-----+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Miles | MAINTENANCE OF WAY. |
Year.|of road +----------+---------------------+-------------------+
| at end | Labor on | New rails. | Cross-ties. |
|of year.| track. | | |
-----+--------+----------+---------------------+-------------------+
| | $ | Tons. $ |Number. $ |
1879 |1,286.72|297,363.40| 9,276.00 125,062.70|264,520 93,107.51|
1880 |1,320.35|343,982.23| 9,767.49 215,365.32|260,116 93,330.32|
1881 |1,320.35|411,018.91|10,098.47 169,718.80|345,260 127,279.76|
1882 |1,908.65|690,112.59| 8,438.00 128,521.48|604,096 201,648.26|
1883 |1,927.99|742,476.20| 8,191.79 183,239.65|425,627 153,739.00|
1884 |2,066.35|706,751.86| 6,342.73 93,446.25|462,665 154,083.19|
1885 |2,066.35|749,254.19| 8,747.31 87,331.95|508,756 176,835.69|
1886 |2,149.07|705.553.82| 6,376.40 63,238.84|492,524 174,515.72|
1887 |2,355.12|760,093.33| 6,092.66 79,917.84|573,898 197.989.47|
1888 |2,552.55|847,806.67| 8,172.36 106,372.94|654,141 214,130.73|
-----+--------+----------+---------------------+-------------------+
[Table--Part 2 of 2]
-----+----------------------------------+--------+----------+------------
| MAINTENANCE OF WAY. |Expense | |Repairs of
Year.+----------+-----------------------+per mile|Repair of |station
| Repair of| Other | Total. |run by | fences. |building and
| bridges. | items. | |engines.| |water-works.
-----+----------+----------+------------+--------+----------+------------
| $ | $ | $ | Cents. | $ | $
1879 | 73,119.56|125,041.92| 640,575.53| 11.73 |$33,416.86| 45,755.09
1880 |105,551.62| 49,399.09| 807,628.58| 12.39 | 36,981.94| 80,887.34
1881 |114,193.18| 30,399.46| 852,610.11| 12.16 | 36,690.33| 70,699.58
1882 |174,826.24| 17,277.34|1,212,385.91| 11.87 | 31,032.57| 87,588.26
1883 |121,101.03| 72,294.71|1,272,850.59| 11.89 | 30,084.49| 87,291.93
1884 |173,831.23|107,236.13|1,235,348.66| 12.20 | 21,394.71| 94,122.03
1885 |164,586.39| 88,126.28|1,266,134.50| 11.27 | 21,932.48| 94,518.19
1886 |172,144.65| 63,976.69|1,179,429.72| 10.15 | 26,668.91| 123,519.83
1887 |250,337.47| 61,441.88|1,349.779.99| 9.95 | 31,905.46| 129,526.76
1888 |310,908.42|115,898.04|1,595,116.80| 10.74 | 40,423.39| 170,023.85
-----+----------+----------+------------+--------+----------+------------
_Employees._--This item is also one touching which railways make
few reports. The New York Central & Hudson River Road reports as
follows: "Average number of employees, 20,659, being at the rate of
14.54 per mile of road worked; aggregate wages, $12,460,708.89,
or $603.16 each. Payments in wages equalled 50.60 per cent. of
the total working expenses, against 51.90 per cent. in 1886-87."
Reckoning that each employee's wages supports an average of three
persons, we have a total of 61,977 persons clothed, housed, and fed
by this one corporation.
"Poor's Manual" discusses this subject at some length, but mainly
on theoretical ground.
_Rolling Stock._--A table showing the history of the growth of the
rolling stock of the country is given on page 148; it is therefore
unnecessary to repeat it here.
_Capital Invested._--It is folly for the human mind to attempt to
grasp the immensity of the financial interest expressed in the
statement, that the combined capital invested in the railways of
the United States is $9,369,398,954. No more can it comprehend that
this vast aggregate has been the growth of about fifty years in a
single interest, in a single country.
_Capital Invested._
------+----------------
Year. | Capital.
