Europe by the Bulgars, an Asiatic race who settled in ancient Mœsia,
S. of the Danube, in E. Europe. Bulgaria, so named from them, is
a province of European Turkey. Morse and Vasilief, Grammar, &c.,
Constantinople, 1859-60. ☞
BULGARIAN, OLD, _see_ SLAVONIC.
BULLOM.
A dialect of MANDINGO, vernacular near Sierra Leone, W. Africa.
⁂ It is in contact with TIMMANI, but totally different therefrom.
BULOCHI, _see_ BELOOCHI.
BUMBETE.
A native dialect of Africa, vernacular in the R. Gaboon. It is
classed as a N.W. form of KAFFIR.
BUNDA.
The native dialect of Angola, W. Africa. Classed by Bleek as a
sub-genus of BANTU, including also ANGOLA, NANO, OTZIHERERO, and
SINDONGA. See Cannecattim’s Dicty. Lisboa, 1804.
BUNDELCOONDI.
A dialect of HINDUWI, spoken in the district of Bundelcund,
Allahabad, British India.
BUOL _or_ BUOOL.
ALFURU dialect of N. Celebes or Macassar, allied to BUGIS.
BURGUNDIAN.
The dialect of Burgundy, E. France. One of the four principal
dialects of the old LANGUE D’OIL; the others being the PICARD, the
NORMAN, and the FRENCH of the I. de France. W. W. S.
BURIAT.
A Mongolian dialect of the TURANIAN family of languages, vernacular
near Lake Baikal, in the province of Irkutsh, Eastern Siberia, Russia
in Asia. Castrén: “Versuch einer Burjätischen Sprachlehre,” by
Schiefner, 8vo, St. Petersburgh, 1857. _See_ KALKA. ☞
BURMESE.
A monosyllabic language, vernacular in the Burman Empire, S. Asia;
originally conformable to CHINESE, it has been modified by the fusion
with PALI, a Buddhistic dialect of Sanskrit. See Crawfurd: “Embassy
to Ava,” Vocaby. in Appendix, p. 35. Dictionaries: Hough (Maulmein,
1845); Judson (Rangoon, 1866).
BUSHMAN.
A dialect of African, remotely related to the HOTTENTOT; it is also
called SAAB.
BUTAN.
A dialect of THIBETAN, spoken by the Lhopa, people of Bhootan. _See_
BHOOTANESE and BHOT.
BUTON _or_ BOUTANG.
A dialect allied to BUGIS, vernacular in Boutong, a large island to
the S. of Celebes. Only known by Vocaby. in Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”
BUTTANIR.
A dialect of HINDUWI, spoken by the Bhattis, a race of Rajpootana,
N.W. India; it is sometimes called VIRAT.
BYZANTINE.
A name for the GREEK of the Eastern Empire. Sophocles: Lex., Boston,
U.S., 1870.
ADDENDA.
BADAGRY.
A language of W. Africa.
BADAKSHAN, _see_ SHIGHNIS.
BANGSA.
African: a tribe of KOURI.
BARABRA, BERABRA.
African: names for the NUBIANS.
BARBA.
African: a dialect of the W., like MOSE and FANTI. H. C.
BEHISTUN.
Trilingual inscription.
BELAKAN.
A tribe of MARULAT in Caucasia. H. C.
BENUA.
Orang Benua: people of Malacca. _See_ JAKUN.
BERNE.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN.
BERRY _or_ BERRICHON.
A _patois_ of FRENCH; “Vocabulaire,” by Jaubert, Paris, 1839.
BESLEYEUTSI.
A sub-dialect of CIRCASSIAN.
BHUMIJ.
A Kol tribe of India, allied to Sontal. H. C.
BOHMEN.
A sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See “Geschichte,” by Pelzel, Vienna and
Prague, 1788-91.
BOJE _or_ BOYE.
African: a name for the TAKA or TAKUE.
BOKO.
African: a dialect like BANGBAY. H. C.
BOLA.
African: allied to PEPEL. H. C.
BOLOGNESE.
ITALIAN: dialect of Bologna. See Vocabulary by Verrari, Bologna, 1835.
BORA, _see_ MABANG.
BORTLYKH.
A tribe of KASI-KUMUK, in Caucasia. H. C.
BOTLIK.
Caucasian: a dialect of ANDI, allied to Akhwash. H. C.
BOURGES, _see_ CHER.
