Chased by British squadron, i. 328;
captures the "Guerrière," i. 330-335;
the "Java," ii. 3-7;
the "Cyane" and "Levant," 404-406.
_Continental._
Distinctive significance of the term, applied to the colonial system
of Great Britain in North America, i. 32;
Bermuda and the Bahamas reckoned officially among the continental
colonies, 31 (note).
_Continental System_ of Napoleon.
Extraordinary political character of, defined, i. 152, 153, 174;
co-operation of the United States desired in, 173;
and practically given by the United States, 176.
_Cooper, James Fenimore._ American naval historian.
Quoted, ii. 83-87, 101 (note), 108, 110, 135, 138, 188 (note).
_Craney Island_, near Norfolk.
Attack on by the British, in 1813, ii. 164-166.
_Croghan, George._ Major, U.S. Army.
Gallant defence of Fort Stephenson, 1813, ii. 73;
commands troops in the abortive military and naval expedition against
Michilimackinac, 1814, 324.
"_Cyane._" British ship of war.
Captured by the "Constitution," ii. 404-406.
_Dacres, James R._ Captain, R.N., commanding "Guerrière."
His defence before the Court Martial, i. 334.
_Dearborn, Henry._ American general.
Appointed, i. 337;
age, 337;
characterized by a British officer, 351;
negotiates a suspension of hostilities, which is disapproved, 352;
inactivity, 359; ii. 39, 47, 48;
apprehensions, ii. 32, 47;
relieved from command, 48.
_Decatur, Stephen._ Captain, U.S.N.
Commands a squadron, i. 314;
plan for employment of the navy in war, 317, 415;
accompanies John Rodgers on the first cruise of the war, 322-324;
sails on an independent cruise, 407, 408, 415;
action between the "United States" and "Macedonian," 416;
in 1813 unable to get to sea with a squadron, ii. 25, 148,
which is blocked in New London for the rest of the war, 149;
ordered to relieve Chauncey on the lakes, 300;
appointed to command frigate "President," 397;
action with "Endymion," 399;
surrenders to British squadron, 400-403.
_Decrees, Napoleon's._
Berlin, November 21, 1806, i. 141-148;
its design, and counter design of Great Britain, 149;
rigid enforcement of, 172;
Milan, December 17, 1807, 180, 189, (note), 205;
Bayonne, April 17, 1808, 189, 203;
Rambouillet, March 23, 1810, 235, 236;
alleged revocation of, by Champagny's letter of August 5, 1810,
237-242;
spurious Decree of April 28, 1811, 282.
_Delaware Bay._
Blockade of, and operations in, ii. 9, 16, 158-160.
_Dent, John H._ Captain, U.S.N., commanding South Carolina coast district.
Reports on coast conditions, ii. 15, 196, 203 (and note), 204.
"_Detroit._" British armed brig (late American "Adams").
Captured by Elliott on Lake Erie, i. 354-356.
"_Detroit._"
British flagship at battle of Lake Erie, ii. 73, 77;
condition when surrendered, 94.
_Direct Trade._
To foreign countries, forbidden to colonies, i. 24-26;
common practice of all maritime states, 27, 28;
stress laid upon this idea in Great Britain, 75, 76, 83, 84, 96;
question of what constitutes, 100;
decision adverse to American navigation, by Sir William Scott, 101;
practical effect of the decision, 102.
_Downie, George._ Commander, R.N.
Commands the British squadron on Lake Champlain, ii. 372-375;
his plan of action, 377;
killed in the battle, 378.
_Drummond, Sir Gordon._
Civil and military Governor of Upper Canada, ii. 120;
his plans for the winter of 1813-1814, 276-278;
his appreciations of the strength of Kingston and of Sackett's
Harbor, 280;
dependence upon the control of the water, i. 301, 302; ii. 290,
302-306, 308-309, 314-317;
comments on American troops, 295;
campaign of 1814--arrival at York, 307;
plan of action, 308-309;
battle of Lundy's Lane, 310-312;
assault on Fort Erie, 314;
American sortie against, 316;
line of the "Chippewa," 317, 321-322.
_Elliott, Jesse D._ Commander U.S.N.
Serves under Chauncey on the lake, i. 354, 363;
captures British brigs "Caledonia" and "Detroit," 355;
selects Black Rock for naval station on Lake Erie, 374;
ordered as second to Perry, on Lake Erie, ii. 74;
conduct in the battle, 78-80, 83-88, 96;
in command on Lake Erie, after Perry's detachment, 104.
_Embargo_, of 1808.
Approved by President Jefferson, December 22, 1807, i. 182;
its aims, 183-186;
its effects in the United States, 186-207;
upon West Indies, 196-198;
upon Canada and Nova Scotia, 198;
upon Great Britain, 200, 201;
Act for better Enforcement, January 9, 1809, 208;
repeal of, 214;
Embargo of 1812, for ninety days, 263.
"_Endymion._" British frigate.
Her action with the "President," ii. 398-407.
"_Enterprise._"
American brig of war, ii. 186, 187, 231-233;
capture of British brig "Boxer," 188.
_Entrepôt._
Significance of the term, and advantage to commerce, i. 12;
conspicuous part in colonial regulation, 16, 24-26;
underlying relation to Orders in Council of 1807, 27.
"_Enumerated_" articles.
Definition of, i. 24.
"_Epervier._" British sloop of war.
Captured by the "Peacock," ii. 258-261.
_Erie, Town of._
Selected by Chauncey for naval station on Lake Erie, i. 375;
advantages and drawbacks, 375;
British designs against, ii. 69.
_Erskine, David M._ British Minister to Washington.
Exceeds his instructions in negotiating, i. 216-218;
disavowed and recalled, 219;
succeeded by Francis J. Jackson, 221.
"_Essex._" American frigate.
Captain Porter's dissatisfaction with, ii. 1, 2;
sails, but fails to join Bainbridge's squadron, 3;
goes to the Pacific, 244;
cruise in the Pacific, 246;
action with, and capture by, British ships "Phoebe" and "Cherub,"
249-252.
_Europe._
Conditions in, as affecting war in America, i. 378-385, 389-390, 401,
410; ii. 9-11, 126, 210-212, 266 (and note), 330, 340, 355-356,
362-363, 385-387;
effect upon the peace negotiations, ii. 411, 414, 415, 420, 423-424,
427-431, 434.
_Fox, Charles James._ British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Takes office, i. 104;
negotiations with Monroe concerning "direct" trade, 105;
connection with blockade of May 16, 1806, 108;
illness and death, 128-131.
"_Frolic._" British brig of war.
Captured by "Wasp," 412-415;
recaptured, 415.
"_Frolic._" American sloop of war, named after above.
Captured by "Orpheus," ii. 269 (note), 244 (note).
