Thomas of Cantinpré on corrupting influence of priesthood, 350
Thomas of Walden on Wickliffe, 379
Thomas, Wm., on English monasteries, 452
de Thou, on refusal to grant clerical marriage, 544
Thuringia, the Brethren of the Cross, 385
Thurles, Council of, in 1850, 626, 633
Tibet, number of monks in, 95
Tibullus on purity required for sacrifice, 49
Timotheists, their heresy, 376
Tithes, seizure of, by the laity, 258
Toledo, Council of, in 398, 196, 566
in 400, 75, 105
in 531, 80
in 589, 80, 120
in 597 and 633, 80
in 653, 80, 121
in 655, 121
in 675, 80
in 1565 and 1582, 562, 574
discipline of, in Spanish church, 302
Toleration of attacks by Rome, 386, 415, 417
Toleration, condemned by the church, 618
Tonsure, differences as to, 161, 163
Toribio, St., of Peru, 564
Torné of Bourges, his marriage, 591
Tortosa, Council of, in 1429, 311, 364
Torture not allowed in trials for solicitation, 571
Toul, hereditary transmission in, 266
relaxation of discipline in, 326
Toulouse, Council of, in 1056, 255, 304
in 1119, 208, 267
in 1850, 626, 633
spread of heresy in, 207, 370
Tournay, Synod of, in 1520, 575
in 1574, 560
Tournon, Cardinal, his efforts at reform, 515
Tours, Council of, in 460, 80
in 567, 80, 120
in 925, 146
in 1060, 198, 255
in 1096, 263
in 1163, 319
in 1583, 560
in 1849, 626
Trani, married bishop deposed, 197
civil marriage valid in, 606
Transaction of Cadam, 439
of Passau, 443
Transsubstantiation, Wickliffe’s error on, 378
Treason, English monks punished for, 451, 457
Treglia, Andrea, case of, 606
Tréguier, residence of relatives forbidden, 332
Trent, Council of, 514-45
expectations with regard to it, 441, 443
it authorizes dispensations for married priests, 442
its canons on matrimony, 534-6
on adultery, 566
its non-reception in France, 546
its reception elsewhere, 547
failure of its reforms, 548 sqq.
enforcement of its canons, 552, 553, 554
it avoids reference to abuse of confessional, 568
on power of absolution, 575
on age of ordination, 624
on gift of chastity, 624
on residence of women, 626, 628
on celibacy as matter of faith, 640
Trèves, persecution of married clergy in, 234
morals of clergy, in 12th century, 248
Archbp., asks for clerical marriage, 539
effort for clerical marriage, in 1833, 601
proportion of clergy in, 631
Synod of, in 1548, 525
in 1549, 526
in 1678, 562
Trialogus, Wickliffe’s, 380
Tribunal, mixed, for married priests, 257
Tribur, assembly of, in 1076, 237
Trinidad and Mercede, Orders of, 311
Trithemius on Benedictine saints, 113
on monastic immorality, 404
Tropea, sister of Pier-Leone, 342
Trosley, Council of, in 909, 141
Troyes, Synod of, in 1107, 245
in 1128, 362
Tsadukim, hereditary priesthood of, 22
their conservatism, 24
Tuam, Council of, in 1854, 633
Tudeschi, Nich., advocates clerical marriage, 406
Turin, Council of, in 401, 75
Turner, John, penance of, 481
Turquoing, suppression of unauthorized orders in, 622
Tuscany, priestly marriage defended in, 199
clerical morals in 18th century, 586
Tyndale advocates priestly marriage, 462
Ulric, St., of Augsburg on priestly marriage, 149
Ulric of Bohemia founds Abbey of Zagow, 181
Ulric of Tegernsee on bigamy, 181
Umbilicani, 24
Umiliati, their struggle with St. Charles Borromeo, 551
Unchastity, forgiveness for, in False Decretals, 136
punished as homicide, 169
United States, priestly marriage in, 607