BOURGOGNE.
FRENCH: dialect of Burgundy. Glossary by Barôzai and Monnoye,
Châtillon, 1825.
BRABANT.
Provincial dialects of Holland; sub-dialects of N. Brabant are BOSCH
and BREDAASCH.
BRANDENBURG.
Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Moritz: “Märkischer Dialekt,” Berlin,
1781.
BREDAASCH.
LOW-GERMAN: dialect of the Netherlands. See Hoeufft: “Proeve van B.
taal-eigen,” Breda, 1837.
BREGENTZISH.
Sub-dialect of HIGH-GERMAN. See Bergmann: “Ueber die
Volkssprache-Bregenzerwalde,” Innspruch, 1827.
BRESCIAN.
Sub-dialect of ITALIAN. Vocabulary by Melchiori, Brescia, 1817-20.
BRINNI.
African: name of a KOURI tribe.
BURRAH-BURRAH.
Also written BOORA-BOORA: a dialect of the Lower Murray R., Victoria;
named after the negative, says Mr. Peter Beveridge. J. B.
BURTUNA.
Caucasian; a tribe of Marulat. H. C.
BUTE.
African: allied to BANGBAY.
BZUB.
Caucasian: the best known dialect of the UDE. See Schiefner’s
Grammar. H. C.
C.
CABAROS.
AMERICAN; aborigines on the R. Tocatins, Brazil. See Castelnau:
“Expedition,” vol. v., pp. 273-4.
CABOOL, _see_ CAUBUL.
CACHARESE.
A monosyllabic dialect, vernacular in Cachar, a province of Bengal;
more generally spelt with a K. _See_ KOOKIE.
CACHIQUEL, _under_ K.
CADDO.
A variety of dialects spoken by the Tachi and other native tribes in
N. America, from whom Texas has been named. See Gallatin’s Synopsis
in “Archæol. Amer.” vol. ii., and “Tr. Amer. Ethnol.”
CADIAK, _under_ K.
CADMEAN.
Name for the earliest form of the archaic GREEK alphabet, consisting
originally of seventeen letters, derived from the SEMITIC; eight
letters being added by Palamedes and Simonides, as we learn from
Pliny.
CAFFRE _or_ KAFFIR.
One of a large family of languages spoken by the so-called Kaffirs in
Caffraria, S. Africa; remotely derived from COPTIC, and mingled with
native African.
CAGATAIC, _under_ K.
CAGAYAN.
MALAYAN: dialect of the Philippine Islands.
CAGLIARI.
A dialect of SARDINIAN.
CAG-MAG.
Coarse speech.
CAHITA.
AMERICAN: dialect of Sonora, New Mexico. See Vocaby. in “Nouvelles
Annales,” Paris, 1841.
CAHUILLO.
AMERICAN: dialect of U. California. See “Pacific R. Reports,” vol. ii.
CAIRNOS.
AMERICAN: see “Catechismo,” by Puente, a Capuchin, 1703.
CAJELI.
A native dialect of Booro, an island lying between Celebes and Papua.
See Wallace’s “Malay Archipelago.”
CALABAR, NEW, _see_ EFIK.
CALABAR, OLD.
A dialect of KAFFIR, vernacular on the W. coast of Africa. _See_ OTAM.
CALABRIAN.
Romance: sub-dialect of ITALIAN.
CALCHAQUI.
AMERICAN; name for the INCA, QUICHUA, KECHUA, or PERUVIAN, dialects
of TUCUMAN.
CALDANI, _see under_ K.
CALEDON BAY.
AUSTRALIAN; tribe of natives. See King’s “Narrative,” London, 1827.
CALEDONIA, NEW, _see_ BALADEA.
CALIFORNIAN.
American: numerous dialects of Upper and Lower California, the chief
being the JUMA or YUMA, COCHIMI, PERICU, KECHI or KIZH, NETELA and
WAIKURU. See “Proceedings of the Phil. Socy.,” vol. vi., London,
1850; Schoolcraft: “Indian Tribes,” iv., 406.
CALLILEHET.
AMERICAN: mountaineers of Patagonia.
CALMUC _or_ KALMUK.
A dialect of MOGHOL, spoken by the Kalmuk Tartars, in the steppes of
the Caucasus, between the Volga and the Ural, towards Astrakhan, on
the shores of the Caspian, S. Russia.
CAMACAN.
