CHAPTER XVII.

FROM TIDEWATER TO THE MOUNTAINS.

[Sidenote: Alexander Spotswood.]

[Sidenote: Governor and burgesses.]

[Sidenote: A sharp rebuke.]

It is time for our narrative to return to Virginia, where in June,

1710, just a hundred years after the coming of Lord Delaware, there

arrived upon the scene one of the best and ablest of all the colonial

governors. Alexander Spotswood was a member of the old and honourable

Scottish family which took its name from the barony of Spottiswoode,

in Berwick. His great-great-grandfather had been archbishop of St.

Andrews and chancellor of Scotland. His great-grandfather, Sir Robert

Spottiswoode, as secretary of state, had signed the commission of

Montrose, for which he was beheaded by the Covenanters in 1646.[315]

Alexander himself had been brought up from childhood in the army, where

he had seen some hard fighting. Already at the age of eight-and-twenty

he had attained the rank of colonel, and in that year received an

ugly wound at Blenheim. Six years after that great battle he arrived

in Virginia, a tall, robust man, with gnarled and wrinkled face and

an air of dignity and power. He was greeted at Williamsburg with more

than ordinary cordiality, because he brought with him a writ confirming

the claim of the Virginians that they were as much entitled as other

Englishmen to the privilege of _habeas corpus_. Notwithstanding this

auspicious reception he had a good many wrangles with his burgesses,

chiefly over questions of taxation, and sometimes talked to them quite

plainly. On one occasion when, during the Yamassee war in Carolina,

he requested an appropriation for a force to be sent in aid of their

southern neighbours, he found the burgesses less liberal than he wished

and expected. They pleaded the poverty of the country as an excuse for

not doing more. The governor’s retort was a telling one, and might be

applied with effect to many a modern legislative body. If they felt the

poverty of the country so keenly, why did they persist in sitting there

day after day and drawing their pay, while they wasted the country’s

time in frivolities without passing laws that were much needed? for

in the last five-and-twenty days only three bills had come from them.

At the end of a stormy session he addressed them still more sharply:

“To be plain with you, the true interest of your country is not what

you have troubled your heads about. All your proceedings have been

calculated to answer the notions of the ignorant populace; and if you

can excuse yourselves to them, you matter not how you stand before God,

or any others to whom you think you owe not your elections. In fine, I

cannot but attribute these miscarriages to the people’s mistaken choice

of a set of representatives whom Heaven has not ... endowed with the

ordinary qualifications requisite to legislators; and therefore I

dissolve you!”[316]

In spite of this stinging tongue Spotswood was greatly liked and

respected for his ability and honesty and his thoroughly good heart.

He was a man sound in every fibre, clear-sighted, shrewd, immensely

vigorous, and full of public spirit. One day we find him establishing

Indian missions; the next he is undertaking to smelt iron and grow

native wines; the next he is sending out ships to exterminate the

pirates. For his energy in establishing smelting furnaces he was

nicknamed “The Tubal Cain of Virginia.” For the making of native wines

he brought over a colony of Germans from the Rhine, and settled them in

the new county named for him Spottsylvania, hard by the Rapidan River,

where Germanna Ford still preserves a reminiscence of their coming.

[Sidenote: The Post-office Act.]

Some of Spotswood’s disputes with the assembly brought up questions

akin to those which agitated the country half a century later, in the

days of the Stamp Act. A recent act of Parliament had extended the

post-office system into Virginia, whereupon the burgesses declared

that Parliament had no authority to lay any tax (such as postage) upon

the people of Virginia without the consent of their representatives;

accordingly they showed their independence by exempting from postage

all merchants’ letters. But we may let Spotswood speak for himself:

“Some time last Fall the Post M’r Gen’ll of America, having thought

himself Obliged to endeavour the Settling a post through Virginia and

Maryland, in y^e same manner as they are settled in the other Northern

Plantations, pursu’t to the Act of Parliament of the 9th of Queen Anne,

gave out Commissions for that purpose, and a post was accordingly

established once a fortnight from W’msburg to Philadelphia, and for

the Conveyance of Letters bro’t hither by Sea through the several

Countys. In order to this, the Post M’r Set up printed Placards (such

as were sent in by the Post M’r Gen’ll of Great Britain) at all the

Posts, requiring the delivery of all Letters not excepted by the Act

of Parliament to be delivered to his Deputys there. No sooner was this

noised about but a great Clamour was raised against it. The people were

made to believe that the Parl’t could not Levy any Tax (for so they

call y^e Rates of Postage) here without the Consent of the General

Assembly. That, besides, all their _Laws_[317] were exempted, because

scarce any came in here but what some way or other concern’d Trade;

That tho’ M’rs should, for the reward of a penny a Letter, deliver

them, the Post M’r could Demand no Postage for the Conveyance of them,

and abundance more to the same purpose, as rediculous as Arrogant....

Thereupon a Bill is prepared and passed both Council and Burg’s’s,

w’ch, tho’ it acknowledges the Act of Parliam’t to be in force here,

does effectually prevent its being ever put in Execution. The first

Clause of that Bill Imposes an Obligation on the Post Master to w’ch

he is no ways liable by the Act of Parliament. The second Clause

lays a Penalty of no less than £5 for every Letter he demands or

takes from a Board any Ships that stand Decreed to be excepted by the

Act of Parliament; and the last Clause appoints y^e Stages and the

time of Conveyance of all Letters under an Extravagant Penalty. As

it is impossible for the Post Master to know whether the Letters he

receives be excepted or not, and y’t, according to the Interpreters,

Our Judges of the Act of Parl’t, all Letters sent from any Merch’t,

whether the same relate to Merchandize on board or not, are within the

exception of the Law, the Post M’r must meddle w’th no Letters at all,

or run the hazard of being ruin’d. And the last Clause, besides its

Contradiction to the Act of Parliament in applying the Stages, w’ch is

expressly Bestowed to the Post Master according to the Instruction of

the Soveraign, is so great an impossibility to be complyed w’th that,

considering the difficulty of passing the many gr’t Rivers, the Post

M’r must be liable to the penalty of 20s. for every Letter he takes

into his care during the whole Season of the Winter. From whence yo’r

Lo’ps may judge how well affected the Major part of Our Assembly men

are towards y^e Collecting this Branch of the King’s Revenue, and w’ll

therefore be pleas’d to Acquitt me of any Censure of Refusing Assent to

such a Bill.”[318]

[Sidenote: Appointment of parsons.]

With an assembly so adroit and so stubborn, the way of the postmaster

was hard indeed. Another source of irritation was the question as

to appointing parsons. In practice they were appointed by the close

vestries, but the governor wished to appoint them himself. It also

appeared that the king’s ministers would like to send a bishop to

Virginia. On these questions the worthy Spotswood got embroiled with

eight of the councilmen as well as with the burgesses, and complained

of being rather shabbily treated: “When in Order to the Solemnizing his

Maj’ty’s Birth-day,[319] I gave a publick Entertainment at my House,

all gent’n that would come were Admitted; These Eight Counsellors would

neither come to my House nor go to the Play w’ch was Acted on that

occasion, but got together all the Turbulent and disaffected Burg’s’s,

had an Entertainment of their own in the Burg’s House and invited

all y^e Mobb to a Bonfire, where they were plentifully Supplyed with

Liquors to Drink the same healths without as their M’rs did within,

w’ch were chiefly those of the Council and their Associated Burg’s,

without taking any [more] Notice of the Gov’r, than if there had been

none upon the place.”[320]

[Sidenote: Beginning of continental politics.]

In such disputes between the legislatures chosen at home and the

executive officials appointed beyond sea, Virginia, like the sister

colonies in their several ways, was getting the kind of political

education that bore fruit in 1776. In Virginia the appointment of

clergymen over parishes, in Maryland the forty per poll for a church

to which only one sixth of the people belonged, in Massachusetts the

perennial question of the governor’s salary,--all these were occasions

for disputes about matters of internal administration in which

far-reaching principles were involved. Other questions, like that of

postage just mentioned, showed that gradually but surely and steadily

a continental state of things was coming on. From the Penobscot to

the Savannah there was a continuous English world, albeit a strip so

narrow that it scarcely anywhere reached inland more than a hundred

and fifty miles from the coast. The work of establishing postal

communication throughout this region seemed to require some continental

authority independent of the dozen local colonial legislatures. We see

Parliament, with the best of intentions, stepping in and exercising

such continental authority; and we see the Virginians resisting such

action, on the ground that in laying the species of tax known as

postage rates Parliament was usurping functions which belonged only

to the colonial legislatures. Thus did the year 1718 witness a slight

presage of 1765.

[Sidenote: Beginning of the seventy years’ struggle with France.]

Nothing did so much toward bringing the several colonies face to face

with a great continental situation as the struggle with France which

began with the expulsion of the Stuarts in 1689 and was not to be

decided until seventy years later, when Wolfe climbed the Heights of

Abraham. The destruction of the Invincible Armada, a century before

the downfall of James II., had shown that Great Britain was to belong

to the Protestant Reformers; the latter event had shown that she was

not to be won back to the Catholic Counter-Reformation which, starting

with the election of Paul IV. in 1555, had gained formidable strength

in many quarters. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, when the

colony of Virginia was founded, the France of Henry IV. was in sympathy

with England and hostile to Spain. Before the end of that century the

France of Louis XIV. had been won over to the Counter-Reformation. The

dethronement of England’s Catholic king came almost like a rejoinder to

the expulsion of a million Protestants from France. The mighty struggle

which then began was to determine whether North America should be

controlled by Protestantism and Whiggery, or by the Counter-Reformation

and the Old Régime.

[Sidenote: The Continental Congress of 1690.]

The first notable effect wrought in English America by the outbreak of

hostilities was the assembling of a Continental Congress at New York

in 1690, the first meeting of that sort in America. The continental

aspects of the situation were not as yet apparent save to a few

prescient minds. The infant settlements in Carolina hardly counted

for much. Virginia was too far from Canada to feel deeply interested

in the organization of resistance to the schemes of Frontenac, and so

the southernmost colony represented in the first American Congress was

Maryland.

[Sidenote: Franklin’s plan for a Federal Union.]

[Sidenote: Origin of the Stamp Act.]

It was not long, however, before the continental aspects of the

situation began to grow more conspicuous. The reader will remember how,

in 1708, the government at Charleston, in an official report on the

military resources of the colony, laid stress upon the circumstance

that Carolina was a frontier to all the English settlements on the

mainland. The occasion for this emphasis was the great European war

that broke out in 1701, when Louis XIV. put his grandson, Philip of

Anjou, on the vacant throne of Spain. The alliance of Spain with France

threatened English America at both ends of the line. The destruction of

Deerfield by an expedition from Canada in 1704, and the attempt upon

Charleston by an expedition from Florida in 1706, were blows delivered

by the common enemy, Louis XIV., the persecutor of Huguenots, the

champion of the Counter-Reformation, the accomplice of the Stuarts.

From that moment we may date the first dawning consciousness of a

community of interests all the way from Massachusetts to Carolina. But

it was only a few clear-headed persons that were quick to understand

the situation. The average members of a legislature were not among

these; their thoughts were much more upon the constituencies “to

whom they owed their elections” than upon any wide or far-reaching

interests. Such of the royal governors as were honest and high-minded

men saw the situation much more clearly, since it was their business to

look at things from the imperial point of view. Especially such a man

as Spotswood, a soldier of noted ability, who had himself been scarred

in fighting the common enemy, could not fail to understand the needs

of the hour. His official letters abundantly show his disgust over the

froward and niggardly policy that refused prompt aid to hard-pressed

Carolina.[321] To sit wrangling over questions of prerogative while

firebrand and tomahawk were devouring their brethren on the frontier!

