; long chair, long sleeve chair, morris chair;

lamba chauki[obs3], lamba kursi[obs3]; saddle, pannel[obs3], pillion;

side saddle, pack saddle; pommel. bed, berth, pallet, tester, crib,

cot, hammock, shakedown, trucklebed[obs3], cradle, litter, stretcher,

bedstead; four poster, French bed, bunk, kip, palang[obs3]; bedding,

bichhona, mattress, paillasse[obs3]; pillow, bolster; mat, rug,

cushion. footstool, hassock; tabouret[obs3]; tripod, monopod. Atlas,

Persides, Atlantes[obs3], Caryatides, Hercules. V. be supported &c.;

lie on, sit on, recline on, lean on, loll on, rest on, stand on, step

on, repose on, abut on, bear on, be based on &c.; have at one's back;

bestride, bestraddle[obs3]. support, bear, carry, hold, sustain,

shoulder; hold up, back up, bolster up, shore up; uphold, upbear[obs3];

prop; under prop, under pin, under set; riprap; bandage &c. 43. give

support, furnish support, afford support, supply support, lend support,

give foundations, furnish foundations, afford foundations, supply

foundations, lend foundations; bottom, found, base, ground, imbed,

embed. maintain, keep on foot; aid &c. 707. Adj. supporting, supported

&c. v.; fundamental; dorsigerous[obs3]. Adv. astride on, straddle.

#216. Parallelism.—N. {ant. 216a} parallelism; coextension[obs3];

#

equidistance[obs3]; similarity &c. 17.

Adj. parallel; coextensive; equidistant.

Adv. alongside &c. (laterally) 236.

#216a. Perpendicularity—N. {ant. 216} perpendicularity,

#

orthogonality; verticality, &c. 212.

V. be perpendicular, be orthogonal; intersect at right angles, be

rectangular, be at right angles to, intersect at 90 degrees; have no

correlation.

Adj. orthogonal, perpendicular; rectangular; uncorrelated.

#217. Obliquity.—N. obliquity, inclination, slope, slant,

crookedness &c. adj.; slopeness[obs3]; leaning &c. v.; bevel, tilt;

bias, list, twist, swag, cant, lurch; distortion &c. 243; bend &c.

(curve) 245; tower of Pisa. acclivity, rise, ascent, gradient,

khudd[obs3], rising ground, hill, bank, declivity, downhill, dip, fall,

devexity|; gentle slope, rapid slope, easy ascent, easy descent;

shelving beach; talus; monagne Russe[Fr]; facilis descensus

averni[Lat]. V. intersect; lack parallelism.

#218. Inversion.—N. inversion, eversion, subversion, reversion,

retroversion, introversion; contraposition &c. 237[obs3]; contrariety

&c. 14; reversal; turn of the tide. overturn; somersault, somerset;

summerset[obs3]; culbute[obs3]; revulsion; pirouette. transposition,

transposal[obs3], anastrophy[obs3], metastasis, hyperbaton[obs3],

anastrophe[obs3], hysteron proteron[Grk][Grk], hypallage[obs3],

synchysis[obs3], tmesis[obs3], parenthesis; metathesis; palindrome.

pronation and supination[Anat][obs3]. V. be inverted &c.; turn round,

turn about, turn to the right about, go round, go about, go to the

right about, wheel round, wheel about, wheel to the right about; turn

over, go over, tilt over, topple over; capsize, turn turtle. invert,

subvert, retrovert[obs3], introvert; reverse; up turn, over turn, up

set, over set; turn topsy turvy &c. adj.; culbuter[obs3]; transpose,

put the cart before the horse, turn the tables. Adj. inverted &c. v.;

wrong side out, wrong side up; inside out, upside down; bottom upwards,

keel upwards; supine, on one's head, topsy- turvy, sens dessus

dessous[Fr]. inverse; reverse &c. (contrary) 14; opposite &c. 237. top

heavy. Adv. inversely &c. adj.; hirdy-girdy[obs3]; heels over head,

head over heels.

#219. Crossing.—N. crossing &c. v.; intersection, interdigitation;

#

decussation[obs3], transversion[obs3]; convolution &c. 248; level

crossing.

reticulation, network; inosculation[obs3], anastomosis,

intertexture[obs3], mortise.

net, plexus, web, mesh, twill, skein, sleeve, felt, lace; wicker;

mat,

matting; plait, trellis, wattle, lattice, grating, grille, gridiron,

tracery, fretwork, filigree, reticle; tissue, netting, mokes[obs3];

rivulation[obs3].

cross, chain, wreath, braid, cat's cradle, knot; entangle &c.