American: a dialect of BOTOCUDO. Da Silva: “Diccionaria ... Lingoa
Geral.” _See_ MONGOYO. ☞
CAMARIAN.
A dialect of S. Ceram, closely allied to AMBOYNA. See Wallace’s
“Malay Archipelago.”
CAMBA, _see_ KAMBALI.
CAMBOJAN.
A monosyllabic tongue, peculiar to Cambodia, in the E. peninsula of
S. Asia.
CAMBRAI.
A _patois_ of France; Dept. du Nord.
CAMBRIAN.
A name for WELSH.
CAMBRIDGESHIRE.
The dialect of Cambridgeshire (England) closely resembles that of
Norfolk. See Forby’s “Vocabulary of East Anglia.” W. W. S.
CAMEROONS.
African: a geographical term for some dialects of BANTU, _ex. gr._
the BIMBRA, DUALLA, and ISUBU.
CAMES.
American: Indians of Brazil speaking a dialect of GUARANI.
CAMPASPEE.
Australian: name for the GNURELLEAN.
CANAANITE _or_ CANAANITISH.
The language of the ancient inhabitants of the country west of the
Jordan, closely allied to HEBREW. As the Canaanites were descended
from Ham, but the Hebrews from Shem, the similarity of their
languages has led to much discussion. Many of the new critics, Ewald,
Winer, Bunsen, Renan, have argued that both peoples must have had
a common origin. But since the publication of Knobel’s work on the
ethnology of Genesis, this view has been generally abandoned, and
critics hold with Gesenius and J. G. Müller that the Hebrews adopted
the language of Canaan. In Gen. xxxi., 47, Laban uses an Aramaic
dialect, while Jacob uses Hebrew. R. P. S.
CANAANITIC.
Semitic: a name for the central branch, comprising HEBREW, PUNIC
PHŒNICIAN, and SAMARITAN.
CANAMERIM.
AMERICAN: dialect of the R. Purus. See “Trans. R. Geog. Socy.,”
London, 1870.
CANARESE.
A dialect spoken in the Carnatic, the capital of which is Mysore,
a portion of the S. peninsula of British India, belonging to the
Presidency of Madras; it is allied to TAMIL and CINGALESE, with a
cursive alphabet very similar to TELINGA, called also KARNATIKA and
KANNADA. Grammar by Hodson, Bangalore, 1864; Dicty. by Reeve (E. &
C.), Madras, 1832; (C. & E.) Bangalore, 1858.
CANARY, _see_ GUANCHE.
CANAWAY.
American: name for the KENAY.
CANCHI, CASNAS, _see under_ K.
CANICHANA.
American: a dialect of the MOXOS missions.
CANISTOGA.
AMERICAN: spoken on the R. Susquehanna.
CANOJ.
An ancient dialect of HINDUWI, closely allied to BRUG, localised at
Kanuj, on the Upper Ganges, in Oude, N. India; spoken also in the
Doab, a tract of fertile land between the Jumna and the Ganges, and
sometimes called CANYACUBYA.
CANOPUS.
Inscription: bilingual Egyptian: known as the decree of Canopus.
CANT.
Slang or vulgar speech, derived from the Latin “canto,” “I sing.” See
dicty. in “Life ... of Bamfylde Moore Carew,” London, 1789.
CANTABRIAN.
A name for a pre-Roman dialect of N. Spain, the ancient Iberia or
Hispania.
⁂ Also sometimes used as a synonym for BASQUE. W. W. S.
CANTONESE.
A local dialect of CHINESE, called KONG; spoken in the province of
Kwang-tung. See Dicty. by Chalmers, 1870.
CARAHO, _see_ CARAJA.
CARAIB _or_ CARIB.
A native AMERICAN dialect, vernacular on the E. coast from Honduras
in Central, to the Orinoco, S. America; the natives, called Karifs,
have peopled many islands in the W. Indies. For Vocaby. see Davies’
“History of the Carriby Is.,” London, 1866. ☞
CARAJA _or_ CARAYA.
AMERICAN: dialect of the Province of Goyaz in Brazil.
CARANCA.
American: dialect of the QUICHUA.
CARIAN.
An ancient dialect of Asia Minor, very nearly allied to Greek, found
only in inscriptions, written in a modified ARCHAIC GREEK character.
The language has not yet been explained; see “Révue Archéologique,”
March, 1870.
CARIBISI.
A sub-dialect of CARIB.