morality of clergy in, 625
recent Councils of, 626-7, 633
University Fellows, celibacy of, 492
Urban II. on sacraments of sinful priests, 195
creates Conrad King of Lombardy, 220
reconciles the Milanese clergy, 220
holds Council of Piacenza, 221
enforcement of celibacy attributed to, 225
not recognized in Germany, 241
his enforcement of celibacy, 242
protects Flemish priests, 261
declares marriage incompatible with Orders, 313
Urban III. enforces celibacy in Dalmatia, 250
Urban VIII. on abuse of confessional, 573
Urbicus of Clermont, case of, 73
Urbino, Council of, in 1569, 553
in 1859, 627
Urraca, Queen, 306
Useria, supposed wife of Eriberto of Milan, 209
Utopia, Sir Thomas More’s, 446
Utraquists, the, 384
Utrecht, condition of nunneries, 14th century, 340
reception of Council of Trent in, 553
Synods of, in 1561 and 1565, 554
in 1865, 627, 633
Vagabond monks, 102, 109, 115
Vagabondage, Tudor laws on, 455, 460
Valence, Council of, in 374, 100, 103
Valencia, Council of, in 1255, 309
in 1565, 562
Valens, his restrictions on monachism, 99
Valentinian on clerical morals, 63
Valentinus, heresy of, 33
Valesians, sect of, 40
Valladolid, Council of, in 1322, 310, 364
Vallombrosa, monks of, 183
Vanaprasthas, class of, 23
Varahran I. persecutes Manichæism, 43
Vatican, Council of, in 1870, 603
its decree of infallibility, 608
number of women in, 1882, 628
Vaudois, the, 373
Vedas, doctrine of Tapas in, 24
Vega, Fray Juan de la, 572
Veil, taking the, a marriage with Christ, 104
Velda, Dr., case of, 570
Venality of officials, 253, 278, 284, 293, 312, 321, 327, 332,
337, 339, 345, 396, 401, 433, 517, 522
Venantius of Syracuse, case of, 113
Venezuela, suppression of monasteries in, 609
Venice, relaxation of the canon in, 205
number of priests in, 588
Council of, in 1859, 627
Vercelli, troubles of married priests in, 152
Verdun, reform of monks of, 264
Veringen, Count of, case of, 235
Verneuil, Synod of, in 755, 134
Vernon, Council of, in 845, 139
Verona, trouble with married priests, 151
Vertfeuil, extent of heresy in, 370
Vestal Virgins, 50
Vestments, monastic, salvation ensured by, 335
Veuillot, Louis, on droit de marquette, 355
Vicenza, Council of Trent transferred to, 520
Victimes de l’Amour de Dieu, 613
Victor II., his efforts at reform, 191
enforces celibacy in France, 255
Victor III. on Italian church, 180
Victricius opposes Vigilantius, 71
Vienna, Council of, in 1267, 251
in 1858, 627, 633
Vienne, Council of, in 1060, 198
in 1311, 376
Vigilantius, his resistance to celibacy, 70
Vihara, Buddhist monastery, 94
Villa, father, of Monza, 621
Villiers, Abbé, defends celibacy, 582
Villiers de l’Isle-Adam, 366
Vincent, St., de Paul, 612
Vintimiglia, Nunzio, his negotiations with Maximilian II., 543
Virgil, Polydor, on celibacy in England, 273
Virgin Mary, heresies concerning, 68
her message to Gregory VII., 226
Virginal, Curé of, his opinions, 623
Virginity, extravagant praises of, 45, 347, 349
by Chrysostom, 86
importance attributed to, 98
by the Fraticelli, 377
by Wickliffe, 380
compared with marriage, 46, 47, 96, 318, 347
superiority of, a Tridentine dogma
of morals, 536, 641
St. Jerome on its rarity, 624
perpetual, of the Virgin, 68
vows of (see _Vows_).
Virgins, priests to marry none but, 38
number of, in early church, 98
professed (see _Nuns_).
