ii. 72.
Orator, an Indian, i. 137.
Orchards, ii. 222.
Oregon, i. 27.
Orinoco, the river, i. 54.
Outlying slaves, ii. 197.
Ovid’s Metamorphoses, i. 232.
Oxford, the university, i. 28, 42, 255, 268;
ii. 65, 204, 249, 250.
Oysters, i. 143.
Pacific coast of South America, i. 25.
Pacific Ocean, naval warfare in, i. 25.
Page, John, ii. 195.
Paige, Lucius, ii. 265.
Palatinate, the Rhenish, i. 258; ii. 318.
Palatinates, their origin and purpose, i. 256-260.
Pamlico Sound, i. 31, 32.
Pamunkey, Queen of, ii. 72-74, 89, 124.
Pamunkey River, i. 101.
Panama sacked by Morgan, ii. 354.
Panton, Anthony, i. 295, 298, 299.
Paper money, ii. 111;
in North Carolina, ii. 304.
Paradise, estate of, ii. 19.
Paraguay, i. 26.
Pardoning power, i. 281.
Paris matins, the, i. 21.
Parishes in Virginia, ii. 35;
in Carolina of English origin, not French, ii. 324;
in Louisiana analogous to counties, ii. 324.
Parke, Daniel, ii. 89, 119.
Parker, Theodore, ii. 192.
Parker, William, i. 67.
Parkman, Francis, i. 111.
Parsons, Robert, i. 83.
Parsons, appointment of, ii. 375.
Parsons’ cause, ii. 127, 174.
Partition walls, ii. 223.
Partonopeus de Blois, ii. 128.
Pass, Simon Van, i. 172.
Passamagnus River, i. 265.
Patagonia, i. 26.
Patapsco River, i. 112, 255, 287.
Pate, a Maryland rebel, ii. 156.
Paternal government, i. 240.
Patience, the ship, i. 150.
Patuxents, the tribe, i. 291.
Paul IV., ii. 377.
Pauperism in England, i. 48.
Peasants, English, in the 16th century, i. 47.
Pedigrees, value of, ii. 26.
Peerage, the English, ii. 13, 14.
Pelican, the ship, i. 26.
Pelton, ii. 5.
Pembroke, Earl of, i. 184.
Pembroke, palatinate of, i. 259.
Pendleton, Edmund, ii. 266.
Penn, William, ii. 144-146, 157.
Pennington, Admiral, i. 273.
Pennsylvania, i. 22, 63; ii. 53;
distributing centre for Scotch-Irish immigrants, ii. 391-394.
Pennsylvania Dutch, ii. 318.
Pepys, Samuel, ii. 25, 55.
Pequot War, i. 236.
Percy, George, i. 97, 105, 131, 140, 152, 162, 164.
Persecutions in Scotland, ii. 288.
Persians, the, i. 37.
Peruvian towns plundered by buccaneers, ii. 359.
Peters, Samuel, ii. 231.
Petersburg, ii. 82, 257.
Pewter vessels, ii. 226.
Phettiplace, William, i. 135.
Philadelphia, ii. 211, 269.
Philip II., i. 8-10, 22, 24, 34, 44; ii. 344.
Philip III., i. 59, 76, 194, 200.
Philip V., ii. 360, 378.
Philip, chief of the Wampanoags, ii. 63.
Philipse manor house, ii. 227.
Phillips, Lee, ii. 140.
Phillips, Sir Thomas, i. 43.
Phillips, Wendell, ii. 191.
Physicians in Virginia, ii. 259-261.
Picked men, importance of, ii. 25.
Picnics, ii. 243.
Pierre of Dieppe, a buccaneer, ii. 349.
Pike, L. O., ii. 182.
Pillsbury, Parker, ii. 192.
Pinzon, Vincent, i. 12, 149.
Piracy, its Golden Age the 17th century, ii. 338, 339;
definition of, ii. 340.
Pirates, i. 24;
Algerine, ii. 286, 339;
on the Carolina coast, ii. 314, 361, 369;
Chinese, ii. 339;
Malay, ii. 339.
Pitt, William, ii. 382.
Plantation, a typical, ii. 5;
description of a, ii. 220, 228.
Plant cutters’ riot, ii. 111, 112.
Plant cutting made high treason, ii. 114.
Plymouth Colony, i. 280.
Plymouth Company, the, i. 62-71, 145, 172.
Plymouth, England, i. 15, 26, 56, 67, 70, 172.
Plymouth, Mass., i. 29.
Pocahontas, her rescue of Captain Smith, i. 102-111, 115;
her visits to Jamestown, i. 130;
reveals an Indian plot, i. 138;
her abduction by Argall, i. 168;
rescues Henry Spelman from tomahawk, i. 168;
her marriage with John Rolfe, i. 169;
takes the name of Rebekah, i. 169;
her visit to London, i. 171;
her portrait, i. 172;
her death at Gravesend, i. 173.
Pocomoke River, skirmish in, i. 293.
Pogram, Elijah, ii. 11.
Poindexter, Charles, i. 112.
Point Comfort, i. 92, 143, 145, 155, 225, 274, 288, 290.
Pole, Reginald, i. 66.
Poles in Virginia, i. 230.
Political homoeopathy, ii. 295.
Poll tax in Maryland, ii. 376.
Pollock, Thomas, ii. 197, 286, 304.
Polonian or Baltic Sea, i. 74.
Pompey and the Cilician pirates, ii. 338.
Pone, i. 275.
Poor law of 1601, i. 48.
Popham, Sir John, i. 60, 68, 81, 159; ii. 102.
Popular government, ii. 97.
Population of England in Elizabeth’s time, i. 46.
Population of New England, i. 253;
of American colonies, ii. 169;
of Georgia, ii. 336;
of the two Carolinas, ii. 329.
Pork, i. 161; ii. 207.
Poropotank Creek, ii. 19.
Porto Bello captured by Morgan, ii. 351.
Port Royal, N. S., i. 170, 261; ii. 123.
Port Royal, S. C., ii. 271, 278;
burned by the Spaniards, ii. 288.
Port St. Julian, i. 26.
Porter, John, ii. 295.
Postage rates, ii. 376.
Postal service in America under Spotswood, ii. 389.
Post-office Act, ii. 373-375.
Postlethwayt, Malachy, ii. 180, 181-186.
Potomac, the river, i. 63, 112, 161.
Pott, Dr. John, i. 252, 253, 263, 287, 293, 297, 298.
Pott, Francis, i. 296.
Potts, Richard, i. 96.
Poultry, a street in London, i. 203.
Powhatan, The, i. 102-114, 116, 132-139, 168, 189.
Powhatan, the village, i. 94, 127.
Powhatans, the tribe, i. 94-111.
Precious metals, effect of their increased quantity after the
discovery of America, i. 9, 47.
Presbyterians in Ulster, disabilities inflicted upon, ii. 393.
Presley, a burgess, ii. 70, 94.
Primary assemblies, i. 284.
Pring, Martin, i. 56, 67.
Priscilla, a Virginia, ii. 128.
Prisoners of war, ii. 184.
Privateering, ii. 343.
Processioning of bounds, ii. 99.
Proprietary governments, beginnings of, i. 269.
Proprietors of Carolina sell out their interests, ii. 308.
Prospero’s Isle, i. 150.
Providence, a settlement in Maryland, i. 313, 315.
Puerto del Principe sacked by Morgan, ii. 351.
Pulpit encourages English colonization, i. 49.
Punishments for crime, ii. 182.
Purchas, Rev. S., i. 87, 302.
Puritan families in New England, ii. 28.
Puritanism widely spread in the South, ii. 337.
Puritans in Virginia, i. 301; ii. 17;
in Maryland, i. 312-318; ii. 137, 150;
and education, ii. 252-254;
in South Carolina, ii. 322.
Putin Bay, i. 94.
Pym, John, i. 204, 208, 235; ii, 12.
Quadroons, ii. 202.
Quaker relief acts, ii. 153;
in North Carolina, ii. 304.
Quakers in Maryland, ii. 138;
in Albemarle Colony, ii. 294.
Quantrell, a border ruffian, ii. 320.
Quaritch, Bernard, ii. 1.
Quarry, Robert, ii. 362.
Quicksilver, Frank, i. 56.
Quinine, i. 4.
Quit rents, ii. 194.
_Quo warranto_, writ of, i. 218.
Raccoons, i. 114.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, i. 19, 28-32, 35-40, 52-55, 71, 126, 163,
197-200; ii. 271, 342;
his verses just before death, i. 200;
his “History of the World,” i. 197.
Randall, D. R., i. 303.
Randolph, Edward, ii. 108, 364.
Randolph, Jane, ii. 204.
Randolph, John, of Roanoke, i. 173.
Randolph, Peyton, i. 221.
Rappahannock River, i. 101.
Ratcliffe, John, i. 71, 92, 99, 100, 113, 117, 124, 151-153, 168.
Rats, i. 143.
Raveneau de Lussan, the buccaneer, ii. 349, 360.
Raynal, the Abbé, i. 2.
Receiver-general, i. 276.
Recorder, a musical instrument, ii. 242.
Recouping one’s self beforehand, ii. 346.
Redemptioners, ii. 181, 182, 185;
as schoolmasters, ii. 249.
Regal, a town in Transylvania, i. 84.
Renaissance and Reformation, tendencies of, i. 205.
Representative government in America established by Sir Edwin
Sandys, i. 69.
Revolution of 1719 in South Carolina, ii. 307.
Rhett, William, defeats the French and Spanish fleet, ii. 294;
defeats and captures the pirate Bonnet, ii. 368, 369.
Rhode Island, i. 63, 280.
Ribaut, Jean, i. 17; ii. 271.
Ricahecrians, the tribe, ii. 73.
Ricardo, David, ii. 313.
Rice, the great staple of South Carolina, ii. 326, 363.
Rice, John, hanged at Tyburn, ii. 200.
Rich, H. C., ii. 241.
Rich, Lady Isabella, i. 184.
Rich, Robert, Lord Warwick, i. 182.
Richard III., i. 296.
Richmond, the city, i. 93, 189, 226; ii. 121, 211, 257.
Ringgold, James, ii. 147.
Ringrose, Basil, a buccaneer, ii. 358.
Ripley, W. Z., ii. 218.
Rivers as highways, ii. 214, 215.
Rivers in Virginia, their effect upon society, ii. 206.
Rivers, W. J., ii. 279, 288, 298, 302.
Rives, W., ii. 241.
Roanoke Island, i. 31, 33-35, 39-43, 54.
Robber barons, ii. 45.
Robertson, W., ii. 21.
Robertson family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.
Rochambeau, Count, i. 3.
Rogers, Woodes, captures New Providence, ii. 365.
Rogues’ Harbour, a nickname of Albemarle Colony, ii. 280.
Rolfe, John, i. 104;
his marriage with Pocahontas, i. 169;
makes experiments in raising tobacco, i. 176, 188.
Rolfe, Thomas, son of Pocahontas, ancestor of many Virginia families,
i. 173.
Ronsard, Pierre, i. 53.
Rothenthurm, battle of, i. 88.
Roundheads, ii. 12.
Rousby, Christopher, ii. 157.
Rousseau, J. J., i. 4.
Rowland, Miss K. M., ii. 104, 206, 234, 248.
Royal governors and their legislatures, ii. 379-381.
Rudolph II., Emperor, i. 84.
Rum, ii. 207, 211, 281.
Rumford, Count, ii. 254.
Rump Parliament, i. 316.
Rural entertainments, ii. 240, 241.
Russell, John, i. 121, 135, 140.
Russia, i. 37, 66, 89.
Rynders, Isaiah, ii. 192.
Ryswick, Peace of, ii. 168.
Sabbath breaking, i. 248.
Sack, a kind of wine, meaning of the name, ii. 230.
St. Augustine, i. 33; ii. 270.
St. Bartholomew, massacre of, i. 21.
St. Bernard Archipelago, i. 149.
St. Clement’s Island, i. 274.
St. John’s River, i. 17.
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, i. 170.
St. Lawrence River, i. 41, 61, 62.
St. Mary’s River, i. 274.
St. Mary’s, the town, i. 291, 306, 307, 313, 315, 316; ii. 120,
140, 161.
St. Osyth’s Lane, i. 203.
St. Paul’s Cathedral, i. 27.
St. Paul’s Churchyard, i. 178.
Salaries of governors, ii. 376.
Salem witchcraft, ii. 264, 266.
San Domingo, i. 33, 149.
San Francisco, i. 27.