------+----------------
1876 | $4,468,592,000
1877 | 5,106,202,000
1878 | 4,772,297,000
1879 | 4,872,017,000
1880 | 5,402,038,000
1881 | 6,278,565,000
1882 | 7,016,750,000
1883 | 7,477,866,000
1884 | 7,676,399,000
1885 | 7,842,533,000
1886 | 8,163,149,000
1887 | 8,673,187,000
1888 | 9,369,399,000
------+----------------
The first date in the table marks the close of the first century
of our national life. Since that time the investment has more than
doubled; an increase of nearly five billion dollars in twelve
years--an average of over four hundred million dollars per year.
More exactly expressed, this means $1,118,906 per day, or $46,621
for every hour, day and night, during the first twelve years of our
second century.
It is safe to say that no other financial interest shows a total of
such wonderful magnitude. And with greater emphasis may it be said,
that the finances of the world, record, in all the ages, to the
present day, no such astounding increase of investment.
FOOTNOTES:
[37] Data drawn from "Poor's Manual of Railroads," 1889, and the
"Statistical Abstract of the United States," 1888, and carefully
revised, form, in large part, the basis of the several studies; and
the writer hereby expresses obligation to Mr. John P. Meany, editor
of the "Manual," for kindly aid in his work.
[38] A ton-mile means a ton of freight hauled one mile; ten
ton-miles, a ton of freight hauled ten miles, or two tons hauled
five miles.
INDEX.
Accidents, chances of, 191
at crossings, 408
from coupling cars, 223, 392
investigation of, 399
to railway bridges, 26
South Norwalk, 221
statistics of, 260
to trainmen, 393
to trains, origin of, 167
Adams, Charles Francis, 104, 367
Air-brake, 193, 195
Allen, Horatio, 2, 4, 102
Arbitration between railways and their employees, 376, 381
Armstrong, Colonel G. G., 316
Atkinson, Edward, 43
Auditor's duties, 180, 183
Baggage-check system, 253
Baggage-master, work of, 416
Baggage service, abuses in, 179
Baggage transportation, 253
Baldwin Locomotive Works, 132
Ballast of a railway, 37
Baltimore & Ohio, the, 103
cars, 139
early passenger-trains, 230
in 1830, 101
Bangs, George S., 317
Bell-cord train-signal, 237
Bessemer, Sir Henry, 37
Bessemer steel, invention of, 37
Blaine, James G., 323
Blair, Montgomery, 317
Block-signal, automatic, 215
system, 168, 213
Boilers, construction of, 114
Bonds and stock, relative position of, 354
Brake, air-, 193, 195
advantages of air-, 387
improvements suggested to air-, 199
American, 202
and coupler, 237
Beals, 202
chain, 193
continuous, 195
early forms of, 192
electric, 194
hand, 193;
perils of, 387;
how to manage, 388
hydraulic, 193
steam driver-, 192
trials at Burlington, 200
vacuum, 193, 195
water, 202
Westinghouse air-, 193, 195
Brakemen, characteristics of, 384
duties of, 394
life, agreeable and disagreeable features of, 386, 389
passenger-train, advantages of, 396
pleasures of, 394
wit of, the result of meditation, 385
Bridges, railway, accidents to, 26
American iron, 28
American, development of, 27;
length of, 24, 26
American wooden, 27
and culverts, how built, 22
Bismarck, 86
Britannia, 79
builders, 423
cantilever, 33, 88
connecting two tunnels, 55
connections, types of, 85
foundations by crib or open caisson, 75
Bridges, foundations by pneumatic caisson, 69
foundations, how made, 32, 67
foundations under water, 67
gangs, work of, 155
great, over cañons and valleys, 55
guard-rails and frogs for, 221
Hawkesbury River, 32
Howe truss, 27
how to build safe, 31
Kentucky River, 34, 55, 88
Kinzua, 30
Lachine, 92
masonry arch, 76
Niagara cantilever, 34, 90
Portage, 78
Poughkeepsie, 32, 34
steel truss, development of, 85
strength of, 29
St. Louis, 93
trusses, types of, 86
tubular, 80
typical American truss, 86
Verrugas, 55
Victoria, 80
Washington, over Harlem River, 77, 94
wooden, 78
wood, stone, and iron, 25, 26
Bridgers, R. R., 340
Bridgewater, Duke of, 345
Broken trains, dangers of, 388
Burr & Wernwag, 27
Caissons for bridge foundations, how made, 32, 69
open, 75
pneumatic, 69
Camden & Amboy locomotives, 106
Cameron, Simon, prediction of, 232