_Gallattin, Albert._ American Secretary of the Treasury.
Concerning the Embargo of 1808, i. 194, 196, 202, 208;
concerning Non-Intercourse Act, 217;
conversation with Turreau, concerning Erskine's proposition, 230;
report on the finances, immediately before the war, 281;
opinion as to privateering, 396;
observations as to feeling in England, 1814, ii. 332, 415;
appointed peace commissioner, 412;
opinion as to the effect of the war upon the nation, 435-436.
_Gambier, Lord._ British admiral.
Peace commissioner at Ghent, 413.
_Gaston, William._ Representative from North Carolina.
Speech on allegiance and impressment, i. 6-8, 123, 137.
_Ghent._
Negotiations at, and Treaty of, ii. 413-435;
names of commissioners, 412, 413;
terms of, 431-433;
signature and ratification of, 434-435.
_Goulburn, Henry._
British peace commissioner at Ghent, ii. 413.
_Grenville, Lord._ British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Correspondence with Rufus King concerning impressment, i. 117-118,
120-121.
"_Guerrière._" British frigate.
Captured by the "Constitution," i. 330-335.
"_Guerrière._" American, named after above.
Command declined by Decatur for reasons, i. 422; ii. 398.
_Gunboats._
Jefferson's sole naval dependence on, i. 187; ii. 213-214;
nautical disqualifications of, 196, 291, 296;
extravagant expense of, 260, 262; ii. 154;
proclaim a merely defensive policy, 296;
demoralizing effect upon officers and crews, ii. 154, 155;
committed in war to officers not of regular navy, 154, 336-337;
general uselessness in war, 154, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 179, 195, 198;
gallant defence of the "Asp," 168, and of the Lake Borgne flotilla,
389-390.
_Halifax._
Benefited by American embargo and War of 1812, i. 198; ii. 21, 23;
importance relative to trade routes, and cruising, i. 392, 394.
_Hampton._ Town in Virginia.
Local military importance of, ii. 160, 162;
attack on, 167.
_Hampton, Wade._ American general.
Commands Lake Champlain district, 1813, ii. 111;
to co-operate with Wilkinson, 111;
fails to join, and retires on Plattsburg, 115, 116.
_Harrison, William H._ American general.
Succeeds to Hull's command, i. 367;
plans of campaign, 368, 369,
overthrown by Winchester's disaster at Frenchtown, 370;
remains on defensive awaiting naval control of lakes, 371;
resumes operations after Perry's victory, ii. 102;
wins battle of the Thames, 103;
transferred to Niagara, 104,
and thence to Sackett's Harbor, 117.
_Harvey, J._ Lieutenant-colonel, British army.
Suggests and conducts decisive attack at Stony Creek, ii. 46-48.
Quoted, 102, 308.
_Hillyar, James._ Captain, R.N.
Commands frigate "Phoebe," ii. 246;
in company with "Cherub" captures U.S.S. "Essex," 247-252.
"_Hornet._" American sloop of war.
Captures the "Peacock," ii. 8;
sails with Decatur's squadron, 1813, and driven into New London,
148, 149;
escapes thence to New York, sails again, 397,
and captures, "Penguin," 406-408.
_Hull, Isaac._ Captain, U.S.N.
Commands "Constitution," i. 328;
chased by British squadron, 329;
sails from Boston on a cruise, 329;
captures "Guerrière," 330-335;
commanding Portsmouth yard, reports on coastwise conditions, ii. 186,
187, 192, 198.
_Hull, William._ American general.
Appointed brigadier general, i. 337;
his letter setting forth military conditions prior to war, 339;
his campaign, 340-346, and surrender, 347.
_Impressment._
A principal cause of War of 1812, i. 2;
statement of the British claim, 3;
counter-claim of American Government, 4, 120;
American people not unanimous in support, 5, 116;
opinions of Morris, Gaston, and Strong, 6-8;
not mentioned in Jay's instructions, 1794, 88;
made pre-eminent in those to Monroe and Pinkney, 1806, 114;
historical summary of the controversy, to 1806, 114-133;
treaty of December 31, 1806, does not provide for, satisfactorily, 133;
rejected therefore by Jefferson, 133;
a real cause of the war, though so denied by some, 136-138;
American demand revived in connection with the "Chesapeake" affair, 161;
Great Britain refuses to mingle the two questions, 165;
numbers of American seamen alleged to have been impressed, 128, 300
(and note);
demand renewed, coincident with a proposal looking to peace after the
declaration of war, ii. 409;
Great Britain again refuses, 410;
stated as a _sine quâ non_ in reply to British propositions made
through Admiral Warren, i. 391;
embodied in instructions to peace commissioners, ii. 413-414;
again refused by Great Britain, 416;
abandoned by the American Government, in consequence of the pressure
of the war, ii. 266 (and note), 414, 432.
_Indians_, American.
Estimated importance of, in consideration of war, i. 305-307, 338,
339; ii. 67, 293, 421;
effect upon Hull, in surrendering, 349;
instability of, 345, 346; ii. 73, 75, 99, 103, 280, 421;
desire of British officials to secure them in their possessions at
the peace, ii. 99, 100 (note), 421;
the consequent effect upon the peace negotiations, 416-423;
not included, as parties to the treaty, 432.
_Izard, George._ American general.
Relieves Wilkinson in command of Champlain district, ii. 283;
action first intended for, 292;
his reports of conditions, 318-319, 364;
his preparations about Plattsburg, 319, 370;
ordered to proceed to Brown's assistance on Niagara frontier, 319-320;
his march thither, 320-321, 365;
proceedings about Niagara, 321-323;
blows up Fort Erie and retreats to New York side, 323.
_Jackson, Andrew._ American general.
Takes Pensacola, ii. 388;
goes to New Orleans, 388;
operations about New Orleans, 391-396.
_Jackson, Francis J._ British Minister to the United States.
Appointed, with special powers, i. 221;
negotiations at Washington, 221-225;
American Government declines further intercourse with, 225;
discussion of the correspondence, 226-228;
British Government declines to censure, 228, 231.
_James, William._ British naval historian.
Quoted, i. 325, 327, 414, 415; ii. 6, 8, 54, 58, 80 (note), 132, 141
(and note), 142, 143, 160 (note), 162, 165 (note), 257, 258 (note),
260, 381, 395 (note), 396 (note).
"_Java._" British frigate.
Captured by "Constitution," ii. 3-7.
_Jay, John._ Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Epochal significance of treaty with Great Britain negotiated by, i. 43;
appointed special envoy, 88;
occasion for the mission, 89, 90;
character of the negotiation, 93-95;
the treaty a temporary arrangement, 95;
ratified, with an omission, 96.