(disorder) 59.

[woven fabrics] cloth, linen, muslin, cambric &c.

[web-footed animal] webfoot.

V. cross, decussate[obs3]; intersect, interlace, intertwine,

intertwist[obs3], interweave, interdigitate, interlink.

twine, entwine, weave, inweave[obs3], twist, wreathe;

anastomose[Med],

inosculate[obs3], dovetail, splice, link; lace, tat.

mat, plait, plat, braid, felt, twill; tangle, entangle, ravel;

net,

knot; dishevel, raddle[obs3].

Adj. crossing &c. v.; crossed, matted &c, v. transverse.

cross, cruciform, crucial; retiform[obs3], reticular, reticulated;

areolar[obs3], cancellated[obs3], grated, barred, streaked; textile;

crossbarred[obs3], cruciate[obs3], palmiped[obs3], secant; web-footed.

Adv. cross, thwart, athwart, transversely; at grade [U.S.];

crosswise.

3. CENTRICAL DIMENSIONS

_General._

#220. Exteriority.—N. exteriority[obs3]; outside, exterior;

#

surface, superficies; skin &c. (covering) 223; superstratum[obs3];

disk,

disc; face, facet; extrados[obs3].

excentricity[obs3]; eccentricity; circumjacence &c. 227[obs3].

V. be exterior &c. adj.; lie around &c. 227.

place exteriorly, place outwardly, place outside; put out, turn

out.

Adj. exterior, external; outer most; outward, outlying, outside,

outdoor; round about &c. 227; extramural; extralimitary[obs3],

extramundane.

superficial, skin-deep; frontal, discoid.

extraregarding[obs3]; excentric[obs3], eccentric; outstanding;

extrinsic &c. 6; ecdemic[Med], exomorphic[obs3].

Adv. externally &c. adj.; out, with out, over, outwards, ab extra,

out

of doors; extra muros[Lat].

in the open air; sub Jove, sub dio[Lat]; a la belle etoile[Fr], al

fresco.

#221. Interiority.—N. interiority; inside, interior;

interspace[obs3], subsoil, substratum; intrados. contents &c. 190;

substance, pith, marrow; backbone &c. (center) 222; heart, bosom,

breast; abdomen; vitals, viscera, entrails, bowels, belly, intestines,

guts, chitterings[obs3], womb, lap; penetralia[Lat], recesses,

innermost recesses; cave &c. (concavity) 252. V. be inside &c. adj.;

within &c. adv. place within, keep within; inclose &c. (circumscribe)

229; intern; imbed &c. (insert) 300. Adj. interior, internal; inner,

inside, inward, intraregarding[obs3]; inmost, innermost; deep seated,

gut; intestine, intestinal; inland; subcutaneous; abdominal, coeliac,

endomorphic[Physiol]; interstitial &c. (interjacent) 228[obs3];

inwrought &c. (intrinsic) 5; inclosed &c. v. home, domestic, indoor,

intramural, vernacular; endemic. Adv. internally &c. adj.; inwards,

within, in, inly[obs3]; here in, there in, where in; ab intra,

withinside[obs3]; in doors, within doors; at home, in the bosom of

one's family.

#222. Centrality.—N. centrality, centricalness[obs3], center;

#

middle &c. 68; focus &c. 74.

core, kernel; nucleus, nucleolus; heart, pole axis, bull's eye;

nave,

navel; umbilicus, backbone, marrow, pith; vertebra, vertebral column;

hotbed; concentration &c. (convergence) 290; centralization; symmetry.

center of gravity, center of pressure, center of percussion,

center of

oscillation, center of buoyancy &c.; metacenter[obs3].

V. be central &c. adj.; converge &c. 290.

render central, centralize, concentrate; bring to a focus.

Adj. central, centrical[obs3]; middle &c. 68; azygous, axial,

focal,

umbilical, concentric; middlemost; rachidian[obs3]; spinal, vertebral.

Adv. middle; midst; centrally &c. adj.