San Juan de Ulua, i. 19, 26.
Sandhillers, ii. 320.
Salamis, battle of, i. 37.
Sandys, George, i. 232, 252.
Sandys, Sir Edwin, i. 69, 184-188, 190, 200-203, 214, 215, 218,
220, 221, 233, 235, 236, 238; ii. 16.
Sassafras, i. 123.
Sayle, Wm., ii. 278, 361.
Scandalous gossip, i. 247.
Scapegraces in Virginia, i. 152, 163.
Scapethrift, i. 57.
Scharf, J. F., ii. 162, 167, 171.
Schlosser, F. C., i. 84.
Schools in New England, ii. 251-253;
in Virginia, ii. 245-250;
in South Carolina, ii. 325.
_Scire facias_, writ of, ii. 162.
Scotch Highlanders in North Carolina, ii. 318;
in Georgia, ii. 335.
Scotch-Irish immigration to America, ii. 319, 390-399.
Scotch Presbyterianism, its effects upon Virginia, ii. 395.
Seagull, Captain, i. 57.
Sea kings of Elizabeth’s time were not pirates, ii. 341, 343.
Seal of Virginia, ii. 22.
Sea Venture, the ship, i. 67, 148, 149, 152.
Second Supply for Virginia, i. 113, 120, 123-125.
Security, money lender, i. 56.
Segar, Sir W., i. 86.
Segovia, Lake of, i. 34.
Selden, John, i. 54.
Senecas, ii. 58-60.
Seneschals, i. 277.
Separatists, i. 302.
Serfdom, i. 48.
Setebos, i. 15.
Severn, the English river, i. 312.
Severn, the Maryland river, i. 313;
battle of the, i. 317.
Seymour, Sir Edward, ii. 116, 117.
Seymour, John, ii. 166.
Shaftesbury, first Earl of, i. 68.
Shakespeare, i. 11, 15, 54, 55, 66, 68, 187, 203, 232, 308;
ii. 226;
his “Tempest,” i. 150.
Sharpe, Horatio, ii. 172.
Sharpless, Edward, clerk of Assembly, i. 244.
Sharplisse, Thomas, draws a prize in a lottery, i. 178.
Shays, Daniel, ii. 106.
Sheep-raising, i. 46.
Shenandoah Valley, ii. 385, 386.
Sheppard, Jack, ii. 264.
Sheriffs, i. 282; ii. 40;
in Maryland, ii. 153.
Sherman, W. T., ii. 191.
Sherwood, Grace, accused of witchcraft, ii. 266.
Sherwood, William, ii. 102, 104.
Shippen, Margaret, ii. 142.
Shire-motes, i. 278.
Shirley Hundred, i. 168.
Sibyl, the Roman, i. 7.
Sicklemore, an alias of President Ratcliffe, i. 117-128.
Sidney, Sir Philip, i. 18, 30, 33, 42, 53, 61, 68.
Sigismund, Prince of Transylvania, i. 84.
Silenus, his conversation with Kawasha, i. 175.
Silk culture, ii. 326.
Silk-worms, i. 231; ii. 3.
Silver vessels, ii. 227.
Simancas, archives of, i. 194.
Simms, W. G., ii. 330.
Singeing the king of Spain’s beard, i. 34.
Sioux tribes in Carolina, ii. 299.
Sir Galahad, i. 204.
Six Nations, ii. 304.
Size Lane, i. 203.
Skottowe, B. C., i. 243.
Slader, M., ii. 238.
Slavery, alleged beneficence of, i. 16;
different types in Virginia and South Carolina, ii. 327;
prohibited in Georgia, ii. 335;
introduced there, ii. 336.
Slave hunters, Spanish, i. 149.
Slaves’ collars, ii. 200.
Slaves, price of, ii. 194, 201.
Slave trade, the African, i. 15;
the Portuguese, i. 15.
Sluyter, a Labadist, ii. 143.
Smith, John, i. 80-118, 121, 143, 147, 151, 152-156, 159,
164-166, 172, 173; ii. 72;
fiery dragons invented by, i. 84;
Turks’ heads cut off by, i. 84;
name for Cape Ann, i. 88;
is rescued by Pocahontas, i. 102-111;
his “True Relation,” i. 102;
his “History of Virginia,” i. 103;
his map of Virginia, i. 118;
his “Rude Answer,” i. 118, 125-128;
drops into poetry, i. 121;
as a worker of miracles, i. 141;
says, “He that will not work shall not eat,” i. 142;
leaves Virginia, i. 152;
his faithful portrayal of Indians, i. 157;
nobility of his nature, i. 157;
touching tribute by one of his comrades, i. 158;
his voyage to North Virginia, i. 172;
changes the name to New England, i. 172;
his last years, i. 232.
Smith, Robert, ii. 104.
Smith, Thomas, captain of a ship, i. 293;
tried for piracy and hanged, i. 300.
Smith, Sir Thomas, i. 52, 66, 146, 161, 178, 182-184, 196.
Smith’s Hundred, i. 186.
Smith’s name for Cape Ann, i. 88.
Smith’s Sound, i. 67.
Smugglers, ii. 346.
Smyth, J. F., ii. 230, 231, 239, 316.
Soap, i. 123, 230.
Social features of Maryland, ii. 267-269.
Socrates, ii. 142.
Somers, Sir George, i. 65, 147, 148-151, 154, 155, 161.
Sothel, Seth, ii. 285;
as the people’s friend, ii. 289.
Soto, F. de, i. 61; ii. 91.
Souls and tobacco, comparative claims of, ii. 117.
Southampton, Earl of, i. 55, 56, 66, 183, 202, 203, 206-208, 220,
221; ii. 16.
Southampton Hundred, i. 186.
South Carolina, i. 62; ii. 123;
back country of, ii. 320;
early settlers of, ii. 322;
Puritans in, ii. 322;
Cavaliers in, ii. 322;
clergymen in, how elected, ii. 323;
contrast with those in Virginia, ii. 323;
rice a great staple of, ii. 326;
indigo, an important staple of, ii. 326;
silk culture in, ii. 326;
cotton crop in, ii. 326;
negro slaves in, ii. 326-331;
insurrection of slaves in, ii. 329.
Southey, Robert, i, 53.
South Sea Bubble, ii. 334.
Spaniards driven from Georgia, ii. 335.
Spanish marriage, i. 195, 198, 218, 255.
Spanish methods of colonization, i. 25, 193.
Spanish Succession, war of, ii. 190, 398.
Spanish treasure, i. 6-11, 23, 44, 54; ii. 345.
Sparks, F. E., i. 282; ii. 133.
Spelman, Henry, i. 153;
his rescue by Pocahontas, i. 168;
his “Relation about Virginia,” i. 168.
Spelman, Sir Henry, the antiquary, i. 168.
Spencer, Herbert, on state education, ii. 325.
Spencer, Nicholas, ii. 61, 80, 89, 111.
Spendall, i. 57.
Spenser, Edmund, i. 53; ii. 22.
Spinsters sent to Virginia, i. 188.
Sports, old-fashioned, ii. 240, 241.
Spotswood, Alexander, ii. 303, 370-390, 398;
on the distribution of white freedmen, ii. 321.
Spottiswoode, Sir Robert, ii. 370.
Spottsylvania, ii. 8.
Stamp Act, ii. 29, 303, 373, 382.
Stanard, W. G., ii. 238, 249.
Stanhope. James, ii. 372.
Stanley, H. M., i. 98.
Star Chamber, i. 273, 289.
Stark, John, ii. 394.
State education, ii. 325.
State House in Jamestown, scenes in, ii. 67, 69, 76.
States General in France dismissed, i. 196.
Stebbing, William, i. 53, 199, 200.
Stephens, Samuel, ii. 279.
Stevens, Henry, i. 43, 112, 169.
Stillingfleet, Bishop, ii. 116.
Stith, John, ii. 71.
Stith, William, i. 221, 255, 256.
Stone Age, the men of, i. 107.
Stone, William, i. 308, 311-313, 315-318.
Stores, country, ii. 213.
Stourton, Erasmus, i. 261.
Stover, Jacob, how he secured many acres, ii. 395.
Stowe’s Chronicle, i. 178.
Strachey, William, i. 150, 168.
Strafford County, ii. 58.
Strafford, Earl of, i. 204, 220, 267, 303; ii. 11.
Stratford Hall, its library, ii. 227;
the kitchen, ii. 228, 234.
Stuart, Lady Arabella, i. 197.
Studley, Thomas, i. 94, 96.
Stuyvesant, Peter, ii. 139, 140.
Subinfeudation permitted in Carolina, ii. 275.
Suffrage, restriction of, in Maryland, ii. 154;
in Virginia, ii. 67, 154.
Sugar, ii. 211.
Superstition, ii. 264.
Supper with Indians, i. 115.
Surry protest, ii. 52.
Surtees, i. 276.
Surveyor, i. 282.
Susan Constant, the ship, i. 71.
Susquehanna Manor, ii. 147, 158.
Susquehanna River, i. 112, 289.
Susquehannock envoys, slaughter of, ii. 60, 61, 68.
Susquehannock Indians, i. 112, 274; ii. 58-62.
Swedes in Delaware, ii. 3.
Swift, Jonathan, ii. 116.
Swift Run Gap, ii. 385.
Symes, Benjamin, ii. 5, 246.
Tabby silk, meaning of the name, ii. 236.
Talbot, George, ii. 147, 157, 158.
Talbot, Lord, ii. 200.
Talbot, Richard, Duke of Tyrconnel, ii. 160.
Talbot, William, ii. 151.
Tammany Society, i. 2.
Tampico, i. 20.
Tanais or Don River, i. 74.
Tantalus and his grapes, i. 200.
Tar, i. 123; ii. 313.
Tariff logic, specimens of, ii. 51, 194.
Tariffs, protective, ii. 45, 346.
Taswell-Langmead, i. 243.
Taxation without representation, ii. 115, 145.
Taxes on slaves, ii. 194.
Teach, Robert. See Blackbeard.
Temple Farm, ii. 390.
Tennessee, its settlers, ii. 394, 395.
“Terence in English,” i. 176.
Test oaths for public officials, ii. 294.
Thatch, Robert. See Blackbeard.
Theatres, ii. 243.
Third Supply for Virginia, i. 151, 158.
Thirlestane House, i. 43.
Thirty Years’ War, ii. 160.
Thompson, William, of Braintree, i. 303.
Thomson, Sir Peter, i. 43.
Thorpe, George, murdered by Indians, i. 234.
Throckmorton, Elizabeth, i. 53.
Thrusting out of Governor Harvey, i. 298.
Tichfield, i. 221.
Tidewater Virginia, i. 224.
Tilden, Marmaduke, ii. 147.
Tillotson, Archbishop, ii. 116.
Timour, Pasha of Nalbrits, i. 89.
Tindall, Thomas, put in the pillory, i. 264.
Titles of nobility in Carolina, ii. 276.
Tobacco, first recorded mention of, i. 174;
bull of Urban VIII. against, i. 174;
James I.’s Counterblast, i. 174;
its tendency to crush out other forms of industry, i. 231;
monopoly of, coveted by Charles I., i. 242, 243;
planted by the Dutch in the East Indies, ii. 47;
and liberty, ii. 174;
as currency, ii. 111;
effects of, ii. 210;
duty on, in Maryland, ii. 133;
attempts to check its cultivation, ii. 176.
Tobacco currency, effects of, in Virginia, ii. 216;
upon crafts and trades, ii. 217;
upon planters’ accounts, ii. 218.
Todkill, Anas, i. 116, 121, 135.
Toleration, religious, in Maryland, i. 267, 271, 272, 309-311.
Toleration Act, so-called, passed by Maryland Puritans, i. 316.
Tomocomo, his attempt to take a census of England, i. 173.
Toombs, Robert, ii. 10.
Tories and Whigs, i. 182.
Torture by slow fire, i. 108.
Totapotamoy, ii. 73.
Town meetings, ii. 32-34.
Towns, absence of, in Virginia, ii. 211;
attempts to build, ii. 213.
Townships in England, ii. 31-34.
Trade between Massachusetts and Albemarle Colony, ii. 281.
Tragabigzanda, Charatza, i. 88.
Train-bands in New England, ii. 40.
Treachery of Indians, i. 129, 136, 138.
Treason committed abroad, ii. 285.
Treat, John, ii. 183.
Treaty of America, ii. 353, 357.
Trent, the British steamer, ii. 234.
Trott, Nicholas, ii. 307.
Truman, Thomas, ii. 59, 61, 69.