CARIPUNA.
AMERICAN: dialect of Brazil.
CARIRI, _see_ KIRIRI.
CARNATACA, _see_ CANARESE.
CARNICOBAR.
A sub-dialect of MALAY, allied to MON, vernacular in the Nicobar
Islands.
CARNIOLAN.
A dialect of SLOVACK, vernacular in the E. Alps, extending throughout
the Austrian provinces of Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria.
CAROLINES.
A dialect of POLYNESIAN, vernacular in the N. Pacific: see
dissertation in Crawfurd’s “Malay Gr.”
CARPENTARIAN.
A native dialect of Australia, around the Gulf of Carpentaria.
CARPENTRAS.
Egyptian: bilingual inscription in so-called ARAMAIC and
hieroglyphics, called the Carpentras stone.
CARRIERS.
AMERICAN: Mackenzie’s name for the Tacullies.
CARSHUN.
A name for ARABIC, written in the characters of the SYRIAC alphabet
as adopted in parts of Asiatic Turkey.
⁂ Numerous manuscripts are thus written, the Syrians having seldom
consented to write Arabic. For an account of it see Asseman, “Bibl.
Med. Laur. Catal.,” p. 51. R. P. S.
CARTHAGINIAN, _see_ PUNIC.
CARTOUCH.
[Illustration]
An ornament representing a scroll of papyrus, with an inscription,
device, or cipher; an assemblage of Egyptian hieroglyphics. See cut:
Shoopho, Saophis, or Suphis I., (Cheops).
CASHGAR, _same as_ KASHKARI.
CASHMERIAN _or_ CASHMEREE.
A dialect of SANSKRIT, largely influenced by PERSIAN; vernacular in
Cashmere or Kashmir, a mountainous district of N.W. India. It is
written in the DIVANAGARI characters.
CASSIA, _see_ KHASSEE.
CASTELMAGNO.
A dialect of ITALIAN, spoken in the Alps.
CASTILIAN.
Romance, a sub-dialect of Spanish; see Dicty. of
“Galligo-Castellano,” by Rodriguez, Coruña, 1863.
⁂ In the thirteenth century Castilian (la lengua Castellana)
prevailed exclusively in the two Castiles and Leon. It is now the
proper name for modern Spanish. W. W. S.
CATALAN, CATALONIAN.
A dialect of SPANISH, vernacular in the province of Catalonia; it
consists of a mixture of corrupted LATIN and GOTHIC.
⁂ The old Catalonian strongly resembled PROVENÇAL, and was spoken in
Catalonia, Aragon, part of Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. W. W.
S.
See “Diccionario,” by Cerda, Barcelona, 1824.
CATAWBAS _or_ KUTAHBAS.
American: dialect of the CATAWHAYS, formerly vernacular in N. and S.
Carolina. Gallatin’s “Synopsis,” Camb., U. S. 1836. _See_ WACCOA.
CATHLASCON.
American: a mixed language of L. Columbia, also called WASCO, and
sometimes classed as CHINUK; sometimes as TSCHAILI-SELISH.
CATOQUINA.
AMERICAN: a dialect of Brazil. R. G. L.
CAUBUL, _under_ K.
CAUBULEE.
Modern dialect of Kabulistan.
CAUCASIAN.
A term for GEORGIAN.
⁂ Generally used, in a wide sense, of all the tribes inhabiting the
Caucasus, and of the various languages spoken by them; but more
properly confined to the tribes settled there from time immemorial,
and not known to be immigrants, as the Lesghi, the Mitsgeghi, the
Circassians, &c. See Max Müller: “Languages of the Seat of War,” p.
113. G. R.
CAUIXANA.
AMERICAN: a dialect of Brazil.
CAUKE.
American: a dialect of the QUICHUA.
CAVERI.
American: a spelling of CARIB.
CAYAGAU.
A dialect of the Philippine Islands, allied to BISAYA.
CAYAPO.
AMERICAN: a dialect of Goyaz, in Brazil. See Pohl’s “Reise,” Weimar,
1832.
CAYENNE.
American: dialects of French Guiana. Those known are the EMERILLONS
or ROCOUYENNE, the OAMPI, and OYAPOK.
CAYOWA.
American: a native dialect of Brazil, classed as GUARANI. See
Castelnau’s “Expedition.”
CAYUBABA, _or_ CAYUVAVA.
