slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller than
Connecticut)
Land boundaries:
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with
Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215
km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km (with Serbia), Croatia (north)
241 km (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km (with Montenegro),
Hungary 151 km (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia 221 km (with Serbia), Romania 476 km (with Serbia)
note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot,
humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion,
continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic
climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively
cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to
the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient
mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with
no islands off the coast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc,
nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
permanent pastures: NA%
forests and woodland: NA%
other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
Environment--current issues: pollution of coastal waters from
sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor;
air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water
pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows
into the Danube
Environment--international agreements:
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography--note: controls one of the major land routes from
Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along
the Adriatic coast
People
Population: 11,206,847 (Serbia--10,526,478; Montenegro?680,369)
(July 1999 est.)
note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable
error because of the dislocations caused by military action and
ethnic cleansing
Age structure:
0-14 years: Serbia--20% (male 1,102,109; female 1,025,069);
Montenegro--21% (male 75,633; female 70,464)
15-64 years: Serbia--67% (male 3,538,689; female 3,483,192);
Montenegro--68% (male 232,223; female 227,371)
65 years and over: Serbia--13% (male 595,200; female 782,219);
Montenegro--11% (male 30,829; female 43,849) (July 1999 est.)
Population growth rate: Serbia--0.02%; Montenegro?0.07% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: Serbia--12.54 births/1,000 population; Montenegro?
13.19 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: Serbia--9.68 deaths/1,000 population; Montenegro? 7.44
deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: Serbia---2.65 migrants/1,000 population;
Montenegro---5.09 migrants/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: Serbia--1.08 male(s)/female; Montenegro--1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: Serbia--1.08 male(s)/female; Montenegro--1.07
male(s)/female
15-64 years: Serbia--1.02 male(s)/female; Montenegro--1.02
male(s)/female
65 years and over: Serbia--0.76 male(s)/female; Montenegro--0.70
male(s)/female
total population: Serbia--0.99 male(s)/female; Montenegro--0.99
male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: Serbia--16.49 deaths/1,000 live births;
Montenegro--10.99 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: Serbia--73.45 years; Montenegro--76.32 years
male: Serbia--71.03 years; Montenegro-- 72.87 years
female: Serbia--76.05 years; Montenegro--80.07 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: Serbia--1.74 children born/woman;
Montenegro--1.76 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin
Ethnic groups: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%,
Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%,
Protestant 1%, other 11%
Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy: NA
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) but the US view is that the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of
the successor republics represents its continuation
Data code: Serbia--SR; Montenegro?MW
Government type: republic
Capital: Belgrade (Serbia), Podgorica (Montenegro)
Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republike,
singular--republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn
pokrajine, singular--autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*, Montenegro,
Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or
FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)
National holiday: St. Vitus Day, 28 June
Constitution: 27 April 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Slobodan MILOSEVIC (since 23 July 1997);
note--Milan MILUTINOVIC is president of Serbia (since 21 December
1997); Milo DJUKANOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 21 December
1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Momir BULATOVIC (since 20 May
1998); Deputy Prime Ministers Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September
1995), Vuk DRASKOVIC (since 1 February 1999), Jovan ZEBIC (since 9
April 1998), and Vladan KUTLESIC (since 20 March 1997), Zoran LILIC
(since 20 May 1998), Danilo VUKSANOVIC (since 20 May 1998)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year
term; election last held 23 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2001);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Slobodan MILOSEVIC elected president; percent of
legislative vote--Slobodan MILOSEVIC 90%
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna
Skupstina consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40
seats--20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis
of party representation in the republican assemblies to serve
four-year terms) and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138
seats -, 108 Serbian with half elected by constituency majorities
and half by proportional representation, 30 Montenegrin with six
elected by constituency and 24 proportionally; members serve
four-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Republics--last held 24 December 1996 (next to
be held NA 2000); Chamber of Citizens--last held 3 November 1996
(next to be held NA 2000)
election results: Chamber of Republics--percent of vote by party--NA;
seats by party--NA; note--seats are filled on a proportional basis to
reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of
Montenegro and Serbia; Chamber of Citizens--percent of vote by
party--NA; seats by party--SPS/JUL/ND 64, Zajedno 22, DPSCG 20, SRS
16, NS 8, SVM 3, other 5; note--Zajedno coalition includes SPO, DS,
GSS
Judicial branch: Federal Court or Savezni Sud, judges are elected
by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms; Constitutional Court,
judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms
Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party or SPS
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: ICFTU, IOC, OPCW
Diplomatic representation in the US: the US and Serbia and
Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of
the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to
function in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires
ad interim Nebojsa VUJOVIC
chancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US and Serbia and
Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Richard M.
MILES
embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade
mailing address: American Embassy, Belgrade, United States
Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5070 (pouch)
Economy
Economy--overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation
in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the
destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important
interrepublic trade flows. Output in Serbia and Montenegro dropped
by half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it had
depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and
manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and
levels of technology among the republics accentuated this
interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much
industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of
many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial
plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical
assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic
difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic
situation of Serbia is the continuation in office of a government
that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not
economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a
new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable from
1995 through 1997, but inflationary pressures resurged in 1998.
Reliable statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP
estimate is extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the
government after the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has
failed to materialize. Government mismanagement of the economy is
largely to blame. Also, the Outer Wall sanctions that exclude
Belgrade from international financial institutions and an investment
ban and asset freeze imposed in 1998 because of Belgrade's
repressive actions in Kosovo have added to economic difficulties.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$25.4 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 3.5% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$2,300 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 25%
industry: 50%
services: 25% (1994 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 48% (1998 est.)