To our valiant soldier such behaviour seemed fit only for churls;

while waiting for the danger to come upon one, instead of marching

forth to attack the danger, was surely as impolitic as unchivalrous.

So, without waiting on the uncertain temper and devious arguments of

many-headed King Demos, the governor hurried his men on board ship as

fast as he could enlist and arm them, well knowing that in a “dangerous

conjuncture” the more precious minutes one loses, the more costly grow

those that are left. During half of the eighteenth century, as the

conflict with France was again and again renewed, such experiences

as those of Spotswood with his burgesses were repeated in most of

the colonies, until the royal governors became profoundly convinced

that the one thing most needed in English America was a Continental

Government that could impose taxes, according to some uniform

principle, upon the people of all the colonies for the common defence.

At the Albany Congress of 1754, when the war-clouds were blacker than

ever, Benjamin Franklin came forward with a scheme for creating such

a central government for purely federal purposes. That scheme would

have inaugurated a Federal Union, with president appointed by the

crown; it would have lodged the power of taxation, for continental

purposes, in a federal council representing the American people; and

it would have left with the several states all governmental functions

and prerogatives not explicitly granted to the central government. Had

Franklin’s plan been adopted and proved successful in its working, the

political separation between English America and English Britain would

not have occurred when it did, and possibly might not have occurred at

all. But Franklin’s plan failed of adoption just at the moment when

American politics were becoming more completely and conspicuously

continental than ever before. In the presence of a gigantic war that

extended “from the coast of Coromandel to the Great Lakes of North

America,”[322] the need for a continental government and the evils

that flowed from the want of it were felt with increasing severity;

the old difficulties which had beset honest Spotswood were renewed in

manifold ways; until, when the war was over, Parliament, with the best

of intentions but without due consideration, undertook in the Stamp Act

to provide a steady continental revenue for America. When the Americans

refused to accept Parliament as their continental legislature, and,

in alliance with Pitt and his New Whigs, won a noble victory in the

repeal of the Stamp Act, a great American question became entangled

in British politics, and a situation was thus created which enabled

the unscrupulous and half-crazy George III. to force upon America the

quarrel that parted the empire in twain. Nowhere in history is the

solidarity of events, in their causal relations, more conspicuous than

in America during the eighteenth century; and for this reason the

disputes of the royal governors with their refractory assemblies are

nearly always rich in political lessons.

[Sidenote: The unknown West.]

[Sidenote: Spotswood crosses the Blue Ridge, 1716.]

Looking back from the present time at Spotswood’s administration, we

find its incidents perpetually reminding us that the colonies were

already entering upon that long period of revolution from which they

were not to emerge until the adoption of our Federal Constitution. We

never lose consciousness of the French and Indian background against

which the events are projected. Toward this vast dim background

Spotswood set his face in 1716, in his memorable expedition across the

Blue Ridge. For more than a century since the founding of Jamestown had

the beautiful valley of the Shenandoah remained unknown to Virginians.

It was still part of the strange, unmeasured wilderness that stretched

away to the remote shores which Drake had once called by the name New

Albion.[323] Some of its most savage solitudes had in Spotswood’s youth

been traversed by the mighty La Salle, and other adventurous Frenchmen

kept up explorations among freshwater seas to the northwestward,

where English and Scotch officials of the Hudson Bay Company were

beginning to come into contact with them. What was to be found between

those freshwater seas and the Gulf of Mexico no Englishman could

tell, save that it had been found to be solid land, and not a Sea of

Verrazano.[324] So much might Spotswood have gathered from reading and

from hearsay, but not through any work done by Englishmen. In the early

days, as we have seen, Captain Newport had tried to reach the mountains

and failed.[325] In 1653 it was enacted that, “whereas divers gentlemen

have a voluntarie desire to discover the Mountains and supplicated

for lycence to this Assembly, ... that order be granted unto any for

soe doing, Provided they go with a considerable partie and strength

both of men and amunition.”[326] But nothing came of this permission.

In Spotswood’s time the very outposts of English civilization had not

crept inland beyond tidewater. A strip of forest fifty miles or more

in breadth still intervened between the Virginia frontier and those

blue peaks visible against the western sky. This stalwart governor

was not the man to gaze upon mountains and rest content without going

to see what was behind them. Especially since the French were laying

claim to the interior, since they had for some time possessed the Great

Lakes, and since they had lately been busy in erecting forts at divers

remote places in the western country,[327] it was worth while for

Englishmen to take a step toward them by crossing the mountains.[328]

The expedition was extremely popular in Virginia. A party of fifty

gentlemen, with black servants, Indian guides, and packhorses, started

out toward the end of August and made quite an autumn picnic of it. One

can fancy what prime shooting it was in the virgin forest all alive

with the finest of game. To wash down so much toothsome venison and

grouse, the governor brought along several casks of native wines--red

and white Rapidan, so to speak--made by his Spottsylvania Germans;

but cognac and cherry cordial were not forgotten, and champagne-corks

popped merrily in the wilderness. Crossing the Blue Ridge at Swift Run

Gap,[329] on nearly the same latitude as Fredericksburg, the party

entered the great valley a little north of the present site of Port

Republic, and about eighty miles southwest from Harper’s Ferry. The

exploits of Stonewall Jackson in 1862 have clothed the region with

undying fame. Spotswood called the river the Euphrates, an early

instance of the vicious naming by which the map of the United States

is so abundantly disfigured, but happily the melodious native name

of Shenandoah has held its place. On the bank of that fair stream one

of the empty bottles was buried, with a paper inside declaring that

the river and all the soil it drained were the property of the King of

Great Britain. Having thus taken formal possession of the valley, the

picnickers returned to their tidewater homes.

[Sidenote: Knights of the Golden Horseshoe.]

A letter of Rev. Hugh Jones, who preached in Bruton Church, says that

Spotswood cut the name of George I. upon a rock at the summit of the

highest peak which the party climbed, and named it Mount George,

whereupon some of the gentlemen called the next one Mount Alexander,

in honour of the governor. “For this expedition,” says Mr. Jones,

“they were obliged to provide a great quantity of horseshoes, things

seldom used in the lower parts of the country, where there are few

stones. Upon which account the governor upon their return presented

each of his companions with a golden horseshoe, some of which I have

seen, studded with valuable stones, resembling the heads of nails,

with this inscription ... _Sic juvat transcendere montes._[330] This

he instituted to encourage gentlemen to venture backwards and make

discoveries and new settlements, any gentleman being entitled to wear

this golden shoe that can prove his having drank [_sic_] his Majesty’s

health upon Mount George.”[331] In later times this incident was called

instituting the order of Knights of the Golden Horseshoe.

[Sidenote: Spotswood’s view of the situation.]

Spotswood’s letters to the Lords of Trade, in which he mentions this

expedition to the mountains, are testimony to the soundness of his

military foresight. In recent years, he says, the French have built

fortresses in such positions “that the Brittish Plantations are in

a manner Surrounded by their Commerce w’th the numerous Nations of

Indians seated on both sides of the Lakes; they may not only Engross

the whole Skin Trade, but may, when they please, Send out such Bodys

of Indians on the back of these Plantations as may greatly distress

his Maj’ty’s Subjects here, And should they multiply their settlem’ts

along these Lakes, so as to joyn their Dominions of Canada to their

new Colony of Louisiana, they might even possess themselves of any of

these Plantations they pleased. Nature, ’tis true, has formed a Barrier

for us by that long Chain of Mountains w’ch run from the back of South

Carolina as far as New York, and w’ch are only passable in some few

places, but even that Natural Defence may prove rather destructive to

us, if they are not possessed by us before they are known to them. To

prevent the dangers w’ch Threaten his Maj’ty’s Dominions here from

the growing power of these Neighbours, nothing seems to me of more

consequence than that now while the Nations are at peace, and while

the French are yet uncapable of possessing all that vast Tract w’ch

lies on the back of these Plantations, we should attempt to make some

Settlements on y^e Lakes, and at the same time possess our selves of

those passes of the great Mountains, w’ch are necessary to preserve a

Communication w’th such Settlements.”[332]

He goes on to say that the purpose of his late expedition across the

Blue Ridge was to ascertain whether Lake Erie, occupying as it did a

central position in the French line of communication between Canada and

Louisiana, was easily accessible from Virginia. Information gathered

from Indians led him to believe that it was thus accessible.[333] He

therefore proposed that an English settlement should be made on the

south shore of Lake Erie, whereby the English power might be thrust

like a wedge into the centre of the French position; and he offered to

take a suitable body of men across the mountains and reconnoitre the

country for the purpose of finding a site. As for the expense of such

an enterprise, the king need not be concerned about it; for there was

enough surplus from quitrents in the colonial treasury to defray it.

One cannot read such a letter without admiring the writer’s honest

frankness, his clear insight, his prudence, and his courage.

[Sidenote: Spotswood’s last years.]

But with all Spotswood’s virtues and talents, and in spite of his

popularity, he fell upon the same rock upon which Andros and Nicholson

had been wrecked: he quarrelled with Dr. Blair, who tells us that “he

was so wedded to his own notions that there was no quarter for them

that went not with him.”[334] With a change of name, perhaps the same

might have been said of the worthy doctor. The quarrel seems to have

originated in the question as to the right of appointing pastors,

and it ended, as Blair’s contests always ended, in the overthrow of

his antagonist. Nobody could stand up against that doughty Scotch

parson.[335] Spotswood was removed from his governorship in 1722, but

continued to live in the Virginia which he loved. As postmaster-general

for the American colonies, he had by 1738 got the mail running

regularly from New England as far south as James River. It took a

week to carry the mail from Philadelphia to Williamsburg; for points

further south the post-rider started at irregular intervals, whenever

enough mail had accumulated to make it worth while. In 1740 Spotswood

received a major-general’s commission, and was about to sail in Admiral

Vernon’s expedition against Cartagena,[336] when he suddenly died. He

was buried on his estate of Temple Farm, near Yorktown. In later days

the surrender of Lord Cornwallis was negotiated in the house which had

sheltered the last years of this noble governor.[337]

[Sidenote: Gooch and Dinwiddie.]

Spotswood was succeeded by Hugh Drysdale, who died in 1726, and next

came William Gooch, another military Scotchman, quiet, modest, and

shrewd, who managed things for twenty-two years, from 1727 to 1749,

with marked ability and success. After an interval, Gooch was followed

by Robert Dinwiddie, still another Scotchman, who came in 1751 and

staid until 1758, and whose administration is the last one that calls

for mention in the present narrative.

[Sidenote: The Scotch-Irish.]

The period of Gooch’s government was remarkable for the development of

the westward movement prefigured in Spotswood’s expedition across the

Blue Ridge. This development occurred in a way that even far-seeing

men could not have predicted. It introduced into Virginia a new set

of people, new forms of religion, new habits of life. It affected all

the colonies south of Pennsylvania most profoundly, and did more than

anything else to determine the character of all the states afterward

founded west of the Alleghanies and south of the latitude of middle

Illinois. Until recent years, little has been written about the coming

of the so-called Scotch-Irish to America, and yet it is an event of

scarcely less importance than the exodus of English Puritans to New

England and that of English Cavaliers to Virginia. It is impossible to

understand the drift which American history, social and political, has

taken since the time of Andrew Jackson, without studying the early life

of the Scotch-Irish population of the Alleghany regions, the pioneers

of the American backwoods. I do not mean to be understood as saying

that the whole of that population at the time of our Revolutionary War

was Scotch-Irish, for there was a considerable German element in it,

besides an infusion of English moving inward from the coast. But the

Scotch-Irish element was more numerous and far more important than

all the others. A detailed account of it belongs especially with the

history of Pennsylvania, since that colony was the principal centre of

its distribution throughout the south and west; but a brief mention

of its coming is indispensable in any sketch of Old Virginia and Her

Neighbours.[338]

[Sidenote: Colonization of Ulster by James I.]