_Jefferson, Thomas._
American Secretary of State.
Opinion as to the importance of navigation to national defence, i. 52;
unflattering opinion of British policy, 70;
favors coercive retaliation in matters of commerce and navigation, 71;
principle as to impressment enunciated by, 120.
President of the United States.
Broad principle as to impressment asserted by, i. 4;
expectations of commercial concessions from Great Britain, 1804, 100;
aversion to military and naval preparations, 106, 138, 187, 280, 291,
297, 300, 336; ii. 213-214;
reliance upon commercial coercion, 107;
refuses approval of treaty of December 31, 1806, because without
stipulation against impressment, 133;
consistency of position in regard to impressment, 136-138;
action in the "Chesapeake" affair, 160-162;
endeavors to utilize it to obtain relinquishment of impressment, 164;
recommends a general embargo, 181;
expectations of, from the embargo, 183 (and note);
dislike to the carrying trade, 187,
and to Great Britain, 188-190;
gunboat policy of, 187, 260, 262; ii. 213-214;
embarrassment in executing embargo, i. 194;
tenacious adherence to the embargo policy, 202;
views as to American neutral waters, 291.
After leaving office.
Opinion as to cause of Erskine's arrangement, 1809, i. 231;
on Bonaparte's policy, 239;
favors keeping navy under cover during war, 280;
expectations as to easy conquest of Canada, 291.
_Jones, Jacob._ Commander, U.S.N., commanding "Wasp."
Captures "Frolic," i. 411-415;
taken by British seventy-four, 415;
commands frigate "Macedonian" (as captain), ii. 25;
expectations of escape, deceived, 25;
sails with Decatur, 148, and blockaded in New London, 150.
_Jones, Thomas ap Catesby._ Lieutenant, U.S.N.
Commands gunboat flotilla in Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound, ii. 389;
overpowered, wounded, and captured by superior enemy's force, 390.
_Jones, William._ Secretary of the Navy.
Commercial estimate of privateering by, i. 396;
judicious reply to Perry's request for detachment, ii. 67;
comments on the effects of gunboat service on naval officers, 154, 155;
stigmatizes American intercourse with enemy, and issues order to
prevent, 174;
recommends to Congress procurement of naval schooners for commerce
destroying, 270;
recommendation of Chauncey to Congress, 1813, 299;
anxious correspondence with Chauncey, 1814, 300;
naval force available for defence of Washington, stated by, 343.
_Keane, John._ British general.
In temporary command of the expedition against New Orleans, 391.
_King, Rufus._ American Minister to Great Britain.
Appointed, i. 120;
negotiations concerning impressment, 120-122, 124-127.
_Kingston_, Canada.
Strategic importance of, i. 305-308; ii. 30, 42, 59;
operations contemplated against, ii. 30-33, 104-106, 278-280, 319.
_Lakes, the Great._
Strategic importance of, in War of 1812, i. 300-303, 353, 356;
ii. 29, 46-48, 99-101, 102-104, 276-278, 285, 290-291, 298-300;
decisive positions upon, i. 304-308;
Hull's exposition of effect of naval predominance on, 339;
Madison's admission concerning, 350;
improved conditions on, through Chauncey's energy, 361-366;
control of, dependent on naval force, 371, 373; ii. 68-70, 73-75,
99-101, 300-308, 314-315;
minor naval events on, i. 354-356; ii. 324-328;
British demands concerning, in the negotiations for peace,
ii. 355-356, 419, 421, 422.
_Lambert, Henry._ Captain, R.N.
Commands "Java" when taken by the "Constitution," ii. 3;
mortally wounded in the action, 5.
_Lambert, Sir John._ British general.
Joins New Orleans expedition two days before the assault, ii. 385;
succeeds to command upon Pakenham's death, 394-397;
proceeds against and captures Fort Bowyer, in Mobile Bay, 397.
_Lawrence, James._ Captain, U.S.N.
Commands "Hornet" in Bainbridge's squadron, i. 407;
sails in company with "Constitution," ii. 2;
challenges "Bonne Citoyenne," 3;
sinks the "Peacock," 8;
returns to United States, 9;
ordered to command "Chesapeake," 131;
nature of his orders, 131-132;
action with, and captured by, "Shannon," 135-140;
mortally wounded, 137;
examination of his conduct, 140-145.
"_Levant._" British sloop of war.
Captured by "Constitution," ii. 404-406;
recaptured by British squadron, 406 (note).
_Lewis, Morgan._
American general, ii. 47;
temporarily succeeds Dearborn in command at Niagara, 50.
_Licenses._
British to American merchant vessels, i. 203-206;
for the supply of armies in Spanish Peninsula, i. 265, 409-412;
ii. 9, 15, 21, 170-175.
_Liverpool, Earl of._ Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Quotations from correspondence of, relative to the peace negotiations,
chap. xviii., ii. 409-434.
_Macdonough, Thomas._ Captain, U.S.N.
Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, ii. 356;
operations prior to Prevost's invasion, 356-363;
preparations for battle, 367-371, 376-377, 380;
wins battle of Lake Champlain, 377-381;
effects of the victory, 381-382, 427, 430-431;
news of the victory received in London, 426.
"_Macedonian._" British frigate.
Captured by the United States, i. 416-422.
"_Macedonian._" American frigate (captured as above).
Unable to get to sea, ii. 25,
and blockaded in New London during the war, 148-150.
_Macomb, Alexander._ American general.
Left by Izard in command at Plattsburg, ii. 365;
operations before, and at, Plattsburg, 366-367;
opinions of, as to distance of Macdonough's squadron from the shore
batteries, 369.
_M'Clure, George._ American, general of N.Y. militia.
Left in command of Niagara frontier, ii. 118;
difficulties of situation of, 119;
retreats to American side of river, 120;
burns Canadian village of Newark, 120;
this action of, disavowed by the Government, 120.
_Madison, James._ Secretary of State, and President of the United States.