Campbell, Henry R., 109
Cantilever bridges, 33, 88
Capital invested in railways, 344, 448
Car-accountant, and the transportation department, 275
office of, 271
Car-accounting, benefits of a good system, 280
Car-builders' dictionary, 147
Car-couplers, imperfections of, 140
need of uniformity in, 141
Car-coupling, accidents from, 223, 392
Cars, American and English, 7
American, evolution of, 139
Baltimore & Ohio freight-, 139
different kinds of, 146
old, discomforts of, 234
distribution of, 171, 279
empty, distribution of, 279
first American passenger-, 139
first sleeping-, 140
for special uses, 289
freight-, wanderings of a, 267
heating by gas, 226
heating by steam, 226
heating, methods of, 245
lighting safely, 226
mileage and records, 158
mileage charges, 273
Mohawk & Hudson passenger-, 139
number of, in the United States, 148
records of movement, 171
service charges, per diem plan, 29
service of, payment for, 293
service records and reports, 276
tracers for, 279
trucks, 7;
invention of, 108
use and abuse of, 281
Car-wheels, European, 144
how made, 142
paper, 145
Cassatt, A. J., 340
Check system for baggage, 253
Chief engineer, duties of, 154
Chimbote Railway in the Andes, 50, 53
Civil service reform in the mail service, 340
Classifications of freight, 176
Clerks, railway, 422
Coffer-dam foundations for bridges, 67
Commissions to passenger agents, 179
Competing points and pools, 364
Concentration of power, 351
Conducting transportation, 159
Conductors, freight, trials of, 398
heroism of, 411
passenger, 408
Consolidation, effects of, 351
tendency to, 346
Construction companies, 355
Contractors, railway, work of, 21
Conveniences at stations, 259
Cooley, Judge Thomas M., 368
Cooper, Peter, 104, 231
Council, proposed railway, 380
Couplers and brakes, 237
imperfections of, 140
uniform automatic, 223
Coupling cars, accidents from, 223, 392
Coupon tickets, 254
misunderstood, 254
Cox, S. S., 323
Cranes, large travelling, in locomotive shops, 132
Crib foundations for bridge piers, 75
Crises of 1873 and 1885, effects of, 356
Crossings, accidents at, 408
protection for, 216
Cullom, Senator S. M., 368
Culverts, building of, 22
log, 25
masonry, 76
on American railways, 24, 26
Curves, American and European railway, 8
least, 8
Cutting, largest ever made, 56
Cylinders, locomotive, construction of, 117
Darwin, Erasmus, 2
Davis & Gartner, 106
Davis, Phineas, 106
Davis, W. A., 317
Death and accident provisions for postal clerks, 343
Delays in a long journey, 267
Delaware & Hudson Canal Company, 101
Demurrage charges, 296
Derailing switches, use of, 207
Derailments of trains, causes of, 218
Destructive force of a locomotive at high speed, 187
Detector-bar for switches, 205
Differentials, 175
Dining-cars, introduction of, 243
Discipline necessary on a railway, 377
Distribution of cars, 171, 279
Dividends, average, on railway stock, 443
Drawbridge accidents, 221
Driving-wheels, large and small, 128
Eads, Captain James B., 64, 93
Eames vacuum brake, 195
Eccentric, operation of, 118
Educational institutions for railway employees, 379
Electric annunciator for signals, 209
Electric lights for cars, 226
Electricity applied to brakes, 194
Elevated Railroad, New York, 97
Employees, railway, benefit funds, 378
permanent and temporary, 375
promotion of, 376
number of, in the United States, 43, 370
permanency of service during good behavior, 376
relations of, to the railway, 357
representative system for, 380
rights and privileges of permanent, 376
to have a voice in management, 379
wages of, 448
Engineer, the, as a public benefactor, 46
civil, qualifications of, 15
responsibilities and duties of, 98
Engineering, good, true test of, 60
Ericsson, John, 2
Facing and trailing point switches, 219
Facing-point locks, 205
Fast freight lines, 287
Fast mail service, appropriations for, 337
Fast mail train, trip with, 323
Fast runs, remarkable instances, 404
Fast time on railways, conditions of, 128
Field & Hayes, 34
Fink, Albert, 365
Fisk, James, Jr., 353
Flagging trains, 390
Foot-guard for frogs, 222
Foreign cars, theory and practice in their use, 279