Who were the people called by this rather awkward compound name,

Scotch-Irish? The answer carries us back to the year 1611, when James

I. began peopling Ulster with colonists from Scotland and the north of

England. The plan was to put into Ireland a Protestant population that

might ultimately outnumber the Catholics and become the controlling

element in the country. The settlers were picked men and women of the

most excellent sort. By the middle of the seventeenth century there

were 300,000 of them in Ulster. That province had been the most

neglected part of the island, a wilderness of bogs and fens; they

transformed it into a garden. They also established manufactures of

woollens and linens which have ever since been famous throughout the

world. By the beginning of the eighteenth century their numbers had

risen to nearly a million. Their social condition was not that of

peasants; they were intelligent yeomanry and artisans. In a document

signed in 1718 by a miscellaneous group of 319 men, only 13 made their

mark, while 306 wrote their names in full. Nothing like that could have

happened at that time in any other part of the British Empire, hardly

even in New England.

When these people began coming to America, those families that had

been longest in Ireland had dwelt there but for three generations,

and confusion of mind seems to lurk in any nomenclature which couples

them with the true Irish. The antipathy between the Scotch-Irish as

a group and the true Irish as a group is perhaps unsurpassed for

bitterness and intensity. On the other hand, since love laughs at feuds

and schisms, intermarriages between the colonists of Ulster and the

native Irish were by no means unusual, and instances occur of Murphys

and McManuses of Presbyterian faith. It was common in Ulster to allude

to Presbyterians as “Scotch,” to Roman Catholics as “Irish,” and to

members of the English church as “Protestants,” without much reference

to pedigree. From this point of view the term “Scotch-Irish” may be

defensible, provided we do not let it conceal the fact that the people

to whom it applied are for the most part Lowland Scotch Presbyterians,

very slightly hibernicized in blood.

[Sidenote: Ulster’s grievances.]

The flourishing manufactures in Ulster aroused the jealousy of

rival manufacturers in England, who in 1698 succeeded in obtaining

legislation which seriously damaged the Irish linen and woollen

industries and threw many workmen out of employment. About the same

time it became apparent that an epidemic fever of persecution had

seized upon the English church. The violent reaction against the

Counter-Reformation, with the fierce war against Louis XIV., had

stimulated intolerance in all directions. The same persecuting spirit

which we have above witnessed as making trouble for the Carolinas and

Maryland found also a vent in the severe disabilities inflicted in 1704

and following years upon Presbyterians in Ireland. They were forbidden

to keep schools, marriages performed by their clergy were declared

invalid, they were not allowed to hold any office higher than that of

petty constable, and so on through a long list of silly and outrageous

enactments. For a few years this tyranny was endured in the hope that

it was but temporary. By 1719 this hope had worn away, and from that

year, until the passage of the Toleration Act for Ireland in 1782, the

people of Ulster kept flocking to America.

[Sidenote: The migration of Ulster men to America.]

[Sidenote: Scotch-Irish in the southwest.]

Of all the migrations to America previous to the days of steamships,

this was by far the largest in volume. One week of 1727 landed six

ship-loads at Philadelphia. In the two years 1773 and 1774 more than

30,000 came. In 1770 one third of the population of Pennsylvania was

Scotch-Irish. Altogether, between 1730 and 1770, I think it probable

that at least half a million souls were transferred from Ulster to

the American colonies, making not less than one sixth part of our

population at the time of the Revolution. Of these, very few came to

New England; among their descendants were the soldiers John Stark and

Henry Knox, and more lately the great naturalist Asa Gray. Those who

went to Pennsylvania received grants of land in the western mountain

region. The policy of the government was to interpose them as a buffer

between the expanding colony and the Indian frontier. Once planted

in the Alleghany region, they spread rapidly and in large numbers

toward the southwest along the mountain country through the Shenandoah

Valley and into the Carolinas. At a later time they formed almost the

entire population of West Virginia, and they were the men who chiefly

built up the commonwealths of Kentucky and Tennessee. Among these

Scotch-Irish were the Breckinridges, Alexanders, Lewises, Prestons,

Campbells, Pickenses, Stuarts, McDowells, Johnstons, and Rutledges;

Richard Montgomery, Anthony Wayne, Daniel Boone, James Robertson,

George Rogers Clark, Andrew Jackson, Thomas Benton, Samuel Houston,

John Caldwell Calhoun, Stonewall Jackson. It was chiefly Scotch-Irish

troops that won the pivotal battle at King’s Mountain, that crushed the

Indians of Alabama, and overthrew Wellington’s veterans of the Spanish

peninsula in that brief but acute agony at New Orleans. When our Civil

War came these men were a great power on both sides, but the influence

of the chief mass of them was exerted on the side of the Union; it held

Kentucky and a large part of Tennessee, and broke Virginia in twain.

[Sidenote: Settlement of the Shenandoah Valley.]

It was about 1730 that the Scotch-Irish began to pour into the

Shenandoah Valley. “Governor Gooch was then dispensing the Valley lands

so freely and indiscriminately that one Jacob Stover, it is said,

secured many acres by giving his cattle human names as settlers; and

a young woman, by dressing in various disguises of masculine attire,

obtained several large farms.”[339] Small farms, however, came to be

the rule. The first Scotch-Irish settled along the Opequon River;

and their very oldest churches, the Tuscarora Meeting-house near

Martinsburg and the Opequon Church near Winchester, are still standing.

The Germans were not long in following them, and we see their mark on

the map in such names as Strasburg and Hamburg.

[Sidenote: Profound effect upon Virginia.]

This settlement of the Valley soon began to work profound modifications

in the life of Old Virginia. Hitherto it had been purely English and

predominantly Episcopal, Cavalier, and aristocratic. There was now a

rapid invasion of Scotch Presbyterianism, with small farms, few slaves,

and democratic ideas, made more democratic by life in the backwoods.

It was impossible that two societies so different in habits and ideas

should coexist side by side, sending representatives to the same

House of Burgesses, without a stubborn conflict. For two generations

there was a ferment which resulted in the separation of church and

state, complete religious toleration, the abolition of primogeniture

and entails, and many other important changes, most of which were

consummated under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson between 1776 and

1785. Without the aid of the Valley population, these beginnings of

metamorphosis in tidewater Virginia would not have been accomplished.

[Sidenote: Frontier phase of democracy.]

Jefferson is often called the father of modern American democracy;

in a certain sense the Shenandoah Valley and adjacent Appalachian

regions may be called its cradle. In that rude frontier society, life

assumed many new aspects, old customs were forgotten, old distinctions

abolished, social equality acquired even more importance than unchecked

individualism. The notions, sometimes crude and noxious, sometimes

just and wholesome, which characterized Jacksonian democracy,

flourished greatly on the frontier and have thence been propagated

eastward through the older communities, affecting their legislation

and their politics more or less according to frequency of contact and

intercourse. Massachusetts, relatively remote and relatively ancient,

has been perhaps least affected by this group of ideas, but all parts

of the United States have felt its influence powerfully. This phase

of democracy, which is destined to continue so long as frontier

life retains any importance, can nowhere be so well studied in its

beginnings as among the Presbyterian population of the Appalachian

region in the eighteenth century.

[Sidenote: Lord Fairfax and George Washington.]

The Shenandoah Valley, however, was not absolutely given up to

Scotchmen and Germans; it was not entirely without English inhabitants

from the tidewater region. Among these, one specially interesting group

arrests our attention. At the northern end of the Valley was a little

English colony gathered about Lord Fairfax’s home at Greenway Court,

a dozen miles southwest from the site of Winchester. We have seen how

Lord Culpeper, in relinquishing his proprietary claims upon Virginia,

had retained the Northern Neck. This extensive territory passed as a

dowry with Culpeper’s daughter Catharine to her husband, the fifth Lord

Fairfax;[340] and in 1745 their son, the sixth Lord Fairfax, came to

spend the rest of his days in Virginia. There was much surveying to

be done, and the lord of Greenway Court gave this work to a young man

for whom he had conceived a strong affection. The name of Fairfax’s

youthful friend was George Washington, and it is impossible to couple

these two names without being reminded of a letter written a hundred

years before, in 1646, when Charles I. had been overthrown and taken

prisoner, and Henry Washington, royalist commander at Worcester, still

held out and refused to surrender the city without authority from the

king. Thus wrote the noble commander to the great General Fairfax,

commander of the Parliament army: “It is acknowledged by your books,

and by report of your own quarter, that the king is in some of your

armies. That granted, it may be easy for you to procure his Majesty’s

commands for the disposal of this garrison. Till then I shall make good

the trust reposed in me. As for conditions, if I shall be necessitated

I shall make the best I can. The worst I know and fear not; if I had,

the profession of a soldier had not been begun nor so long continued by

your Excellency’s humble servant,--Henry Washington.”[341]

[Sidenote: Effect of the Westward advance upon the military situation.]

[Sidenote: The Gateway of the West.]

[Sidenote: Advance of the French.]

There is a ring to this letter which sounds not unlike the utterance of

that scion of the writer’s family who was destined to win independence

for the United States. It is pleasant to know that General Fairfax

obtained the order from King Charles and granted most honourable terms

to the brave Colonel Washington. In the following century a member of

the house of Fairfax, in engaging the younger Washington to survey his

frontier estates, put him into a position which led up to his wonderful

public career. For this advance of the Virginians from tidewater to

the mountains served to bring on the final struggle with France.

The wholesale Scotch-Irish immigration was fast carrying Virginia’s

frontier toward the Ohio River, and making feasible the schemes of

Spotswood in a way that no man would have thought of. Hitherto the

struggle with the house of Bourbon had been confined to Canada at one

end of the line and Carolina at the other, while the centre had not

been directly implicated. In the first American Congress, convened

by Jacob Leisler at New York in 1690 for the purpose of concerting

measures of defence against the common enemy, Virginia (as we have

seen) took no part. The seat of war was then remote, and her strength

exerted at such a distance would have been of little avail. But in the

sixty years since 1690 the white population of Virginia had increased

fourfold, and her wealth had increased still more. Looking down the

Monongahela River to the point where its union with the Alleghany makes

the Ohio, she beheld there the gateway to the Great West, and felt a

yearning to possess it; for the westward movement was giving rise to

speculations in land, and a company was forming for the exploration and

settlement of all that Ohio country. But French eyes were not blind to

the situation, and it was their king’s pawns, not the English, that

opened the game on the mighty chess-board. French troops from Canada

crossed Lake Erie, and built their first fort where the city of Erie

now stands. Then they pushed forward down the wooded valley of the

Alleghany and built a second fortress and a third. Another stride would

bring them to the gateway. Something must be done at once.

[Sidenote: George Washington’s first appearance in history.]

At such a crisis Governor Dinwiddie had need of the ablest man Virginia

could afford, to undertake a journey of unwonted difficulty through

the wilderness, to negotiate with Indian tribes, and to warn the

advancing Frenchmen to trespass no further upon English territory. As

the best person to entrust with this arduous enterprise, the shrewd old

Scotchman selected a lad of one-and-twenty, Lord Fairfax’s surveyor,

George Washington. History does not record a more extraordinary choice,

nor one more completely justified.

* * * * *

This year 1753 marks the end of the period when we can deal with the

history of Virginia by itself. The struggle against France, so long

sustained by New York and New England, acquires a truly Continental

character when Virginia comes to take part in it. Great public

questions forthwith come up for solution, some of which are not set

at rest until after that young land surveyor has become President of

the United States. With the first encounter between Frenchmen and

Englishmen in the Alleghanies, the stream of Virginia history becomes

an inseparable portion of the majestic stream in which flows the career

of our Federal Union.