The dialect of the Caháns or Woodmen of S. America; it is allied to
GUANA; spoken on the R. Mamoré.
CAYUGA.
AMERICAN: a native dialect of the Iroquois in the State of N. York.
Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” ii., 482.
CAYUS.
The dialect of the Molele, vernacular in California.
CELDALES _or_ TZENDALES.
American: dialect of the MAYA spoken in Guatemala.
CELEBESE.
The native dialects of Celebes or Macassar, a large island in the
Eastern Sea; all are allied to BATTA.
⁂ Bugis and Mangkasar divide between them the S. Peninsula of
Celebes. P. J. V. ☞
CELT-IBERIAN.
A name for early dialects of Spain, chiefly found on coins of the
Roman era, with characters framed on the OLD ITALIC. _See_ BASQUE.
CELTIC _or_ KELTIC.
A branch of the ARYAN or INDO-EUROPEAN family of languages. See
Ebel: “Celtic Studies by Sullivan,” London, 1863; Zeuss: “Grammatica
Celtica,” Berlin, 1868-71.
⁂ It contains two classes: 1, the CYMRIC, which includes WELSH,
CORNISH (now extinct), and BAS-BRETON; 2, the GADHELIC, which
includes ERSE, or IRISH, GAELIC (spoken in the Highlands of
Scotland), and MANX (spoken in the Isle of Man). W. W. S.
CELTO-BRITISH.
A name for WELSH.
CERAM.
A dialect of the Molucca Is., allied to BUTON.
⁂ Mr. Ekris, a Dutch missionary, gives vocabularies of CAMARIOS,
HATUSUA, KAIBOLU, PERU, RUMAHKAI, TEHULATE, and WAISAMU. P. J. V.
CERIS.
AMERICAN: dialect of the Is. of Tiburou, California. See Bartlett’s
“Personal Narrative.”
CEYLON, _see_ CINGALESE.
CHACO.
The most convenient name for a very large class of native dialects of
S. America, vernacular in the district of Gran Chaco, Bueynos-Ayres.
CHAGOS.
American: dialect of AURAUCANIAN, vernacular in a small archipelago
off Chili.
CHALDEE _or_ CHALDAIC.
An extinct language of SEMITIC origin, generally supposed to be
HEBREW, modified by intercourse with the Babylonians. It is a name
given to a dialect of ARAMAIC written in characters of square Hebrew,
as found in the Books of Ezra and Daniel. Lexicons by Buxtorff and
Levy.
⁂ Properly the language of the Babylonians during the period of their
empire, but the name is given to the dialect current among later
Jews. G. R. ☞
CHAMORI.
A dialect of lesser Polynesia, vernacular in the Pacific.
CHAMPENOIS.
ROMANCE: French _patois_ of Champagne.
CHANDOR.
Tartar tribe of Central Asia.
CHANDRAGUPTA, _see_ GUPTA.
CHANGLO.
A dialect of BUTAN, allied to BURMESE.
CHANGOS.
AMERICAN: independent tribe between Chili and Peru, about 24° S.L.;
dialect unknown.
CHANTA.
A dialect of YENISEIAN, spoken by Ostiaks.
CHAOUIA.
African: French form of the SHOWIAH.
CHAPA, _under_ CHIAPANECA.
CHAPACURA.
American: dialect of the Moxos Missions; also called HUACHI. See
D’Orbigny, “L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.
CHARCA.
American: dialect of the AYMARA.
CHARLOTTE, QUEEN, CAPE, _see_ BALADEA.
CHASDIM.
In the original Hebrew of the Old Testament the ancient Chaldees are
called Chasdim, where the Septuagint version reads Chaldee. It is
supposed this race were Kurds or Georgians.
CHAVANTE.
AMERICAN: a dialect of the R. Tocatin, vernacular in Brazil. _See_
CHERENTE.
CHAW.
A dialect of N. Arracan.
CHAYMA.
American: a dialect of Venezuelan CARIB spoken along the watershed of
the Rs. Orinoco and Amazon.
CHECK, CHEKHE, _see_ BOHEMIAN.
CHEECHEELEE.
American: one of many names used for the Selish or Flat-head Indians.
The more correct form would be TSIHAILI.
CHEMEHUEVI.
American: dialect of U. California, allied to PADUCA.
CHEMMESYAN.
A dialect of ATNA or SELISH, vernacular in N. America.
CHEPANG.