Foster, Rastrick & Company, 102
Free-pass system, 362
Freight-car wanderings, 267
classifications and rates, 176
conductor and his trials, 398
department, organization of, 282
engines, saving fuel on, 402
empty trains of, 439
handlers at stations, 423
movement, accidents in, 293;
cost of delays in, 293
Freight profits, 440
rates, reduction of, 358, 438
traffic, 437;
how handled, 180
Freight trains, air-brakes for, 200
transportation, needs of the service, 297
Fuel, saving, on freight-engines, 402
Garrett, John W., 351
Gate-tenders on the railway, 423
General Freight Agent, 172
General Manager, duties of, 154
General Passenger Agent, 172
Geographical location of railways in the United States, 427
Goold, James, 139
Grades, limit of, 8
Grand Central Station interlocking signals, 208
Grand River cañon, 54
Granger movement, 363
Guard-rails and frogs for bridges, 221
Hamlin, Hannibal, 323
Hampson, John, 231
Harrison, Joseph, Jr., 4
Hawkesbury River bridge, 32
Heater-cars, Eastman, 289
Heating cars, 245
Highway crossing accidents, 216
crossing gates, 217
Holley, Alexander L., 37
Hoosac Tunnel, 63
Hospital funds for railway employees, 378
Hotel-cars, 244
Howe truss bridges, 27
Immigrant sleeping-cars, 251
Inclined planes for overcoming elevations, 58
Injectors, principle of, 116
Insurance funds for railway employees, 378
Interchange of cars, methods of, 272
Interlocking bolts, uses of, 221
signals and switches, 204
Interstate commerce law, 173, 368
Commerce Commission and its work, 368
Investigation of accidents, 399
Investors and managers, relations of, 357
difficult position of, 354
Irregular hours of work, 399
Jameson, John, 317, 323, 342
Janney car-coupler, 237
Jervis, John B., 4, 107
Johnson, R. P., 339
Judgment, value of, in a locomotive-runner, 407
Junction-cards and car-reports, 278
Kentucky River cantilever bridge, 34, 55, 88
King, Porter, 408
Kinzua Bridge, 30
Lachine Bridge, 92
Latimer, Charles, 221
Latrobe, Benjamin H., 8
Layng, J. D., 319
Legal department of a railway, duties of, 152
Lighting cars, safe methods, 226
Lincoln, Abraham, in the first sleeping-car, 240
Link motion for locomotive valves, 119
Location, approximate, 15
final, 18
how governed, 16
in old and new countries, 17
importance of, 15
Locomotives, ability to climb grades, 8
American type, origin of, 109
Baltimore & Ohio "grasshopper," 106
boiler construction, 115
cab, what is in it, 131
capacity to draw loads, 120
consolidation, 122
cost of running, 307
cylinders, how supplied with steam, 117
decapod, 122
destructive force of, at high speed, 187
"DeWitt Clinton," 105
driving-wheels, how made, 142
earliest American, 2
early eight-wheeled, 105
engineer, the duties and qualifications of, 137;
peculiarities of, 134;
duties and dangers of, 400;
spirit of fraternity of, 408
English type of, 3
equalizing levers, 4
fireman, 422
first trial of, in America, 103
fuel, 303;
consumption, 135
hostler, 422
how to start and stop, 120
"John Bull," 106
Mogul, 122
number of, in the United States, 148
Peter Cooper's, 104
prize offered for, by the Baltimore & Ohio, 105
pumps and injectors, 116
"Rocket," 1
running, systems of, 134;
cost of, 158, 159
running gear, adjustment of, 114;
flexible, 113
shops, 132
size, weight, and price, 126
speed, law of, 127
suburban traffic, 124
ten-wheeled, 122
trials, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, 2, 3
truck, invention of, 4, 107
types of, 109
valve motion, 118
London Underground Railway, 97
"Long and short haul," 173
Mail service, railway, civil service reform in, 340
Mail train, fast, 317
Managers and investors, relations of, 357
Masonry arch bridges, 76
Massachusetts Railroad Commission and traffic questions, 367
Master Car Builders' Association brake-trials, 200
type of car-coupler, 223
Master car-builder's duties, 158
Master mechanic's work, 157
Master of transportation, duties of, 159, 171
Mexican Central Railway, 56
Mileage balances, reduction of, 273
Miller coupler and buffer, 237
Miller, Ezra, 237
Milling in transit, 175
Model railway service, 375
