“There were four horses in the field.”
10. Number of persons, when not in statistical matter or when
general or indefinite: “There were thirty or forty persons in the
town.”
11. When numbers are mentioned casually, or by way of illustration,
or in connection with serious and dignified subjects, they should
be spelled out:
In nine hundred and ninety-nine cases out of every thousand.
It is now five years since I first took my stand in opposition to
this measure, and if my stay among you should be extended
to twenty years instead of five, I shall still be found
opposing it with the same earnestness as at first.
Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.
The twelve Apostles.
The three Graces.
The nine Muses.
The seven wise men of Greece.
For twelve years he struggled manfully and the thirteenth year
crowned his efforts with success.
Congress has now been in session two months and three weeks,
lacking two days.
It is twenty-four years since the rebellion turned the two sections
of our country into two armed bodies composed of two or three
million men.
It is the twelfth hour which is dreaded most at night by
superstitions mortals.
At eleven and a half o’clock.
In the thirtieth degree of latitude the thermometer reached the
fifth degree above zero.
12. When a paper is divided into clauses numbered “1, 2, 3,” etc.,
in the copy, put in figures; but if written “1st, 2d, 3d,” etc.,
spell out.
TABULAR WORK.
=_Box heads_=.--Box heads should be run across whenever
practicable; if it is necessary to run them up, reduce to the
minimum depth.
In boxes of two or more lines which run across, or where two or
more boxes occur in the same head, use en quads above and below the
greater number of lines.
In boxes of three lines or more in depth and 10 ems or more in
width over reading columns or over several figure columns, and in
all run-up heads of three lines or more, make hanging indention;
otherwise center each line.
In boxes containing two lines the first line must be the longer
when possible.
=_Contractions_=.--In columns of names of persons, follow copy
in the use of contractions of given names; but to avoid overruns
always contract such names as William and Charles. Use “Co.” for
“Company” where the name of the company is given; use “R. R.” for
railroad and “Rwy.” for railway where the name of the railroad or
railway is given, and use Bro. and Bros. in firm names. Contract
names of months whenever the day of the month is given, excepting
in first columns consisting of dates only, which may, however, be
contracted to save overruns. All other well-known contractions
can be used, by direction of copy preparer, to save overruns. The
following contractions for months of the year will be used:
January Jan.
February Feb.
March Mar.
April Apr.
May May
June June
July July
August Aug.
September Sept.
October Oct.
November Nov.
December Dec.
=_Use of “dittoes.”_=--Ditto whenever it can properly be done, and
ditto under blank spaces in all cases excepting center heads, but
never ditto under leaders.
In columns less than 6 ems in width use 1½ ems of quads (in
addition to en quad used for bearing off) or 2 ems of leaders, as
may be required, before the “do.”; in columns of 6 ems and over,
use 2 ems of quads (in addition to en quad used for bearing off) or
2½ ems of leaders.
In first columns, where flush headings are used with indentions
under them, proportionate allowance must be made for those
indentions, and it will generally be indicated by the copy preparer.
=_Date columns._=--In 7-em date columns, bear off 3-em space
from rules, use only en commas after day of month, and put the
remaining space between month and day. Observe same style in 5-em
date columns, with the exception of using en quads instead of 3-em
spaces in bearing off from rules.
Ditto in both 5 and 7 em columns.
=_Leading from top or bottom lines_=.--Where there is only one
reading column, lead from the bottom; if more than one, from the
top.
Date columns are not classified as reading columns in connection
with leading from top line.
In parallel tables, where the lines are numbered on the outside of
each page, lead from the top.
Where the last word in a leader line runs close to the rule, use
en leader if space permits; if not, use a thin space, but never
use a full point, excepting where a reference mark follows an
abbreviation.
Unless specially directed otherwise, continue leaders across entire
width of tables when the right-hand columns are of figures; when
the last column is a reading column, omit the leaders from that
column only.
=_Figures in reading columns_=.--Numerical expressions in reading
columns will be expressed in figures, even at the beginning of the
sentence: 155 days from Dec. 1; trains 3 times a day.
=_Figures from or against rules._=--In figure columns bear off an
en quad from rules on right of figures; and so make the cast as
to bear off the longest line of figures an en quad from the rule
on the left where possible. If crowded, and but few figures will
touch, close up on the left; if still more crowded, close up on the
right. If found necessary to set the figures in one column against
the rule on the right (which, by the way, must always be done
before closing up on the left when the mass of figures is of nearly
even width), do the same with the remaining columns of the table.
Exceptions will be marked by copy preparer.
Common fractions to be set against rules unless otherwise indicated.