INDEX.

INDEX.

Abbot, George, i. 68.

Abbot, Jeffrey, i. 135,165.

Abraham, Heights of, i. 171; ii. 376.

Absence of towns in North Carolina, ii. 314.

Accomac peninsula, i. 224; ii. 87.

Act of Uniformity, i. 304.

Adam of Bremen, i. 18.

Adams, C. F., i. 9.

Adams, Henry, i. 112.

Adams, Samuel, i. 31; ii. 29, 98, 285.

Adelmare, Julius Cæsar, i. 68.

Adoption of captives, i. 109-111,134.

Æsop’s crow, i. 45.

African slaves less tractable than those born in America, ii. 327.

Agassiz, Louis, ii. 192.

Agnese’s map, i. 61.

Agriculture in North Carolina, ii. 313.

Alaric, ii. 91.

Albany congress, ii. 381.

Albemarle Colony, ii. 276;

Bacon looked for possible help from, ii. 281.

Albemarle Sound, i. 265.

Alcæus, epigram of, in Greek on title-page, English paraphrase,

ii. 28.

Alexander VI., i. 20, 30.

Alexander, Sir William, i. 287.

Algerine pirates, ii. 339.

Algonquins, i. 94; ii. 58-62, 168, 274, 291, 298.

Allerton, Isaac, ii. 60, 69.

Altona, ii. 139, 140.

Alva, Duke of, i. 21.

Amadis, Philip, i. 31.

America, first occurrence of the name in English, i. 13.

American Antiquarian Society, i. 2.

Americans not subject to Parliament, view of James I., i. 218.

Ancient British drama, i. 59.

Andros, Sir Edmund, ii. 115, 118, 119.

Annapolis, i. 267, 313; ii. 120, 163, 249, 269.

Anne Arundel County, ii. 137, 313.

Anne of Denmark, Queen of James I., i. 104.

Anne, Queen, ii. 123, 130.

Anti-Catholic panic, ii. 159-161.

Anti-slavery sentiment in Virginia, ii. 191.

Antwerp, i. 45.

Apaches, the, i. 107.

Appalachian region the cradle of modern democracy, ii. 396.

Appleby School, ii. 247.

Appomattox Indians, ii. 82.

Arabian Nights, i. 113; ii. 202.

Aram, Eugene, ii. 249.

Arber, Edward, i. 82, 112.

Archdale, John, ii. 291.

Archer, Gabriel, i. 124, 151.

Archer’s Hope, i. 124.

Argall, Samuel, i. 143, 161, 168, 170, 173, 174, 182, 186, 206, 207,

216, 261; ii. 16.

Argall’s Gift, i. 186.

Ark, the ship, i. 273, 290.

Arlington, Earl of, ii. 53, 54, 110, 280.

Armada, the Invincible, i. 8, 34, 36-40, 50; ii. 377.

_Armenica_, i. 13.

Arundel, Lady Anne, wife of second Lord Baltimore, i. 268, 313.

Arundel of Wardour, Lord, i. 56.

Ashley River Colony, ii. 278.

Ashley, Sir Anthony, i. 68.

Ashley, W. J., i. 48.

_Asiento_ agreement, ii. 190.

Assembly,

Maryland, i. 283, 313; ii. 134-138, 149-162;

Massachusetts, i. 240;

North Carolina, ii. 296;

Virginia, i. 186, 216;

its “Tragical Declaration,” i. 217, 240-251, 312, 314; ii. 20, 54,

70, 101, 136, 186.

Atheism, how defined by Bishop Meade, ii. 264.

Australasian colonies, ii. 183.

Avalon, proposed palatinate in Newfoundland, i. 260-263.

Avison, Charles, ii. 242.

Ayllon’s colony on James River, i. 93.

Azov, Sea of, i. 88.

Azores, i. 34, 148, 183.

Backwoods life, ii. 271, 315.

Bacon, Lord, i. 69, 144, 198, 207, 267; ii. 64.

Bacon, Nathaniel, the elder, ii. 64, 68, 89.

Bacon, Nathaniel, the rebel, his pedigree, ii. 64;

his manifesto, ii. 78-80;

his death, ii. 91.

Bacon’s assembly, ii. 100, 102.

Bacon’s rebellion, ii. 36, 45-107;

sympathizers in Maryland, ii. 155, 156, 174.

Baffin, William, i. 67.

Bailiffs, i. 276.

Baird, C. W., ii. 205.

Bahama Islands, their military value, ii. 278.

Balboa, i. 26.

Ballagh, J. C., ii. 178.

Baltimore, Lady, wife of first Lord, i. 263.

Baltimore, Lord. See Calvert.

Baltimore, the city, ii. 268, 269.

Baltimore, the Irish village, i. 255.

Bancroft, George, ii. 184.

Barbadoes, i. 273; ii. 183, 192, 207, 277, 286.

Barbecues, ii. 243.

Barlow, Arthur, i. 31.

Barns, ii. 221.

Barnwell, John, defeats the Tuscaroras, ii. 303.

Barrow, John, i. 26, 27.

Bassett, J. S., ii. 274, 276, 280.

Bates, H. W., i. 199.

Beadell, Gabriel, i. 121.

Beaumont, Francis, i. 54.

Becket, Thomas, ii. 14.

Bedford, Countess of, i. 184.

Bedroom furniture, ii. 225.

Bee, Captain, ii. 329.

Beggars, i. 48.

Behn, Mrs. Aphra, ii. 179, 180.

Belknap, Jeremy, i. 2.

Belles of Williamsburg, a poem, ii. 259.

Bennett, Richard, i. 302, 311; ii. 58, 110.

Berkeley Plantation, i. 190.

Berkeley, Lord, i. 68; ii. 52, 55, 95, 144, 272.

Berkeley, Sir Maurice, i. 68; ii. 55.

Berkeley, Sir William, i. 68, 253, 303, 308, 311, 314; ii. 17, 18,

20-22, 53-58, 62, 66-71, 76, 97, 103-107, 109, 110, 136, 137, 154,

155, 224, 245, 272, 276, 281.

Berkeleys, the, i. 163.

Bermuda Hundred, i. 168, 224.

Bermuda Islands, i. 149-151, 161, 208.

Bermudez, Juan, i. 149.

Berry, Sir John, ii. 92, 95.

Bertrand, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Beverages, ii. 229.

Beverley, Robert, clerk of assembly, ii. 80, 89, 92, 109-114.

Beverley, Robert, the historian, ii. 21, 22, 70, 196, 208-210, 255.

Bichat, Xavier, ii. 260.

Billingsgate, i. 57.

Billy, a runaway negro, ii. 197.

Birds, ii. 214.

Bishop, intention to appoint one in America, ii. 116.

Blackbeard, the last of the pirates, ii. 366-369.

Black Death, the, i. 22.

Black-eyed Susan, i. 77.

Blackiston, Nehemiah, ii. 161.

Blackmail in the West Indies, ii. 350.

Blackstone, William, ii. 128, 340.

Blair, Francis Preston, ii. 389.

Blair, James, i. 234; ii. 116-123, 129, 252, 262, 389.

Blair, Mrs. James, ii. 119.

Blake, Joseph, ii. 291, 363.

Bland, Giles, ii. 86, 87, 104.

Bland, John, ii. 47-51.

Blenheim, battle of, ii. 190, 370.

Bliss, Wm. R., ii. 251.

Blood debt, Indian ideas of, i. 108.

Blue Anchor tavern, i. 57.

Blue Ridge, ii. 73, 205, 383;

crossed by Spotswood, ii. 385.

Blunt Point, i. 209.

Blunt, Tom, a Tuscarora chief, ii. 302.

Bodleian Library, i. 28.

Bohemia, i. 90.

Bohemia Manor, ii. 141.

Bolivia, i. 25.

Bolling family descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.

Bologna, i. 83.

Bonnet, Stede, ii. 367-369.

Boon, John, ii. 363.

Boroughs, i. 226.

Boston, Mass., i. 18.

Boswell, James, ii. 334.

Boucher, Jonathan, ii. 249.

Boulogne, i. 36.

Bowdoin, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Bowdoin College, i. 43.

Boyle, Robert, ii. 124.

Bradford, Win., ii. 253.

Brafferton Hall, ii. 124.

Brandt, Sebastian, i. 14.

Braziers, ii. 225.

Brazil, Huguenots in, i. 17.

Breaking on the wheel, i. 165.

Brent, F. P., ii. 92.

Brent, Giles, i. 306; ii. 147.

“Brethren of the Coast,” ii. 345, 348.

Brick for building, ii. 222.

Bright, J. F., i. 208.

Bristol, i. 42, 56.

Brock, R. A., ii. 205.

Bromfield, Lady, ii. 200.

Brooke, Baker, ii. 151.

Brooke, Lord, ii. 12.

Brooke, Robert, a priest, ii. 166.

Brooke, Sir Robert, ii. 64.

Brown, Alexander, i. 23, 30, 60, 105-112, 144, 184, 194.

Browne, W. H., i. 261, 263, 267; ii. 61, 145.

Browning, Louisa, ii. 172.

Bruce, Philip, ii. 24, 52, 67, 111, 121, 184, 185-187, 192, 193, 195,

199, 203, 207, 208, 214, 215, 218, 220, 222, 223, 230, 236, 237,

242, 260, 327.

Brunswick, ii. 9.

Buccaneering, origin of, ii. 345.

Buccaneers, i. 24;

origin of the name, ii. 347.

Buenos Ayres, i. 25.

Burgesses, House of, i. 186.

Burghley, Lord, i. 36.

Burgundy, House of, i. 45.

Burk, John, ii. 197, 265.

Burke, Edmund, ii. 98, 250.

Burney, James, ii. 349.

Burning alive, i. 154; ii. 265, 266.

Burrington, George, ii. 303.

Burroughs, Anne, i. 113.

Burton, Sir Charles, a convict, ii. 248.

Burwell, Lewis, ii. 122.

Butler, James, ii. 180, 183, 248.

Butler, Nathaniel, his attack upon the London Company, i. 208-213, 229;

ii. 223.

Butterflies of the aristocracy, ii. 11, 17.

Buzzard’s Bay, i. 55.

Byrd, William, historian, ii. 83, 211, 240;

his library, ii. 244, 245; 256-259;

describes life in North Carolina, ii. 257, 312.

Byrd, William, the elder, ii. 83, 208, 257.

Cabot, John, i. 11; ii. 140.

Cabot, Sebastian, i. 11-14.

Cadiz, battle of, i. 38, 54, 65.

Cadiz harbour, attacked by Drake, i. 34.

Cæsar, Sir Julius, i. 68.

Calderon, i. 11.

Caliban, i. 15.

California, i. 34, 61.

Calvert, George, first Lord Baltimore, i. 255, 261, 267.

Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, i. 255, 266, 268, 273, 281,

283-292, 311-313, 315-318; ii. 131, 132, 134-141, 143, 155.

Calvert, Charles, third Lord Baltimore, ii. 138, 144, 150, 151,

154-162.

Calvert, Benedict, fourth Lord Baltimore, ii. 157, 168.

Calvert, Charles, fifth Lord Baltimore, ii. 169-173.

Calvert, Frederick, sixth Lord Baltimore, ii. 172.

Calvert, George, brother of second Lord Baltimore, i. 273.

Calvert, Leonard, i. 273, 274, 290-293, 300, 307, 308.

Calvert, Philip, ii. 132, 135, 138.

Calvert, William, ii. 151.

Cambridge, Mass., i. 43.