Visconti, Nunzio, on marriage at Trent, 535
Visitation of monasteries by Archbishop Morton, 399
by Archbishop Warham, 447
ordered by Henry VIII., 451
its effect, 453
Vitalis of Mortain preaches reform, 258
Vitry, Jacques de, case of, 398
Vladislas II. on clerical immorality, 401
Vows of chastity, introduction of, 41
not favored in early church, 48
their temporary character, 41, 97
their increasing permanency, 105
rendered irrevocable by Gregory I., 113
infanticide caused by them, 100
are ordered for subdeacons, 124
their perversion, 127
made a prerequisite to holy orders, 179
work dissolution of marriage, 313
difference between simple and formal, 321
are denounced by Lollards, 381
by Luther, 421
are maintained in the Six Articles, 469
prelates at Trent sworn to support them, 533
their observance a point of faith, 641
papal dispensation for, 535, 642
never granted by Pius IX., 611
minimum age for, defined by Pius IX., 611
limited to five years in France, 613
Vows, monastic, rendered indissoluble in the East, 107
of the military orders, 362
Vrie, Theodoric, on clerical immorality, 389
Wahu, Dr., on monastic schools, 619
on cases of clerical prosecution, 636
Wake, Archbishop, his correspondence with Du Pin, 582
Waldemar II. on concubines, 197
Walden, Abbot of, his marriage, 463
Waldo, Peter, 372
Waldenses, the, 373
Waldeck, Count of, his treatment of monks, 435
Wales, celibacy in early church, 163
state of church in 9th century, 171
priestly marriage in 13th century, 285
its persistence, 294
Walter of Orleans on residence of female relatives, 138
Warham, Archbishop, his visitation, 447
Wartburg, Luther’s confinement in, 419
Watten, Priory of, its troubles, 260
Wealth of church, its growth, 63
Wedlock (see _Marriage_).
Wenceslas of Bohemia, his reforms, 383
Wendt, Rev. Mr., case of, 636
Wer-gild of priest, 173
of children of clerks, 336
Western monachism, character of, 109, 112
Westminster, Council of, in 1127, 280
in 1138, 281
short-lived bishopric of, 460
canons of, ejected, 479
Westmoreland, Earl of, his insurrection in 1569, 496
Weston, Dr., story of, 477
Wexford, married priests of, 298
Whitby, Synod of, in 664, 161
Wiburn, Percival, on marriage of Anglican clergy, 495
Wicelius, George, on clerical marriage, 542
Wickliffe on sacraments of sinful priests, 196
his reforms, 378
Widowhood, vows of, license caused by, 127
Widows, priests not to marry, 39
order of, in early church, 42, 96
comparison of, with virgins, 46, 96, 347
professed, marriage of, 110
Wied, Hermann von, his attempts at reform, 518
Wiesbaden, clerical marriage in 1821, 601
Wilfreda, St., 167
William of Bavaria on church corruption, 527
William of Cantilupe enforces celibacy, 288
William of Cologne forbids marriage of monks, 340
William the Conqueror enforces celibacy in Normandy, 257
permits marriage in Britanny, 259
neglects reform in England, 271
William of Hilderniss, 385
William the Lion on concubines, 197
persecutes the clergy, 301
William of Malmesbury on Anglo-Saxon church, 176
William of Paderborn, his failure to reform, 340
William of Sabina, legate to Spain, 310
William of Strassburg excommunicates married priests, 424
Willibrod, St., his labors, 126
Wills, ecclesiastical, providing for children, 337
Winchester, reform of monastery of, 168, 169
Council of, in 1070, 272
in 1076, 273
in 1139, 371
hereditary transmission in, 286
Windsor, Synod of, in 1070, 272
Wine of Eucharist in early church, 44
abstinence from, not recommended, 48
Wishart, George, his trial, 510
Wisigothic laws on clerical celibacy, 121
on church property, 123
Wisigoths of Spain, state of church under, 120
Witgar of Mendlesham, 282
Witiza, his licentious laws, 121
Witnesses, use of ordeal for, 140
married priests not admitted as, 294
four required to prove solicitation, 571
Wittenberg, books of canon law burned at, 418
Synod of, in 1522, 420
Wives, demerit of, 46
adulterous, to be put away, 39
of Huguenot pastors, 498
of Anglican clergy, their position, 496
of bishops, their retention, 85, 88
to be separated, 89
under the Franks, 119
in Gothic Spain, 121
