Zürich, 1837.
ARAYANS, ARAANS.
Important hill tribe of Travancore, called Malai-arasar, “Hill
kings;” they speak a dialect of TAMUL or MALAYALIM. W. E.
ARRAGONESE.
A provincial dialect of SPANISH.
B.
BAB, _see_ PORT DOREH.
BABA.
A dialect allied to JAVANESE, vernacular in an island called Babber
by the Dutch; it is one of the Serawatty group, E. of Timor in the
Indian Ocean. Small Vocabulary in Latham p. 303. _See_ KISSA.
BABUMA.
A native dialect of Africa, vernacular on the Gaboon. See small
Vocabulary in Latham, p. 563.
BABYLONIAN.
A SEMITIC dialect spoken in Babylonia from the Assyrian conquest of
the country, about B.C. 1300, to its occupation by the followers
of Mohammed. It is closely allied to the ASSYRIAN (which see), but
is somewhat simpler. The language exists in numerous inscriptions
found in the country which cover the interval from about B.C. 620 to
B.C. 540, and also in the trilingual inscriptions of the Achæmenian
Persian, where it is found regularly in the third column. The best
account of the language, which is written in a cuneiform alphabet
based on the ASSYRIAN, will be found in Sir H. Rawlinson’s “Analysis
of the third column of the Behistun Inscription”—Journal of the
Asiatic Society, 1856. G. R.
BACHAN, _see_ BATCHIAN.
BACTRIAN.
The dialect spoken in ancient Bactria (modern Balkh), now commonly
supposed to be identical with the literary language called ZEND. It
is not at all certain, however, that Bactria was the country in which
Zend was spoken. But there can be no doubt that BACTRIAN was a very
ancient form of ARYAN speech. G. R. _See_ ZEND.
BAGBA.
An African dialect allied to the BAKELE of the R. Gaboon.
BAGBALAN.
A dialect of KOURI, vernacular in Central Africa. See small
Vocabulary in Latham, p. 584.
BAGHERME, _see_ BEGHARMI.
BAGNON.
A native dialect, vernacular in W. Africa, spoken on the W. coast,
S. of the R. Nunez; long Vocabulary in “Mémoires de la Société
Ethnologique,” Paris, 1845.
BAGO.
The dialect of several populations, vernacular in N.W. Africa;
classed as a sub-dialect of TIMMANI.
BAGWAN.
A native _patois_ of British India, derived from TAMIL.
BAHASA-TANAH, _see_ AMBOYNA.
BAIKHA.
A dialect of OSTIAK of the YENISEIAN class, spoken in Asiatic Russia.
See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 136.
BAJAU _or_ BAJOU.
Dialects of MALAY, spoken by the Sea-gipsies. See Vocabulary in
Wallace; Appdx. to “Malay Archipelago.”
⁂ “Fishmen of Borneo.” BAJAU properly belongs to all Borneo. The
Bugis traders, who belong to all that Archipelago, cannot properly
speak Bajau. BUGIS is perhaps truly the language of the pirates of
those seas, their head-quarters being (the Illanons) Illanon Bay,
S.W. of Mindanao, one of the Philippines. E. B. _See_ BIAJUK.
BAKELE.
A dialect of KAFFIR, somewhat allied to MPONGWE, spoken on the R.
Gaboon, W. Africa. See Vocabulary in Latham, p. 561.
BALADEA.
The native name of New Caledonia. The language is allied to ANNATOM,
also called DUAURA. _See_ ANEITEUM.
BALI.
An insular dialect of JAVANESE, vernacular in the Indian Archipelago.
See Crawfurd’s Dissertation in “Malay Grammar,” p. 75. ☞
BALU.
African: a dialect allied to the BAKELE, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.
BAMBARRA.
African: a division of the MANA class, spoken on the Upper Niger;
including also the JALLUNKA, the SOKKO, and the SUSU. It is bounded
on the E. by the Songho of Timbuctu, with which a new class begins.
BAMON.
African: a dialect of the N. W. division of KAFFIR, allied to RALU.
BANCA _or_ BANGKA.
Besides the Chinese who work in the tin mines, Banca has a native
population who speak a dialect of Malay, with some intermixture of
Javanese, derived from Palembang, an ancient colony of Javanese, and
other foreign elements. P. J. V.