Cambridge University, i. 301; ii. 248.

Camden, W., i. 26, 54.

Camm, John, ii. 127, 128.

Campbell, Lord, i. 81.

Canada, i. 62, 113, 116, 193.

Canary Islands, i. 91.

Candles of myrtle wax, ii. 228.

Cannibals, i. 149, 153.

Canning, Elizabeth, ii. 183.

Cape Breton, i. 12.

Cape Charles, i. 168, 225.

Cape Clear, i. 255.

Cape Cod, i. 91, 161; ii. 4.

Cape Fear River, i. 62, 63.

Cape Finisterre, i. 59.

Cape Henry, i. 92, 94.

Cape Lookout, i. 31.

Capetian monarchy in France, i. 256.

Capital offences, i. 165.

Cardross, Lord, ii. 288.

Carey, Thomas, ii. 294.

Carey’s rebellion, ii. 296.

Carlton, Thomas, i. 91.

Carolina, i. 63, 68, 265; ii. 53;

Bacon’s watchword, ii. 86;

palatinate government of, ii. 275;

Algonquins in, ii. 298;

Spanish gold and silver in, ii. 362.

Caroni River, i. 197.

Carriages, ii. 239.

Carrington, Mrs. Edward, ii. 234-236.

Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, ii. 172.

Carroll, Charles, the elder, ii. 170-172.

Cartagena, i. 33.

Carter, i. 214.

Carteret, Sir George, ii. 144, 272.

Cary, Sir Henry, i. 68.

Caspian Sea, i. 74.

Cathay and its riches, i. 7, 12.

Catholics in Maryland, i. 270-275; ii. 150;

civil disabilities of, ii. 166-168.

Cattle, i. 167, 230; ii. 2, 347.

Cavalier families, ii. 25.

Cavalier society reproduced only on Chesapeake Bay, ii. 337.

Cavaliers in Virginia, ii. 9-29, 34-44;

in South Carolina, ii. 322.

Cavendish, Lord, i. 207, 214, 215, 220.

Cavendish, Sir Thomas, circumnavigation of the earth by, i. 34;

ii. 342.

Caviar, i. 143.

Cecil, Sir Robert, i. 40, 55, 144, 195, 225.

Central America, i. 61.

Cessation of tobacco crops, ii. 52, 153.

Chamberlain, a court gossip, i. 207.

Chain Lightning City, i. 226.

Champlain, Samuel, i. 116.

Chancellor of temporalities, i. 276.

Chancery courts, i. 276.

Chandler, Thomas, ii. 164.

Chapman, George, i. 56.

Channing, Edward, ii. 40, 100.

Charatza Tragabigzanda, i. 88.

Charcoal and its fumes, i. 141.

Charlecote Hall, i. 69.

Charles, old name for York River, i. 223.

Charles I., i. 92, 195, 236, 238, 243, 251, 253, 263, 265, 288, 292,

298, 307, 309, 312, 315; ii. 1, 7, 12, 16, 29, 272, 397.

Charles II., i. 278, 302, 308, 309, 312; ii. 7, 20-24, 46, 53-56, 76,

81, 101, 105, 108-113, 137, 138, 143, 144, 149, 174, 246, 272, 356.

Charles V., the Emperor, i. 45, 46.

Charles IX. of France, i. 265; ii. 272.

Charles City, i. 186, 225, 228.

Charleston, the city, founding of, ii. 278;

removed to a new situation, ii. 285;

commerce of, ii. 326;

social life in, ii. 331;

attacked by French and Spanish fleet, ii. 378.

Charter of Massachusetts carried to New England, i. 236.

Chastellux, Marquis de, i. 3; ii. 224.

Cheesman, Edward, ii. 92, 93, 104.

Cheesman, Mrs., insulted by Berkeley, ii. 93.

Cheltenham, i. 43.

Cherokees, the, ii. 300.

Chesapeake Bay, i. 32, 56, 61, 112, 161, 190, 274.

Cheseldyn, Kenelm, ii. 161.

Chester, palatinate of, i. 257.

Chicheley, Sir Henry, ii. 77, 80, 89, 284.

Chickahominy, the river, i. 100, 225.

Chickahominy, the tribe, i. 140.

Childs, James, founder of a free school, ii. 325.

Chili, i. 34.

Chimneys, ii. 223.

China, i. 41.

Chinese pirates, ii. 339.

Chollop, Hannibal, ii. 320.

Chowan River, i. 265.

Christiansen, Hendrick, i. 171.

Christopher, the Syrian saint, i. 119.

Church at Jamestown, i. 160, 169, 243.

Church of England established in Maryland, ii. 162.

Church wardens, ii. 35, 99.

Chuzzlewit, Martin, ii. 320.

Cintra, i. 34.

Circumnavigation of the earth by Drake, i. 26-28.

Claiborne, William, i. 251, 265, 286-295, 299-301, 306-308, 314-318;

ii. 80, 141.

Clarendon Colony, ii. 277;

abandoned, ii. 290.

Claret, American, i. 18; ii. 207.

Clarkson, Thomas, ii. 201.

Classical revival, ii. 224.

Clay-eaters, ii. 320.

Clayton, John, botanist, ii. 259.

Clement VIII., i. 83.

Clergymen in early New England, ii. 30, 253;

in Virginia and Maryland, ii. 261;

in South Carolina, how elected, ii. 323;

contrast with those of Virginia, ii. 323.

Clergymen’s salaries, i. 247; ii. 36.

Climate of South Carolina, ii. 328;

of Virginia, i. 4.

Clobery & Co., fur traders, i. 287, 292, 299, 300.

“Cloister and the Hearth,” the, i. 80.

Cobham, Lord, i. 197.

Cockatrice, the ship, i. 293.

Code of laws in Dale’s time, i. 164.

Codfish, ii. 207.

Coke, Sir Edward, i. 273.

Cold Harbor, i. 224.

Coligny, Admiral, i. 17, 18, 30.

Colleton, Sir John, ii. 272, 287.

Collingwood, Edward, i. 221.

Colonels in the South, why so common, ii. 41.

Colonization of Ulster by James I., ii. 391.

Columbia, S. C., i. 62.

Columbine as a floral emblem, i. 156.

Columbus, Christopher, his object in sailing westward, i. 7; ii. 140.

Comanches, i. 107.

Commons, House of, i. 244; ii. 14.

Communal houses, i. 17.

Communal lands, i. 94.

Communism among the first settlers of Virginia, i. 142, 147, 159,

166, 167.

Communists and lager beer, i. 166;

in Bacon’s rebellion, ii. 103.

“Complaint from Heaven,” ii. 159.

Conch, a kind of mean white, ii. 320.

Congregations, migration of, ii. 30, 252.

Congress of 1690, ii. 168.

Conspiracy of the Carolina Indians, ii. 300.

Constables, i. 276.

Constantine the Great, i. 22.

Continental Congress of 1690, ii. 377.

Convicts sent to America, ii. 177-191;

as schoolmasters, ii. 248, 249.

Conway, Moncure, ii. 174, 214.

Coode, John, ii. 161.

Cook, Ebenezer, his poem “The Sot-Weed Factor,” ii. 220.

Cooke, J. E., i. 247; ii. 11, 124.

Cooper, A. A., Earl of Shaftesbury, ii. 272, 285.

Copeland, Patrick, i. 233.

Copley, Sir Lionel, ii. 117, 162.

Cordilleras, i. 25.

Corn crackers, a kind of mean white, ii. 320.

Cornets and trumpets, ii. 242.

Cornwallis, the Earl, i. 273.

Cornwallis, Thomas, i. 273, 307.

Coronado, expedition of, i. 61.

Coroners, ii. 39.

Corruption and extortion, ii. 56.

Coruña, i. 34.

Coryat, Thomas, introduces the use of forks into England, ii. 226.

Cortez in Mexico, i. 101.

Cotton crop in South Carolina, ii. 326.

Counter-reformation, ii. 160, 379.

Counties in Virginia, ii. 37.

Count Palatine, meaning of the title, i. 257.

County court, English, i. 187.

County courts in Virginia, ii. 38.

County lieutenants in Virginia, ii. 41.

Coursey, Henry, ii. 151.

Court day in Virginia, ii. 42.

Court House in town names, ii. 38.

Court Party, i. 182.

Courts baron, ii. 146, 148, 282;

leet, i. 282; ii. 146-148;

quarter session, i. 276.

Cowley, Abraham, i. 28.

Cowley, Ambrose, a buccaneer, ii. 358.

Crackers, a kind of mean white, ii. 320.

Craft guilds, ii. 15;

of London, i. 179.

Craftsmen desired in Virginia, i. 162.

Cranfield, Sir M., i. 214.

Craven, Lord, ii. 272, 303.

Creeks and rivers as roadways, i. 212.

Crèvecœur, St. John de, ii. 330.

Crimes and punishments, ii. 265.

Croatan, i. 39.

Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector, i. 144, 278, 314, 316-318;

ii. 12, 46, 131, 134, 349.

Cromwell, Richard, ii. 20, 134.

Crown requisitions, ii. 168.

Cruel punishments, ii. 330.

Crusades, i. 8.

Cuitlahuatzin, i. 101.

Culpeper, John, and his rebellion, ii. 283.

Culpeper, Lord, ii. 53, 54, 70, 110-113, 245, 280.

Culpeper, the town, ii. 39.

Cumana, i. 197.

Curl’s Wharf, ii. 64, 65, 75.

“Cursed be Canaan,” ii. 192.

Custis, D. P., ii. 119.

Cypress shingles, ii. 223.

Cyprus, i. 83.

Dabney, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Dale, Sir Thomas, i. 163-171;

code of laws in Dale’s time, i. 164, 194, 223, 301.

Dale’s Gift, i. 168, 225.

Dampier, William, ii. 358.

Daniel, Robert, ii. 294.

Danvers, Sir J., i. 220.

Dare of Virginia, i. 35, 39.

Darien, the peak in, i. 26.

Dartmouth, Eng., i. 53.

Darwin, Charles, ii. 359.

Davenant, Sir William, i. 308.

Davis, a Maryland rebel, ii. 156.

Davis, Edward, a buccaneer, ii. 358.

Davis, John, i. 21, 52.

Deane, Charles, i. 44, 112.

Defoe, Daniel, ii. 178, 179, 187.

Deerfield, destruction of, ii. 378.

Delaware, i. 145.

Delaware, Lady, i. 171.

Delaware, Lord, i. 146-148, 152-155, 159-163, 166-177, 183, 243.

Delaware, the colony, i. 235.

Delaware, the river, i. 61.

Delawares, the tribe, i. 146.

Deliverance, the ship, i. 151.

Delke, Roger, ii. 53.

Demagogues, ii. 33.

Demos, the many-headed king, ii. 381.

Deptford, i. 27.

Devil, the, is an Ass, a comedy, ii. 226.

Devonshire, first Earl of, i. 207.

Diderot, D., i. 2.

Digges, Edward, i. 314.

Dining-room furniture, ii. 226.

Dinwiddie, Robert, ii. 390.

Discovery, the ship, i. 71.

Dismal Swamp, ii. 65, 211.

Dissenters, i. 302; ii. 99, 165, 263, 292.

Doeg, the tribe, ii. 58.

Domestic industries, ii. 208.

Dominica, the island, i. 91.

Donne, John, i. 54, 221.

Don Quixote, i. 53.

Don, the river, i. 89.

Douglas, Earl of Orkney, ii. 120.

Dove, the ship, i. 273, 290.

Doyle, J. A., i. 42, 117, 185; ii. 18, 176.

Dragon, Spanish nickname for Drake, i. 33.

Drake, Sir Francis, i. 19, 24, 26, 33, 34, 59; ii. 342, 383.