=_Decimals._=--In columns of figures containing decimals omit the
point and ciphers where no decimal occurs. This rule does not apply
to money columns consisting of both dollars and cents, where the
points and ciphers will be used. Always align the decimal points.
=_Dollar mark._=--Repeat dollar mark under rules in continuous
tables; also in leader work where center heads occur indicating a
separate or independent statement. But in statements where amounts
are added to make a general aggregate do not repeat the dollar
mark, even where center heads occur.
=_Parallel dashes._=--Use parallel dashes in figure columns in all
cases where necessary to cut off from figures following. This rule
will apply also to leader work.
=_Tables in rules._=--In tables inclosed in rules, where the first
column consists of figures, do not use leaders. [This rule will
not apply to date columns or to reading columns clearly requiring
leaders.] Bear off matter one em from side rules.
=_Full point in leader lines._=--Use full point between
abbreviation and reference mark in leader lines, as Boston, Mass.†
...
=_Blanks for center heads._=--Use full blank line above and below
all center heads in stubs or reading columns, excepting where
leaders run back far enough to clear the head, in which case use
only a line of en quads below.
=_Plus and minus marks._=--Plus and minus marks in figure columns
must be aligned when occurring at left of figures.
=_Dates and figures in reading columns._=--Do not range dates or
figures in first or reading columns unless figures are added up to
make a total. This rule will apply also to leader work.
=_En-quadded tables._=--Use en quads in runovers [copy preparers
will give instructions when change is desired]; scabbard will not
be allowed; all box heads solid.
=_Reference marks._=--Set off all reference marks a 5-em space when
preceding words or figures. Use superior figures (^1, ^2, ^3, etc.)
for reference marks and footnotes in all cases, unless otherwise
instructed. In a series of short footnotes range the reference
marks, and also the first letter of the note.
=_Words in figure columns._=--Range all words occurring in figure
columns one en from rule on right; also capitalize and use full
point.
=_Indention from rules._=--An indention from a rule means so many
ems in addition to the en quad used for bearing off.
=_Word “number.”_=--Spell the word “number,” referring to quantity
or things, in box heads where possible. Where necessary to
abbreviate or where used in connection with serial figures, use
“No.”
=_Flush and sub heads._=--Use colons after flush heads and em
dashes after heads subordinate thereto.
=_Units of quantity._=--Units of quantity to the right of reading
columns and over figure columns will be spelled where possible.
Where the space available demands a contraction, use the following
forms: Dolls., galls., lbs., oz., bbls., cwt., yds., ft., in.
(inches), doz., bush., M, sq. feet, M feet, cub. feet, kilo.,
kilos. Observe style of the following table:
[[TABLE -- PART 1 of 2]]
-------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Between Chicago, |
| Ill., and-- |
Articles. +---------+---------+
| Jackson-| Athens, |
| ville, | and Ma- |
| Fla. | con, Ga.|
-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+
Agricultural implements: | | |
C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds) per 100 lbs | $0.87 | $0.85 |
C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds), released, | | |
per 100 pounds | .58 | .58 |
Apples, onions, potatoes, cabbage, beets, | | |
and turnips, straight and mixed, C. L. | | |
per 100 lbs | .43 | .43 |
Beans and pease, in barrels or sacks do | .73 | .71 |
Butter: | | |
Dairy-- | | |
In wood do | 1.35 | 1.47 |
In wood, released do | 1.00 | 1.06 |
Flour: | | |
In barrels per barrel | .44 | .74 |
In sacks per 100 pounds | .28 | .41 |
Grain, in bulk, C. L. do | .27 | .37 |
Hominy and grits per barrel | .54 | .73 |
-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+
[[TABLE -- PART 2 of 2]]
-------------------------------------------+----------------------------
| Between St. Louis, Mo.,
| and--
Articles. +---------+---------+--------
| Jackson-| Athens, |Atlanta,
| ville, | Ga. | Ga.
| Fla. | |
-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
Agricultural implements: | | |
C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds) per 100 lbs | $0.84 | $0.82 | $0.82
C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds), released, | | |
per 100 pounds | .56 | .56 | .56
Apples, onions, potatoes, cabbage, beets, | | |
and turnips, straight and mixed, C. L. | | |
per 100 lbs | .41 | .41 | .41
Beans and pease, in barrels or sacks do | .70 | .68 | .68
Butter: | | |
Dairy-- | | |
In wood do | 1.23 | 1.25 | 1.35
In wood, released do | .95 | 1.01 | 1.01
Flour: | | |
In barrels per barrel | .48 | .68 | .62
In sacks per 100 pounds | .23 | .38 | .35
Grain, in bulk, C. L. do | .22 | .32 | .29
Hominy and grits per barrel | .56 | .64 | .58
-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------
=_Leader work._=--Leader work is not classified as tabular work.