A dialect of NEPAULESE, spoken by a broken tribe of Dravidian origin.
CHEPEWYAN.
American: dialect of ATHABASCAN about Hudson’s Bay. It is the
“Northern Indian” of early explorers.
CHER.
ROMANCE: a _patois_ of France; see de Gembloux: “Notices sur Bourges
et la Dept. du Cher,” Bourges, 1840.
CHEREMISS, _see_ TSCHEREMISSIAN.
CHERENTE.
American: a dialect of the U. Tocatin, allied to CHAVANTE.
CHEROKEE.
A large family of native N. American dialects, classed as APPALACHIAN
or FLORIDIAN, now spoken W. of the Mississippi, but the R. Tennessee
was formerly called Cherokee.
CHESHIRE.
A dialect of England. See Wilbraham’s “Glossary of Words used in
Cheshire,” 2nd ed., 12mo, 1826. W. W. S.
CHETIMACHA.
A dialect of N. American, allied to the MUSKOGULGE or CREEK.
CHEYENNE, _see_ SHYENNE.
CHIAPANECA.
American: dialect of the Mexican province of Chiapas. See “Artes,” by
Fr. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.
CHIBCHA.
Otherwise MUYSCA, a native dialect of S. America, vernacular at
Santa-Fé de Bogota, New Grenada.
CHICHUA.
American: same as QUICHUA.
CHIKKASAH.
American: a former dialect of Alabama, now spoken in Kansas; also
called CHICACHAS; classed as MOBILIAN.
CHILIAN _or_ CHILENO.
AMERICAN: name for the dominant language of the original Indians of
Chili; also called ARAUCANIAN. Grammar and Dicty. by Febres Santiago,
1846. _See_ MOLUCHE.
CHIMANOS.
A dialect of S. America, allied to BANIWA, vernacular on the R.
Orinoco. _See_ TICUNA.
CHIN.
(1.) AMERICAN: a form of the Chinese word for “men;” it appears in
ATNA, as applied to the Selish or Flat Heads, and in the word “Tshin”
or “Chinook.” _See_ NAGAILER. ☞
(2.) ASIATIC: a dialect of N. Arracan.
CHINANTACA.
American: a dialect of MAYA, formerly spoken in Oaxaca. “Artes,” by
Fra. de Cepeda, Mexico, 1560.
CHINCHAISUYU.
American: QUICHUA, dialect of Lima.
CHINESE.
(1.) The most important and purest of all monosyllabic languages,
vernacular in the empire of China. It has several sub-dialects,
and resembles some idioms of Central Asia. The mode of writing is
considered to have originated from drawings of actual objects,
somewhat analogous to the hieroglyphics of Egypt, or the picture
writing of Mexico. The word “chin,” in Chinese, means “man,” “men,”
_i.e._ the inhabitants of that part of Asia. Works by Sir J. F.
Davis, Bart., “Chinese Miscellanies,” London, 1865; “Moral Maxims,”
Macao, 1823; “Poetry of the Chinese,” London, 1870. Dicty. by
Lobschied, Hong-Kong, (E. & C.) 1866-9; (C. &. E.) 1871.
(2.) Dialects are AMOY, CANTONESE, FOOCHOW, MANDARIN, MIAU, PUNTI,
SHANGHAI.
CHINOOK.
(1.) American: language of the W. Dialects are CLATSOP, CATHLASCON
or WASCO, and WAKAIKAM. Vocaby. in “Hale’s Exploring Expedition,”
Philadelphia, 1840.
(2.) A mingled _patois_, spoken by traders on the R. Oregon, N.
America, and the W. coast generally. Vocaby. in Schoolcraft’s “Indian
Tribes.” _See_ JARGON.
CHIPPEWAYAN.
A native dialect of N. America, sometimes called OJIBWAY, belonging
to the ALGONQUIN family of languages, spoken by races spread through
Canada and the States, along Lakes Huron, Superior, and Winnepeg.
They have a system of alphabetical characters very similar to the
CREE.
See “Cree Grammar,” by Howse, London, 1805; Schoolcraft’s “Indian
Tribes,” vol. ii., 4.
CHIQUITO.
A large class of dialects spoken by tribes of Naguiñañeis, in
Bolivia, S. America. Used also for the Missions. ☞
CHIRIGUANO.
American: Bolivian dialect of the TUPI or GUARANI. See D’Orbigny:
“L’Homme Américain,” Paris, 1839.