Draper, Lyman, ii. 245.

Drayton, Michael, i. 77-79, 232.

Dress of planters and their wives, ii. 236;

legislation concerning, i. 246.

Drinking horns, ii. 227.

Drummond Lake, ii. 65.

Drummond, Sarah, ii. 77, 94, 95.

Drummond, William, ii. 65, 77, 87, 89, 94, 276.

Drunkards, i. 246.

Drysdale, Hugh, ii. 390.

Duelling, ii. 265.

Dunkirk, i. 36, 37.

Durand, William, i. 311.

Durant, George, ii. 276, 286;

and the Yankee skippers, ii. 283.

Durham, palatinate of, its form of government, i. 257, 259, 260,

275-279.

Durham cathedral, i. 259.

“Dust and Ashes,” pseudonym for Gabriel Barber, i. 234.

Dutch commercial rivals of England, ii. 4, 46-51.

Dutch in the East Indies, i. 10.

Dutch Gap, i. 167.

Dwina, the river, i. 74.

Eastchurch, Governor of Albemarle and his Creole bride, ii. 282-284.

East Greenwich, manor of, i. 65.

East India Company, Dutch, i. 51.

East India Company, English, i. 51, 66, 184.

“Eastward Ho,” the comedy, i. 56.

Eden, Charles, ii. 304, 367.

Eden, Richard, i. 14, 15.

Eden, Sir Robert, ii. 172.

Edenton, the town, ii. 314.

Edgar the Peaceful, i. 260.

Edmund Ironside, i. 260.

Edmundson, William, ii. 57.

Education of Indians, i. 246.

Education in Ulster, ii. 392.

Edward III., i. 22, 259; ii. 22.

Edward VI., i. 14, 51.

Edwards, Jonathan, ii. 254.

Egypt, i. 83.

Egyptian extremity of Illinois, ii. 320.

El Dorado, i. 54, 116, 192.

Eldredge family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.

Elizabeth City, i. 225, 228.

Elizabeth Islands, i. 55.

Elizabeth, Queen, i. 9, 16, 21, 23, 27-29, 31, 36, 43, 48, 50,

53-55, 59, 146, 200; ii. 22, 192, 226.

Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, i. 225.

England never had a _noblesse_, or upper caste, ii. 13.

England, population of, in Elizabeth’s time, i. 46.

English colonies in America promised self-government by Queen

Elizabeth, i. 31.

English methods of colonization, i. 25.

Episcopal Church in Virginia, its downfall, ii. 263.

Escurial, i. 37.

Essex, the Earl of, i. 38.

Eugene, Prince, ii. 190, 334.

Euxine, the sea, i. 74.

Evelin, George, i. 299, 300.

Evelinton Manor, ii. 147.

Exodus of Cavaliers from England to Virginia, ii. 16.

Exodus of Puritans from Virginia, ii. 17.

Expedition of French and Spanish ships against Charleston, ii. 293.

Exquemeling, Alexander, ii. 352, 354-357.

Faculty meetings at William and Mary, ii. 124.

Fairfax, first Lord, ii. 12.

Fairfax, fifth Lord, ii. 397.

Fairfax, sixth Lord, ii. 397.

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, ii. 397.

Falkland, Lord, i. 69; ii. 11, 29.

Falling Creek, i. 225.

Falstaff, ii. 230.

Farnese, Alexander, i. 36.

Farnese, Francesco, i. 87.

Faust, ii. 68.

Fayal, i. 29, 54.

“Federalist, The,” one of the world’s masterpieces, ii. 254.

Felton, William, ii. 242.

Fendall, Josias, i. 318; ii. 132-138.

Ferrar, Nicholas, the elder, i. 203.

Ferrar, Nicholas, the younger, i. 184, 203-207, 214-216, 218, 220-222,

231, 236; ii. 116, 255.

Ferryland, i. 256.

Festivities at proclamation of Charles II., ii. 21.

Feudal lords, imperfect subordination of, i. 256.

Fiery dragons, missiles invented by Smith, i. 84.

Fighting without declaration of war, ii. 344.

Filibuster, origin of the name, ii. 348.

First supply for Virginia, i. 112, 122.

Fitzhugh, William, ii. 208.

Five Nations, the, ii. 58, 144, 168.

Flanders, Moll, ii. 178.

Flash, Sir Petronel, i. 56-59.

Fleete, Henry, i. 291.

Fleming family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.

Fletcher, Governor of New York, ii. 363.

Fletcher, John, i. 54.

Flibustiers, origin of the name, ii. 347.

Flirting, prohibited by act of legislature, i. 247.

Florence, i. 83.

Florida, discovery of, i. 12, 60, 62, 265;

Huguenots in, i. 17, 18;

massacre of, i. 23, 194.

Flournoy, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Flowerdieu Hundred, i. 186.

Flower-gardens, ii. 221.

Flutes, ii. 242.

Folkmotes, i. 277.

Fontaine, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Foote, W. H., ii. 203.

Force, Peter, ii. 66.

Ford, P. L., ii. 239, 240, 261.

Ford, W. C., ii. 261.

Forestallers, law against, i. 249, 250.

Fort Duquesne, ii. 303.

Fort James, i. 93.

Fort Nassau, i. 254.

Fox-Bourne, H. R., ii. 273.

Fox, George, in Maryland, ii. 139.

Fox-hunting, ii. 239.

France once had a _noblesse_, or upper class, ii. 13.

Franklin, Benjamin, ii. 254, 303;

his plan for a federal union, ii. 381.

Fredericksburg, ii. 58, 247.

Frederica, battle of, ii. 335.

Free negroes, ii. 199.

Freethinking, ii. 264.

French colonization, i. 193.

French posts in Mississippi valley, ii. 384.

Frobisher, Sir Martin, i. 21, 36; ii. 342.

Frontenac, Count de, ii. 378.

Frontier against Spaniards, ii. 270, 271.

Frontier life, ii. 253;

effects of in American history, ii. 270, 271.

Frontier life in North Carolina, ii. 311.

Froude, J. A., i. 16, 21, 35.

Fuller, Thomas, i. 81, 158.

Fuller, William, ii. 132, 137.

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, ii. 273, 274, 280.

Fundy, Bay of, i. 63, 170.

Funerals, ii. 237.

Fur trade, the, i. 286, 289.

Galapagos Islands, ii. 359.

Gale, Christopher, ii. 302.

Gama, Vasco de, i. 12.

Game, ii. 229.

Gardiner, S. R., i. 201, 272; ii. 184.

Garrison, W. L., ii. 192.

Gates, Sir Thomas, i. 65, 147, 148, 150, 154, 162, 163, 171.

Gateway of the West, ii. 399.

Gay family, descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.

Gayangos, Pascual de, i. 87.

Geddes, Jennie, i. 236.

Genealogy, importance of, ii. 26;

of Washington, ii. 27.

Genoa, ii. 344.

Gentlemen as pioneers, i. 121.

Genty, the Abbé, i. 4.

Geographical conditions, influence of, ii. 309.

Geographical knowledge, progress of, i. 41.

George I., ii. 169.

George III., i. 31, 130; ii. 115.

Georgia, i. 63, 280;

a frontier colony, ii. 333;

slavery prohibited in, ii. 335;

introduced there, ii. 336;

Spaniards driven from, ii. 335;

population of, ii. 336.

Germanna Ford, ii. 372.

German immigration to North Carolina, ii. 318.

Germans at Werowocomoco, i. 131, 139;

in Appalachian region, ii. 318;

in the Mohawk Valley, ii. 318;

in Shenandoah Valley, ii. 395;

on the Rapidan River, ii. 372.

Gerrard, Thomas, ii. 134, 161.

Gibbon, John, ii. 20.

Gibraltar, Venezuela, sack of by Le Basque, ii. 350;

sacked by Morgan, ii. 353.

Gift of God, the ship, i. 70.

Gilbert, Bartholomew, i. 56, 102.

Gilbert, Raleigh, i. 67, 70.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, i. 19-23, 28; ii. 342;

shipwreck of, i. 29.

Gillam, a Yankee skipper, ii. 283.

Glass, attempts to manufacture, i. 123, 230.

Glastonbury Minster, i. 260.

Glover, William, ii. 295.

God Speed, the ship, i. 71.

Goddard, Anthony, i. 20.

Godwyn, ii. 192.

Gog, i. 41.

Gold, all that glitters is not, i. 122.

Gold fever in Virginia, i. 122.

Golden Hind, the ship, i. 26-28, 59.

Gomez, i. 26.

Gondomar, Count, i. 195, 196, 198, 199.

Gooch, William, ii. 390, 395.

Goode, G. B., ii. 83.

Goode, John, his conversation with Bacon, ii. 82-86.

Gookin, Daniel, the elder, i. 302.

Gookin, Daniel, the younger, i. 304.

Gorges, Robert, i. 288.

Gorges, Sir F., i. 56, 67.

Gorton, Samuel, i. 289.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, his voyage to New England in 1602, i. 55;

71, 90, 92, 98.

Gourgues, Dominique de, i. 20, 73.

Government of early settlers in Virginia, i. 160.

Government of laws, ii. 267.

Gracchus, Tiberius, ii. 107.

Graffenried, Baron, leads a party of Swiss and Germans to North

Carolina, ii. 297;

captured by the Tuscaroras, ii. 300-303.

Granaries, ii. 221.

Grant, U. S., i. 88; ii. 191.

Gratz in Styria, i. 84.

Gray, Asa, ii. 394.

Gray, Samuel, ii. 195.

Gray’s Inn, i. 175.

Graydon, Alexander, ii. 165.

Great circle sailing, i. 91.

Great Wighcocomoco, naval fight at, i. 293, 299.

Greeks, the, i. 37.

Green Spring, ii. 55, 87, 89, 100, 224.

Greene, Roger, ii. 276.

Greene, S. A., ii. 160.

Grenville, Sir Richard, i. 33-35, 36.

Greenway Court, ii. 397.

Grigsby, H. B., ii. 10.

Grimm, F. M., Baron, i. 3.

Grolier Club, ii. 174.

_Guardacostas_, small cruisers, ii. 346.

Guiana, i. 54.

Gunpowder explosion at Werowocomoco, i. 141.

Gunpowder plot, i. 67.

Gunston Hall, ii. 224;

mode of life at, ii. 232-234.

_Habeas corpus_ introduced into Virginia, ii. 371.

Haddon, Dr., his prescriptions and bills, ii. 260.

Haddon Hall, ii. 273.

Hakluyt, Richard, the elder, i. 41.

Hakluyt, Richard, the younger, i. 42-52, 65, 128.

Hale, E. E., i. 2.

Halidon Hill, battle of, i. 260.

Halmote in Durham, i. 277.

Hamilton, Alexander, ii. 98, 175, 254.

Hammond, John, i. 289.

Hamor, Ralph, i. 165;

his “True Discourse,” i. 232.

Hampden, John, i. 204;

ii. 12.

Hampton, i. 132, 167, 187, 225.

Hampton Court, i. 198.

Hampton Roads, i. 92, 155.

Hancock, John, ii. 285.

Handcock, a Tuscarora chief, ii. 302-304.

Handel, G. F., ii. 190, 242.

Hanham, Thomas, i. 67.

Hannibal, i. 19.

Hanover, ii. 9.

Hansford, Betsey, ii. 127, 128.

Hansford, Thomas, ii. 92, 95, 104.

“Hardscrabble,” ii. 313.

Hardwicke, Lord, ii. 200.

Harford, Henry, ii. 173.

Harpsichords, ii. 242.

Harrison, Thomas, i. 306, 311.

Harvard College, i. 147, 234, 235.