BANFFSHIRE.
A dialect of the lowlands of Scotland. See “Remarks on the dialect
of Banffshire, with a glossary of words not in Jamieson’s Scottish
Dictionary,” by Rev. W. Gregor, Philol. Socy. Trans., 1866. W. W. S.
BANGA.
A dialect of BENGALI, vernacular in Arracan. See “Asiatic
Researches,” vol. v., p. 238.
BANGBAY.
African: short vocabulary communicated by Dr. Barth to the
Geographical Society.
BANIWA.
A variety of native S. American dialects, allied to CHIMANOS,
vernacular between Brazil and Venezuela. ☞
BANJAK.
Name of an island off Sumatra. The natives have two dialects:—(1) the
primitive language called BATTA, and (2) the MALAY of Sumatra. _See_
MARUWI.
BANTEK _or_ BANTIK.
An ALFURU dialect vernacular in N. Celebes.
BANTU.
African: Dr. Bleek’s name for a very large class of languages,
including the KAYO, BUNDA, ZANGIAN, and MOZAMBIQUE branches.
BARABA _or_ BARAMA.
A dialect of Asia; in its Russian form called BARABINSKI.
BARABINSKI.
A dialect of the _Siberian Turkish_ spoken in the steppe of Baraba,
or Barama, between the upper Irtysch and the R. Obi in Asiatic
Russia. See Klaproth’s “Asia Polyglotta,” p. 226. H. H. H.
BARAKI.
A dialect of PERSIAN, spoken at Barak in Affghanistan, and at
Kàniguram. ☞
BARBARA, SANTA.
A native dialect, vernacular on W. Coast of N. America. Jnl. R.
Geogl. Socy., 1841. xi., 246-51.
BARBARY, _see_ BERBER.
BAREA.
African: a Negro dialect on the Nubian and Abyssinian frontier.
Vocabulary in Salt’s “Voyage to Abyssinia.”
BARI _or_ BARREE.
A dialect of Central Africa. Mitterrutzner: “Die Sprache der Bari,”
Brixen, 1867. _See_ BAREA.
BARRE.
American: closely akin to the BANIWA, TARIANA, and UAINAMBEU; it is
probably the same as the PARENI of Humboldt, but Wallace uses it as a
class-name. “Travels on the Amazon,” &c., 8vo, 1853.
BASA _or_ BHASA-KRAMA.
A form of JAVANESE. Literally “The polite language.” _See_ BHASA.
BASA, BASSA, _or_ BASSAH.
A dialect of W. Africa, belonging to the GREBO family and allied to
MANDINGO, vernacular in parts of Liberia.
⁂ A geographical or national division of Africa. See Kilham’s
“Specimens.”
BAS-BRETON, _see_ ARMORICAN.
BASHEE _or_ BASHI.
A dialect of NEGRITIC, vernacular in the China Sea, S. of Formosa;
a group of the Philippines. See Vocaby.: Belcher’s “Voyage of the
Samarang,” vol. ii.
BASHKIR.
A dialect of TURKISH, spoken in Orenburg, Asiatic Russia.
⁂ The Baskir now speak TURKISH, but there are many reasons for
believing them to be of Ugrian descent. See Klaproth, A. P., and
Müller, “Ugrische Volkstamm.” H. H. H.
BASHMURIC.
A dialect of COPTIC, formerly spoken at Bashmur, a province in the
delta of the Nile; it was largely infused with GREEK.
BASIAN.
A dialect of TURKISH spoken in the Caucasus, almost identical with
NOGAY. See Klaproth, “Reise in den Kaukasus.” H. H. H.
BASPA _or_ BHASPA, _see_ MOGHOL.
BASQUE _or_ ESCUARA.
A language spoken in the Spanish provinces, Guipuzcoa and
Biscay, partially in Alava and Navarre; in France, only in
the arrondissements of Mauléon and Bayonne in the department
of the Lower Pyrenees. Five principal dialects, with several
sub-dialects:—GUIPUZCOAN, BISCAYAN (and the dialect of Llodia) in
Spain; and the BAS-NAVARRAIS, SOULETIN and LABOURDIN, in France.