Trussel, John, ii. 186.
Tubal Cain, the, of Virginia, ii. 372.
Tucker, Beverley, ii. 10.
Turkeys, first that were taken to England, i. 122.
Turkish treasure, i. 83.
Turks’ heads cut off by Smith, i. 84, 88.
Turks’ Heads, the islands, i. 88.
Turks, desire of Columbus to drive them from Europe, i. 7.
Turpentine, ii. 313.
Tuscarora meeting-house, ii. 395.
Tuscaroras in North Carolina, ii. 299;
expelled from North Carolina, migrate to the Mohawk valley and add
one more to the Five Nations, ii. 304.
Twelfth Night, i. 175.
Tyler, John, Governor of Virginia, ii. 10.
Tyler, John, President of U. S., ii. 25, 129.
Tyler, L. G., i. 296; ii. 19, 23, 61, 92, 128, 247.
Tyler, M. C., ii. 265.
Tyler, Wat, ii. 10, 25.
Tzekely, Moses, i. 85.
Union of the Colonies, schemes for, ii. 129.
Unitarians threatened with death in Maryland Toleration Act, i. 311.
University College of London, i. 112.
“Unmasked Face of our Colony in Virginia,” i. 208-213.
Urban VIII., his bull against tobacco, i. 174.
Utie, John, i. 297, 298.
Utrecht, treaty of, ii. 190.
Valentia, Lord, i. 43.
Vallandigham, E. H., ii. 140.
Valparaiso, i. 27.
Van Dyck, i. 268.
Vane, Sir Harry, ii. 12.
Vassall’s house in Cambridge, ii. 227.
Vegetables, ii. 2, 221.
Venetian argosy, fight with the Breton ship, i. 83.
Venezuela, i. 198.
Venice, i. 84; ii. 344.
Venus and Adonis, the poem, i. 55.
Vera Cruz, i. 19.
Vermont, i. 62.
Verrazano, Sea of, i. 61; ii. 384.
Vespucius, Americus, i. 12-14, 91, 149; ii. 347.
Vestry, close, ii. 36, 98, 375.
Vestry, open, ii. 99;
in South Carolina, ii. 323.
Veto power, ii. 152.
Vicksburg, ii. 191.
Victoria, Queen, i. 259.
Vikings not properly called pirates, ii. 339.
Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, i. 197.
Vinland, i. 18; ii. 277.
Violins, ii. 241-242.
Virginals, ii. 242.
Virginia, origin of the name, i. 32;
believed to abound in precious metals, i. 58, 122;
first charter of, i. 60, 64;
extent of the colony in 1624, i. 223;
population of, i. 253; ii. 2, 4, 23, 24, 35;
prolific in leaders of men, ii. 44;
_habeas corpus_ introduced into, ii. 371.
Virginia Historical Society, i. 112; ii. 298.
Virginian historians, ii. 255.
Virginians at Oxford, ii. 250.
Volga River, i. 73.
Voltaire, ii. 15, 352.
Wafer, Lionel, a buccaneer, ii. 358.
Wahunsunakok, i. 94.
Waldenses, the, ii. 205.
Wales, conquest of, i. 259.
Walker, William, ii. 348.
Walsingham, Sir F., i. 36.
Walton, Izaak, i. 221.
Wampum, i. 137.
Ward’s Plantation, i. 186.
Warner, Augustine, ii. 100.
Warren, William, i. 296.
Warrasqueak Bay, i. 131, 209.
Washington, Augustine, ii. 249.
Washington, George, i. 70, 273, 296; ii. 175, 227;
his love for dogs, horses, hunting, and fishing, ii. 239, 240;
killed by his doctors, ii. 260, 261;
his intimacy with Lord Fairfax, ii. 397;
sent to warn the French, ii. 399.
Washington, Henry, ii. 25, 397.
Washington, John, ii. 25, 59, 69, 97.
Washington, Lawrence, brother of George, ii. 247, 249, 389.
Washington, Lawrence, brother of John, ii. 59.
Washington, Lawrence, of Sulgrave, i. 70.
Washington, Martha, ii. 119;
her life at home, ii. 235.
Washington family tree, ii. 27.
Waters, Fitz Gilbert, ii. 25, 26.
Watson, Elkanah, ii. 215, 216.
Wedding, the first in English America, i. 113.
Weddings, ii. 237.
Weeden, W. B., ii. 251.
Weller, Tony, ii. 142.
Weromocomoco, i. 94, 102, 112, 114, 119, 130-139, 165, 224; ii. 158.
West, Francis, i. 131, 140, 146, 251.
West, John, i. 297, 298.
West, Joseph, ii. 279, 286.
West, Penelope, i. 147.
Westminster Abbey, i. 43.
Westminster School, i. 42.
Westover, i. 225; ii. 257.
West Point, Va., i. 224.
West Virginia, its settlers, ii. 394.
Wetting one’s feet, i. 210.
Weymouth, George, i. 56, 67.
Whalley, Edward, the regicide, ii. 25.
Wharves, private, ii. 206, 220.
Wheat culture in Maryland, ii. 268.
Whigs, ii. 382.
Whigs and Tories, i. 182.
Whitacres, a boon companion of Dr. Pott, i. 252.
Whitaker, Alexander, the apostle, i. 167;
his “Good News from Virginia,” i. 232, 301.
Whitburne, Richard, i. 261.
White, Andrew, a Jesuit father, i. 273-275, 308.
White, John, i. 35, 38, 39, 52, 54, 58, 60,113.
White, Solomon, ii. 265.
White Aprons, the, ii. 87.
White Oak Swamp, i. 100.
White servants in Virginia, ii. 10, 177-191.
“White trash,” origin of, ii. 188,189;
in North Carolina, ii. 315-317;
dispersal of, ii. 319-321.
Whittle family descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.
Whitmore, W. H., ii. 10, 35, 110.
Whitney, E. L., ii. 274, 320.
“Widow Ranter,” the comedy, ii. 179.
Wiffen, Richard, i. 135.
Wilberforce, W., ii. 201.
Wilde, Jonathan, ii. 264.
Willard, Samuel, ii. 119.
William and Mary College, ii. 116-129, 234, 252.
William the Conqueror, i. 259.
William the Silent, i. 9.
William III., ii. 120, 160, 165.
William III. and Mary, ii. 115, 117.
Williams, G. W., ii. 330.
Williams, Roger, i. 272, 313; ii. 160.
Williamsburg, ii. 121, 210, 234, 238, 242.
Williamson, Hugh, ii. 279, 310.
Williamson, Sir J., ii. 102.
Willoughboy, Sarah, her wardrobe, ii. 236.
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, i. 14.
Willoughby, Eng., i. 82.
Wilmington, Del., ii, 139.
Wilmington, N. C., ii. 314.
Window shutters, ii. 223.
Wines, native, ii. 372, 385.
Wingandacoa, i. 32.
Wingfield, E. M., i. 65, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98-100, 102, 112, 124.
Winslow, Josiah, ii. 63.
Winsor, Justin, i. 13, 18, 275; ii. 1, 272, 298.
Winter, Sir William, i. 36; ii. 342.
Winthrop, John, i. 18, 66, 234, 303, 306; ii. 98, 253.
Witenagemote, i. 278.
Wolfe, James, i. 171.
Wood, Abraham, ii. 186.
Wooden houses, ii. 222, 223.
Woods, Leonard, i. 43.
Woollen industries of Ulster, ii. 392, 393.
Woollen industry, i. 44.
Workmen needed in Virginia, i. 128.
Worlidge, William, ii. 186.
Wormeley, Ralph, his library, ii. 243, 244.
Wren, Sir Christopher, ii. 123.
Wright, William, ii. 57.
Wyanoke, i. 225.
Wyatt, Sir Francis, i. 241, 253.
Wythe, George, ii. 128, 266.
Yale College, ii. 253.
Yamassees, a Carolina tribe, ii. 300;
and other tribes incited by the Spaniards attack South Carolina, ii. 305, 365;
war in Carolina, ii. 371.
Yang-tse-Kiang, the river, i. 41.
Yeamans, Sir John, his colony at Cape Fear, ii. 277, 361.
Yeardley, Sir George, i. 171, 176, 184, 241, 242.
Yell of Yellville, ii. 98.
Yellow fever, ii. 293.
Yeomanry, in the 16th century, i. 47; ii. 204.
York River, i. 132, 224.
Yorktown, i. 273, 288.
Zuñiga, i. 59, 76, 178, 194.
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HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY FOOTNOTES:
[1] It is reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. ii.; and in Maxwell’s
_Virginia Historical Register_, ii. 61-78. The original, of which there
is one in the library of Harvard University, was priced by Rich, in
1832, at £1 10 s., and by Quaritch, in 1879, at £20. See Winsor, _Narr.
and Crit. Hist._ iii. 157.
[2] The following list of Virginia counties bearing royal names,
founded between 1689 and 1765, is interesting:--
King and Queen, 1691, after William and Mary.
Princess Anne, 1691, the princess who was afterwards Queen Anne.
King William, 1701, William III.
Prince George, 1702, the Prince Consort.
King George, 1720, George I.
Hanover, 1720, one of the king’s foreign dominions.
Brunswick, 1720, do. do.
Caroline, 1727, the queen of George II.
Prince William, 1730, William, Duke of Cumberland.
Orange, 1734, the Prince of Orange, who in that
year married Anne, daughter of
George II.
Amelia, 1734, a daughter of George II.
Frederick, 1738, Frederick, Prince of Wales.
Augusta, 1738, after the Princess of Wales.
Louisa, 1742, a daughter of George II.
Lunenburg, 1746, one of the king’s foreign dominions.
Prince Edward, 1753, a son of Frederick, Prince of Wales.
Charlotte, 1764, the queen of George III.
Mecklenburg, 1764, her father, Duke of Mecklenburg.
[3] Jewett’s _History of Worcester County, Massachusetts_, ii. 30.
Charlestown was named from the river at the mouth of which it stands.
[4] W. H. Whitmore, _The Cavalier Dismounted_, Salem, 1864.
[5] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 53. In the same connection
we are told that Beverley Tucker apologized for putting on record a
brief account of his family, saying “at this day it is deemed arrogant
to remember one’s ancestors. But the fashion may change,” etc.
[6] See Cooke’s _Virginia_, p. 161.
[7] Doyle’s _Virginia_, etc. p. 283.
[8] Written in 1771 by his great-grandson William Lee, alderman of
London, and quoted in Edmund Lee’s _Lee of Virginia_, Philadelphia,
1895, p. 49.
[9] “The petition of John Jeffreys, of London,” in Sainsbury’s
_Calendar of State Papers_, 1574-1660, p. 430; _Lee of Virginia_, p. 61.
[10] Compare L. G. Tyler’s remarks in _William and Mary College
Quarterly_, i. 155.
[11] See the testimony of John Gibbon, in _Lee of Virginia_, p. 60.
[12] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705,
p. 56; Robertson, _History of America_, iv. 230.
[13] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 526.
[14] The document is given in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i.
158, where the bill of items quoted in the next paragraph may also be
found. Mr. Philip Malory was an officiating clergyman.
[15] Meade’s _Old Churches_, ii. 137.
[16] The claim to the French crown set up by Edward III. in 1328 led
to the so-called Hundred Years’ War, in the course of which Henry VI.
was crowned King of France in the church of Notre Dame at Paris in
1431. His sway there was practically ended in 1436, but the English
sovereigns continued absurdly to call themselves Kings of France until
1801.
[17] See above, vol. i. p. 250.
[18] See the able paper by Dr. L. G. Tyler on “The Seal of Virginia,”
_William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 81-96.
[19] For my data regarding land grants I am much indebted to the very
learned and scholarly work of Mr. Philip Bruce, _Economic History of
Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_, i. 487-571.
[20] _Letters and Times of the Tylers_, i. 41.
[21] He is mentioned by Pepys in his _Diary_, Oct. 12, 1660: “Office
day all the morning, and from thence with Sir W. Batten and the rest
of the officers to a venison party of his at the Dolphin, where dined
withal Colonel Washington, Sir Edward Brett, and Major Norwood, very
noble company.”
[22] Waters, _An Examination of the English Ancestry of George
Washington_, Boston, 1889.
[23] Sir William Jones’s _Works_, ed. Lord Teignmouth, London, 1807, x.
389.
[24] The change was somewhat gradual, _e. g._ in Massachusetts at first
the eldest son received a double portion. See _The Colonial Laws of
Massachusetts, reprinted from the edition of 1660_, ed. W. H. Whitmore,
Boston, 1889, pp. 51, 201.