CHOCHA.
AMERICAN: dialect of Mexico. See De Souza: “Biblioteca Megico,” 3
vols., 1816-19.
CHOCKTAW _or_ CHAHTAH.
A native dialect of N. America, belonging to the APPALACHIAN
or FLORIDIAN group; the tribes, originally settled E. of the
Mississippi, have moved westward. See Grammar by Byington,
Philadelphia, 1870.
CHOCO _or_ CHOLO.
AMERICAN: dialect of New Grenada, at the mouth of R. Atrato.
CHOMANO.
A dialect of S. America, somewhat allied to CHIMANOS.
CHONDAL _or_ CHONTAL.
American: Squire’s class-name for the WOOLWA. _See_ WULWA.
CHOROTEGAN.
AMERICAN: language of Nicaragua. See Squier: “History of Nicaragua,”
2 vols., 1861.
CHORTI.
American: dialect of MAYA, spoken in Guatemala. “Amer. Ethnol.,” N.
Y., 1845.
CHOUAN.
French term; bucolic; speech of peasantry.
CHOWESHAK.
AMERICAN: language of Upper California. See Schoolcraft’s “Indian
Tribes,” Philadelphia, 1855.
CHOWIAH, _see_ CHAOUIA.
CHRESTOMATHY.
Greek word, from “χράω” “to import, to use;” a selection of
useful passages from authors. Applied to books of extracts, with
vocabularies, &c.
CHUDIC, _see under_ T.
CHUNIPI.
AMERICAN: dialect of the Chaco district. _See_ CHUNUPIES.
CHUNTAQUIRO.
American: a dialect of the R. Tocatins, allied to CARAJA. Also called
SIMISENCHIS.
CHURCH-SLAVIC.
A synonym for the OLD BULGARIAN of the eleventh century. See
Schleicher’s “Formenlehre der Kirchenslawischen Sprache,” Bonn, 1852.
W. W. S.
CHURWELSCHE.
A sub-dialect of ROMANESE or ROMANIC, spoken in the Engadine or
Valley of the Inn, Canton Grisons, S.E. Switzerland. Also called
RHÆTO-ROMANIC.
⁂ It is rich in Keltic, whence its name, “Welsche,” _i.e._ “foreign.”
W. S. W. V.
CHUTIA.
A dialect of ASSAMESE, allied to SINGHPO.
CIAMPA, _see_ TSHAMPA.
CIGANIS.
A name for GIPSEY. _See_ ZIGANI.
CINGALESE.
The predominant dialect of Ceylon, based upon SANSKRIT; and
apparently formed by the admixture of PALI, a Sanskritic dialect,
with the original agglutinative languages. Grammar by De Alwis,
Colombo, 1852.
CIRCASSIAN.
A dialect of the Caucasus, divided into ADIGÉ and ABSNÉ. The native
term is TSCHERKESS. Dicty. by Loewe, London, 1854.
CLALLAM.
A native dialect of N. America. Vocaby. by Gibbs, N. York, 1863.
CLAMETS, _see_ LUTUAMI.
CLASSIFICATION.
A term used for the methods adopted of sorting languages, and
arranging them in families, groups, and divisions, by their real or
supposed affinities.
⁂ The following simple table is proposed by Prof. Steinthal.
LANGUAGES.
|
+-------------------+-------------------+
| |
UNCULTIVATED. |
| |
+-------------+-------------+ |
| | |
Isolating. Inflectional. |
| | |
| +--------------+-------------+ |
| | | | |
I. II. III. IV. |
The Polynesian. Ural-Altaic American. |
Transgangetic (Expressing (Alatyan). (By |
languages. the (By the incorporation.) |
modifications attachment |
of meaning by of suffixes |
reduplications to the |
and prefixes.) root.) |
|
+----------------------------------+
|
|
CULTIVATED.
|
+-----------+----------+
| |
Isolating. Inflectional.
| |
| +------------+------------+
| | | |
V. VI. VII. VIII.
Chinese. Egyptian. Semitic. Aryan.
(By loose (By internal (By
annexation vowel-changes.) proper
of the suffixes.)
grammatical
elements.)
Farrar: “Families of speech,” p. 173.
CLEVE.
Sub-dialect of LOW-GERMAN. See Geerling: “Ueber die Clevische V.,”
Wesel, 1841.
CLEVELAND.