#223. Covering.—N. covering, cover; baldachin, baldachino[obs3],

baldaquin[obs3]; canopy, tilt, awning, tent, marquee, tente d'abri[Fr],

umbrella, parasol, sunshade; veil (shade) 424; shield &c. (defense)

717. roof, ceiling, thatch, tile; pantile, pentile[obs3]; tiling,

slates, slating, leads; barrack [U.S.], plafond, planchment

[obs3][U.S.], tiling, shed &c. (abode) 189. top, lid, covercle|, door,

operculum; bulkhead [U.S.]. bandage, plaster, lint, wrapping,

dossil[obs3], finger stall. coverlet, counterpane, sheet, quilt,

tarpaulin, blanket, rug, drugget[obs3]; housing; antimacassar,

eiderdown, numdah[obs3], pillowcase, pillowslip[obs3]; linoleum; saddle

cloth, blanket cloth; tidy; tilpah [obs3][U.S.], apishamore

[obs3][U.S.]. integument, tegument; skin, pellicle, fleece, fell, fur,

leather, shagreen[obs3], hide; pelt, peltry[obs3]; cordwain[obs3];

derm[obs3]; robe, buffalo robe [U.S.]; cuticle, scarfskin, epidermis.

clothing &c. 225; mask &c. (concealment) 530. peel, crust, bark, rind,

cortex, husk, shell, coat; eggshell, glume[obs3]. capsule; sheath,

sheathing; pod, cod; casing, case, theca[obs3]; elytron[obs3];

elytrum[obs3]; involucrum[Lat]; wrapping, wrapper; envelope, vesicle;

corn husk, corn shuck [U.S.]; dermatology, conchology;

testaceology[obs3]. inunction[obs3]; incrustation, superimposition,

superposition, obduction|; scale &c. (layer) 204. [specific coverings:

list] veneer, facing; overlay; plate, silver plate, gold plate, copper

plate; engobe[obs3]; ormolu; Sheffield plate; pavement; coating, paint;

varnish &c. (resin) 356a; plating, barrel plating, anointing &c. v.;

enamel; epitaxial deposition[Engin], vapor deposition; ground,

whitewash, plaster, spackel, stucco, compo; cerement; ointment &c.

(grease) 356. V. cover; superpose, superimpose; overlay, overspread;

wrap &c. 225; encase, incase[obs3]; face, case, veneer, pave, paper;

tip, cap, bind; bulkhead, bulkhead in; clapboard [U.S.]. coat, paint,

varnish, pay, incrust, stucco, dab, plaster, tar; wash; besmear,

bedaub; anoint, do over; gild, plate, japan, lacquer, lacker[obs3],

enamel, whitewash; parget[obs3]; lay it on thick. overlie,

overarch[obs3]; endome[obs3]; conceal &c. 528. [of aluminum] anodize.

[of steel] galvanize. Adj. covering &c. v.; superimposed, overlaid,

plated &c. v.; cutaneous, dermal, cortical, cuticular,

tegumentary[obs3], skinny, scaly, squamous[Anat]; covered &c. v.;

imbricated, loricated[obs3], armor plated, ironclad; under cover;

cowled, cucullate[obs3], dermatoid[obs3], encuirassed[obs3], hooded,

squamiferous[obs3], tectiform[obs3]; vaginate[obs3].

#224. Lining.—N. lining, inner coating; coating &c. (covering) 223;

#

stalactite, stalagmite.

filling, stuffing, wadding, padding.

wainscot, parietes[Lat], wall.

V. line, stuff, incrust, wad, pad, fill.

Adj. lined &c. v..

#225. Clothing.—N. clothing, investment; covering &c. 223; dress,

raiment, drapery, costume, attire, guise, toilet, toilette, trim;

habiliment; vesture, vestment; garment, garb, palliament|, apparel,

wardrobe, wearing apparel, clothes, things; underclothes. array;

tailoring, millinery; finery &c. (ornament) 847; full dress &c. (show)

882; garniture; theatrical properties. outfit, equipment, trousseau;

uniform, regimentals; continentals [Am. Hist.]; canonicals &c. 999;

livery, gear, harness, turn-out, accouterment, caparison, suit,

rigging, trappings, traps, slops, togs, toggery[obs3]; day wear, night

wear, zoot suit; designer clothes; masquerade. dishabille, morning

dress, undress. kimono; lungi[obs3]; shooting-coat; mufti; rags,

tatters, old clothes; mourning, weeds; duds; slippers. robe, tunic,

paletot[obs3], habit, gown, coat, frock, blouse, toga, smock frock,

claw coat, hammer coat, Prince Albert coat[obs3], sack coat, tuxedo

coat, frock coat, dress coat, tail coat. cloak, pall, mantle, mantlet

mantua[obs3], shawl, pelisse, wrapper; veil; cape, tippet,

kirtle[obs3], plaid, muffler, comforter, haik[obs3], huke|,

chlamys[obs3], mantilla, tabard, housing, horse cloth, burnoose,

burnous, roquelaure[obs3]; houppelande[Fr]; surcoat, overcoat, great

coat; surtout[Fr], spencer[obs3]; mackintosh, waterproof, raincoat;