Mohawk & Hudson passenger-cars, 139
Mont Cenis Tunnel, 63
Moral standard on the railway, improvement in, 384
Mount Washington Railway, 58
Mountain climbing by rack railways, 58
railways, 49
National regulation of railways, 367
Newell, John, 340
New York Elevated Railways, 97
Niagara cantilever bridge, 34, 90
suspension bridge, 81
Nochistongo cut, 56
Operating department of a railway, importance of, 373
Oroya Railway in the Andes, 50, 53
Outram, Benjamin, 345
Paper car-wheels, 145
Passenger advertisement, first, 229
brakeman, 396
burned in wrecks, 225
cars, early, 231;
English and American, 232;
first American, 139;
manufacture of, 252;
Mohawk & Hudson, 139
conductor, 408
fares, comparative rates, 265
profits, 442
rates and commissions, 17
tickets, old, 236
traffic, 442
trains, first, 228;
early American, 230;
making time on, 403
travel, 362;
amount of, 264;
safety of, in England and America, 260;
speed of, 249
Pay-car, trip of the, 309
Pay, increase of, for faithful service, 378
Paymaster's work, 308
Parallel roads, 356
Pensions for railway employees, 378
Pennsylvania Railroad shops at Altoona, 132
maintenance of track, 41
system, 371
Permanent service of a railway, 375
Pile-driver, work of a, 22
Pile foundations for bridges, 68
Plant, H. B., 340
Pneumatic caissons for bridge foundations, 69
interlocking apparatus, 210
Pœtsch method of building foundations for bridge piers, 32
Pooling rates, 184
Pools and competing points, 364
railway, origin and nature of, 364
Pope, Thomas, 33
Portage Bridge, 78
Postal cars, 325
first used, 316
provision against accident in, 338
Postal clerks, accidents to, 338
Postal progress, object lesson in, 312
Postal service, early history, 313
Potter, Thomas J., 412
Poughkeepsie cantilever bridge, 32, 34
Predecessors of the railway, 101
Premiums to section-men, 41
Promotion of employees, 376
Pullman, George M., 239
Palace Car Company, 242
sleeper, first, 241
Purchasing agent's varied duties and experience, 300
Rails, development of, 47
increased weight of, 122
iron, first used, 1, 37
joints for, 37
steel, first introduction, 37
supply and renewal of, 306
weight which they will carry, 121
Railroading fifty years ago, 100
Railways, American, key to the development of, 3;
rolling stock of, 148;
and English, essential differences, 10
amount of capital invested in, 344
and their employees, nature of relations, 374
and democracy, 45
and their customers, 358
beginning of, 345
building, cost of, 43;
example of rapid, 44;
history of, 445
competition of, 174;
with canals, 347
consolidation, 174, 346
council, proposed, 380
division of expenses on, 359
earnings, average net, per mile, 444
earliest, 1;
in America, 103
early systems of management, 346
economic view of, 45
educational institutions, 379
employees, permanent and temporary, 375;
general characteristics of, 423;
moral welfare of, 423;
a typical, 383;
wages of, 448
growth of, 346
income, sources of, 180
influence on the world, 149
mail first carried on, 314
mail service, growth of, 314;
importance of, 323;
needs of, 341;
organization of, 323;
party injury to, 341
management, development of, 150;
in Europe, 184;
organization and division of authority, 151;
results expected from, 184;
special departments of, 372;
stability of, 184;
subdivisions of, 372
men's building in New York, 424
mileage, comparative, of the principal countries, 425;
of the United States, 426
national idea developed by, 348
national regulation, 367
officers' duties and responsibilities, 151
organization analyzed, 185;
complex, 183;
growth of, 371
personnel, importance of, 424
place in the modern industrial system, 344
postal clerks' dangers, 337;
just claims, 343;
need of provision against disability, 339;
work, 334
relations of, to their employees, 357
shop-men, 423
State ownership of, 362
statistics of, 425
systems, 428
the largest single industrial interest, 370
United States, extent of, 43
"wars" between, 361
Randall, Samuel J., 323
Rates and rebates, 173
causes of reduction, 358
combinations and adjustments, 176
forced reductions, 363
how made and regulated, 176