Clearly agglutinative. Analogies detected with the FINNISH, by Prince
L. L. Buonaparte and others; and N. American (ALGONKIN) by Pruner-Bey
and Charency; also with the KHAMITIC by D’Abbadie, and ACCADIAN by
Sayce. Fabre’s “Dict. Français-Basque,” Bayonne, 1870, “Essai de
Grammaire,” par W. J. Van Eys, Amsterdam, 1867. W. W. _See_ ESCUARA.
BASUNDO.
A native dialect of Africa, belonging to the N.W. division of the
Kaffir group, vernacular in the R. Gaboon.
BATAK, _or_ BATTA.
A native dialect of wild Malays in Sumatra; it is allied to BUGIS,
with written characters imitated from the DEVANAGIRI alphabet of
SANSKRIT.
⁂ The Orang Batta are the indigines of Sumatra; BANJAK, PAKPAK,
ZINGKAL, TOBA, are all sub-dialects of BATTA in Sumatra. See
Van der Tunk’s “Collection of Battak Texts, with Notes and
Translations,” 4 vols., Amsterdam, 1860-62; “Bataksch Leesboek”; and
“Bataksch-Nederduitsch Woordenboek,” Amsterdam, 1861. ☞
BATAR, _see_ BOR.
BATAVIAN-MALAY.
What is called BATAVIAN-MALAY is perhaps rather a Sundanese than a
Malay dialect. It is the language of the natives of Batavia and its
environs, a population sprung from the conflux of individuals from
almost every part of the Archipelago; yet the SUNDANESE element
seems to predominate. This language ought not to be confounded
with the low-Malay spoken at Batavia by Europeans and natives in
their ordinary intercourse, which is merely Malay corrupted by the
introduction of foreign words and forms of speech. To these Europeans
the language which the natives use among themselves is quite
unintelligible. P. J. V.
BATCHIAN.
A dialect of MALAY, somewhat allied to GILOLO.
⁂ This island is one of the Moluccas; it has no indigenous
population, but the so-called Malay colonists are of a mixed race,
and the dialect they speak is mixed with Papuan or Alfuru elements.
P. J. V.
BATEMDAKAIEE, _see_ KULANAPO.
BATHURST.
A dialect vernacular in N. S. Wales.
BATTA (1), _see_ BATAK.
BATTA (2).
A family of languages, vernacular in Africa.
⁂ One of the thirty languages of the Adamawa, spoken under 9° N.L.
BATU-MERAH (“Red-rock” in MALAY).
A dialect of the Mohammedan suburb of Amboyna, closely allied to
LIANG. _See_ MORELLA.
BAURÉ, _see_ MOXOS.
BAURO _or_ SAN CRISTOVAL.
A dialect of the Solomon Isles, or Isles of Danger, in the Pacific
Ocean.
BAVARIAN (BAIERISCHE).
A dialect of TEUTONIC, typical High-German. See “Bayerisches
Wörterbuch,” by Schmeller, 4 vols., Stuttgard, 1827-37. W. W. S.
BAYANO.
A dialect of Central America, vernacular at San Salvador, Guatemala.
_See_ DARIEN _and_ SAVANERIC.
BAYEIYE.
African: a sub-dialect of BANTU, vernacular in the interior.
BAYON _or_ BAYUNG.
A dialect of KAFFIR, vernacular on the R. Gaboon.
⁂ The name is important because it is the last of the languages on
the W. half of equatorial Africa of which any specimen is known.
BEAK.
A dialect of PAPUAN, vernacular in New Guinea.
BÉARNAIS.
The dialect of Béarn, in the S. of France. See Hatoulet et Picot’s
“Proverbes Béarnais, avec un Vocabulaire,” 8vo, Paris, 1862. W. W. S.
BEAVER.
American: dialect of the Beaver Indians, N. of the Hudson’s Bay
country; sometimes classed as CHIPEWAYAN.
BECHUANA.
African: a dialect of KAFFIR. Moffat’s “Spelling-book,” London 1826;
“Bukauiane A B C,” Kapstadt, 1839. _See_ SECHUANA.
BEDFORDSHIRE.
A dialect of England. See “An Analysis of English, with an Analysis
of the dialect of Bedfordshire,” by T. Batchelor, London, 1809. W. W.
S.
BEGHARMI.
A dialect of central Africa, spoken to the S.E. of Lake Tshad; Dr.