ulster, P- coat, dreadnought, wraprascal[obs3], poncho, cardinal,

pelerine[obs3]; barbe[obs3], chudder[obs3], jubbah[obs3], oilskins,

pajamas, pilot jacket, talma jacket[obs3], vest, jerkin, waistcoat,

doublet, camisole, gabardine; farthingale, kilt, jupe[obs3], crinoline,

bustle, panier, skirt, apron, pinafore; bloomer, bloomers;

chaqueta[obs3], songtag[Ger], tablier[obs3]. pants, trousers,

trowsers[obs3]; breeches, pantaloons, inexpressibles|!, overalls,

smalls, small clothes; shintiyan|!; shorts, jockey shorts, boxer

shorts; tights, drawers, panties, unmentionables; knickers,

knickerbockers; philibeg[obs3], fillibeg[obs3]; pants suit; culottes;

jeans, blue jeans, dungarees, denims. [brand names for jeans] Levis,

Calvin Klein, Calvins, Bonjour, Gloria Vanderbilt. headdress, headgear;

chapeau[Fr], crush hat, opera hat; kaffiyeh; sombrero, jam,

tam-o-shanter, tarboosh[obs3], topi, sola topi[Lat], pagri[obs3],

puggaree[obs3]; cap, hat, beaver hat, coonskin cap; castor, bonnet,

tile, wideawake, billycock[obs3], wimple; nightcap, mobcap[obs3],

skullcap; hood, coif; capote[obs3], calash; kerchief, snood, babushka;

head, coiffure; crown &c. (circle) 247; chignon, pelt, wig, front,

peruke, periwig, caftan, turban, fez, shako, csako[obs3], busby;

kepi[obs3], forage cap, bearskin; baseball cap; fishing hat; helmet &c.

717; mask, domino. body clothes; linen; hickory shirt [U.S.]; shirt,

sark[obs3], smock, shift, chemise; night gown, negligee, dressing gown,

night shirt; bedgown[obs3], sac de nuit[Fr]. underclothes

[underclothing], underpants, undershirt; slip [for women], brassiere,

corset, stays, corsage, corset, corselet, bodice, girdle &c. (circle)

247; stomacher; petticoat, panties; under waistcoat; jock [for men],

athletic supporter, jockstrap. sweater, jersey; cardigan; turtleneck,

pullover; sweater vest. neckerchief, neckcloth[obs3]; tie, ruff,

collar, cravat, stock, handkerchief, scarf; bib, tucker; boa;

cummerbund, rumal[obs3], rabat[obs3]. shoe, pump, boot, slipper,

sandal, galoche[obs3], galoshes, patten, clog; sneakers, running shoes,

hiking boots; high-low; Blucher boot, wellington boot, Hessian boot,

jack boot, top boot; Balmoral[obs3]; arctics, bootee, bootikin[obs3],

brogan, chaparajos[obs3]; chavar[obs3], chivarras[obs3],

chivarros[obs3]; gums [U.S.], larrigan [obs3][N. Am.], rubbers,

showshoe, stogy[obs3], veldtschoen[Ger], legging, buskin, greave[obs3],

galligaskin[obs3], gamache[obs3], gamashes[obs3], moccasin, gambado,

gaiter, spatterdash[obs3], brogue, antigropelos[obs3]; stocking, hose,

gaskins[obs3], trunk hose, sock; hosiery. glove, gauntlet, mitten,

cuff, wristband, sleeve. swaddling cloth, baby linen, layette; ice

wool; taffeta. pocket handkerchief, hanky[obs3], hankie. clothier,

tailor, milliner, costumier, sempstress[obs3], snip; dressmaker,

habitmaker[obs3], breechesmaker[obs3], shoemaker; Crispin; friseur[Fr];

cordwainer[obs3], cobbler, hosier[obs3], hatter; draper, linen draper,

haberdasher, mercer. [underpants for babies] diaper, nappy[obs3][Brit];

disposable diaper, cloth diaper; Luvs[brand names for diapers],

Huggies. V. invest; cover &c. 223; envelope, lap, involve;

inwrap[obs3], enwrap; wrap; fold up, wrap up, lap up, muffle up;

overlap; sheath, swathe, swaddle, roll up in, circumvest. vest, clothe,

array, dress, dight[obs3], drape, robe, enrobe, attire, apparel,

accounter[obs3], rig, fit out; deck &c. (ornament) 847; perk, equip,

harness, caparison. wear; don; put on, huddle on, slip on; mantle. Adj.

invested &c. v.; habited; dighted[obs3]; barbed, barded; clad, costume,

shod, chausse[Fr]; en grande tenue &c. (show) 882[Fr]. sartorial. Phr.