Close association of, with events leading to War of 1812, and summary
of its cause, i. 41;
characterization of, 106;
discussion of questions of blockade, 110, 111;
pronouncement on impressment, 114, 131, 132;
instructions to Monroe and Pinkney to reopen negotiations, 1807, 133;
narrow outlook of, 139;
opinion of the Berlin Decree, 142, 182;
upon the Rule of 1756, 152;
instructions to Monroe by, in the "Chesapeake" affair, 161, 241;
object of Jefferson's course in that affair, stated by, 164;
use of the affair, made by, 170;
explanation of the motive of the Embargo of 1808 by, 183;
relation of, to Non-Intercourse Act, 215;
misled (as President) in negotiations with Erskine, 216-218;
proclamation, renewing intercourse with Great Britain, 219;
annulled, 219;
negotiations with Jackson, Erskine's successor, 221-225;
declines further communication with Jackson, 225;
special supervision of this correspondence by, 226;
interpretation of British motive for Erskine's supposed concession, 230;
accepts Champagny's letter as an actual revocation of Napoleon's
Decrees, and so proclaims, 238, 254;
afterwards recognizes delicacy of situation thus created, 266;
non-intercourse with Great Britain revives, 248;
message of, to Congress in special session, November 4, 1811, 259;
recommends embargo, preparatory to war, 263;
identified with policy of peaceful coercion, 278, 378; ii. 26, 175-176;
sends war message to Congress, and approves declaration of war, i. 279;
assumes only his share of responsibility for the war, 393;
indignation of, at British sectional blockade of coast, 296; ii. 173;
selects Dearborn and Hull for general officers, i. 337;
failure of expectations as to Hull's expedition, admitted by, 339;
ingenuous surprise at capitulation of Michilimackinac, 341;
admits mistake of not securing naval command of lakes, 350;
military inefficiency of Government under, 360; ii. 26-27, 265;
insists on relinquishment of impressment as a preliminary to treating
for peace, i. 391,
but obtains also from Congress law excluding British-born seamen
from American ships, 392;
to prevent clandestine supply of enemy, recommends prohibition of all
export, ii. 173;
issues executive order to same end, 174;
denials of effectiveness of British blockade, 204;
decides to abandon demand for cessation of impressment as a condition
for peace, 266 (note);
comment on Armstrong's management of military operations, 282.
_Manners, William._
Commander, R.N., commanding "Reindeer," ii. 254;
skill and gallantry of, in action with "Wasp," 254-255;
killed in the action, 255.
_Maples, J.F._ Commander, R.N., commanding "Pelican."
Captures "Argus," ii. 217-219.
_Marshall, John._ American Secretary of State under President John Adams.
Summary of commercial injuries received from Great Britain, i. 97;
propositions to Great Britain concerning impressment, 121;
opinion concerning blockades, 146;
tendency of this opinion, if accepted, 148.
(Afterwards Chief Justice of Supreme Court.)
_Militia._
Jefferson's dependence upon, i. 52; ii. 213;
conduct of, American and Canadian, i. 344, 345, 346, 351, 357, 360;
ii. 26, 27, 42, 44, 70, 119-121, 157-158, 295, 312, 316, 337, 339,
343, 347-351, 354, 365, 366, (and note), 367, 391-396.
_Monroe, James._
American Minister to Great Britain, i. 104, 126;
reports conditions of American commerce in 1804 prosperous, 99, 100, 104,
but changed in 1805, 104;
consequent negotiations with Fox, 104-113;
Pinkney appointed as colleague to, for special negotiation, 113;
negotiations with British ministry on impressment, 128-132;
with Pinkney signs treaty of December 31, 1806, 133;
treaty rejected by Jefferson, and new negotiations ordered, 133;
"Chesapeake" affair intervenes, but British Government eventually
refuses to reopen, 135;
unlucky comment of, upon Rule of 1756, 151;
negotiations of, with Canning, concerning "Chesapeake" affair, 156-165;
returns to the United States, leaving Pinkney as minister, 135;
after return vindicates the rejected treaty, 169, 213;
proposes to Jefferson, in 1809, a special mission to France and Great
Britain, for which he offers himself, 212;
becomes Secretary of State, under President Madison, 254;
correspondence, while Secretary, quoted, 255, 293, 391; ii. 265, 266,
411, 413, 414;
advanced views, for one of his party, concerning utility of a navy,
i. 280;
on project of keeping navy in port, in war, 106, 281;
statement regarding readiness for war, 393.
Secretary of War, ii. 323.
_Montreal._
Strategic importance of, i. 303-309.
_Mooers, Benjamin._ General, New York militia.
Vindicates the conduct of most part of the militia under his command,
ii. 366 (note).
_Morris, Charles_. Captain, U.S.N. (first lieutenant of the
"Constitution" in action with "Guerrière").
Commands frigate "Adams," in Potomac, ii. 162, 167;
services in Potomac, and at Annapolis, 169, 174-177;
difficulty in escaping British blockade, 170, 178;
first cruise of "Adams," 226, 261;
second cruise, strikes on Isle au Haut, takes refuge in Penobscot,
and burned to escape capture, 353-354.
_Morris, Gouverneur._ American statesman.
Opinion favorable to British right of impressment of British-born
seamen on high seas, i. 5-7;
opinion of the United States' ability to maintain a strong navy, 71;
in London, contends against impressment of Americans, 119.
_Napoleon, The Emperor._
Issues Berlin Decree, i. 112;
purpose, as defined by himself, 144;
objects of, as towards the United States, 149, 169, 173, 182, 235,
249, 268, 278;
scope of Berlin Decree, 152, 173, 176, 182, 253-254;
sole control of Continent by, 153, 174, 220, 221, 269;
vigorous application of Decree to American shipping, 172;
effects of his reverses in Spain, 191, 209;
Bayonne Decree of, 203;
tenor of Milan Decree of, 205;
Decree of Rambouillet, 235-236;
alleged revocation of decrees by, 237, 271, 272;
instances of arguments of, 240, 267;
effect of reverses in Russia upon the War of 1812, 389;
of downfall of, ii. 10, 123, 330.
_Navigation._
Connection between naval power and, 11, 49-52, 81;
distinction between commerce and, 11, 81.
_Navigation, Acts of._
The formulated expression of a national need, i. 9;
opinion of Adam Smith concerning, 9-10;
historical summary of, 13-19;
apparent effects of, 19;
British national conviction concerning, 21-24, 60-61;
relation of colonies to system of, 24-27;
endeavor to maintain system of, towards United States after
independence, 27, 29, 40, 41, 45-48, 103;
copied by French Convention, 28;
attitude of foreigners towards, 30;
progress of British colonies under, 31-39;
attitude of American colonists towards, 39;
Lord Sheffield's pamphlet upon, 46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 64, 65, 73 (and
note), 75;
inter-relations of British Empire protected by, 53-55, 63-64, 67;
working of, threatened by American independence, 56-58, 65;
modifications of, proposed by Pitt, but rejected by country, 58;
dependence of, upon West Indies, 65;
system of, continued by proclamation towards United States,
1783-1794, 67-70;
British commerce and shipping grow under this enforcement of, 76-84;
purpose of, offensive, in military sense, 79;
effect of French Revolution on, 87-88;
dependence of Rule of 1756 upon the system of, 90;
principle of Rule of 1756 leads up to molestation of American
navigation, and Orders in Council of 1807, 93, 98-104,
and so to war with United States, 136.