Barth assigns it to the SHILUK class. Vocabulary in Klaproth’s “Essai
sur la Langue du Bornou,” Paris, 1826.
BEJA _or_ BOJE.
A dialect of N.E. Africa, vernacular at Kosseir, the ancient
Apollonopolis Parva, in Egypt. It is also called BISHARI. See
Burckhardt’s “Travels in Nubia,” pp. 160-1.
BELANG _or_ BILONG.
A native dialect of Celebes, somewhat allied to LANGOWAN. _See_
BENTENANG.
BELGIC _or_ BELGIAN.
Old Belgic was Teutonic, Low-German, classed as a dialect of Frisian.
Modern Belgian is a dialect of French. See De Reiffenberg’s “Nouv.
Obs. sur les patois Romans de la Belgique,” “Echo du Monde Savant,”
1840.
BELONESE.
Dialects of E. Timor, spoken by the Belonese under Portuguese
dominion; sub-dialects are Teto, Vaiqueno, Viale, Manatuta. Vocaby.
by Mr. Heymering, in “Tyd. _v._ Ned. Ins.” viii., 3. P. J. V.
BELOOCHI _or_ BILUCH.
The native dialect of Beloochistan, the tract between Affghanistan
and the Indian Ocean, N. India; it is allied to PERSIAN.
BELTIN.
A dialect of TURKISH, spoken by a small tribe on the R. Abakan in
Siberia. “Asia P.” p. 229. H. H. H.
BENGA _or_ BENGUELAN.
A dialect of W. Africa, classed by Bleek as a sub-dialect of BANTU,
N.W. branch. Mackey’s “Grammar,” N. York, 1855. _See_ BIENGA.
BENGALI.
The vernacular dialect of the province of Bengal, British India; it
is derived from SANSKRIT, and written in characters modified from the
Divanagari alphabet. See Carey’s “Dict. of the Bengalee Language,”
&c., 2 vols., Serampore, 1825; Yates’s “Introd. to Bengali,”
Calcutta, 1847.
BENI, BENIN, _or_ BINI.
A general name for the native dialects, vernacular in the Bight
of Benin, W. Africa. Applied more particularly to the MOKO. Other
dialects are the BONNY, the IBO, and ARO. See Clarke’s “Dialects of
Africa,” p. 35.
BENI MENASSER, _see under_ M.
BENTENANG.
Alfuru dialect of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts of Pasan,
Ratahan, and Ponasakan, sometimes called PASAN BANGKO. P. J. V.
BERBER.
A language spoken in many parts of N. Africa by supposed descendants
of the ancient Lybians and Mauritanians; it somewhat resembles
COPTIC in construction, with an African vocabulary. The word Berber
is a form of οἰ βάρβαροι, “people whose speech is not intelligible;
gibberish.”
⁂ More properly a name given by the Arabs and Europeans to several
widely spread languages of N. Africa. “Dict. Français-Berbère,”
Paris, 1844. F. W. N. _See_ LIBYAN.
BERBERINI.
A language spoken on the Upper Nile, which has no relation to the
BERBER, properly so called. F. W. N.
BERESOV.
The Ostiaks of Beresov speak a dialect of OSTIACK. See Klaproth,
“Asia P.” H. H. H.
BERGAMASCO.
A provincial dialect of ITALIAN.
BERKSHIRE.
A few remarks on this dialect occur in Nichol’s “Bibliotheca
Typographica Britannica,” 4to, 1783, vol. iv., p. 44; see also T.
Hughes’s “Scouring of the White Horse.” W. W. S.
BETHUCK.
The native dialect of Newfoundland; it is allied to ALGONQUIN.
BETOI.
American dialect of New Grenada, on the eastern slope of the Andes.
Sub-dialects are the AIRICO, ELE, GIRARI, and SITUFA.
BHASA.
Native word for speech or language, used both in combination and
composition. 1. In BHASA-KRAMA, the ceremonial language of Java, and
in the BAHASA-TANAH of Amboyna, it precedes; 2. In BRIJ-BHASA, it
follows the word. Compare SANSKRIT, वाचा, _vâchâ_, “speech.” _See_
AMBOYNA.
BHATUI, _or_ BHATORE.
A dialect of TAMUL.