=_Continued heads._=--Continued heads over tables must be condensed
into one line where possible.
FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.
1. Copy marked “fol.” means to follow figures, italics,
abbreviations, idiomatic words and expressions, and &c. or etc.,
but not capitalization or punctuation. The exceptions are: (1)
Always spell out the & except in firm names; (2) always spell
out the % mark; (3) always use “at” or “to,” as the case may be,
instead of the commercial @. All orthography in “fol.” matter is
good that has the sanction of any dictionary.
2. Copy marked “fol. lit.” means follow everything--caps,
punctuation, and contractions.
COURT WORK.
COURT OF CLAIMS OPINIONS, BRIEFS, AND DECISIONS.
1. In the case of _The United States_ v. _Union Pacific Railroad
Company_ (99 U. S., 22), the court
2. In the case of _United States_ v. _The Union Pacific Railroad
Company_ (99 U. S., 33), the court
3. (_The United States_ v. _Union Pacific R. R. Co._)
4. (_United States_ v. _The Union Pacific R. R. Co._)
5. In _Taylor’s Case_ (16 C. Cls. R., 14) the claimant. (_Taylor’s
Case_, 16 C. Cls. R., 14.)
6. In _Taylor_ v. _Smith_ the court held
7. _Edwards’s Lessee_ v. _Darby_ (12 Wheat., 210)
8. _Legal-Tender Case_ (110 U. S., 334)
9. (_Ex parte_ Robinson, 19 Wall., 304)
10. In Taylor’s Case the court say; in the case of Taylor there was
11. In the case of _Payne_ (7 U. S., 252)
12. By the _Act of March 3, 1881_, chapter 34, section 4 (Rev.
Stat., § 33).
13. _Bowman Act_ (22 Stat. L., ch. 4, § 9, p. 284); the Bowman Act
was referred to.
14. _Act 5th August, 1882_ (Supp. Rev. Stat., 284; Stat. L., 84).
15. In the petition (Rec., p. 7) there is
16. In the record (p. 7; Test., p. 7; Ev., p. 7; Rec., p. 9; q. 7;
c. q. 7; int. 7; c. int. 7; qq. 6-9; c. qq. 7-9; ints. 9, 10)
17. Finding VI--the sixth finding; section 6--the sixth section.
18. Omit quotation marks for exhibits in all cases except “fol.
lit.”
19. “United States” to be used in the singular number where
practicable.
20. In Court of Claims records, when questions are numbered, let
the number precede the question: 23. Question.
21. Spell out “Question” and “Answer” and make separate paragraphs.
22. When the title of the case is braced to the left, the rule is
to have the braced portion occupy two-thirds of the line; but this
may be varied to avoid bad divisions or when there is but little
matter inside the brace.
23. Make sentences of citations, excepting (p. 84) or (pp. 90-95).
(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.”)
SUPREME COURT RECORDS.
24. X Int.
X Int. 1.
X 20.
24. X.
24. Q.
24. Question.
X Q. 1.
24. Int.
1. X Q.
X Ques. 1.
1. Add. Direct.
2. R. D. Q.
3. Re D. Q.
4. R. X Q.
Re X Q. 1.
R. X Int. 1.
5. Re X Q.
24th. Cross-ques.
46th. Cross-int.
46. Cross-int.
46. Cross-ques.
46. C. Int.
46th. C. Int.
Answer to Cross-int. 1.
1. Follow copy literally, except italics (which stand for errors
only), capitalization, and punctuation.
2. Use italic letters to indicate errors of orthography and
apostrophes to indicate errors of omission. In case of a doublet,
italicize the repeated portion. Use no dashes, but indicate blanks
with quads.
3. Make paragraphs of answers in Q. and A. matter.
4. Use apostrophes in unusual abbreviations, such as Feb’y, c’t,
etc.; but in well-established abbreviations use the period, as Mr.,
deft., plff.
5. Many words, although not spelled according to Webster, if
sanctioned by other authorities, should be set without italic
letters.
6. Italics should not be used to indicate errors of syntax, or
errors of orthography, in foreign languages, except in law terms,
as fi_a_ri f_e_cias; nor should italics be used in variations of
orthography of proper names of persons or places.
7. Where the name of a corporation occurs beginning with the word
“the,” use a cap. T, thus: the said The B. & O. R. R. Co.; The Sun
v. The Globe; The City of Washington v. The B. & O. R. R. Co.; the
defendant The Davies County Bank.