[25] See Howard, _Local Constitutional History of the United States_,
i. 122.
[26] A few of the oldest Virginia counties, organized as such in 1634,
had arisen from the spreading and thinning of single settlements
originally intended to be cities and named accordingly. Hence the
curious names (at first sight unintelligible) of “James City County”
and “Charles City County.”
[27] Edward Channing, “Town and County Government in the English
Colonies of North America,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, vol. ii.
[28] For an excellent account of local government in Virginia before
the Revolution, see Howard, _Local Const. Hist. of the U. S._ i.
388-407; also Edward Ingle in _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, iii.
103-229. With regard to the county lieutenant’s honorary title, Mr.
Ingle suggests that it may help to explain the super-abundance of
military titles in the South, and he quotes from a writer in the
_London Magazine_ in 1745: “Wherever you travel in Maryland (as also
in Virginia and Carolina) your ears are astonished at the number of
colonels, majors, and captains that you hear mentioned.”
[29] Jefferson’s _Works_, vii. 13.
[30] _Id._ vi. 544.
[31] Ingle, in _J. H. U. Studies_, iii. 90.
[32] “The humble Remonstrance of John Bland, of London, Merchant, on
the behalf of the Inhabitants and Planters in Virginia and Mariland,”
reprinted in _Virginia Historical Magazine_, i. 142-155.
[33] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_,
i. 394.
[34] Papers from the Records of Surry County, _William and Mary College
Quarterly_, iii. 123-125.
[35] Pepys, _Diary_, Nov. 29, Dec. 3, 1664.
[36] _Diary_, Jan. 19 and 28, 1661.
[37] Neill, _Virginia Carolorum_, p. 341.
[38] In describing this affair I have relied chiefly upon the
affidavits from the records of Westmoreland County, reprinted by Dr.
L. G. Tyler, in his admirable _William and Mary College Quarterly_,
ii. 39-43. The affidavits were taken by Nicholas Spencer and Richard
Lee, son of the Richard Lee mentioned in the preceding chapter. In
Browne’s _Maryland_, p. 131, an attempt is made to throw the blame
for killing the envoys upon the Virginians, but the affidavits seem
to me trustworthy and conclusive. It is not likely that there was or
is any discernible difference between human nature in Virginia and
in Maryland, and public opinion in both colonies condemned Truman’s
conduct.
[39] “Cittenborne Parish Grievances, reprinted from Winder Papers,
Virginia State Library,” in _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 35.
[40] “Charles City County Grievances,” _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 137.
[41] The following abridged table shows the relationship (see _Virginia
Magazine_, ii. 125):--
Robert Bacon, of Drinkstone, Suffolk.
|
+------------+--------------------+
| | |
Thomas Sir Nicholas James Bacon,
Bacon. Bacon, Lord alderman of
Keeper of the London, d. 1573.
Great Seal, |
b. 1510, d. 1579. |
| |
FRANCIS BACON, Sir James Bacon,
Viscount St. Albans of Friston Hall,
and Lord Chancellor, d. 1618.
b. 1561, d. 1626. |
+--------+-----------+
| |
Nathaniel Bacon, Rev. James Bacon,
b. 1593, d. 1644. Rector of Burgate,
| d. 1670.
| |
Thomas Bacon, |
m. Elizabeth Brooke. Nathaniel Bacon,
| of King’s Creek,
NATHANIEL BACON, b. 1620, d. 1692;
the Rebel, came to Virginia
b. 1648, d. 1676. cir. 1650, and
settled at King’s
Creek, York County.
[42] Drummond Lake, in the Dismal Swamp, was named for him.
[43] For the picturesque details of this narrative I have followed
the well-known document found by Rufus King when minister to Great
Britain in 1803, and published by President Jefferson in the _Richmond
Enquirer_ in 1804; since reprinted in Force’s _Tracts_, vol. i.,
Washington, 1836, and in Maxwell’s _Virginia Historical Register_, vol.
iii., Richmond, 1850. The original manuscript was written in 1705, and
addressed to Robert Harley, Queen Anne’s secretary of state, afterward
Earl of Oxford. The writer signs himself “T. M.,” and speaks of himself
as dwelling in Northumberland County and possessing a plantation also
in Stafford County, which he represented in the House of Burgesses.
From these indications it is pretty certain that he was Thomas Mathews,
son of Governor Samuel Mathews heretofore mentioned. His account of the
scenes of which he was an eye-witness is quite vivid.
[44] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 455.
[45] T. M. goes on to remark that “the two chief commanders ... who
slew the four Indian great men” were present among the burgesses. This
may seem to implicate Colonel Washington and Major Allerton in the
killing of the envoys; but T. M.’s recollection, thirty years after the
event, is of not much weight when contradicted by the sworn affidavits
above cited. The facts that, while Truman was impeached in Maryland,
no such action seems to have been undertaken in Virginia against
Washington and Allerton, and that, after the governor’s strong words
regarding the slaying, the friendly relations between him and these
gentlemen continued, would indicate that their skirts were clean.
[46] Beverley (_History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705,
bk. iv. p. 3) tells us that before 1680 the council and burgesses sat
together, like the Scotch parliament, and that the separation occurred
under Lord Culpeper’s administration; and his statement is generally
repeated by historians without qualification. Yet here in 1676 we find
the two houses sitting separately, and the discussion cited shows that
it had often been so before; otherwise the sending of two councillors
to sit with the burgesses could not have been customary. Beverley’s
date of 1680 was evidently intended as the final date of separation;
not as the date before which the two houses never sat separately, but
as the date after which they never sat together.
[47] The acts of this assembly, known as “Bacon’s Laws,” are given in
Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 341-365.
[48] “It is still their boast that they are the descendants of
Powhatan’s warriors. A good evidence of their present laudable ambition
is an application recently made by them for a share in the privileges
of the Hampton schools. These bands of Indians are known by two names:
the larger band is called the Pamunkeys (120 souls); the smaller
goes by the name of the Mattaponies (50). They are both governed by
chiefs and councillors, together with a board of white trustees chosen
by themselves.” Hendren, “Government and Religion of the Virginia
Indians,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 591.
[49] In 1656 a tribe called Ricahecrians, about 700 in number, from
beyond the Blue Ridge, had advanced eastward as far as the falls of the
James River, where they encountered and defeated Hill and Totapotamoy.
After this the Ricahecrians may have retraced their steps westward; we
hear no more of them on the Atlantic seaboard.
[50] The original MS. of the manifesto is in the British State Paper
Office. It is printed in full in the _Virginia Magazine_, i. 55-61.
[51] The original is in the _Colonial Entry Book_, lxxi. 232-240. It is
printed in G. B. Goode’s _Virginia Cousins; a Study of the Ancestry and
Posterity of John Goode, of Whitby_, Richmond, 1887, pp. 30^A-30^D. A
brief summary is given in Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 251.
[52] Bacon’s neighbour and adherent, William Byrd, purchaser of the
Westover estate, and father of William Byrd the historian.
[53] Bacon’s allusion is to the troubles in North Carolina which broke
out during the governorship of George Carteret and were chiefly due to
the Navigation Act. See below, p. 280; and as to Maryland, see p. 156.
[54] One of these ladies is said to have been the wife of the elder
Nathaniel Bacon!
[55] “A True Narrative of the Rise, Progresse, and Cessation of the
Late Rebellion in Virginia, most humbly and impartially reported by his
Majestyes Commissioners appointed to enquire into the Affairs of the
said Colony,” [Winder Papers, Virginia State Library], reprinted in
_Virginia Magazine_, iv. 117-154.
[56] “Persons who suffered by Bacon’s Rebellion; Commissioners Report,”
[Winder Papers], reprinted in _Virginia Magazine_, v. 64-70. See, also,
the extracts from the Westmoreland County records, in _William and Mary
College Quarterly_, ii. 43.
[57] See F. P. Brent, “Some unpublished facts relating to Bacon’s
Rebellion on the Eastern Shore of Virginia,” and Mrs. Tyler, “Thomas
Hansford, the First Native Martyr to American Liberty,” in _Virginia
Historical Society’s Collections_, vol. xi.
[58] Some interesting information about the Cheesmans may be found in
_William and Mary College Quarterly_, vol. i.
[59] Neill’s _Virginia Carolorum_, p. 379.
[60] See above, p. 35.
[61] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 290.
[62] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 45. In the same statute it was further
enacted “that none shall be admitted to be of the vestry that doth not
take the oath of allegiance and supremacy to his Majesty and subscribe
to be conformable to the doctrine and discipline of the Church of
England.” This effectually excluded Dissenters from taking a part in
local government.
[63] See Channing, “Town and County Government in the English Colonies
of North America,” _J. H. U. Studies_, ii. 484; Howard, _Local
Constitutional History of the United States_, i. 388-404.
[64] “We have not had liberty to choose vestrymen wee humbly desire
that the wholle parish may have a free election.” “Surry County
Grievances,” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 172.
[65] See _e. g._ Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 402, 411, 412, 419, 421, 443,
445, 478, 486.
[66] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 396.
[67] _Laws in Force in 1769_, p. 2.
[68] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 425.
[69] Sherwood to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, _Virginia
Magazine_, i. 171. Sherwood was a gentleman, probably educated as a
lawyer, who had been convicted of robbery in England and pardoned
through the intercession of Sir Joseph Williamson, secretary of
state. (As to gentlemen robbers, compare the reference to Sir John
Popham, above, vol. i. p. 81 of the present work.) Sherwood became
attorney-general of Virginia in 1677, and was for thirty years an
esteemed member of society.
[70] Ludwell to Sir Joseph Williamson, June 28, 1676, _Virginia
Magazine_, i. 179.
[71] In other words, they entertained communistic ideas. I have
italicised the statement, to mark its importance.
[72] The same letter, _Virginia Magazine_, i. 183.
[73] T. M.’s Narrative, _Virginia Historical Register_, iii. 126. It
will be remembered that Masaniello’s insurrection occurred in 1647, and
was thus fresh in men’s memories. Masaniello was twenty-four years of
age, and was murdered in his hour of apparent triumph.
[74] “A True Narrative, etc.” _Virginia Magazine_, iv. 125.
[75] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 433.
[76] See Miss Rowland’s admirable _Life of George Mason_, 1725-1792,
New York, 1892, i. 17.
[77] From the list of Surry grievances we may cite “6. That the 2 s
per hhd Imposed by ye 128^{th} act for the payment of his majestyes
officers & other publique debts thereby to ease his majestyes poore
subjects of their great taxes: wee humblely desire that an account may
be given thereof.... 10. That it has been the custome of County Courts
att the laying of the levy to withdraw into a private Roome by w^{ch}
meanes the poore people not knowing for what they paid their levy did
allways admire how their taxes could be so high. Wee most humbly pray
that for the future the County levy may be laid publickly in the Court
house.” From the Isle of Wight grievances, “21. Wee doe also desire to
know for what purpose or use the late publique leavies of 50 pounds of
tobacco and cask per poll and the 12 pound per polle is for and what
benefit wee are to have for it.” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 171, 172, 389.
[78] Isle of Wright grievances, “16. Also wee desire that evrie man may
be taxed according to the tracks [tracts] of Land they hold.” _Virginia
Magazine_, ii. 388.
[79] “One proclamation commanded all men in the land on pain of death
to joine him, and retire into the wildernesse upon arrival of the
forces expected from England, and oppose them untill they should
propose or accept to treat of an accomodation, which we who lived
comfortably could not have undergone, so as the whole land must have
become an Aceldama if god’s exceeding mercy had not timely removed
him.” So says T. M., whose narrative is by no means unfriendly to Bacon.
[80] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 402.
[81] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 405; Hening’s
_Statutes_, ii. 562.
[82] Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 261.
[83] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 10.
[84] Doyle’s _Virginia_, pp. 259-265; Stanard, “Robert Beverley and his
Descendants,” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 405-413; Hening’s _Statutes_,
iii. 41, 451-571.
[85] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 66.
[86] From time to time there had been futile attempts to take up the
matter afresh; see, for example, Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 30.
[87] Dr. Blair held the presidency for fifty years, until his death in
1743.
[88] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 65.
[89] I leave this as it was first written a few years ago, and take
pleasure in adding to it the following quotation from Mr. Bruce: “That
the entire site of the town will not finally sink beneath the waves of
the river will be due to the measures of protection which the National
Government have adopted at the earnest solicitation of the _Association
for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities_. This organization is
performing a noble and sacred work in rescuing so many of the ancient
landmarks of the state from ruin, a work into which it has thrown a
zeal, energy, and intelligence entitling it to the honour and gratitude
of all who are interested in the history, not merely of Virginia, but
of America itself.” _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 562.