inequalities of, 359
passenger, and commissions, 178
plans for regulating, 362
special, wars over, 177
without a natural standard, 360
Reagan, John H., 368
Reconnoissance, 13
Refrigerator cars, 289
Representation for railway employees, 380
Restriction of railways, tendency to, 369
Ride on a locomotive at night, 188
Righi Railway, 59
Road-bed of a railway, how made, 21
Roadway department of a railway, 154
Roberts, George B., 340
Roebling, John A., 82
Rolling stock, growth of, 448
Routine of the railway mail service, 325
Rutter, J. H., 340
Safety appliances, railway, 191
devices needed, 423
St. Gothard Tunnel and spirals, 63
St. Louis Bridge, 64, 93
Schneider, C. C., 34
Scott, Thomas Alexander, 319, 349
Scrap-heap, value of, 302
Section-master's duties, 421
Section-men's work, 156
Semaphore signals, 203
Shepard, General D. C., 44
Signals and switches, interlocking, 168, 204
automatic block, 215
block system, 168, 213
semaphore, 203
torpedo, 213
Sleeping-car rates, comparative, 266
Sleeping-cars, first experiments, 239
immigrant, 251
Pullman, 239, 242
Smith, Colonel C. Shaler, 34, 88
Snow-sheds and fences, 18
South American mountain-railways, 50
South Carolina Railway, 104
early passenger trains, 231
Special rates, 177, 361
Spoils system, how it works in the railway mail service, 342
Spreading of rails, 220
State ownership of railways, 362
State regulation of railways, 362, 363
Station agent's duties, 411
Station indicators, 259
Station, large, work at, 415
small, work at, 411
Stationery and blanks, quantity used on a railway, 304
Statistics, railway, 425
Steam driver-brake, 192
how distributed to the cylinders, 117
shovel, work of, 21
supply and speed, relations of, 129
Steel bridges, 29
Steel rails, first introduction, 37
Steel truss-bridges, development of, 85
Stephenson, George, 1, 2, 3, 228, 346
Robert, 1, 2, 3, 79, 192
Stock and bonds, relative position, 354
Storekeeper's duties on a railway, 307
Stockton & Darlington passenger train, 228
"Stourbridge Lion," 102
Strikes, evils of, 374
Superintendent, duties of, 274
of machinery, powers and duties, 157
Supply department, 298
importance of, 311
Supplies, aggregate of, on a railway, 299
variety required for a railway, 301
Surveying party, life of, 13
from a rope ladder, 50
Surveys, preliminary, 13
Suspension bridges, 81
Switchbacks and loops, 8;
types of, 9, 10
Switches, interlocking, 420
stub, accidents caused by, 218
Switch-tender's work, 420
Telegraph in railroading, 238
Thompson, William B., 317, 322, 342
Thomson, Frank, 43, 340
Thomson, J. Edgar, 349
Through and local freight, 288
Through lines, growth of, 348
Tickets, cost of, on a railway, 305
coupon, 254
old, 236
sales and reports, 182
Ties and timber supplies, 306
Time, fast, instances of, 404
making, on passenger trains, 403
Time-tables, cost of, 305
earliest American, 235
how made, 160
Torpedo signals, 213
Track, early experiments with, 36, 37
how laid, 36
how maintained and kept in order, 38
inspection on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 41
laid on stone, 36
standards of excellence, 41
Trackmen's duties, 38
organization and officers, 41
Track-walker's duties and trials, 422
Trade centres, advantages of, 360
Traffic, how influenced and secured, 172
manager, duties of, 172
questions and the Massachusetts Railroad Commission, 367
receipts, how returned and accounted for, 182
Train despatcher and his work, 163, 422
Train despatching, 162
old and new, 187
Train orders and rules, 164
Train signals, bell-cord and other, 237
Train work, irregularity of, 399
Trainmen, accidents to, 393
and tramps, 386
Trains, rules for running, 162
Tramways, Roman, of stone, 1
Transfer freight stations, 288
Transportation, cost of, 43
conducting, 159
department and the car-accountant, 275
Trestles, wooden, 78
Trevithick, Richard, 2
Tribunal, proposed, for adjusting differences between railways and
their employees, 376
Trucks for cars, 7, 108
for locomotives, 4, 107, 109
Trunk lines compared, 428
Trunk-line pool, origin and history, 365
Truss-bridge, typical American, 86
Tubular bridges, 80