⁂ One of the cant, slang, or artificial languages of India; its basis
is MARATHI. Balfour’s “Languages of the Wandering Tribes of India.”
BHIL _or_ BHEEL.
A name for the BILUCH of Beloochistan. _See_ BELOOCHI. ☞
BHOJEPOORA.
A dialect of HINDUWI, spoken throughout the neighbourhood of Benares,
in the N. of British India.
BHOOTANESE.
A dialect of the BHOTIYA family, spoken in the modern Bhootan; it is
allied to TAMUL. G. R.
BHOT _or_ BHOTIA.
The language of BHOT or BOOTAN. The people of all Thibet, from Ladak
to Lassa, are BHOTIÄS, and inhabit the whole length of the Himalaya,
along the snowy range on its S. face in Kumaon, Nipal and Sikim.
Papers by Mr. Hodgson, in the “Asiatic Society’s Journal of Bengal.”
A.C.
⁂ Bhot or Bhotiya: native name for Thibet or Tibet and the Tibetans;
Bútan and Bultistan are from the same root, and serve to indicate the
great spread of the Tibetan race. The Bútanis call themselves Lhopa.
R. G. L. _See_ THIBETAN.
BHOTIYA.
A general name for the Sub-Himalayan languages. G. R.
BHRAMU.
A dialect of Nepaul, allied to DAHL. _See_ BRAMHU.
BIAFADA.
A negro dialect, allied to PADSADE, vernacular in the Bissagos, or
Bijugas islands at the mouth of Rio, W. Africa.
BIAJUK _or_ BIAJÚ.
A dialect of MALAY, of certain ruder populations of Borneo.
⁂ Properly Biajus or Beajus, the Dayaks of S. Borneo, in the ancient
kingdom of Banyarmarsin, now under Dutch rule. P. J. V. ☞
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
An attempt has been made to quote authorities under each leading
article; but, for the general knowledge of all languages in a
collective form, the following list of books is here supplied:—
Hervas: “Catalogo delle lingue conosciute,” &c., Cesena, 1785 (Italy).
Empress Catherine and Pallas: “Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia
comparativa,” 3 vols., St. Petersburgh, 1786-9.
Adelung and Vater: “Mithridates, oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde,” &c.,
4 vols., 8vo, Berlin, 1806-17.
Vater and Jülg: “Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexiker, und
Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde,” 2nd edit., Berlin, 1847.
Balbi: “Atlas Ethnographique du Globe,” &c., Paris, 1826.
Migne: “Dictionnaire de Linguistique et de philologie comparée,” &c.,
Paris, 1864.
Latham: “Elements of Comparative Philology,” London, 1862.
Tregelles and others: “The Bible of every Land: a History of the
Sacred Scriptures in every language and dialect, with specimens,
alphabets, maps,” &c., S. Bagster and Sons, London.
Müller: “Lectures on the Science of Language,” by Prof. Max Müller,
London, 1862-64.
Farrar: “Families of Speech,” by the Rev. F. W. Farrar, &c., London,
1870.
⁂ For the later authorities quoted throughout the Dictionary, see
published catalogues of Messrs. Trübner, Quaritch, and other dealers.
BIDDUMA, _see_ BUDUMA.
BIENGA.
AFRICAN: language of the I. of Corisco.
BIGHT-HEAD.
A native dialect of Australia.
BIJENELUMBO.
A native dialect of Australia.
BIKANIRA.
A dialect of HINDUWI, spoken in Rajpootana, N.W. India; using
characters of the Divanagari alphabet.
BILUCH, _see_ BELOOCHI.
BIMA.
A dialect of MALAYAN, vernacular in E. Sumbawa, an island to the S.E.
of Java. ☞
BIMBPA, _see_ CAMEROONS.
BINI, _see_ BENIN and MOKO.
BISAYA _or_ BISSAYAN.
A dialect of the Philippine Islands. See Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar,”
dissertation, p. 239. Dicty. by Mentrida, Manila, 1841. ☞
⁂ Also the name of a Dayak tribe on the R. Limbang, N. Borneo.
Vocaby. in St. John’s “Life in the Forests of the Far East;” appdx.
p. 407. P. J. V.
BISCAYAN, _see_ BASQUE.
BISHARI.