[90] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 122.
[91] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 66.
[92] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 65.
[93] _Id._ i. 187.
[94] Cooke’s _Virginia_, p. 306.
[95] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 263.
[96] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 55, 56.
[97] See my _American Revolution_, i. 18, 19.
[98] This charming story is only one of many good things for which I
am indebted to President L. G. Tyler; see _William and Mary College
Quarterly_, i. 11.
[99] _Partonopeus de Blois_, 1250, ed. Crapelet, tom. i. p. 45. “She
acts like a woman, and so does well, for under the heavens there is
nothing so daring as the woman who loves, when God wills to turn her
that way: God bless the ladies all!”
[100] _William and Mary College Annual Catalogue_, 1894-95.
[101] See Sparks, “Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689,” _Johns
Hopkins University Studies_, vol. xiv. p. 501, a valuable contribution
to our knowledge of the subject.
[102] See above, p. 20.
[103] For this description of Herman I am much indebted to E. H.
Vallandigham’s paper on “The Lord of Bohemia Manor,” reprinted in Lee
Phillips, _Virginia Cartography_, Washington, 1896, pp. 37-41.
[104] To enable him to hold real estate in Maryland, Herman received
letters of naturalization, the first ever issued in that province, and
he is supposed by some writers to have been the first foreign citizen
thus naturalized in America.
[105] See Browne’s _Maryland_, p. 137.
[106] Johnson, “Old Maryland Manors,” _Johns Hopkins University
Studies_, vol. i.
[107] Johnson, _op. cit._ p. 21.
[108] F. E. Sparks, _op. cit._ p. 65.
[109] _Archives of Maryland: Assembly_, ii. 64.
[110] _Archives of Maryland: Council_, ii. 18.
[111] _MSS. Archives of Maryland, Liber R. R. and R. R. R. and Council
Books 1677-1683, of the Council Proceedings_: Maryland Historical
Society.
[112] See Greene’s _History of Rhode Island_, ii. 490-494.
[113] The petition and answer are given in Scharf’s _History of
Maryland_, i. 345-348.
[114] Probably in honour of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive,
afterward Queen Anne.
[115] Every bearskin paid 9d., elk 12d., deer or beaver 4d., raccoons
3 farthings, muskrats 4d. per dozen, etc. Scharf, i. 352.
[116] Meade’s _Old Churches_, ii. 352. Bishop Meade adds: “My own
recollection of statements made by faithful witnesses ... accords with
the above.”
[117] Alexander Graydon tells us that in his early days any jockeying,
fiddling, wine-bibbing clergyman, not over-scrupulous as to stealing
his sermons, was currently known as a “Maryland parson.” Graydon’s
_Memoirs_, Edinburgh, 1822, p. 102. This was in Pennsylvania, and any
sneering remark or phrase current in any of our states with reference
to its next neighbours is entitled to be taken _cum grano salis_. But
there was doubtless justification for what Graydon says.
[118] Scharf, i. 368.
[119] Scharf, i. 370, 383.
[120] The following estimate of the population of the twelve colonies
in 1715 (from Chalmer’s _American Colonies_, ii. 7) may be of
interest:--
White. Black. Total.
Massachusetts 94,000 2,000 96,000
Virginia 72,000 23,000 95,000
Maryland 40,700 9,500 50,200
Connecticut 46,000 1,500 47,500
Pennsylvania} 43,300 2,500 45,800
Delaware }
New York 27,000 4,000 31,000
New Jersey. 21,000 1,500 22,500
South Carolina 6,250 10,500 16,750
North Carolina 7,500 3,700 11,200
New Hampshire 9,500 150 9,650
Rhode Island 8,500 500 9,000
------- ------ -------
375,750 58,850 434,600
[121] Scharf, i. 390.
[122] Knapp and Baldwin, _Newgate Calendar_, ii. 385-397; Pelham,
_Chronicles of Crime_, i. 213-220.
[123] Doyle’s _Virginia_, p. 192.
[124] For runaways additional terms of from two to seven years were
sometimes prescribed. The birth of a bastard was punished by an
additional term of from one and a half to two and a half years for the
mother and a year for the father. See Ballagh, “White Servitude in the
Colony of Virginia,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 315.
[125] “Among the rest, she often told me how the greatest part of
the inhabitants of that colony came thither in very indifferent
circumstances from England; that, generally speaking, they were of two
sorts: either, 1st, such as were brought over by masters of ships to be
sold as servants; or, 2nd, such as are transported after having been
found guilty of crimes punishable with death. When they come here ...
the planters buy them, and they work together in the field till their
time is out.... [Then] they have a certain number of acres of land
allotted them by the country, and they go to work to clear and cure the
land, and then to plant it with tobacco and corn for their own use; and
as the merchants will trust them with tools and necessaries upon the
credit of their crop before it is grown, so they again plant every year
a little more [etc.].... Hence, child, says she, many a Newgate-bird
becomes a great man, and we have ... several justices of the peace,
officers of the trained bands, and magistrates of the towns they live
in, that have been burnt in the hand.... You need not think such a
thing strange; ... some of the best men in the country are burnt in the
hand, and they are not ashamed to own it; there’s Major ----, says she,
he was an eminent pickpocket; there’s Justice B---- was a shoplifter,
... and I could name you several such as they are.” _Moll Flanders_, p.
66.
[126] _Plays written by the late Ingenious Mrs. Behn_, London, 1724,
iv. 110-112.
[127] Postlethwayt’s _Dictionary of Commerce_, 3d ed., London, 1766,
vol. ii. fol. 4 M, 2 _recto_, col. 1.
[128] Boswell’s _Life of Johnson_, ed. Birkbeck Hill, ii. 312.
Professor James Butler, in an excellent paper on “British Convicts
shipped to American Colonies,” _American Historical Review_, ii. 12-33,
suggests that Johnson’s impression may have been derived from his
long connection with the _Gentleman’s Magazine_, wherein the lists of
felons, reprieved from the gallows and sent to America were regularly
published.
[129] Whitmore, _The Cavalier Dismounted_, p. 17.
[130] Pike, _History of Crime in England_, ii. 447.
[131] _American Historical Review_, ii. 25.
[132] _Penny Cyclopædia_, xxv. 138.
[133] _Report of Royal Historical MSS. Commission_, xiii. 605.
[134] The only specific mention which Professor Butler has been able to
find of a criminal sent to New England is that of Elizabeth Canning,
who was sent out for seven years under penalty of death if she returned
to England during that time. She was brought to Connecticut in 1754,
married John Treat two years afterward, and died in Wethersfield in
1773. _American Historical Review_, ii. 32.
[135] _Massachusetts Acts and Resolves_, i. 452; ii. 245.
[136] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, i. 609; Gardiner, _History
of the Commonwealth_, i. 464. It is commonly said that many of the
prisoners condemned for taking part in Monmouth’s rebellion, 1685, were
sent to Virginia (see Bancroft, _Hist. of U. S._ i. 471; Ballagh, _J.
H. U. Studies_, xiii. 293). But an examination of the lists shows that
nearly all were sent to Barbadoes, and probably none to Virginia. See
Hotten, _Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious
Exiles, Political Rebels_, etc., pp. 315-344.
[137] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 50.
[138] Mr. Bruce has well said that in the seventeenth century the white
servant was “the main pillar of the industrial fabric” of Virginia, and
“performed the most honourable work in establishing and sustaining”
that colony. “There can be no doubt, as he goes on to say, that the
work of colonization which has been performed by the people of England
surpasses, both in extent and beneficence, that of any other race
which has left an impression upon universal history, and the part the
manual labourers have taken in this work is not less memorable than the
part taken by the higher classes of the nation.” _Economic History of
Virginia_, i. 573, 582.
[139] Neill’s Virginia Carolorum, p. 279; Hotten’s _Original Lists_,
pp. 207, 233, 254; Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 386.
[140] In the absence of detailed specific knowledge it is unsafe to
base inferences upon the word “servant,” inasmuch as in the seventeenth
century it included not only menials but clerks and apprentices, even
articled students in a lawyer’s or doctor’s office, etc. See _William
and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 22; Bruce, _Economic History_, i.
573-575; ii. 45.
[141] “Tour through the British Plantations,” _London Magazine_, 1755.
[142] Hugh Jones, _Present State of Virginia_, 1724, p, 114.
[143] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 366.
[144] Before the Revolution this grievance had come to awaken fierce
resentment. A letter printed in 1751 exclaims: “In what can Britain
show a more sovereign contempt for us than by emptying their gaols into
our settlements, unless they would likewise empty their offal upon our
tables?... And what must we think of those merchants who for the sake
of a little paltry gain will be concerned in importing and disposing of
these abominable cargoes!”--_Virginia Gazette_, May 24, 1751.
[145] Lecky, _History of England_, i. 127.
[146] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, London, 1784, i. 72. In 1748
Maryland had 98,357 free whites, 6,870 redemptioners, 1,981 convicts,
and 42,764 negroes. See Williams, _History of the Negro Race in
America_, i. 247.
[147] See above, vol. i. p. 16.
[148] At the famous meeting in the Tabernacle at New York, in May,
1850, when Isaiah Rynders and his ruffians made a futile attempt to
silence Garrison, one of the speakers maintained “that the blacks were
not men, but belonged to the monkey tribe.” _William Lloyd Garrison:
the Story of his Life, told by his Children_, iii. 294. Defenders of
slavery at that time got much comfort from Agassiz’s opinion that the
different races of men had distinct origins. It was perhaps even more
effective than the favourite “cursed be Canaan” argument.
[149] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 94. About 1854 (I am not quite
sure as to the date) it was reported in Middletown, Conn., that the
“horrid infidel,” Rev. Theodore Parker, had, on a recent Sunday in the
Boston Music Hall, brought forward sundry cats and dogs and baptized
them in the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost!!! I shall never forget
the chill of horror which ran through the neighbourhood at this tale
of wanton blasphemy. In 1867 I found the belief in the story still
surviving among certain persons in Middletown with a tenacity that
no argument or explanation could shake. The origin of the ridiculous
tale was as follows: The famous abolitionist, Parker Pillsbury, made a
speech in which he quoted what the lady said to Godwyn, that “he might
as well baptize puppies as negroes.” In passing from mouth to mouth
the report of this incident underwent an astounding transformation.
First the speaker’s name was exchanged for that of another famous
abolitionist, the strong and lovely Christian saint, Theodore Parker;
and then the figure of speech was developed into an act and clothed
with circumstance. Thus from the true statement, that Parker Pillsbury
told a story in which an allusion was made to baptizing puppies, grew
the false statement that Theodore Parker actually baptized cats and
dogs. A great deal of what passes current as history has no better
foundation than this outrageous calumny.
[150] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 96-98.
[151] Hening’s _Statutes_, ii. 260.
[152] Hening, iii. 333-335.
[153] For many of these details concerning slavery I am indebted to
Bruce’s _Economic History of Virginia_, chap, xi.,--a book which it
would be difficult to praise too highly.
[154] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 107.
[155] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, London, 1705,
part iv. pp. 36-39. The historian was son of Major Robert Beverley
mentioned above, on pages 109-114 of the present volume.
[156] Burk’s _History of Virginia_, Petersburg, 1805, ii. 300.
[157] Hening’s _Statutes_, iii. 537. For the loss of this slave by
emancipation his master was indemnified by a payment of £40 from the
colonial treasury.
[158] Hening, iii. 461; vi. 111. In England in the Middle Ages such
mutilation was a common punishment for rape; sometimes, in addition,
the culprit’s eyes were put out. See Pollock and Maitland, _History of
English Law before the Time of Edward I._ ii. 489.
[159] Hening, iii. 210.
[160] Hening, vi. 105.
[161] Hening, vi. 107.
[162] Hening, v. 558.
[163] Hening, vi. 112.
[164] Hening, iii. 87, 88.
[165] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 129.
[166] Hening, iv. 133, 134.
[167] Hening, iii. 448, act of 1705.
[168] See Larned’s excellent _History for Ready Reference_, iv. 2921,
where the case is ably summed up.
[169] Jefferson’s _Notes on Virginia_, 1782, Query xviii.
[170] Hening, iii. 87, 454.
[171] Hening, iii. 87.
[172] Hening, ii. 170, act of 1662.
[173] See Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 109, where we are told that
Jamestown was sorely scandalized by the loose behaviour of “thoughtful
Mr. Lawrence.”