_Navy, American._
Gouverneur Morris' opinion of power of United States to maintain, i. 71;
opinion of John Quincy Adams, 186;
recommendation of Presidents Washington and John Adams, ii. 212, 213;
policy of President Jefferson, 213; i. 187, 280;
neglect of, during administrations of Jefferson and Madison, shown by
condition of, at outbreak of war, 257, 297, 300,
and stated by a committee of Congress, 1812, 260-262;
Madison's lukewarm mention, 259, 260;
Congress on approach of war refuses to increase, 263;
high professional merit of officers of, 279-280;
numbers of, as estimated by British admiralty, ii. 211;
total numbers of vessels in active employment, all told, from beginning
of war to its conclusion, twenty-two, 242.
_New Orleans._
For battle of, see _Actions, Land_.
"_New Orleans._"
Ship of the line, on the lakes, ii. 318 (note).
_Niagara, Peninsula of._
Strategic importance of, i. 338, 345-346, 352, 353; ii. 39-40, 51,
291, 293;
effect of climatic conditions of, i. 359.
_Orders in Council._
General definition of, i. 2 (note);
of 1807, cause of war with United States, 2;
_entrepôt_ motive for, 16, 27;
of June and November, 1793, 89, 92;
of January, 1794, 93;
relations of, to Rule of 1756, 93;
of January, 1798, motive of, 98,
and renewal in 1803, 99;
effect of these last upon "direct trade," 101;
of May, 1806, 108,
effect and purpose of, 109;
legitimacy of, denied by the United States, 110-112,
and by Napoleon, who upon it bases Berlin Decree, 112;
of January, 1807, and its effects, 150-152;
Of November, 1807, purport of, 177, 187;
resented by United States, 178;
delay in communicating to American Government, 179;
general plan of, that of blockades, 180;
illustrative instances of execution of, 180 (note), 204, 205 (notes);
known in United States before the passage of Embargo Act, 181;
conditional offer of British Government to withdraw, 215-218;
revocation of, by substitution of Order of April, 1809, 220;
American expectation of revocation, in consequence of Champagny's
letter, 238;
British Government declines to revoke, 243-245;
Pinkney's analysis, and condemnation, of, to Wellesley, 245-246;
Wellesley's reply, 246;
Wellesley's exposition of policy of, 253-254;
discontent in Great Britain with, 269;
order of April 12, 1812, promises revocation, conditional, 270;
British determination to maintain, otherwise, 273-276;
revocation of, June, 1812, 276,
to date from August 1, 1812, 277;
too late to secure peace with America, 278,
or to restore it, 391-392; ii. 9;
compensation for seizures under, refused in peace negotiations,
ii. 416, 432.
_Pakenham, Sir Edward._ British general.
Named to command New Orleans expedition after death of Ross, ii. 385;
instructions to, concerning conduct in Louisiana, 427;
arrival and operations, 392-396.
_Patterson, Daniel T._ Captain, U.S.N.
Commands in chief in waters of New Orleans, ii. 392-395.
"_Peacock._" British sloop of war.
Captured by "Hornet," ii. 7-9.
"_Peacock._" American sloop of war.
Captures "Epervier," ii. 258-261;
subsequent cruise of, 261-262;
sails again, January 20, 1815, 406.
_Pearson, Joseph._ Representative in Congress from North Carolina.
Speech on conditions of country, owing to the war, ii. 199.
"_Pelican._" British brig of war.
Captures American brig "Argus," ii. 217.
"_Penguin._" British sloop of war.
Captured by "Hornet," ii. 407.
_Perceval, Spencer._ Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Murder of, and consequent confusion in the Government, i. 273;
firm determination of, to maintain Orders in Council, and opinion
of American resistance, 274.
_Perry, Oliver H._ Captain, U.S.N.
Applies for, and ordered to, the lakes service, i. 376;
assigned by Chauncey to Lake Erie, and practical independence of
action there, 377;
conditions of force found, 377,
and merits of general action of, 378;
engaged at capture of Fort George, and transfers Black Rock flotilla
to Erie, ii. 41;
thenceforth remains on Lake Erie, 62,
but always under Chauncey, 63;
collision of interests between the two officers, 64;
altercation with Chauncey, 65;
applies to be detached, 66;
Navy Department refuses, 67;
exposed situation of Erie, and preparations for defence, during
equipment of squadron, 68-70;
blockaded by British squadron, 70;
seizes opportunity of its absence, to cross bar, 71;
proceedings prior to battle of Lake Erie, 74-75;
battle of Lake Erie, 76-94;
discussion of claim to credit of, 95-99;
consequences of success of, 99-101;
prompt subsequent action of, 102;
detached from lakes service, 104;
engaged in harassing retreat of British squadron down the Potomac, 350;
opinion as to qualities of smaller and larger vessels, 271;
detailed to command a squadron of schooners, against enemy's
commerce, 270-273.
"_Phoebe._" British frigate.
Sent to Pacific with two sloops of war to capture "Essex," 246;
with "Cherub" captures "Essex," 248-252.
_Pinkney, William._
Appointed colleague to Monroe, in London, for special negotiations,
i. 113;
course of negotiations, 127-133;
signs treaty of December 31, 1806, 133;
remains as minister, after Monroe's return, 135;
quoted in connection with mission, 146, 177, 215, 216, 218, 219, 230,
238, 241, 251;
party relations, 169;
early forwards a copy of Orders in Council of November 11, 1807,
179 (note);
letter of Secretary of State to, communicating dismissal of Jackson
by U.S. Government, 226-228;
communicates the same to the British Government, 230;
construes Champagny's letter to revoke French Decrees, and demands
recall of British Orders in Council, 238;
letter to British Secretary for Foreign Affairs, analyzing and
condemning system of Orders in Council, 245;
conditional instructions to, to present recall, 250;
dilatory course of Wellesley towards, 251;
presents recall, 252;
returns to the United States, 252;
no successor to, till after the war, 252.
_Pitt, William._ Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Popularity of, i. 1;
as Chancellor of Exchequer, 1783, introduces bill favorable to United
States, for regulating commerce, 58;
controversy over bill, 60;
measure then dropped, 67, 68;
concession becomes possible to, 87, 97;
return to power, in 1804, 100;
new measures of, due to popular discontents, 101-104;
remark to Gouverneur Morris, concerning impressment difficulties, 120;
death of, 104.
_Porter, David._ Captain, U.S.N.
Commands frigate "Essex," i. 407; ii. 1-3, 13;
cruise of "Essex," in Pacific, ii. 244-247;
action with, and capture by, "Phoebe" and "Cherub," 249-252;
approves of commerce destroying by naval armed schooners, appointed
to command a squadron of them, and draws up plan of operations, 270;
engaged in harassing retreat of British frigates in Potomac, 350.
_Porter, Peter B._ Representative in Congress from New York, and general
of New York militia.