Harvey, Sir John, i. 251, 253, 264, 274, 287, 293-299, 303;

ii. 5, 16, 77.

Hautboys, ii. 241.

Hawkes, F. L., ii. 277, 281, 285, 287, 298.

Hawkins, Sir John, i. 15-20, 24, 36, 59;

ii. 342.

Hawkins, William, i. 15.

Hayden, H. E., ii. 205.

Hayti, ii. 347.

Hedges, dying under, i. 211.

Heidelberg, i. 258.

Hell Gate, i. 303.

Hendren, S. R., ii. 72.

Hening’s Statutes, i. 230, 248-250, 295, 304; ii. 21, 71, 98-100,

114, 116, 121, 185, 186, 194, 195-200, 202, 203, 212, 219, 240,

245, 246, 265.

Henrico County, i. 168;

ii. 67.

Henricus, City of, i. 168, 186, 225, 227, 229, 234.

Henriette Marie, Queen of Charles I., i. 266.

Henry I., i. 256.

Henry II., i. 256.

Henry III., i. 258.

Henry III. of France, ii. 226.

Henry IV., i. 259;

ii. 229.

Henry IV. of France, ii. 168, 377.

Henry VI., ii. 22.

Henry VII., i. 50.

Henry VIII., i. 22, 47, 48, 181, 259, 285;

ii. 285.

Henry the Navigator, i, 50.

Henry, Patrick, i. 31;

ii. 127, 266.

Henry, Prince of Wales, i. 92, 163, 168, 195.

Henry, W. W., i. 112.

Heralds’ College, i. 86.

Herbert, George, i. 220.

Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, i. 220.

Herbert, William, i. 68.

Herkimer, Nicholas, ii. 318.

Herman, Augustine, ii. 143.

Herman, Ephraim, ii. 143.

Hervey, Lord, i. 66.

Highwaymen, amateur, i. 81;

ii. 102.

Hildreth, Richard, i. 305.

Hill, Edward, ii. 71, 73.

Hindustan, i. 25.

Hinton, Sir Thomas, ii. 5.

Hispaniola, ii. 347.

Hobby the sexton, ii. 247.

Hoe-cake, i. 17.

Holinshed, i. 27.

Holy Grail, the, i. 204.

Holy Roman Empire, i. 258.

Holy Staircase, i. 83.

Hominy, i. 275.

Hooker, Richard, i. 69, 235.

Horse-racing, i. 232;

ii. 237-239;

prohibited at William and Mary, ii. 126.

Horses, i. 230.

Hospitality in Virginia and Maryland, ii. 219.

Hotten, J. C., ii. 184, 186.

Housekeeper’s instructions at William and Mary, ii. 124.

Houses in Virginia, i. 211, 212.

Howard of Effingham, Lord, governor of Virginia, ii. 113-116,

158, 246.

Howard of Effingham, Lord, the admiral, i. 36;

ii. 342.

Howard, Lord Thomas, i. 38;

ii. 342.

Hubbard’s store, an inventory of, ii. 214.

Hudson Bay Company, ii. 53, 383.

Hudson, Henry, i. 66.

Hudson, the river, i. 61-63, 265.

Hughson, S. C., ii. 362.

Huguenots, in Florida, i. 17, 18;

in Brazil, i. 17;

massacre of, i. 18, 23, 73;

expelled from France, ii. 160;

in Virginia, ii. 204;

in Carolina, ii. 274;

in South Carolina, ii. 288, 292, 322;

in North Carolina, ii. 297.

Humboldt, Alexander, i. 54.

Hume, David, i. 54.

Hundreds and boroughs, i. 227, 228.

Hundreds in Maryland, i. 284;

in Virginia, i. 186.

Hungary, i. 90.

Hunt, Robert, i. 93.

Hunter, school tutor, ii. 247.

Hunter, William, a priest, ii. 165.

Huntingdon School, i. 144.

Huntingdonshire, i. 205.

Hutchinson, Thomas, i. 240;

ii. 29;

his work in history, ii. 254.

Hyde, Edward, Lord Clarendon, ii. 272, 285.

Hyde, governor of Albemarle, ii. 296.

Idaho, i. 187.

“Il Penseroso,” i. 205.

Independence, Declaration of, ii. 108, 171.

Indian corn, as a floral emblem, i. 156;

its importance in American history, i. 156;

cultivated in Virginia, i. 231;

raised in Maryland, i. 275;

ii. 2.

Indian girls dancing, i. 114.

Indian troubles in Albemarle probably not incited by Carey and

Porter, ii. 297.

Indians in Virginia, number of, ii. 8.

Indians of Carolina classified, ii. 298-300.

Indians of North Carolina, i. 32;

of Virginia, i. 56, 74.

Indians sold for slaves, ii. 277.

Indigo, an important staple of South Carolina, ii. 326.

Industries, domestic, ii. 208.

Infanta Maria, i. 195, 198, 200.

Ingle, Edward, i. 228, 306-308; ii. 41, 43.

Ingram, David, i. 20.

Initiative in legislation, i. 284;

ii. 151.

Inns in Virginia, i. 211;

in Maryland, ii. 219.

Inquisition, the Spanish, i. 20, 36, 45.

Insolvent debtors in North Carolina, ii. 313;

Oglethorpe’s plan for relieving, ii. 334.

Instructions for the Virginia colonists, i. 72-76.

Insurrections of slaves, ii. 196;

in South Carolina, ii. 329.

Ireland, i. 66.

Isabella, Queen, i. 51.

Isle of Wight County, i. 302.

Isles of Demons, i. 150.

Isolation, barbarizing effects of, ii. 253, 321, 332, 333.

Jack of the Feather, a chief, i. 190.

Jackson, Andrew, ii. 391.

Jamaica, ii. 183; conquest of, ii. 349.

James I., i. 55, 62, 69, 104, 113, 147, 152, 218, 236-238, 255,

256, 263;

ii. 256, 391;

censures Rolfe for marrying a princess, i. 171, 193;

tries to get on without a parliament, i. 196;

his hatred of Raleigh, i. 197;

tries to interfere with election of treasurer of Virginia Company,

i. 201-203;

quarrels with Parliament, i. 208;

attempts to corrupt Nicholas Ferrar, i. 216.

James II., ii. 8, 144, 146, 159, 160, 334.

James City, i. 186, 210.

James, Duke of York. See James II.

James River, fight in, i. 305.

James, the Old Pretender, ii. 168.

James, Thomas, of New Haven, i. 303.

Jamestown, i. 39;

founding of, i. 39, 140;

famine at, i. 153, 229;

burned by Bacon, ii. 89;

ruins of, ii. 120.

Jay, John, ii. 254.

Jefferson, Thomas, i. 221;

ii. 25, 37, 42, 66, 98, 128, 175, 191, 201, 202, 204, 213, 224,

242, 259, 396.

Jeffries, Sir Herbert, ii. 92, 95.

Jewett, C., ii. 9.

Johnson, C., ii. 368.

Johnson, John, ii. 146.

Johnson, Robert, ii. 306, 365-368.

Johnson, Samuel, ii. 180.

Johnson, Sir Nathaniel, ii. 292.

Johnsonese writing, ii. 256.

Joint-stock companies, i. 51, 62, 191, 280.

Jonah, the prophet, i. 83.

Jones, C. C., ii. 334.

Jones, Hugh, i. 302; ii. 188, 238, 386.

Jones, Sir William, ii. 28.

Jonson, Ben, i. 54, 56; ii. 226.

Jouet, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Jowles, Henry, ii. 161.

Joyce, P. W., i. 255.

Justice, Henry, barrister and convict, ii. 248.

Kalm, Peter, ii. 164.

Karlsefni, Thorfinn, ii. 277.

Kawasha, patron of tobacco, i. 175.

Kecoughtan, i. 186, 209.

Kecoughtans, the tribe, i. 132.

Keith, George, i. 302.

Kemp, Richard, appointed secretary of state in Virginia, i. 295,

298, 299.

Kendall, George, i. 100.

Kennebec River, i. 70.

Kent, i. 65; palatinate of, i. 257.

Kent Island, i. 287, 289-294, 296, 299-301, 307, 315, 318.

Kentucky, its settlers, ii. 394, 395.

Kidd, William, ii. 368.

Kidnapping, ii. 177, 186;

of Indians, ii. 292.

King Philip’s War, ii. 63.

King, Rufus, ii. 66.

Kinship reckoned through females, i. 95.

Kinsman, ii. 5.

Kirke, Colonel, ii. 200.

Kitchens, ii. 221, 228.

Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, ii. 386.

Knowles, John, of Watertown, i. 303.

Knox, Henry, ii. 394.

Kocoum, chieftain, said to have been first husband of Pocahontas, i.

168.

Labadie, Jean de, ii. 142.

Labadists, ii. 142.

La Belle Sauvage, name for London taverns, i. 172.

Labrador, i. 12, 61.

La Cosa, the pilot, i. 119.

Lady of Barbadoes, a, ii. 192.

Lake Erie, its strategic importance, ii. 387, 388.

La Muce, Marquis de, ii. 204.

Lancaster, palatinate of, i. 259.

Land grants, ii. 176;

in New England, ii. 31;

in Virginia, ii. 23, 24, 36.

Lane, Ralph, i. 32, 159.

La Plata, the river, i. 25.

Larned, J. N., ii. 201.

La Roche, Captain, i. 83.

La Rochefort, ii. 347.

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, ii. 331.

La Salle, Robert de, ii. 383.

Las Casas, i. 4; ii. 349.

Latané, J. H., i. 302.

Laud, William, Archbishop, i. 204, 298, 303;

ii. 17.

Laudonnière, René de, i. 17.

Lawnes’ Plantation, i. 186.

Lawrence, Richard, ii. 65, 67, 68, 76, 87, 89, 91, 93, 203.

Lawson, John, surveyor, ii. 277;

his history of Carolina, his charming style, captured by the

Tuscaroras, his horrible death, ii. 301;

his description of North Carolina, ii. 310.

Lawyers in Virginia, ii. 266.

Laydon, John, i. 113.

Laziness, charge of, brought against Virginians, ii. 209, 210.

Leaders of men, Virginia prolific in, ii. 44.

Leah and Rachel, i. 289, 311, 315, 318; ii. 267.

Lear, Tobias, ii. 261.

Le Basque, Michel, a buccaneer, ii. 350.

Lecky, W., ii. 190.

Lee, Edmund, ii. 19.

Lee, Richard, the first, ii. 19, 20.

Lee, Richard, 2d, ii. 61, 80.

Lee, Richard Henry, 2d, ii. 23.

Lee, William, ii. 19, 22.

Lees of Coton Hall, ii. 19.

Legislation in Albemarle Colony, ii. 279.

Legislature, first in America, i. 186.

Legislatures, bicameral, i. 187.

Leisler, Jacob, ii. 96, 115, 159, 399.

Le Moine, the painter, i. 18, 30.

Libraries in Virginia, ii. 243-245.

Life of Virginia planters, ii. 230-234.

Lightfoot, Philip, ii. 89.

Lincoln, Abraham, ii. 191.

Linen manufactures in the United States, ii. 392, 393.

Liquors, price regulated by law, i. 249.

Little Gidding, i. 205.

Locke, John, i. 235; ii. 272-274.

Logan, James, ii. 365.

Lok, Captain, i. 16.

Lok, Michael, i. 61, 68.

London Company, the, i. 62-72, 80, 113, 129, 130;

second charter of the, i. 144-146, 192;

its third charter, i. 177;

its quarter sessions, i. 178;

factions form in, i. 182, 188;

its overthrow, i. 196-222;

some effects of its downfall, i. 238-240.

Long Assembly, the, ii. 57-63, 99.