[174] “The gain from the African labour outweighed all fears of evil
from the intermixture.” Foote’s _Sketches of Virginia_, i. 23.
[175] Baird, _History of the Huguenot Emigration to America_, ii. 178.
[176] Brock, _Documents relating to the Huguenot Emigration to
Virginia_, Va. Hist. Soc. Coll. N. S. v.; cf. Hayden’s _Virginia
Genealogies_, Wilkes-Barré, 1891.
[177] Chesapeake Bay, says Rev. Francis Makemie, is “a bay in most
respects scarce to be outdone by the universe, having so many large
and spacious rivers, branching and running on both sides; ... and
each of these rivers richly supplied, and divided into sundry smaller
rivers, spreading themselves ... to innumerable creeks and coves,
admirably carved out and contrived by the omnipotent hand of our wise
Creator, for the advantage and conveniency of its inhabitants; ... so
that I have oft, with no small admiration, compared the many rivers,
creeks, and rivulets of water ... to veins in human bodies.” _A Plain
and Friendly Perswasive_, London, 1705, p. 5. “One receives the
impression in reading of colonial Virginia that all the world lived in
country-houses, on the banks of rivers. And the Virginia world did live
very much in this way.” Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 90.
[178] The Huguenots seem to have preferred a French wine, for one of
the first things they did (in 1704) was to “begin an essay of wine,
which they made of the wild grapes gathered in the woods; the effect of
which was noble, strong-bodied claret, of a curious flavour.” Beverley,
_History of Virginia_, London, 1705, part iv. p. 46. This has the
earmark of truth. American clarets are to this day strong-bodied, with
a curious flavour!
[179] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 340-342.
[180] Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_, ii. 501.
[181] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 471, where we are also told that “in many
cases the wealthy planters imported from England the clothes worn by
these servants and slaves.”
[182] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 395, 399, 403, 405.
[183] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, book iv. pp.
58, 83.
[184] Hening, ii. 172-176.
[185] Hening, ii. 471-478; iii. 53-69.
[186] There was much strong feeling and vehement writing on the subject
by those who were disgusted at the prevalent state of things: “I always
judged such as are averse to towns to be three sorts of persons: 1.
Fools, who cannot, neither will see their own interest and advantage in
having towns. 2. Knaves, who would still carry on fraudulent designs
and cheating tricks in a corner or secret trade, afraid of being
exposed at a public market. 3. Sluggards, who rather than be at labour
and at any charge in transporting their goods to market, though idle
at home, and lose double thereby rather than do it. To which I may add
a fourth, which are Sots, who may be best cured of their disease by a
pair of stocks in town.” Makemie’s _Plain and Friendly Perswasive_,
London, 1705, p. 16.
[187] _Present State of Virginia_, 1697, p. 12.
[188] A kind of cleaver.
[189] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 382-383.
[190] Conway, _Barons of the Potomack and the Rappahannock_, p. 116.
[191] Though the attempts to stimulate shipbuilding met with little
success, the manufacture of barges, pinnaces, and shallops was
sustained by imperative necessity. See Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 426-439.
[192] Elkanah Watson, _Men and Times of the Revolution_, 2d ed., New
York, 1856, chap. ii.
[193] See Ripley’s _Financial History of Virginia_, pp. 119-124.
[194] Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 411-416.
[195] Ripley, _Financial History of Virginia_, p. 122; cf. Bruce, _op.
cit._ ii. 368.
[196] McMaster, _History of the People of the United States_, i. 273.
[197] Hening, ii. 192. An old satirical writer mentions the same custom
at a Maryland inn, where, however, he did not seem in all respects to
relish his supper:--
So after hearty Entertainment
Of Drink and Victuals without Payment;
For Planters Tables, you must know,
Are free for all that come and go.
While Pon and Milk, with Mush well stoar’d,
In Wooden Dishes grac’d the Board;
With Homine and Syder-pap,
(Which scarce a hungry dog would lap)
Well stuff’d with Fat from Bacon fry’d,
Or with _Mollossus_ dulcify’d.
Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch
As greasy as the Leather Couch
On which he sat, and straight begun
To load with Weed his _Indian_ Gun....
His Pipe smoak’d out, with aweful Grace,
With aspect grave and solemn pace,
The reverend Sire walks to a Chest;...
From thence he lugs a Cag of Rum.
The night had for our traveller its characteristic American nuisance:--
Not yet from Plagues exempted quite,
The Curst Muskitoes did me bite;
Till rising Morn and blushing Day
Drove both my Fears and Ills away;
but the morning-meal seems to have made amends:--
I did to Planter’s Booth repair,
And there at Breakfast nobly Fare
On rashier broil’d of infant Bear:
I thought the Cub delicious Meat,
Which ne’er did ought but Chesnuts eat.
Ebenezer Cook, _The Sot-Weed Factor; or, a Voyage to Maryland_, London,
1708, pp. 5, 9.
[198] For the description of the planter’s house and its surroundings
I am much indebted to the admirable work of Mr. Bruce, chap. xii.
[199] Beverley, _History and Present State of Virginia_, book iv. p. 56.
[200] One often hears it said, of some old house or church in Virginia,
that it was built of bricks imported from England; but, according to
Mr. Bruce, all bricks used in Virginia during the seventeenth century
seem to have been made there. Bricks were 8 shillings per 1,000 in
Virginia when they were 18s. 8¼d. in London, to which the ocean
freight would have had to be added. It is not strange, therefore, that
Virginia exported bricks to Bermuda. As early as the Indian massacre of
1622 some of the Indians were driven away with brickbats. See Bruce,
_Economic History_, ii. 134, 137, 142.
[201] See above, vol. i. p. 212.
[202] The Marquis de Chastellux, who visited Monticello in 1782, says:
“We may safely aver that Mr. Jefferson is the first American who has
consulted the fine arts to know how he should shelter himself from the
weather.” See Randall’s _Life of Jefferson_, i. 373.
[203] _Lee of Virginia_, p. 116.
[204] Larousse, _Dictionnaire universel_, viii. 668.
[205] A _double entendre_, either “fork-bearer” or “gallows-bird.”
[206]
_Meercraft._--Have I deserved this from you two, for all
My pains at court to get you each a patent?
_Gilthead._--For what?
_Meercraft._--Upon my project o’ the forks.
_Sledge._--Forks? what be they?
_Meercraft._--The laudable use of forks,
Brought into custom here, as they are in Italy,
To the sparing o’ napkins
Ben Jonson, _The Devil is an Ass_, act v. scene 3.
[207] _Lee of Virginia_, p. 116.
[208] _Lee of Virginia_, _loc. cit._
[209]
For Planters’ Cellars, you must know,
Seldom with good _October_ flow,
But Perry Quince and Apple Juice
Spout from the Tap like any Sluce.
Cook’s _Sot-Weed Factor_, p. 22.
[210] A minute account of the beverages and their use is given in
Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 211-231.
[211] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, London, 1784, i. 41.
[212] Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee, published in London, in 1781,
an absurd “History of Connecticut,” in which he started the story of
the “Blue Laws” of the New Haven Colony, which most people allude to
incorrectly as “Blue Laws of Connecticut.” These “Blue Laws” were
purely an invention of the mendacious Peters. There never were any such
laws. See my _Beginnings of New England_, p. 136.
[213] Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 101, 102. This Mason,
author of the Virginia Bill of Rights, and member of the Federal
Convention of 1787, was great-grandson of the George Mason who figured
in Bacon’s rebellion. His son John, whose narrative I here quote, was
father of James Murray Mason, author of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,
and one of the Confederacy’s commissioners taken from the British
steamer Trent by Captain Wilkes in 1861.
[214] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 98.
[215] A rich Oriental silk, usually watered, first made in the
_Attabiya_ quarter of Bagdad, whence its name.
[216] Mr. Bruce gives many inventories taken from county records, of
which the following may serve as a specimen: “The wardrobe of Mrs.
Sarah Willoughby, of Lower Norfolk, consisted of a red, a blue, and
a black silk petticoat, a petticoat of India silk and of worsted
prunella, a striped linen and a calico petticoat, a black silk gown, a
scarlet waistcoat with silver lace, a white knit waistcoat, a striped
stuff jacket, a worsted prunella mantle, a sky-coloured satin bodice,
a pair of red paragon bodices, three fine and three coarse holland
aprons, seven handkerchiefs, and two hoods.” _Economic History_, ii.
194.
[217] The following specimen of a bill of funeral expenses is given in
Bruce, _op. cit._ ii. 237:--
lbs. tobacco.
Funeral sermon 200
For a briefe 400
“ 2 turkeys 80
“ coffin 150
2 geese 80
1 hog 100
2 bushels of flour 90
Dunghill fowle 100
20 lbs. butter 100
Sugar and spice 50
Dressing the dinner 100
6 gallon sider 60
6 “ rum 240
[218] _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 294; cf. _William and Mary College
Quarterly_, iii. 136.
[219] Jones’s _Present State of Virginia_, London, 1724, p. 48.
[220] Mr. W. G. Stanard, in an admirable paper on this subject,
gives some names of famous horses then imported, “many of them
being ancestors of horses on the turf at the present day;” such as
“Aristotle, Bolton, Childers, Dabster, Dottrell, Fearnaught, Jolly
Roger, Juniper, Justice, Merry Tom, Sober John, Vampire, Whittington,
James, Sterling, Valiant, etc.” _Virginia Magazine_, ii. 301.
[221] Smyth’s _Tour in the United States_, i. 20.
[222] Ford, _The True George Washington_, pp. 194-198.
[223] Hening, v. 102, 229-231; vi. 76-81. Washington was very fond of
playing at cards for small stakes, also at billiards; and he sometimes
bet moderately at horse-races. See Ford, _loc. cit._
[224] About four dollars.
[225] _Virginia Gazette_, October, 1737, cited in Rives’s _Life of
Madison_, i. 87, and Lodge’s _History of the English Colonies_, pp. 84,
85.
[226] The recorder was a member of the flute family, and its name may
be elucidated by Shakespeare’s charming lines (Pericles, act iv.,
prologue):--
To the lute
She sang, and made the night-bird mute
That still records with moan.
Mr. Bruce (_op. cit._ ii. 175) mentions _cornets_ as in use in Old
Virginia, but this of course means an obsolete instrument of the
hautboy family, not the modern brass cornet, which has so unhappily
superseded the noble trumpet.
[227] The inventory is printed in _William and Mary College Quarterly_,
iii. 251.
[228] The full list is given in _William and Mary College Quarterly_,
iii. 170-174.
[229] See Lyman Draper, in _Virginia Historical Register_, iv. 87-90.
[230] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. 247-249.
[231] Hening, ii. 517.
[232] Hening, ii. 518.
[233] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 326, 348; _William and Mary College
Quarterly_, v. 113. Allusion has already been made, on page 5 of the
present volume, to the school founded by Benjamin Symms, or Symes.
[234] Hening, i. 336.
[235] President Tyler cites from the vestry-book of Petsworth Parish,
in Gloucester County, an indenture of October 30, 1716, wherein Ralph
Bevis agrees to “give George Petsworth, a molattoe boy of the age of
2 years, 3 years’ schooling, and carefully to Instruct him afterwards
that he may read well in any part of the Bible, also to Instruct and
Learn him y^e s^d molattoe boy such Lawfull way or ways that he may be
able, after his Indented time expired, to gitt his own Liveing, and
to allow him sufficient meat, Drink, washing, and apparill, until the
expiration of y^e s^d time, &c., and after y^e finishing of y^e s^d
time to pay y^e s^d George Petsworth all such allowances as y^e Law
Directs in such cases, as also to keep the afores^d Parish Dureing y^e
afores^d Indented time from all manner of Charges,” etc. _William and
Mary College Quarterly_, v. 219.
[236] Miss Rowland’s _Life of George Mason_, i. 97.
[237] Butler’s “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,”
_American Historical Review_, ii. 27.
[238] The worthy pastor even goes so far as to exclaim, with a groan,
that two thirds of the schoolmasters in Maryland were convicts working
out a term of penal servitude! Boucher’s _Thirteen Sermons_, p. 182.
But in such declamatory statements it is never safe to depend upon
numbers and figures. In the present case we may conclude that the
number of such schoolmasters was noticeable; we are not justified in
going further.
[239] From the excellent papers by W. G. Stanard, on “Virginians at
Oxford,” _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 22, 149, I have
culled a few items which may be of interest:--
John Lee, _armiger_ (son of 1st Richard, see above, p, 19), educated at
Queens, B. A. 1662, burgess.