Testimony at trial of General Hull, i. 340;
duel with General Smyth, 358;
tribute to gallantry of naval detachment at Niagara, 315;
engaged at Chippewa, ii. 295,
on Niagara peninsula, 306,
and Lundy's Lane, 310.
"_President._" American frigate.
Rencounter with British sloop of war "Little Belt," i. 256-259;
cruises under command of Commodore Rodgers, i. 322-324, 407-409;
ii. 128-129;
sails under Decatur, 397;
capture of, by British squadron, 398-401.
_Prevost, Sir George._ British general.
Governor of Nova Scotia, reports failure of American embargo, i. 199.
Governor-General of Canada, and commander-in-chief, reports British
naval superiority on lakes, 1812, i. 295;
statements of effect of naval control on operations, 302; ii. 40,
306, 316, 362-363, 374-375;
negotiates suspension of hostilities with Dearborn, i. 351-352;
instructs Brock to forbear offensive, 356, 367;
visit of, to Kingston, February, 1813, effect of, on American
plans, ii. 32;
attack on Sackett's Harbor by, in conjunction with Yeo, 42-45;
instructions to Procter, at Malden, 67,
and to De Rottenburg, at Niagara, 69;
submits plan for securing territories in United States to Indian
allies of Great Britain, 99 (note);
calls upon Admiral Cochrane to inflict retaliation for unauthorized
burning by Americans in Canada, 329, 334;
receives large re-enforcements from Wellington's Peninsular army,
362-363,
with instructions for operations, 362;
reasons for advancing by New York side of Lake Champlain, instead
of through Vermont, 363;
advance upon Plattsburg, 365-367;
awaits the arrival of British squadron before attacking, 372-375;
reason for desiring a joint attack by army and navy, 372 (note);
correspondence with Captain Downie, commanding the squadron, 373-375;
charges against, by naval officers of the squadron, 375, 381;
retreats after squadron's defeat, 381;
summoned home under charges, but dies before trial, 381.
Retreat of, after the naval defeat, endorsed by Wellington, 430.
_Pring, Daniel._ Commander, R.N.
Attached to lake service, Lake Champlain, 360;
operations on, 360-361, 366;
second in command at battle of Lake Champlain, 372-381.
_Privateering._
Employment of a sea-militia force, requiring little antecedent
training, i. 286;
recourse of the weaker belligerent, 288;
aptitude of Americans for, 384;
extemporized character of early, in War of 1812, 394;
opinions concerning nature of, of Secretaries Gallatin and Jones, 396;
susceptible of business regulation and direction, 397, 399; ii. 220,
225, 229;
energy of American, noted by Warren, i. 401-402;
effect of, upon regular navy, ii. 12;
a secondary operation of war, not in itself decisive, 126;
primary object of, 215-216, 241;
details of methods pursued, in 1812, 222, 225, 226, 240;
comparison of, with a regular naval service, in motive, and
inefficiency for the particular object of commerce destroying,
241-244;
a popular effort in War of 1812, independent of Government
initiative, 265;
development and systematization of, towards end of war, 267-268, 269.
_Privateers_ mentioned by name:
"America," i. 398; ii. 229;
"Chasseur," ii. 237-240;
"Comet," ii. 234;
"Decatur," ii. 233;
"Globe," ii. 226-228;
"Governor Tompkins," ii. 228;
"Kemp," ii. 236;
"Leo," ii. 224;
"Lion," ii. 224;
"Mammoth," ii. 269;
"Rapid," i. 398;
"Rattlesnake," ii. 223;
"Rossie," i. 295-297;
"Saucy Jack," ii. 235-236;
"Scourge," ii. 223;
"True-blooded Yankee," ii. 225;
"Yankee," ii. 226.
Number and classes of, ii. 243-244.
Combats, of. See _Actions, Privateer_.
_Prizes_ taken by Americans in first three months of war, and in what
localities taken, i. 394-395;
taken by British in same period, 399-400;
at later period of war, 406;
transition period of prize-taking, January-June, 1813, ii. 20;
estimate of relative losses by the two belligerents, 21-22;
compilation of lists, by Niles' Register, 22;
overlooked significance of the greater British losses, 23, 221;
limited success of American frigates in taking, to what attributable,
216;
taken by American cruisers, in latter part of war, 220-221;
in West Indies, 230;
total number taken throughout the war, by American naval vessels, and
by privateers, 241-243.
_Proclamation._
Commerce between Great Britain and America, regulated by, 1783-1794,
i. 67-70;
issued by Jefferson excluding British armed vessels from American
waters, after "Chesapeake" affair, 160-161;
Royal, directing commanders of British naval vessels to impress
British-born seamen found in foreign merchant ships, and denying
efficacy of naturalization papers to discharge from allegiance, 166;
by Jefferson, against combinations to defy Embargo laws, 207;
by Madison, permitting renewal of trade with Great Britain, 219,
and withdrawn, 219;
by Madison, announcing revocation of Napoleon's Decrees, 238.
_Procter, Henry._ British general.
As colonel, in command of Fort Malden, i. 345;
acts against Hull's communications, 345;
instructions from Brock, after fall of Detroit, 367;
compels surrender of Winchester's detachment at Frenchtown, 370;
subsequent action, 373; ii. 67, 68;
attack on Fort Meigs, 68;
project against Erie, 69;
baffled at Fort Stephenson, 73;
upon Harrison's approach, after battle of Lake Erie, evacuates
Detroit and Malden, retreating up valley of the Thames, and defeated
at Moravian Town, 103;
reaches British lines at Burlington, with remnant of his force, 103.
_Quincy, Josiah._ Representative in Congress from Massachusetts.
Defines position of New England concerning Orders in Council and
impressment questions, i. 211-212;
disproves the accuracy of the charge brought by the Administration
against the British minister, Jackson, 232;
supports the report for increase of navy, 260;
predicts that a suitable naval establishment would be a unifying force
in national politics, 261;
sends word to seaports of intended embargo of April, 1812, 263.
"_Rattlesnake._" American brig of war.
Particulars of cruise of, ii. 231-233.
_Reeves._
British writer on the Navigation Laws, quoted, i. 14, 15, 17, 19, 23,
25, 39 (note).
"_Reindeer._" British sloop of war.
Captured by "Wasp," ii. 254.
_Riall, Phineas._ British general, commanding on Niagara frontier,
December, 1813.
Captures Fort Niagara, and raids successfully western New York,
burning towns in retaliation for the burning of Newark, ii. 120-122;
in 1814, suggests destruction of Fort Niagara, 275;
at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, with intervening operations, 295-298,
306-310;
wounded and captured at Lundy's Lane, 310.
_Rodgers, John._ Captain, U.S.N.