Longfellow, H. W., ii. 227.

Long Island Sound, i. 63.

Lord lieutenant, i. 281.

Lord Proprietor of Maryland, his powers, i. 270.

Lords, House of, ii. 14.

Lords of the manor, ii. 32.

Lords of Trade, i. 301.

“Lost Lady,” the, a comedy, ii. 56.

Lotteries, i. 178.

Louis XIV., i. 52;

ii. 117, 159, 168, 360, 377, 378.

Lucy, Sir Thomas, i. 69.

Ludwell, Philip, ii. 87, 89, 102, 104, 290.

Ludwell, Thomas, ii. 52, 89, 106.

Lunenburg, ii. 9.

Luther, Martin, i. 8; ii. 160.

Lyly, John, i. 53.

Macdonald, Flora, ii. 318.

Mace, Samuel, i. 54.

MacGregor, The, i. 94.

Machiavelli, i. 82.

McMaster, J. B., ii. 218.

Madison, James, ii. 175, 250, 254.

Madre de Dios, the ship, i. 54.

Madrid, i. 194.

Magellan, i. 26.

Magog, i. 41.

Maherrins, the tribe, last remnant of the Susquehannocks, ii. 299.

Mahomet and the mountain, i. 114.

Maine, i. 67.

Maine Historical Society, i. 43.

Maine Law, ii. 335.

Makemie, Francis, ii. 206.

Maitland, F. W., ii. 197.

Malaria, ii. 121.

Malay pirates, ii. 339.

Malbone, Rodolphus, ii. 265.

Malory, Philip, ii. 21.

Manhattan Island, i. 253, 303;

ii. 139.

Manners, Lady Dorothy, ii. 273.

Manorial courts, i. 276.

Manor, lords of, ii. 32.

Manors in Maryland, i. 282;

ii. 146;

transformed by slavery, ii. 148.

Mansfield, Lord, his decision that slaves landing on British soil

became free, ii. 201.

Mansvelt, a buccaneer, ii. 350.

Map of North Virginia, i. 55.

Map of Virginia contrasted with that of New England, ii. 8, 9.

Maracaibo, sack of, by Le Basque, ii. 350;

by Morgan, ii. 353.

Marcus Aurelius, i. 82.

Marches or border counties, i. 257.

Market, the American, i. 46.

Marlborough, Duke of, ii. 190.

Marquis, meaning of the title, i. 257.

Marseilles, i. 82.

Marshall, John, ii. 129, 175, 266.

Martha’s Vineyard, i. 55, 56; ii. 8.

Martian, Nicholas, i. 288.

Martin Brandon, i. 186;

and Flowerdieu Hundred, i. 225.

Martin, John, i. 92, 245.

Martin, Richard, his speech in the House of Commons, i. 181.

Martin’s Hundred, i. 186, 209.

Martyr, Peter, i. 15.

Mary and John, the ship, i. 70.

Marye, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Marye, James, ii. 247.

Maryland, i. 63, 145;

origin of the name, i. 265;

called the Scarlet Woman, i. 295;

Puritans in, ii. 137, 150;

Quakers in, ii. 138;

Catholics in, ii. 150;

sheriffs in, ii. 153;

parsons, ii. 165;

wheat culture in, ii. 268;

social features of, ii. 267, 269;

poll tax in, ii. 376.

Maryland Historical Society, i. 268.

Marylanders mistaken for Spaniards, i. 292.

Mary Tudor, i. 66.

Masaniello, ii. 103.

Mason, George, colonel of cavalry, ii. 59, 104, 234.

Mason, George, statesman, ii. 59, 247;

life on his plantation, ii. 232-234.

Mason, James Murray, ii. 234.

Mason, John, ii. 232-234, 247.

Masquerade of Indians, i. 114.

“Masque of Flowers,” a play, i. 175.

Mass celebrated for the first time in English America, i. 274.

Massachusetts, i. 63;

ii. 12;

laws concerning immigrants, ii. 184.

Massachusetts Bay Company, i. 236;

its first charter, i. 269.

Massachusetts Historical Society, i. 1.

Massacre by Indians in 1622, i. 190, 208, 302;

in 1644, i. 305;

in 1672, i. 236;

in 1676, ii. 62;

in 1711, ii. 302;

in 1715, ii. 306.

Massacre by border ruffians at Lawrence in 1863, ii. 320.

Massacre of Huguenots, i. 18.

Massasoit, i. 156.

Mather, Cotton, i. 304.

Mathews, Samuel, i. 295, 298, 314;

ii. 20, 66, 110, 186.

Mathews, Thomas, ii. 66, 69, 72-77, 87, 93, 94, 103, 107.

Mattapony River, i. 139.

Maury, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Mayflower pilgrims, the, i. 69, 156, 235, 253;

ii. 16.

Maxwell, W., ii. 1, 66.

McClurg, James, ii. 259.

Meade, Bishop, ii. 22, 164, 188, 235, 262, 263, 316.

Medina-Celi, Duke of, i. 51.

Memphis, Tenn., ii. 320.

Memphremagog, i. 41.

Menefie, George, i. 297, 299.

Menendez, i. 18, 73-77.

Mephistopheles, i. 193;

ii. 68.

Mercator, G., i. 89.

Mermaid in St. John’s River, i. 261.

Mermaid Tavern, i. 54.

Merovingian kings, i. 257;

legislation, ii. 152.

“Merry Wives of Windsor,” i. 70.

Mexico, i. 41.

Middle Plantation, the oath at, ii. 81, 97, 106;

name changed to Williamsburg, ii. 121.

Middlesex, Earl of, i. 214.

Middleton, member of Parliament attacks London Company’s charter,

i. 180.

Migration from Ulster to American colonies, ii. 394.

Miller, the martyr and revenue collector, ii. 282.

Milton, John, i. 205, 309.

Ministers, appointment of, ii. 99.

Molasses, ii. 211, 219, 281.

Moncure, a Huguenot family, ii. 205.

Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle, ii. 134, 272.

Monroe, James, President, ii. 128.

Montbars, the exterminator, ii. 349.

Montague, Sergeant, i. 180.

Montezuma, i. 101.

Monticello, ii. 224.

Mooney, James, ii. 299.

Moore, J. W., ii. 280, 298.

Moore, James, ii. 292.

Moore, James, the younger, defeats the Tuscaroras, ii. 304.

Moore’s house at Yorktown, ii. 390.

More, Sir Thomas, i. 47.

Morgan, Sir Henry, i. 24;

ii. 350;

his treachery and cruelty, ii. 351-353;

Puerto del Principe captured by, ii. 351;

Porto Bello captured by, ii. 351;

Maracaibo sacked by, ii. 353;

Gibraltar, Venezuela, sacked by, ii. 353;

Panama sacked by, ii. 354;

deserts his comrades at Chagres, ii. 355;

knighted by Charles II., ii. 356;

governor of Jamaica, ii. 356;

thrown into prison, ii. 357.

Morgan, Lewis, i. 111.

Moriscos expelled from Spain, i. 9.

Morison, Francis, ii. 92.

Morley, Lord, i. 67.

Morocco, i. 90.

Morris, Robert, ii. 303.

Morton, Joseph, ii. 362.

Mosquitoes, ii. 225.

Mount Desert Island, i. 170, 261.

Mount Vernon, ii. 224, 389;

mode of life at, ii. 235.

Mulattoes, ii. 202.

Mulberries, i. 231;

ii. 3.

Mulberry Island, i. 155.

Münster, Sebastian, i. 61.

Murray family descended from Pocahontas, i. 173.

Muscovy Company, i. 14, 51.

Muskogi, the, in Carolina, ii. 300.

Muster master-general, i. 282.

Mystics at Bohemia Manor, ii. 142.

Mytens, Daniel, i. 198, 267.

Nalbrits, i. 89.

Names, local, in Carolina, ii. 272.

Nansemond, i. 302, 311.

Napkins and forks, ii. 226.

Napoleon I., i. 36, 37.

Narragansett Indians, ii. 63.

National floral emblem for the United States, i. 156.

Navigation Act, ii. 46;

its effect upon the price of tobacco, ii. 51, 106, 108;

effects upon tobacco, ii. 176;

effects upon Virginia commerce, ii. 218;

mischievous effects in Albemarle Colony, ii. 280;

its mischievous effects on South Carolina, ii. 289;

its effect upon piracy, ii. 362.

Navy, the English, i. 22, 44.

Negro panic in New York, 1741, ii. 264.

Negro quarters, ii. 221.

Negro slaves, ii. 177, 189-203;

treatment of, in Virginia, ii. 195-199;

cruel laws concerning, ii. 197-199;

effect of taking them to England, ii. 200, 201;

in South Carolina, ii. 279, 326-331;

in North Carolina, ii. 329.

Negro slavery, ii. 35.

Negro, the theory that he was not strictly human, ii. 192.

“Negro’s and Indian’s Advocate,” ii. 192.

Negroes as real estate, ii. 194.

Negroes, number of, in Virginia, i. 253.

Neill, E. D., i. 99, 105-112, 179, 180, 182, 212, 215, 245, 252, 273,

294; ii. 58, 95, 186.

Nelson, Thomas, i. 296.

Netherlands, the, i. 21, 22, 45, 66, 163, 253, 267, 280.

Neutral ships ill protected, ii. 344.

Neville’s Cross, battle of, i. 260.

Nevis, as an isle of Calypso, ii. 282.

New Albion, i. 27;

ii. 383.

New Amstel, ii. 139, 140.

New Amsterdam, i. 253; ii. 3.

New Berne, ii. 297, 314.

Newcastle, Delaware, ii. 139, 145.

New Englanders attempt a settlement at Cape Fear River, ii. 277;

in Georgia, ii. 335.

Newfoundland fisheries, i. 13, 23, 29, 44, 154.

New France, i. 52;

ii. 399.

Newgate Calendar, ii. 172.

New Hampshire, i. 63.

New Haven Colony, i. 280.

New Jersey, i. 63;

founding of, ii. 144.

New Mexico, i. 25.

Newport, Christopher, i. 53, 80, 90, 93-96, 112-114, 116-119, 122-131,

135, 148, 154.

Newport News, origin of the name, i. 92, 209.

New Providence, island of, ii. 361, 365.

New Style, i. 1.

New Sweden, ii. 139.

New York, i. 22, 61, 63;

ii. 211.

Nichols, J., i. 176.

Nicholson, Sir Francis, ii. 115-118, 120-123, 129, 130, 162, 163.

Nicot, Jean, i. 174.

Nicotiana, name for tobacco, i. 174.

Noble savage, the, i. 4.

Nonesuch, i. 152, 226.

North Carolina, i. 39;

agriculture in, ii. 313;

white trash in, ii. 315-317;

German immigration to, ii. 318;

negro slaves in, ii. 329.

Northern Neck reserved by Culpeper, ii. 112.

North Virginia, old name for New England, i. 55.

Northwest Passage, attempts to find, i. 32, 44, 73, 113, 116, 126,

226; ii. 3.

Norumbega, i. 28, 55.

Notley, Thomas, ii. 156.

Nova Scotia, i. 287.

Oath at Middle Plantation, ii. 81, 97, 106.

Oath of supremacy tendered to Lord Baltimore, i. 264.

Ocracoke Inlet, i. 32.

Octoroons, ii. 203.

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 258.

Oexmelin. See Exquemeling.

Ogle, Cuthbert, ii. 242.

Oglethorpe, James, ii. 334.

Old Bailey, ii. 183.

Old Field Schools, ii. 247.

Oldmixon’s “British Empire,” a book full of blunders, ii. 255.

Old Style, i. 1.

_Olonnois_, the buccaneer, ii. 349.

O’Neill, The, i. 94.