Rowland Jones, _cler._, Merton, matric. 1663, pastor Bruton Parish.
Ralph Wormeley, _armiger_, of Rosegill (see above, p. 243), Oriel,
matric. 1665, secretary of state, etc.
Emanuel Jones, _cler._, Oriel, B. A. 1692, pastor Petsworth Parish.
Bartholomew Yates, _cler._, Brasenose, B. A. 1698, Prof. Divinity W. &
M.
Mann Page, _armiger_, St. John’s, matric. 1709, member of council.
William Dawson, _plebs._, Queens, matric. 1720, M. A. 1728, D. D. 1747,
Prof. Moral Phil. W. & M. 1729, Pres. W. & M. 1743-52.
Henry Fitzhugh, _gent._, Christ Church, matric. 1722, burgess.
Christopher Robinson, _gent._, Oriel, matric. 1724, studied at Middle
Temple.
Christopher Robinson, _gent._, Oriel, matric. 1721, M. A. 1729, Fellow
of Oriel.
Musgrave Dawson, _plebs._, Queens, B. A. 1747, pastor Raleigh Parish.
Lewis Burwell, _armiger_, Balliol, matric. 1765.
[240] Weeden, _Economic and Social History of New England_, i. 282,
412, 419; ii. 861. For neglecting to “set up school” for the year, a
town would be presented by the grand jury of the county, and would
then try to make excuses. “In February, 1744, the usual routine was
repeated. The farmers were summoned ‘to know what the Town’s Mind is
for doing about a School for the insuing year.’ The school of the
previous year having cost £55 old tenor, which may have been equivalent
to 55 Spanish dollars, and it being necessary to raise this sum by a
general taxation, the Town’s Mind was for doing nothing; and not until
the following July did it consent to have a school opened.” Bliss,
_Colonial Times on Buzzard’s Bay_, p. 118.
[241] In my _Beginnings of New England_, pp. 148-153.
[242] Of the numbers in _The Federalist_, 51 were written by Hamilton,
29 by Madison, and 5 by Jay. But the frame of government which the
book was written to explain and defend was not at all the work of
Hamilton, whose part in the proceedings of the Federal Convention was
almost _nil_. It was very largely the work of Madison, and while _The
Federalist_ shows Hamilton’s marvellous flexibility of intelligence, it
is Madison who is master and Hamilton who is his expounder.
[243] See above, vol. i. p. 221.
[244] Stith, _History of Virginia_, preface, vi., vii.
[245] Byrd’s _History of the Dividing Line_, with his _Journey to the
Land of Eden_, and _A Progress to the Mines_, remained in MS. for more
than a century. They were published at Petersburg in 1841, under the
title of _Westover Manuscripts_. A better edition, edited by T. H.
Wynne, was published in 1866 under the title of _Byrd Manuscripts_.
[246] _Byrd MSS._ i. 5.
[247] Bruce, _Economic History_, ii. 234.
[248] See the history of the case, in Washington’s _Writings_, ed. W.
C. Ford, xiv. 255-260. According to Mr. Paul Ford, “there can scarcely
be a doubt that the treatment of his last illness by the doctors was
little short of murder.” _The True George Washington_, p. 58. The
question is suggested, if Washington had lived a dozen years longer,
would there have been a second war with England?
[249] Meade’s _Old Churches_, i. 18, 361, 385.
[250] It is difficult to obtain exact data. My impression is derived
from study of the statutes and from general reading.
[251] It is authoritatively stated in the _Virginia Magazine_, i. 347,
that from the time of the Company down to the time of the Revolution,
“there is no record of any duel in Virginia.” In the thirteen
volumes of Hening I find no allusion to duelling; for the mention of
“challenges to fight” in such a passage as vol. vi. p. 80, clearly
refers to chance affrays with fisticuffs at the gaming table, and not
to duels. Yet in 1731 Rodolphus Malbone, for challenging Solomon White,
a magistrate, “with sword and pistol,” was bound over in £50 to keep
the peace: see _Virginia Magazine_, iii. 89.
[252] _Virginia Magazine_, i. 128. A woman named Eve was burned in
Orange County in 1746 for petty treason, _i. e._ murdering her master.
_Id._ iii. 308. For poisoning the master’s family a man and woman were
burned at Charleston, S. C., in 1769. _Id._ iv. 341. For petty treason
a negro woman named Phillis was burned at the stake in Cambridge,
Mass., Sept. 18, 1755: see _Boston Evening Post_, Sept. 22, 1755;
Paige’s _History of Cambridge_, p. 217. For riotous murder in the city
of New York 21 negroes were executed in 1712, several of whom were
burned and one was broken on the wheel; and again in 1741, in the panic
over an imaginary plot, 13 negroes were burned at the stake: see _Acts
of Assembly, New York_, ann. 1712; _Documents relating to Colonial
History of New York_, vol. vi. ann. 1741. There may have been other
cases. These here cited were especially notable.
[253] Prof. M. C. Tyler (_History of American Literature_, i. 90)
quotes a statement of Burk (_History of Virginia_, Petersburg, 1805,
vol. ii. appendix, p. xxx.), to the effect that in Princess Anne County
a woman was once burned for witchcraft. But Burk makes the statement on
hearsay, and I have no doubt he refers to Grace Sherwood, who between
1698 and 1708 brought divers and sundry actions for slander against
persons who had called her a witch, but could not get a verdict in
her favour! She was searched for witch marks and imprisoned. It is a
long way from this sort of thing to getting burned at the stake! Mrs.
Sherwood made her will in 1733, and it was admitted to probate in 1741.
See _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 69; ii. 58; iii. 96, 190,
242; iv. 18.--There is a widespread popular belief that the victims
of the witchcraft delusion in Salem were burned; scarcely a fortnight
passes without some allusions to this “burning” in the newspapers. Of
the twenty victims at Salem, nineteen were hanged, one was pressed to
death; not one was burned. See Upham’s _History of Witchcraft and Salem
Village_, Boston, 1867, 2 vols.
[254] Winsor, _Narr. and Crit. Hist._ v. 286.
[255] Fox-Bourne’s _Life of John Locke_, i. 203.
[256] The Fundamental Constitutions are printed in Locke’s _Works_,
London, 1824, ix. 175-199. An excellent analysis of them is given by
Prof. Bassett, “The Constitutional Beginnings of North Carolina,” _J.
H. U. Studies_, xii. 97-169; see, also, Whitney, “Government of the
Colony of South Carolina,” _Id._ xiii. 1-121.
[257] Hening, i. 380.
[258] He is commonly called a Quaker, but the tradition is ill
supported. See Weeks, _Southern Quakers and Slavery_, p. 33.
[259] See my _Discovery of America_, i. 167-169.
[260] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, ii. 72.
[261] Lawson, _A Description of North Carolina_, London, 1718, p. 73.
[262] Rivers, _Early History of South Carolina_, Charleston, 1856, p.
96.
[263] Williamson, _History of North Carolina_, Philadelphia, 1812, p.
120.
[264] Williamson, _op. cit._ i. 121.
[265] Moore’s _History of North Carolina_, Raleigh, 1880, i. 18.
[266] I am glad to find this opinion corroborated by Professor Bassett
in his able paper above cited, _J. H. U. Studies_, xii. 109.
[267] Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, ii. 470.
[268] See above, p. 85 of the present volume.
[269] Dr. Hawks, in his _History of North Carolina_, ii. 463-483, gives
a detailed and very entertaining account of the Culpeper rebellion, to
which I am indebted for several particulars.
[270] Hawks, _op. cit._ ii. 489.
[271] Rivers, _Early History of South Carolina_, p. 145.
[272] _Id._ p. 153.
[273] _Records of General Court of Albemarle_, 1697; Hawks, _op. cit._
ii. 491.
[274] Spotswood’s _Official Letters_ (Va. Hist. Soc. Coll.), Richmond,
1882, i. 106. Several other passages in Spotswood’s letters of the
summer and autumn of 1711 express a similar belief. The opinion of
Spotswood is adopted in Hawks, _History of North Carolina_, ii.
522-533, who is followed by Moore, _History of North Carolina_, i. 35.
I am glad to find that my opinion of the inadequacy of the evidence is
shared by so great an authority as Professor Rivers, in Winsor, _Narr.
and Crit. Hist._ v. 298.
[275] See the learned essay by James Mooney, _The Siouan Tribes of
the East_ (Bureau of Ethnology, Bulletin 22), Washington, 1894. Until
recent years it was not known that there were ever any Sioux in the
Atlantic region. The Catawbas, etc., were supposed to be Muskogi.
[276] Lawson, _The History of Carolina; containing the Exact
Description and Natural History of that Country; together with the
Present State thereof. And a Journal of a Thousand Miles travelled
through several Nations of Indians, giving a particular Account of
their Customs, Manners, etc._ London, 1709, small quarto, 258 pages.
[277] For this and other atrocities see the letter of November 2,
1711, from Major Christopher Gale to his sister, printed in Nichols’s
_Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century_, iv.
489-492.
[278] In Professor Rivers’s version of the story there was either no
general conspiracy or only a sudden one conceived after the murder
of Lawson. He suggests that “being fearful of the consequences” of
that act, the Indians “were hurried into the design of a widespread
massacre,” etc. _Early History of South Carolina_, p. 253. It may be
so. Questions relating to concert between Indian tribes are apt to be
hard to settle. I think, however, that in this case the simultaneity of
attack at distant points is in favour of the generally accepted view of
a conspiracy arranged before Lawson’s death.
[279] Spotswood to the Lords of Trade and to Lord Dartmouth, December
28, 1711, _Official Letters_, i. 129-138. This was one of the early
instances of the extreme difficulty of obtaining money from “whimsical”
legislatures for the common defence, which in later years led
Parliament to the attempt to cure the evil by means of the Stamp Act.
Even in what he did accomplish on the border, Spotswood had to depend
upon voluntary contributions, just as money was raised by Franklin in
1758 for the expedition against Fort Duquesne, and by Robert Morris in
the great crisis of Washington’s Trenton-Princeton campaign.
[280] See my _Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy_, ii. 200.
[281] Dr. Hugh Williamson, in his _History of North Carolina_,
Philadelphia, 1812, ii. 173-211, gives a very interesting account of
these malarial swamps, their geological causes, and their effects upon
the people.
[282] For a sprightly account of the Alpine region of North Carolina
and its inhabitants, see Zeigler and Grosscup, _The Heart of the
Alleghanies_, Raleigh, 1883.
[283] Lawson’s _History of Carolina_, London, 1718, p. 79.
[284] _Byrd MSS._ i. 59, 65.
[285] _Byrd MSS._ i. 56.
[286] _Byrd MSS._ i. 59.
[287] See above, p. 188 of the present volume.
[288] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, ii. 146.
[289] Spotswood to the Lords of Trade, April 5, 1717, _Official
Letters_, ii. 227.
[290] Olmsted’s _Slave States_, p. 507.
[291] Cf. Ramage, “Local Government and Free Schools in South
Carolina,” _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies_, vol. i.
[292] Ramage, _op. cit._
[293] The remarks of Herbert Spencer on state education, in his _Social
Statics_, revised ed., London, 1892, pp. 153-184, deserve most careful
consideration by all who are interested in the welfare of their
fellow-creatures.
[294] Bruce, _Economic History of Virginia_, ii. 108.
[295] Americans are apt to forget how much nearer the equator the
familiar points in this country are than familiar points in Europe.
Although every family has an atlas, many persons are surprised when
their attention is called to the facts that Great Britain is in the
latitude of Hudson Bay, that Paris and Vienna are further north than
Quebec, that Montreal is nearly opposite to Venice, Boston to Rome,
Charleston to Tripoli, etc.
[296] Simms, _History of South Carolina_, p. 106; Williams, _History of
the Negro Race in America_, i. 299.
[297] Whitney, “Government of the Colony of South Carolina,” _Johns
Hopkins Univ. Studies_, xiii. 95; _Statutes of South Carolina_, iii.
395-399, 456-461, 568-573.
[298] The story is told by St. John de Crèvecœur, in his _Letters from
an American Farmer_, Philadelphia, 1793, pp. 178-180. Crèvecœur was
on his way to dine with a planter when he encountered the shocking
spectacle. He succeeded in passing a shell of water through the bars of
the cage to the lips of the poor wretch, who thanked him and begged to
be killed; but the Frenchman had no means at hand.
[299] _Statutes of South Carolina_, vii. 410, 411.