Encounter with British sloop "Little Belt," i. 256-259;
commands a squadron at declaration of war, 314;
opinion as to proper mode of using navy against enemy's commerce,
317-320; ii. 130-131, 216;
orders of Navy Department to, 320;
sails with squadron on the first cruise of the war, 322;
incidents, 323-324,
and effects, direct and indirect, of first cruise of, 324-327;
effects of second cruise, 402-404;
incidents of second cruise, with "President" and "Congress," 407-409;
incidents of third cruise, in "President" alone, ii. 128-129;
after fourth cruise, enters New York, and turns over command of
"President" to Decatur, i. 405.
Employed in Potomac River, harassing retreat of British squadron from
Alexandria, 350.
_Rose, George H._
British special envoy to Washington for settlement of "Chesapeake"
affair, i. 165-167;
failure of mission, 167.
_Ross, Robert._ British general employed in Chesapeake expedition.
Instructions issued to, ii. 331;
capture of Washington, 340-351;
killed in advance against Baltimore, 357;
instructions to, for New Orleans expedition, 385-386;
sanguine expectations of, after capture of Washington, 424-425;
succeeded by Sir Edward Pakenham for New Orleans expedition, 392, 427.
_Rottenburg, De._
British general in command on Niagara frontier June, 1813, ii. 69;
declines to detach to aid of Procter and Barclay on Lake Erie, 69;
proceeds to Kingston, with re-enforcements, in anticipation of
American attack, 110-111;
despatches detachment in pursuit of Wilkinson's movement down the St.
Lawrence, 114.
_Russell, Jonathan._
American _chargé d'affaires_ in France, after Armstrong's departure,
i. 247;
correspondence with American and French Governments relative to the
alleged repeal of the French Decrees, quoted, 247, 267, 268;
transferred as _chargé_ to London, 264;
correspondence as such with American and British Governments, quoted,
264, 266, 272-278;
opinion of the alleged French Decree of April 28, 1811, 272, 276;
negotiation with Castlereagh, after declaration of war, looking to
suspension of hostilities, ii. 409-411;
appointed additional peace commissioner at Ghent, 413.
_Russia._
Offers in 1812 mediation between Great Britain and United States,
ii. 411;
accepted by United States, but rejected by Great Britain, 412;
attitude of Czar towards America, 423-124, 428.
_Sackett's Harbor._ American naval station on Lake Ontario.
Conditions at, i. 302, 309, 363, 374, 376; ii. 37, 38, 50, 104-106,
110-113, 119, 276, 278, 280, 281, 291, 304;
ships constructed at, 364, 366, 377; ii. 49, 276, 283, 291, 318 (note);
attack upon, by Prevost and Yeo, ii. 42-45;
Brown's march from, to Niagara frontier, 281;
Yeo's blockade of, 285,
abandoned, 290;
Izard's march to, on way to support Brown at Niagara, 319-320;
Chauncey retires finally to, after launch of the British "St.
Lawrence," 323;
destruction of, prescribed to Prevost by instructions, in 1814, 329, 362;
Yeo's observations at, 318 (note).
_Seaboard, United States._
Conditions on, i. 296-298, 300, 310-313, 360, 393, 404-406;
ii. 15-19, 24-27, 127-128, 148-150, 152-155, 202;
Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, 1813, ii. 155-178;
three divisions of the seaboard, Northern, Middle, and Southern, 178;
distinctive topographical features of each, 178, 179, 183, 184, 193, 195;
proportionate effect of the war upon each, with reasons therefor,
179-183;
commercial and military characteristics of Middle section, 183-184;
necessity of coasting trade to Middle, 184,
less than to Northern and Southern, 185-187;
effect of hostile pressure upon coasting in Northern section, 192-194;
in Southern section, 195-198, 203;
effectual separation between the sections by the British blockades,
198-201;
statistics of export, 201;
momentary importance of North Carolina coast, 203;
effects of pressure upon seaboard shown by rebound upon peace, in
prices, and in shipping statistics, 204-207;
statement by a naval officer of the time, 207-208;
operations in Chesapeake Bay, 1814, 336-341, 350-351;
capture of Washington, 341-350;
occurrences on New England coast, 352;
invasion of Maine, and occupation of Castine, 353-354;
Gulf coast and New Orleans, 382-397.
_Scott, Winfield._ American general.
Quoted, i. 336; ii. 48, 104 (note), 118, 240 (note), 297;
joins Wilkinson's expedition down the St. Lawrence, ii. 113;
on Niagara frontier, in 1814, 279, 281, 282;
battle of Chippewa, 294-298;
Lundy's Lane, 306-311;
severely wounded, 311,
and unable to serve again during the campaign, 314;
president of the Court of Inquiry concerning the capture of
Washington, 341-342.
"_Shannon._" British frigate, blockading off New York.
Pursuit of "Constitution," and protection of convoy, i. 325-329;
admirable efficiency of, under Captain Broke, 133-134;
capture of "Chesapeake" by, 135-145;
reported injuries to, 146-147.
_Sheffield, Lord._ British writer on economical questions.
Conspicuous opponent of Pitt's policy in opening West India trade to
American navigation, i. 50;
leading constructive ideas of, in scheme of policy towards the United
States, 63-64, 65-66;
success of, in preventing Pitt's measure, 67, 68;
Gibbon's estimate of, 73 (note);
apparent temporary success of policy of, 75-79;
Canada and the other North-American colonies fail to fulfil the part
expected from them, 86;
pamphlet of, "Observations on the Commerce of the American States," 65;
quotations from, i. 28 (note), 31 (note), 37 (and note), 46, 47, 49,
50, 57, 65, 72.
_Sherbrooke, Sir John._ British general, Governor of Nova Scotia.
Ordered to occupy so much of Maine as shall insure direct
communication between Halifax and Quebec, ii. 353;
expedition to the Penobscot, and seizure of Castine and Machias, 354;
Wellington's opinion of the result, 354, 431.
_Sinclair, Arthur._ Commander, U.S.N., commanding on Upper Lakes, in
1814, ii. 324;
operations of, 324-328;
mentioned, 333.
_Smith, Adam._
Quoted in connection with the Navigation Act, i. 9-10, 49.
_Smith, Robert._
American Secretary of State during early part of Madison's first term,
i. 222;
correspondence with, and in the case of, Jackson, the British minister
to Washington, 222-228;
attributes to Madison's intervention an offensive expression in letter
to Erskine, 228-229.
_Smith, Samuel._ Senator from Maryland.
Quoted in connection with Embargo legislation, i. 184.
_Stewart, Charles._ Captain, U.S.N.