Labor force: NA
Labor force--by occupation: industry 41%, services 35%, trade and
tourism 12%, transportation and communication 7%, agriculture 5%
(1994)
Unemployment rate: more than 35% (1995 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles;
tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery);
metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony,
bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore,
limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs,
appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and
pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate: 8% (1997 est.)
Electricity--production: 36.155 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 63.44%
hydro: 36.56%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 35.999 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 156 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco,
olives; cattle, sheep, goats
Exports: $2.3 billion (1998 est.)
Exports--commodities: manufactured goods, food and live animals,
raw materials
Exports--partners: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Imports: $3.9 billion (1998 est.)
Imports--commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals,
raw materials
Imports--partners: Germany, Italy, Russia
Debt--external: $11.2 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid--recipient: $NA
Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1--official rate:
10.0 (December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996),
1.5 (early 1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9
(December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 700,000
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station--1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: 27 (public or state-owned 1, private 26)
Radios: 2.015 million
Television broadcast stations: more than 771 (consisting of 86
strong stations, 685 low-power stations, and 20 repeaters in the
principal networks; there are also numerous local or private
stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)
Televisions: 1 million
Transportation
Railways:
total: 3,987 km
standard gauge: 3,987 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377 km partially
electrified since 1992) (1998)
Highways:
total: 50,414 km
paved: 45,020 km (including 545 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,394 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: NA km
Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural
gas 2,110 km
Ports and harbors: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo,
Tivat, Zelenika
Merchant marine:
total: 1 short-sea passenger (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,437
GRT/400 DWT (owned by Montenegro) (1998 est.)
Airports: 48 (Serbia 43, Montenegro 5) (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 18
over 3,047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
under 914 m: 4 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 0) (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
914 to 1,523 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1)
under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1) (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army (including ground forces with border
troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces)
Military manpower--military age: Serbia?NA years of age;
Montenegro--19 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: Serbia--2,727,292; Montenegro--187,198 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: Serbia--2,183,534; Montenegro--150,415 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: Serbia--NA; Montenegro--5,671 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $911 million (1999)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 6.5% (1999)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks
independence from Serbian republic; Serbia and Montenegro is
disputing Croatia's claim to the Prevlaka Peninsula in southern
Croatia because it controls the entrance to Boka Kotorska in
Montenegro; Prevlaka is currently under observation by the UN
military observer mission in Prevlaka (UNMOP); the border commission
formed by The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and
Montenegro in April 1996 to resolve differences in delineation of
their mutual border has made no progress so far
Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route
======================================================================
@Seychelles
----------
Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean,
northeast of Madagascar
Geographic coordinates: 4 35 S, 55 40 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 455 sq km
land: 455 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area--comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)
Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky,
hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m
Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Land use:
arable land: 2%
permanent crops: 13%
permanent pastures: NA%
forests and woodland: 11%
other: 74% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms
are rare; short droughts possible
Environment--current issues: water supply depends on catchments to
collect rain water
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Geography--note: 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands
People
Population: 79,164 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 29% (male 11,712; female 11,569)
15-64 years: 64% (male 24,879; female 26,038)
65 years and over: 7% (male 1,709; female 3,257) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.65% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 19.39 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -6.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 16.65 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.95 years
male: 66.61 years
female: 75.42 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.97 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)
adjective: Seychelles
Ethnic groups: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans,
Europeans)
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%
Languages: English (official), French (official), Creole
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 58%
male: 56%
female: 60% (1971 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles
conventional short form: Seychelles
Data code: SE
Government type: republic
Capital: Victoria
Administrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse aux
Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie
Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade,
Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe), Grand' Anse (on Praslin), La Digue,
La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe La
Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka
Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)
National holiday: National Day, 18 June (1993) (adoption of the
constitution)
Constitution: 18 June 1993
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and
customary law
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977);
note--the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June
1977); note--the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)
election results: President France Albert RENE reelected; percent of
vote--France Albert RENE (SPPF) 61%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO) 27%, Sir
James MANCHAM (DP) 12%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (35 seats--25 elected by popular vote, 10 allocated on a
proportional basis to parties winning at least nine percent of the
vote; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party
(elected)--SPPF 24, DP 1; seats by party (awarded)--SPPF 6, DP 1, UO 3
note: the 10 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share of
each party in the total vote
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, judges are appointed by the
president; Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the president
Political parties and leaders: ruling party--Seychelles People's
Political pressure groups and leaders: trade unions; Roman
Catholic Church
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C,
ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, InOC, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, NAM, OAU,
OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Claude MOREL
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an
embassy in Seychelles; the ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to
Seychelles
Flag description: five oblique bands of blue (hoist side),
yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of
the hoist side
Economy
Economy--overview: Since independence in 1976, per capita output
in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times
the old near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist
sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more
than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing, which
accounted for 70% of GDP in 1996-97. In recent years the government
has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and
other services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce
the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming,
fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The vulnerability of the
tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-92 due
largely to the Gulf war. Although the industry has rebounded, the
government recognizes the continuing need for upgrading the sector
in the face of stiff international competition. Other issues facing
the government are the curbing of the budget deficit and further
privatization of public enterprises.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$550 million (1997 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 4.3% (1997 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$7,000 (1997 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 4%
industry: 15%
services: 81% (1994)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.6% (1997)
Labor force: 26,000 (1996)
Labor force--by occupation: industry 19%, services 57%, government
14%, fishing, agriculture, and forestry 10% (1989)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $220 million
expenditures: $241 million, including capital expenditures of $36
million (1994 est.)
Industries: fishing; tourism; processing of coconuts and vanilla,
coir (coconut fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture;
beverages
Industrial production growth rate: 4% (1992)
Electricity--production: 125 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 125 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 0 kWh (1996)