8. Errors in italics will always be indicated by roman letters,
thus: _fi_e_r_e _f_e_cias_, _co_n_plain_e_ants_.
9. Names of vessels will be set in roman, quoted.
10. Do not change the spelling of proper names, nor use italics to
indicate errors therein.
(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.”)
GENERAL TESTIMONY.
1. Contract the first Q. and A., as well as the following ones.
2. Make one paragraph of question and answer, connecting the
question and its answer by an em dash.
3. Where the answer is not introduced by the usual “A.,” “Ans.,” or
“Answer,” or where the name or title of a participant is used, make
a new paragraph.
4. The following examples illustrate the use of brackets, colons,
and parentheses:
The CHAIRMAN (to Mr. Smith).
Mr. KELLEY (to the chairman).
The WITNESS. He did it that way [indicating].
Q. (By Mr. SMITH.) Do you know these men [handing witness a list]?
(Objected to.)
A. (After examining list.) Yes; I do.
Q. (Continuing.)--A. (Reads:)
Question (continuing).--Answer (reads):
A. (Interrupting.)
Answer (interrupting).
(Counsel objects to its admission.)
5. Observe punctuation in the following paragraphs:
The defendant, George Brown, stated to the court, etc. [where there
is only one defendant (or plaintiff) in the case].
The defendant George Brown stated to the court, etc. [where there
are two or more defendants (or plaintiffs) in the case].
(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.” and paragraph 3 under
“MISCELLANEOUS.”)
USE OF ITALIC.
1. Names of vessels and generic names should be set in italic,
except in tabular matter, indexes, lists set in columns, and
Supreme Court work.
2. The words “see,” “see also,” etc., in italic in indexes only.
3. Italic will not be followed in general work, either for foreign
words or for emphasis, unless special instructions to that effect
are given.
4. When letters are used as references in explaining diagrams,
figures, etc., use italic for lower-case references and roman for
caps, not quoted: Cogwheel _a_; pinion B; angle _ab_; line CD;
points _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_.
(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.”)
MISCELLANEOUS.
1. Use spaces in place of hyphens in Indian names.
2. Treat all side and cut-in notes as paragraphs.
3. Observe the following examples of punctuation:
George G. Greene, being sworn and examined, on oath deposes
and says:
Isaac Fuller, sworn, and testified as follows:
P. L. Rodier, sworn and examined.
Colonel Seventh Cavalry.
Captain, Seventh Cavalry.
Respectfully, yours,
Yours, respectfully,
Congressional, No. 25.
Congressional case No. 25.
Record, case No. 384.
Term No., 625.
Indian Depredations, No. 25.
Indian depredation case No. 625.
French Spoliations, No. 18.
French spoliation case No. 325.
first session Fifty-third Congress.
Jones & Co., Limited.
Latitude, 40° 19′ 12″ north; longitude, 30° 8′ 14″ west.
In latitude 40° 19′ 12″ north, longitude 30° 8′ 14″ west.
Have you any interest in this case? If so, what?
Have you any interest in this case? If so, state what.
Have you any interest in this case; and if so, what?
Have you any interest in this case? And if so, state what.
4. “Line of stars” means seven asterisks in a full-measure line,
indented two ems at each end, the remaining space to be evenly
divided between the stars. Exception: In briefs, etc., set in
“general-order” measure, use but five asterisks, indented two ems
at each end.
5. Avoid, by overrunning, the use of a dash at the beginning of a
line, two-letter divisions, and the repetition of divisions at the
end of three or more contiguous lines.
6. After addresses at the head of communications use the period,
as--
Hon. AMOS J. CUMMINGS,
_House of Representatives_.
DEAR SIR: I have the honor, etc.
Lieut. Commander RICHARD RUSH,
_Navy Department_.
DEAR SIR: The care shown by you, etc.
7. Use en quads in cap and small-cap lines in addresses and in
signatures, and a proportionate increase of space in heads of
extended type.
8. In illustrating certain shapes or forms, as ⟙ rails, use gothic
letters (case 288 cap. in long-primer text, and case 287 cap. in
brevier text).
9. In solid matter, when extracts, etc., are set in smaller type,
separate by using two leads; in leaded matter use three leads.
10. Use two leads before footnotes in all cases.
11. Where slugs are called for specially, use a slug of same body
as type.
12. Separate center heads from text by slugs one size less than
type used.
13. When two consecutive years are intended, set: 1875-76, 1801-2;
when more than two consecutive years are intended: 1875-1879,
1895-1904; when two or more distinct years are intended: 1894,
1895; 1873, 1876; 1888, 1891, 1894.