they rank as countesses, 259
their position in Anglican church, 495
consent of, requisite for episcopate, 249
for diaconate, 250, 251
for monastic vows, 324
of monks to become nuns, 114, 205, 324
of priests, their cohabitation permitted, 28, 48
forbidden by Council of Elvira, 50
permitted by Councils of Ancyra and Neocæsarea, 51
and by Council of Nicæa, 53, 54
and through the 4th century, 55, 58, 61, 79
forbidden by Damasus, 64
and by Siricius, 65
forbidden in Gaul and Spain, 75
and in Africa, 73
permitted in the East, 86, 89
custom in modern Russia, 91
their position under the Franks, 120
legislation in Gothic Spain, 121
are to be treated as sisters, 124
in Italy, in 8th century, 127
they cause dilapidation of property, 147
Anglo-Saxon denunciation of, 175
are stigmatized as concubines, 196
their fidelity, 202
their sufferings, 235
are declared slaves of church, 189
are reduced to slavery, 242, 309
their seizure threatened, 261
treatment of, in England, 274, 277, 287
they assist at altar in Germany, 318
are liable to death under the Six Articles, 468
legislation under Queen Mary, 485
are assumed to be serving women, 485
of subdeacons to be separated, 124
Wolff, Christian, on Paphnutius, 57
on Council of Trent, 640
Wolfgang of Ratisbon exhorts to chastity, 152
Wolf-hunts, priests obliged to join in, 303
Wolsey, Cardinal, attacks monastic orders, 447
his fall, 449
Women, abstinence from, in pagan priesthood, 49
not admitted in temple of Hercules, 50
admitted to monasteries, 101
their exclusion from monasteries, 403
their ministration forbidden, 60
their teaching forbidden, 60
discredited as witnesses, 571
rules for, in visiting bishops, 119
residence of (see _Residence_).
Wood, T., on position of Anglican clergy, 497
Worcester, reformation of monks in, 169
Chapter of, disorders of, 491
Works, merits of, in Catholicism, 115
in Calvinism, 498
justification by, in Scotland, 506
in Knox’s confession, 512
Worms, Diet of, in 1076, 234
Wurtzburg, Council of, in 1446, 377
in 1548, 528
character of clergy, in 1521, 431
clerical marriage in, 555
Wu-Tsung, his persecution of Buddhism, 95
Wyatt’s rebellion, suppression of, 478
Ximenes reforms the Franciscans, 402
Yoga system, asceticism of, 23
York, its claim on Scottish church, 161
Council of, in 1195, 288
Wolsey’s reformation at, 447
married priests ejected in, 480
Ypres, Synod of, in 1629, 562
abuse of confessional in 1768, 577
Yves of Chartres (see _Ivo_).
Zabarella, Cardinal, advocates clerical marriage, 406
Zabolcs, Synod of, in 1092, 248
Zaccaria on origin of celibacy, 29
on the Nicene canon, 55
on Gregory of Nazianzum, 58
on dissolution of priestly marriage, 317
his defence of celibacy, 583-4
Zachary, Pope, on Frankish church, 130
on Saxon church, 164
Zaga Zabo, his account of Coptic church, 93
Zagow, Abbey of, foundation of, 181
Zurich, priests of, defend their women, 340
Zwilling, Gabriel, preaches against monasticism, 421
Zwingli demands priestly marriage, 421
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Amos ii. 7.—Deut. xxiii. 18.—Micah i. 7.—Herod. I. 199.—Cf. Kuenen,
Religion of Israel, I. 92-3, 368.—Rawlinson’s Essay X. on Herod.
I.—Luciani de Syria Dea vi.
[2] When the Church assumed that marriage was incompatible with the
ministry of the altar, it was somewhat puzzled to reconcile the
hereditary character of the high priesthood with the morning and
evening sacrifice required of the high priest (Exod. XXX. 7-8). For
ingenious special pleading to explain this away, see St. Augustin,
Quæstt. in Pentateuch. III. lxxxii. and Retractt. II. lv. 2.
[3] Num. VI. 2-21.—Judges XIII-XVI.—I. Sam. I. 11.—Lament. IV.
7-8.—Amos II. 11-12.—I. Macc. III. 49.—Mishna, Tract. Nazir.
[4] Yasht-Kordah 10.—Bahram Yasht 46.—Sad-der, Porta C.—Philost. de
Vit. Sophistt. I. 10.
[5] Justin. Historiar. X. ii.
[6] Kapila’s Aphorisms I. 1 (Ballantyne’s Translation).—Sankhya Karika
XLV., LXVI., LXVIII. (Colebrook & Wilson’s Translation).—For the
intercourse between India and the West, see A. Weber, “Die Verbindungen
Indiens,” etc., in “Indische Skizzen.”