[300] “La plupart des riches habitans de la Caroline du Sud, ayant été
élevés en Europe, en ont apporté plus de gout, et des connaissances
plus analogues à nos mœurs, que les habitans des provinces du Nord, ce
qui doit leur donner généralement sur ceux-ci de l’avantage en société.
Les femmes semblent aussi plus animées que dans le Nord, prennent plus
de part à la conversation, sont davantage dans la société.... Elles
sont jolies, agréables, piquantes; mais ... les hommes et les femmes
vieillissent promptement dan ce climat.” La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,
_Voyage dans les États-Unis_, Paris, 1799, iv. 13.
[301] Boswell has a characteristic anecdote of Oglethorpe, who was very
high-spirited, but extremely sensible. When a lad of nineteen or so, he
was dining one day with a certain Prince of Würtemberg and others, when
the insolent prince fillipped a few drops of wine into his face. “Here
was a nice dilemma. To have challenged him instantly might have fixed a
quarrelsome character upon the young soldier; to have taken no notice
of it might have been considered as cowardice. Oglethorpe, therefore,
keeping his eye upon the prince and smiling, ... said, ‘That’s a good
joke, but we do it much better in England,’ and threw a whole glass of
wine in the prince’s face. An old general, who sat by, said, ‘Il a bien
fait, mon prince, vous l’avez commencé,’ and thus all ended in good
humour.” _Life of Johnson_, ed. Birkbeck Hill, ii. 180.
[302] See the charter, in Jones’s _History of Georgia_, i. 90.
[303] Blackstone’s _Commentaries_, bk. iv. chap. 5.
[304] See above, vol. i. p. 24.
[305] Burney, _History of the Buccaneers of America_, p. 52.
[306] Exquemeling was sent to Tortuga in 1666, in one of the Dutch
West India Company’s ships, and on his arrival was sold for thirty
crowns into three years’ servitude. He says very neatly: “Je ne dis
rien de ce qui a donné lieu à mon embarquement, suivi d’un si fâcheux
esclavage, parce que cela seroit hors de propos, et ne pourroit estre
qu’ennuyeux.” He was cruelly treated. After gaining his freedom he
joined the buccaneers, apparently because there was nothing else to
do. He went home in 1674 in a Dutch ship, “remerciant Dieu de m’avoir
retiré de cette miserable vie, estant la première occasion de la
quitter que j’eusse rencontré depuis cinq années.” Oexmelin, _Histoire
des Avanturiers_, Paris, 1686, i. 13; ii. 312. The English version of
his book is entitled “History of the Bucaniers of America” (London,
1684). The Spanish version is known as “Los Piratas.” Not only do the
titles thus differ, but each translator has added more or less material
from other sources, in order to exalt the fame of the rascals of his
own nation.
[307] “Le capitaine ... du vaisseau submergé était un pirate
hollandais; c’était celui-là¡ même qui avait volé Candide. Les
richesses immenses dont ce célérat s’était emparé furent ensevelies
avec lui dans la mer, et il n’y eut qu’un mouton de sauvé. Vous voyez,
dit Candide à Martin, que le crime est puni quelquefois; ce coquin
de patron hollandais a en le sort qui’il méritait. Oui, dit Martin;
mais fallait-il que les passagers qui était sur son vaisseau périssent
aussi? Dieu a puni ce fripon, le diable a noyé les autres.” Voltaire,
_Œuvres_, Paris, 1785. tom, xliv. p. 294.
[308] _Histoire des avanturiers_, ii. 216.
[309] Exquemeling says: “A l’heure que je parle il est élevé aux plus
éminentes dignitez de la Jamaique; ce qui fait assez voir qu’un homme,
tel qu’il soit, est toujours estimé & bien receu par tout, pourveu
qu’il ait de l’argent.” _Histoire des avanturiers_, ii. 214.
[310] Ringrose’s _MS. Narrative_, British Museum, Sloane collection,
No. 3820.
[311] See Hughson, “The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce,” _Johns
Hopkins University Studies_, xii. 241-370.
[312] See Watson’s _Annals of Philadelphia_, ii. 222.
[313] In Kidd’s case there were many extenuating circumstances; he was
far from being such a scoundrel as most of the pirates.
[314] See the cases of Mary Read and Anne Bonny, in Johnson’s _History
of the Pirates_, London, 1724, 2 vols.
[315] Burton’s _History of Scotland_, vi. 403.
[316] In writing to James Stanhope, secretary of state, Spotswood
says: “Such is the unaccountable temper of the People that they have
generally chosen for their Representatives Persons of the meanest
Estates and Capacitys in their Countys, And as if the House of
Burgesses were resolved to copy after the patern of their Electors,
of the few Gentlemen that are among them, they have expelled two
for having the Generosity to serve their Country for nothing, w’ch
they term bribery.” _Official Letters_, ii. 129. This reminds
one of the language applied by Sherwood and Ludwell to Bacon’s
followers (see above, p. 102); and suggests the presence among the
burgesses of a considerable party which felt it necessary to contend
against aristocratizing tendencies. To establish the principle that
representatives might serve without pay would tend to disqualify poor
folk from serving in that capacity.
[317] There is evidently a slip of the pen here; _Letters_ must have
been the word intended.
[318] Spotswood to the Lords of Trade, June 24, 1718. _Official
Letters_, ii. 280, 281.
[319] The 58th birthday of George I., May 28, 1718.
[320] Spotswood, _Official Letters_, ii. 284.
[321] His feelings find temperate expression in his letters to the
Lords of Trade and to the secretary of state, James Stanhope; _e. g._,
in October, 1712: “This Unhappy State of her Maj’t’s Subjects in my
Neighbourhood is y^e more Affecting to me because I have very little
hopes of being enabled to relieve them by our Assembly, which I have
called to meet next Week.... No arguments I have used can prevail on
these people to make their Militia more Serviceable;” and in July,
1715: “I cannot forbear regretting y^t I must always have to do w’th
y^e Representatives of y^e Vulgar People, and mostly with such members
as are of their Stamp and Understanding, for so long as half an Acre
of Land ... qualifys a man to be an Elector, the meaner sort of People
will ever carry y^e Elections, and the humour generally runs to choose
such men as are their most familiar Companions, who very eagerly seek
to be Burgesses merely for the Lucre of the Salary, and who, for fear
of not being chosen again, dare in Assembly do nothing that may be
disrelished out of the House by y^e Common People.... However, as my
general Success hitherto with this sort of Assemblys is not to be
Complained of, and as I have brought them, in some particulars, to
place greater Trust in me than ever they did in any Governor before,
and seeing their Confidence in Me has encreased with their Knowledge
of me, I have great hopes to lead even this new Assembly into measures
that may be for the hon’r and safety of these parts of his Maj’t’s
Dominions.... Y^e Assembly of No. Carolina has already faulted their
Governor for dispatching away to y^e relief of his next Neighbours
a small reinforcement of Men, they alledging that their own danger
requir’d not to weaken themselves.... None of y^e Provinces on y^e
Continent have yet sent any Assistance of Men to So. Carolina, except
this Colony alone, and No. Carolina, and by w’t I understand from
Govern’r Hunter [of New York] I am afraid they may be diverted from
it, he writing me word y^t their Indians are grown very turbulent
and ungovernable. We are not here without our dangers, too, but yet
I judg’d it best, and y^e readiest way to save ourselves, to run
immediately to check the first kindling Flames, and even to stretch a
point to succour Carolina with Arms and ammunition; and I made such
dispatch in y^e first Succours of Men I sent thither y^t they pass’d
no more than 15 days between the Day of y^e Carolina Comm’rs coming
to me and y^e day of my embarking 118 Men listed for their Service.
I have since sent another Vessel with 40 or 50 Men more; and hope in
a short time to have y^e Complem’t raised w’ch this Government has
engag’d to furnish.... I need not offer, for my justification, to wound
his Maj’t’s Ears with particular relation of the miserys his Subjects
in Carolina labour under, and of y^e Inhuman butchering and horrid
Tortures many of them have been exposed to.” So in Oct. 1715: “Such
was the Temper and Understanding [of the House of Burgesses] that they
could not be reason’d into Wholesome Laws, and such their humour and
principles y^t they would aim at no other Acts than what invaded y^e
Prerogative or thwarted the Government. So that all their considerable
Bills Stopt in the Council.... On y^e 8 of Aug’st ... they plainly
declar’d they would do nothing ... till they had an Answer from his
Maj’tie to their Address about the Quitt rents. I need not repeat to
you, S’r, what I have formerly represented of the inconveniency a
Governm’t without money is expos’d to, especially in any dangerous
Conjuncture.... The bulk of the Ellectors of Assembly Men concists of
the meaner sort of People, who ... are more easily impos’d upon by
persons who are not restrain’d by any Principles of Truth or Hon’r
from publishing amongst them the most false reports, and have front
enough to assert for truth even the grossest Absurdities. [How well
this describes the blatant demagogues who thrive and multiply in the
cesspool of politics to-day, like maggots in carrion!] ... These mobish
Candidates always outbid the Gent’n of sence and Principles, for they
stick not to vow to their Electors that no consideration whatever shall
engage them to raise money, and some of them have so little shame as
publickly to declare that if, in Assembly, anything should be propos’d
w’ch they judg’d might be disagreeable to their Constituents, they
would oppose it, tho’ they knew in their consciences y^t it would be
for y^e good of the Country.” Spotswood’s _Official Letters_, ii. 1, 2,
124, 125, 130, 132, 164.
[322] The expression is suggested by a famous passage in Lord Macaulay,
who seems to think that it all happened in order that Frederick the
Great might keep his hold upon Silesia!
[323] See above, vol i. p. 27.
[324] See above, vol. i. p. 61.
[325] See above, vol. i. p. 116.
[326] Hening’s _Statutes_, i. 381.
[327] These were Kaskaskia and Cahokia in 1700, Detroit in 1701, Mobile
in 1702, and Vincennes in 1705; and Bienville was just about to found
New Orleans, which he did in 1718.
[328] “I have often regretted that after so many Years as these
Countrys have been Seated, no Attempts have been made to discover
the Sources of Our Rivers, nor to Establishing Correspondence w’th
those Nations of Indians to ye Westw’d of Us, even after the certain
Knowledge of the Progress made by French in Surrounding us w’th their
Settlements.” Spotswood, _Official Letters_, iii. 295. A reconnoissance
was made in 1710, which reported that the Blue Ridge was not, as had
been supposed, impassable. _Id._ i. 40.
[329] Fontaine’s journal of the expedition shows that the crossing was
not at Rockfish Gap, as formerly supposed. Cf. Peyton’s _History of
Augusta County_, Staunton, 1882, pp. 24, 29.
[330] “Thus it is a pleasure to cross the mountains.”
[331] Jones, _Present State of Virginia_, London, 1724, p. 14.
[332] Spotswood, _Official Letters_, ii. 297.
[333] He understood that from Swift Run Gap it was but three days’
march to a tribe of Indians living on a river which emptied into Lake
Erie; also that from a distant peak, which was pointed out to him, Lake
Erie was distinctly visible; so he estimated the total distance as five
days’ march. The river route thus vaguely indicated was probably down
the Youghiogheny or the Monongahela to the site of Pittsburgh, then up
the Alleghany and so on to the site of Erie, distant in a straight line
about 300 miles from Swift Run Gap. Braddock in 1755 was a month in
getting over less than one fourth of the actual route. But, in spite of
the false estimate, Spotswood’s general idea was sound.
[334] _William and Mary College Quarterly_, i. 7.
[335] In this respect one of his family in the days of our great Civil
War was like him. The noble statue at the entrance of Forest Park
in St. Louis stands there to remind us that it was chiefly the iron
will of Francis Preston Blair that in 1861 prevented the secessionist
government of Missouri from dragging that state over to the Southern
Confederacy.
[336] George Washington’s elder brother, Lawrence, served in this
expedition, and named his estate Mount Vernon after the admiral.
[337] In 1781 the mansion at Temple Farm was known as the Moore House.
[338] In my next following work, entitled “The Dutch and Quaker
Colonies in America,” I hope to give a more detailed and specific
account of the Scotch-Irish and their important work in this country.
[339] Conway’s Barons, p. 213; Kercheval’s _History of the Valley of
Virginia_, Winchester, 1833, p. 65.
[340] Cf. Winsor, _Narr. and Crit. Hist._ v. 276.
[341] Greene’s _Antiquities of Worcester_, p. 273.
[Transcriber’s Note:
Obvious printer errors corrected silently.
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]
End of Project Gutenberg's Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, by John Fiske