14. When laws are set in long-primer type, document measure, the
first line of the enacting clause must be set so as to conform to
the following examples:
_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United_
_Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States_
15. In indexes, when the page folios overrun, retain only the
first folio number in the leader line; but when necessary to save
an overrun, figures may be run back to within an em leader of the
words. When the folios overrunning make two or more lines, indent
evenly not less than seven ems on the left, the folios in excess
of even-length lines to be worked into the leader line. When the
figures extend back into the leader line, use an en quad between
the leaders and the first figure.
16. Never divide a word in a headline if it can possibly be
avoided. In subhead and legend lines it is not necessary to make
the first line full.
17. Always keep together, at the beginning or end of a line, such
abbreviations as U. S. N.; D. C.; N. Y.; N. J.; M. D., etc. The
contractions esq., sr., and jr. should always be in the same line
with the name they follow.
18. Never divide the last word of a paragraph if it can be avoided;
overrun if necessary. The last line of a paragraph should contain
at least a four-letter word.
BILL STYLE.
Unless special directions are given--sometimes necessary in
particular cases--the following rules govern the printing of bills:
Type.
1. Bills are always set in English type, full-slugged.
2. A new bill is always all roman, italic being used only for the
enacting clause and the word “_Provided_.”
Side Folios.
3. The direction “Allow for two figures” means that TWO 1-EM quads
(not one 2-em quad) are to be used in allowing for side folios at
left of text. “Allow for three figures” means indent two 1-em quads
and 1 en quad.
4. Always supply the word “That” immediately following the section
number, and after the word “_Provided_” of a proviso.
5. Begin side folios with figure 1 at the first line of each
section. Exceptions to this are sometimes made for convenience in
handling, and side folios begun with figure 1 at the top of each
page; but in such cases special instructions will be given.
Engrossed and Enrolled Bills.
6. A bill is said to be _engrossed_ when it has passed one House of
Congress; to be _enrolled_ when final action has been taken in both
Houses.
7. Follow literally in engrossed and enrolled bills. This applies
to the title of the bill on the filing or indorsement as well as to
the text, but not to the caption of engrossed amendments.
Heads and Indorsements.
8. The “indorsement” on a bill is the form printed on the back for
convenience of reference when folded. “Document style” prevails
on indorsements until the bill reaches the “engrossed” stage.
Senate bills differ from House bills in the forms used in heads
and indorsements. As a bill progresses new “actions” appear, which
should be set in the same style as the “actions” that precede. The
“style” of a head or indorsement is governed by the “style” for the
branch of Congress in which the bill is pending. Examples of a new
bill in each House are given on the following page:
HEADING OF HOUSE BILL.
--[Cast.]-- --[Cast.]--
53D CONGRESS, H. R. 9846.
_3d Session_.
[English caps--cast.]
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
[Long primer type.]
DECEMBER 22, 1894.
Referred to the Committee on Claims and ordered to be printed.
[English type.]
Mr. WILSON, of West Virginia, (by request) introduced the following
bill:
--[Cast.]--
A BILL
[English type.]
For the relief of George Washington Watkins, of Martinsburg, West
Virginia.
[Slug.]
_Be it enacted, etc._, That
HEADING OF SENATE BILLS.
--[Cast.]-- --[Cast.]--
53D CONGRESS, S. 4973.
_3d Session_.
[English caps--cast.]
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES.
[Long primer type.]
JANUARY 4, 1895.
Mr. VOORHEES introduced the following bill; which was read
twice and referred to the Committee on Pensions.
--[Cast.]--
A BILL
[English type.]
Granting an increase of pension to the survivors of the Mexican War.
[Slug.]
_Be it enacted, etc._, That
INDORSEMENTS.
_House._ _Senate._
53D CONGRESS,} 53D CONGRESS,} S. 4973
_3d Session_. } H. R. 9846. _3d Session_. }
================== ==================
A BILL A BILL
For the relief of George Washington Granting an increase of pension
Watkins, of Martinsburg, W. Va. to the survivors of the
Mexican War.
================== ==================
By Mr. WILSON, of West Virginia. By Mr. VOORHEES.
================== ==================
DECEMBER 22, 1894.--Referred to the 1895--JANUARY 4.--Read twice
Committee on Claims and ordered and referred to the Committee
to be printed. on Pensions.
9. In indorsements on bills in the Senate use a 9-em dash under the
bill number; on bills in the House a parallel dash.
10. The name of the introducer of a bill or resolution is carried
under the title in the indorsement, in long primer caps and small
caps, between parallel rules, in both Houses, through each printing
until bill or resolution passes one House.