African: a collective name for the DANAKIL, ILMORMO, and SOMAULI.
_See_ BEJA.
BISSAGO.
AFRICAN: numerous and diverse dialects, vernacular in a small
Archipelago, so called, between 8° and 10° N.L. _See_ BIAFADA.
BLACKFOOT.
A native dialect of N. America, classed as ALGONQUIN. It is now
spoken by several tribes on the Saskatchewan river line. See Butler’s
“Great Lone Land,” London, 1873, p. 385; “Trans. Amer. Ethn. Soc.,”
vol. ii., Introd. p. cxii., p. 88; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,”
vol. ii., p. 494.
BLACKMOUTHS, _see_ JURIPIXUNHA.
BOBIA.
AFRICAN: a sub-dialect of OTAM.
BODE.
A dialect of BORNU. See Kölle’s “Africa Pol.”
BODEGA, _see_ OLAMENTKE.
BODO.
A dialect of THIBETAN vernacular in the Sikhim Himalayas. Hodgson (H.
B.) “Aborigines of India.” _See_ MECH.
BOËRO, _see_ CAJELI.
BOHEMIAN.
Sometimes called CHEKH or TSCHEKH, spoken in Bohemia, a province of
the Austrian Empire; it is of SLOVACK origin, and closely allied to
RUSSIAN. “Slownjk Cesko-Nemecky,” by Jungmann. Five vols. 4to. A
Bohemian-Latin-German Dictionary; published by the Royal Academy of
Prague. W. W. S. _See_ ROMANY.
BOKHARA _or_ BOKAREE.
A dialect of PERSIAN, vernacular in Bokhara. See Klaproth “Asia
Pol.,” pp. 242-54. Pallas’s “Vocab. Cath.” p. 102.
BOKSA, _see_ KUMAON.
BOLAANGO.
Alfuru dialects of N. Celebes, spoken in the districts Boloöng, Uki,
Bentaüna and Andagile of Kattingola. P. J. V.
BOLAR.
A negro dialect, allied to BULANDA.
BOLONG, BOLAANG, _or_ BULONG.
A dialect of Celebes or Macassar, allied to BUGIS; and sub-divided
into BOLONG-ITANG-OTA and BOLONG-MONGONDO. Respectively Upper and
Lower, the former is the BOLANG-ITAM or HITAM of Wallace’s App.
“Malay Archipelago.” Classed as sub-dialects of MENADU. ☞
BONNY.
A class of native African dialects, vernacular in Guinea. _See_ OBANY.
BOORO, _see_ CAJELI.
BOR.
A sub-TURANIAN dialect spoken by a broken tribe of Nepaul.
BORABORA.
POLYNESIAN: A TAHITIAN language. Vernacular in one of the Society’s
Is. W. G. _See_ TAHITIAN.
BORAIPER.
A dialect of Australia, allied to AIAWONG.
BORGIA, SAN.
A native dialect of California, N. America.
BORITSU.
A dialect of KAFFIR (N. W. division), vernacular on the R. Gaboon.
See Kölle: “Polyg. Afric.”
BORMIO.
A dialect of ITALIAN, vernacular in Lombardy.
BORNEO.
The populations of Borneo are of mixed races, known as Biajuks,
Biajús or Bajows, Dyaks, &c., as well as Malays. We have dialects
of KAGAN or KAYAN, KUPUA, MALO, MERI, MILLANOW, MURUNG, SAKARRON,
SANGOUW, SIBNOW, SOW, SUNTAB. Works by Crawfurd, Brooke (Sir J.),
Keppel (Adml.), Marsden, &c.; for details see Latham, pp. 305-7;
Vater, p. 465. _See_ DAJAK.
BORNU _or_ BORNUI.
A large class of native African, allied to the HAUSSA. Klaproth:
“Essai, &c.” 8vo, Paris, 1826. Clarke: “Dialects of Africa,” p. 35.
Kölle: “Grammar of the Bornu language.” _See_ KANURI.
BORO.
A dialect of THIBETAN, allied to BODO.
BORORO.
An unclassed dialect of S. AMERICAN, vernacular in S.W. Brazil.
BOSJESMAN.
Dutch name for the Bushmen or Hottentots.
BOSNIAN.
SLAVIC, the dialect of Bosnia, European Turkey.