Commands "Constellation," ii. 11,
when driven into Norfolk, and there blockaded for the rest of the
war, 12;
his reports while in Norfolk waters, 10, 17, 160-162;
transferred to the "Constitution," at Boston, 161, 162;
difficulty in escaping from Boston, 147 (see also i. 405 and ii. 12);
first cruise in "Constitution," 230-231;
second escape, 404;
captures "Cyane" and "Levant," 405-406;
quoted, ii. 12, 20.
_Strong, Caleb._ Governor of Massachusetts.
Quoted, in support of British claim to impress, i. 7;
in condemnation of the war, and of the invasion of Canada, ii. 352.
_St. Vincent, Earl of._ British admiral and First Lord of the Admiralty.
Statements and opinions concerning impressment, during Rufus King's
negotiations, i. 124-126.
_Turreau, General._ French Minister to the United States.
Opinion that Erskine's concessions showed the break-down of Great
Britain, i. 230.
_Vincent, John._
British general, commanding on Niagara line, at the time of Dearborn's
attack, ii. 38;
retreat to Burlington, 39;
attack by, at Stony Creek, 46;
on American retreat reoccupies peninsula, except Fort George, 47-48;
superseded by De Rottenburg, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, 69;
left again in command by De Rottenburg's departure to Kingston, 110;
retreats again to Burlington on the news of battle of the Thames,
103, 118;
ordered to retire further, to York, and reasons for not doing so, 118.
_Warren, Sir John._
British admiral, and commander-in-chief on North American station,
i. 387;
Halifax and West Indian stations consolidated under, 387;
charged with diplomatic overture to American Government, 390;
reply received by, 391;
first impressions on arrival, 392;
representations to, 401,
and correspondence with, Admiralty, 402-404;
proclamations of blockades, ii. 9, 10;
the lakes service under supervision of, 28;
expectations of British Government and people from, 151;
operations in the Chesapeake, 155-169;
quits Chesapeake for the season, 177;
urgency of the Admiralty upon, 209-211;
relieved by Cochrane, 330.
Remark quoted, 332.
_Warrington, Lewis._ Commander, U.S.N., commanding "Peacock."
Captures "Epervier," ii. 258-261;
subsequent cruise, 261-262;
later cruise, 406-408.
_Washington, City of._
Capture by the British, ii. 337-350.
_Washington, George._
Statements concerning conditions in the United States before the
adoption of the Constitution, i. 47;
as President of the United States, recommendations concerning the navy,
ii. 212-213.
"_Wasp._" American sloop of war.
Action with, and capture of, "Frolic," i. 411-415;
is captured with her prize by the "Poictiers," seventy-four, 415.
"_Wasp._" American sloop of war, built and named for the last, which
was captured only by overwhelming force.
Cruise of, ii. 253-258;
action with, and capture of, "Reindeer," 254;
action with, and sinking of, "Avon," 256;
disappears at sea, 257.
_Wellesley, Marquis of._ British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Succeeds Canning, i. 229;
treatment of the Jackson case, 230-231, 250-252;
action in view of Champagny's letter, 238, 241-247;
construction placed by him upon the American demands consequent on
that letter, 246;
dilatory actions of, 252;
suggests to Pinkney to reconsider his intended departure, in view of
the nomination of Foster, 252;
summary statement of the British policy in the Orders in Council,
253-254.
_Wellington, Duke of._
Represents to British Government conditions in France, 1814, ii. 428,
and imminence of trouble in Paris, 429;
anxiety of British Government, to remove him from Paris, 429;
pressed to accept the command in America, 429;
reluctance of, 430;
influence of, upon the negotiations at Ghent, 430-431;
approves Prevost's retreat in default of naval command of the lakes,
430-431;
opinion of Sherbrooke's occupation of Maine, 431 (see also 354).
_West Indies._
Relations of, to the mother country and to the colonies of the American
continent, i. 32-40, 53-55, 56-58, 65-67;
British expectation that in these relations the lost colonies might
be replaced by Canada, Nova Scotia, etc., 44-48, 50-51, 64;
sufferings of, after 1776 and 1783, 54, 62-63, 67;
Pitt's measure, 1783, for benefit of, 58-60;
measure fails, and Navigation Acts applied to intercourse between
United States and, 68-70;
effect upon, 75, 78, 79;
recommendations of Committee of Privy Council, 1791, 82-84;
increased importance of, after outbreak of French Revolution, 86-88;
result, in fettering American intercourse with, 89, 95;
concession to United States of trade to, obtained in Jay's treaty, 96;
continued by British executive order, although article not confirmed
by Senate, 97;
course of British policy relating to, until 1805, 97-100;
question of American trade from, "direct" or "indirect," raised in
1805, 100;
decision adverse to American interests, 101-103;
object of new departure of British Government, 103;
principle asserted identical with colonial practice, and with Orders
in Council of 1807, which led to War of 1812, 104.
As a field for operations against commerce, ii. 229-240.
_Wilkinson, James._ American general.
Replaces Dearborn in command of New York frontier, ii. 104;
Armstrong's instructions to, 105;
movements of, 106;
concentrates at Sackett's Harbor, 109-111;
expedition down St. Lawrence against Montreal, 112-115;
failure of, and winter quarters at French Mills, 116;
removes thence to Plattsburg, 278;
abortive attempt against La Colle, 282-283;
superseded by Izard, 283.
_Winder, William H._ American general.
Captured in the British attack at Stony Creek, ii. 47, 341;
appointed to command the tenth military district, including Baltimore
and Washington, 341;
conditions found by, as shown by Court of Inquiry, 342;
operations of, 343-350.
_Woolsey, Melancthon T._ Lieutenant (afterwards captain), U.S.N.
Commands brig "Oneida" on Lake Ontario when war begins, i. 354;
employed organizing lake force, 364;
affairs at Oswego, 1813, ii. 50-51;
successful expedition by, in 1814, 285-289.
_Yeo, Sir James Lucas._ British commodore.
Appointed to charge of lakes service, under Sir J. Warren, ii. 29;
attack on Sackett's Harbor, in combination with army, 42-45;
in temporary control of Lake Ontario, 46-51;
contest with Chauncey in 1813, 51-61;
action of August 10, 56-59,
and September 11, 60;
action of September 28, 106-109;
subsequent movements in 1813, 111, 114;
proposed renewed attack on Sackett's Harbor, 280, 283;
made on Oswego instead, 284;
blockades Sackett's Harbor for a time, 285-289;
abandons blockade, returns to Kingston, and there remains, 290;
opinion of the importance of the St. Lawrence River, 292;
inactive policy during summer of 1814, 303, 307;
launches, and takes the lake with, a ship of 102 guns, giving him
entire control, 323;
observations at Sackett's Harbor, on his return to England after
peace, 318 (note);
given independent command on lakes after Warren's detachment, 330.
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