"the soul of this man is his clothes" [All's Well].

#226. Divestment.—N. divestment; taking off &c. v..

nudity; bareness &c. adj.; undress; dishabille &c. 225; the

altogether; nudation[obs3], denudation; decortication, depilation,

excoriation, desquamation; molting; exfoliation; trichosis[Med].

V. divest; uncover &c. (cover &c. 223); denude, bare, strip;

disfurnish[obs3]; undress, disrobe &c. (dress, enrobe &c. 225);

uncoif[obs3]; dismantle; put off, take off, cast off; doff; peel,

pare, decorticate, excoriate, skin, scalp, flay; expose, lay open;

exfoliate, molt, mew; cast the skin. Adj. divested &c. v.; bare,

naked, nude; undressed, undraped; denuded; exposed; in dishabille;

bald, threadbare, ragged, callow, roofless. in a state of nature,

in nature's garb, in the buff, in native buff, in birthday suit;

in puris naturalibus[Lat]; with nothing on, stark naked, stark

raving naked [joc.]; bald as a coot, bare as the back of one's

hand; out at elbows; barefoot; bareback, barebacked; leafless,

napless[obs3], hairless.

#227. Circumjacence.—N. circumjacence[obs3], circumambience[obs3];

environment, encompassment; atmosphere, medium, surroundings. outpost;

border &c. (edge) 231; girdle &c. (circumference) 230; outskirts,

boulebards, suburbs, purlieus, precincts, faubourgs[obs3], environs,

entourage, banlieue[obs3]; neighborhood, vicinage, vicinity. V. lie

around &c. adv.; surround, beset, compass, encompass, environ, inclose,

enclose, encircle, embrace, circumvent, lap, gird; belt; begird,

engird[obs3]; skirt, twine round; hem in &c. (circumscribe) 229. Adj.

circumjacent, circumambient[obs3], circumfluent[obs3]; ambient;

surrounding &c. v.; circumferential, suburban. Adv. around, about;

without; on every side; on all sides; right and left, all round, round

about.

#228. Interposition.—N. interposition, interjacence[obs3],

intercurrence[obs3], intervenience[obs3], interlocation[obs3],

interdigitation, interjection, interpolation, interlineation,

interspersion, intercalation. [interposition at a fine-grained level]

interpenetration; permeation; infiltration. [interposition by one

person in another's affairs, at the intervenor's initiative]

intervention, interference; intrusion, obtrusion; insinuation.

insertion &c. 300; dovetailing; embolism. intermediary,

intermedium[obs3]; go between, bodkin|!, intruder, interloper;

parenthesis, episode, flyleaf. partition, septum, diaphragm; midriff;

dissepiment[obs3]; party wall, panel, room divider. halfway house. V.

lie between, come between, get between; intervene, slide in,

interpenetrate, permeate. put between, introduce, import, throw in,

wedge in, edge in, jam in, worm in, foist in, run in, plow in, work in;

interpose, interject, intercalate, interpolate, interline, interleave,

intersperse, interweave, interlard, interdigitate, sandwich in, fit in,

squeeze in; let in, dovetail, splice, mortise; insinuate, smuggle;

infiltrate, ingrain. interfere, put in an oar, thrust one's nose in;

intrude, obtrude; have a finger in the pie; introduce the thin end of

the wedge; thrust in &c. (insert) 300. Adj. interjacent[obs3],

intercurrent[obs3], intervenient[obs3], intervening &c. v.,

intermediate, intermediary, intercalary, interstitial;

embolismal[obs3]. parenthetical, episodic; mediterranean; intrusive;

embosomed[obs3]; merged. Adv. between, betwixt; twixt; among, amongst;

amid, amidst; mid, midst; in the thick of; betwixt and between;

sandwich-wise; parenthetically, obiter dictum.