BOTANGO.
A sub-dialect of MENADU. Small Vocaby. in Latham, p. 309. _See_
BOLONG.
BOTIA _or_ BOTYA, _see_ BHOT.
BOTOCUDO.
A large class of native languages, vernacular in Brazil, S. America.
⁂ The dialect is quite distinct from the GUARANI. D. F. ☞
BOUSTROPHEDON.
“To turn,” as the ox in ploughing; a term used of early Greek
writing, which went alternately in different directions; Solon’s laws
were thus written. It comes intermediate between the SEMITIC order of
writing, viz., from right to left, and the EUROPEAN form from left to
right.
BOUTON, _see_ BUTON.
BOWDITCH ISLAND.
The most easterly reef island of S. Pacific, occupied by Roman
Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Had no _written_ language
before visited by missionaries, and so nearly resembles the SAMOAN
that its books are easily read and understood by the people. W. G.
BOWRI.
A dialect of TAMUL.
BRAHMINIC.
A name for SANSKRIT.
BRAHOOI _or_ BRAHUI.
A dialect spoken in parts of Beloochistan, allied to TAMIL. See
Caldwell’s “Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages,” 1861;
Leech: Paper in Jnl. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, July, 1838.
⁂ Interesting as showing affinities to JAPANESE, LOOCHOO, KOREAN, and
BASQUE. H. C. _See_ BELOOCHI.
BRAI.
A dialect of France; Cambrai (Nord)? See “Dictionnaire du Patois du
Pays de Brai,” 1852. W. W. S.
BRAJ-BHAKA, _see_ BRUJ.
BRAMHU _or_ BHRAMU.
A dialect of THIBETAN, vernacular in Nepaul.
BRASILIAN, _see_ BRAZILIAN.
BRASS-TOWN.
A class of negro dialects allied to ARO. _See_ ORU.
BRAZILIAN.
A name for the written language of the Tupi and Guarani races of
Indians in S. America, as spoken in Brazil and Paraguay; it is
largely infused with PORTUGUESE, and much used by residents. In
Portuguese the “lingua Brasilica” means the “lingua geral.” See Da
Silva: “Diccionario da Lingua geral dos Indios de Brasil,” &c.,
Bahia, 1854.
BREMISCH.
A name for the LOW-GERMAN dialect of Bremen, N. Germany. See
“Bremisch-Niedersächsisches Wörterbuch,” Bremen, 1767-71, with
Supplement, 1869. W. W. S.
BRESCIAN.
An ITALIAN _patois_, vernacular in Lombardy.
BRETON.
See “Dictionnaire Breton-Français et Français-Breton,” par
Villemarqué, 2 vols., 1847-50; and “Dict. Celto-Breton and
Breton-Français,” par Legonidec, 1807-21. ☞
BRISSI.
A native dialect of W. Timor, closely allied to TETO. Vocaby. in
Wallace: Appdx. _See_ KUPANG.
BRITISH.
A name for the PRE-ROMAN dialects of England. _See_ CELTIC _or_
KELTIC.
BRUJ.
A dialect of HINDUWI, otherwise called BRIJ-BHAKA, spoken in the
province of Agra, Hindustan.
BUBONKO.
Alfuru dialect of the Togean or Toühia Islands, in the Gulf of
Tomini, N. Celebes. P. J. V.
BUCHAN.
A dialect of Scotland.
BUDUGUR.
A dialect of CANARESE, vernacular in the Nilghery Hills, S. India.
BUDUMA.
A native dialect of Africa, allied to KANURI. Spoken by the islanders
of Lake Tshad.
BUGHELCUNDI.
A corrupted HINDUWI, otherwise called BAGHELCUNDI, vernacular in
Boghela, in the province of Allahabad, British India.
BUGIS _or_ BUJI.
A dialect of the MALAYAN family spoken in the Island of Celebes
or Macassar, an island adjoining Borneo, and written in a
different character from OLD MACASSAR. See Crawfurd’s “Malay
Grammar,” Dissertation p. 88. “Vocabulary,” Mission Press, 1833;
“Chrestomathies,” Paris. _See_ MANGKASAR.
BUJI.
African: a sub-dialect of KABYLE.
BULANDA.
A dialect of W. Africa, allied to BAGO.
BULGARIAN.