[7] Surangama Sutra (Beal’s Catena, pp. 348-9).—Davids and Oldenberg’s
Vinaya Texts, Part I. p. 4.—Hodgson’s Essays on the Languages, etc., of
Nepal and Tibet, pp. 63, 68-70.—Hardy’s Eastern Monachism, pp. 50 sqq.
[8] Manava Dharma Sastra IV. 257; VI. 1-81. Yet the Sutta Nipata,
a Buddhist scripture of unquestioned antiquity, states that of old
the Brahmans practised celibacy up to the forty-eighth year. (Sir M.
C. Swamy’s Translation, p. 81.) Cf. Strabon. Lib. XV., and Clement.
Alexand. Stromat. Lib. III.
[9] See Bisse’s edition of Palladius de Gentibus Indiæ.—Diog. Laert.
Proœm.—Philost. de Vit. Apollon. Tyan.—Porphyr. de Abstinent. IV. 17.
[10] A. Weber, Hist. Ind. Lit., pp. 163, 237-9.—Wilson’s Vishnu Purana,
I. 164.—Garrett’s Class. Dict. India, p. 753.
[11] Rig Veda, VIII. VIII. 48 (Langlois’ Translation).—Muir’s Sanskrit
Texts, IV. 160 sqq.—Harivansa Lect. XXXII.—Hitopadesa (Lancereau’s
Translation, pp. 178-9, and note to p. 160). The same follies were
common to Buddhism. See Fah-Hian (Beal’s Buddhist Pilgrims, pp.
101-2).—Eitel’s Handbook of Chinese Buddhism, pp. 33, 76.—Rogers’s
Buddaghosha’s Parables, p. 59.—How nearly Christian extravagance
reached these altitudes may be seen by reference to the Umbilicani
or Quietist monks of Mt. Athos, in the fourteenth century, who
became suffused with divine light after prolonged contemplation of
their navels (Basnage, in Canisii Thes. Monument. Eccles. IV. 366,
sqq.—Dupin, Bibl. des Auteurs Eccles. XI. 96.—Beal’s Catena, p. 151).
[12] A very good exposition of the Pharisaic revolution will be found
in Cohen, Les Pharisiens, 2 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1877.
[13] Josephi Vit. 2.—Ejusd. Antiq. XV. x. 5; XVII. xiii. 3; XVIII. i.
5.—Ejusd. Bell. Jud. II. viii. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12.—Euseb. H. E. II. 23,
ex Hegesippo.—Hippol. Refut. Omn. Hæres. IX. xiii.-xxii.—Philastr. Lib.
de Hæres. ix.—Matt. xix. 12.—Porphyr. de Abstinent. IV. 11-13.—Philo
probably obtained from the Essenes the ideal which he embodied in
his account of the supposititious Therapeutæ (Philon. Lib. de Vit.
Contempl. pp. 690-1, Ed. 1613).
[14] Matt. xxxiii. 3.—Luc. xi. 46.—Matt. xi. 4-10.
[15] Acts ii. 44-6.—James ii. 10.—Matt. v. 17-19; xxiii. 15.—Cf. Galat.
ii. 7.
[16] Irenæi contra Hæres. I. xxvi. 2.—Hippol. Refut. Omn. Hæres. VII.
xxii.—Tertullii Præscript. xlvii.—Euseb. H. E. III. xxvii.—Epiphan.
Panar. Hæres. XXX.—Hieron. Comment. in Matt. II. xii. 2.—It is possible
that “them which say they are Jews and are not,” condemned in Rev. ii.
9; iii. 9, were Ebionites. The Talmud represents the Jewish doctors,
after the destruction of Jerusalem, as consorting familiarly and
disputing with the Ebionite Christians (Cohen, II. 238-9).
[17] Hieron. adv. Jovin. I. 34.
[18] Gratiani Decret. P. I. Dist. XXXI. c. xi.
[19] Gratiani Comment. in Can. 13. Dist. LVI. See also Comment. in
Dist. XXXI.
[20] Summa II. ii. Quæst. 186 Art. 4 § 3.
[21] Gemma Eccles. II. vi.