under Lord Clarendon. Afterwards he held a position at the
Foreign Office, and was the Duke of Wellington's private
secretary.
GREY, Charles Grey, Viscount Howick, Earl (1764-1845). A member of
the Liberal Party, Lord Grey was a Minister with Fox, and played
a great part in the case of Queen Caroline, and also in the
affairs of Belgium in 1830. It is to him that England owes
parliamentary Reform.
GREY, Lady (1775-1861). Daughter of William Ponsonby and of
Louise, daughter of Viscount Molesworth. She married Lord Grey
in 1794.
GREY, Lady Elizabeth and Lady Georgiana. Daughters of Lord Grey
who died unmarried.
GRISI, Giulia (1812-1869). A celebrated singer, daughter of an
Italian officer in the French service and niece of Madame
Grassini. She was born at Milan, entered the Conservatoire at an
early age, and became an artist famous over all Europe and
America. In 1836 she married Comte Gérard de Melcy at Paris, but
this union was soon afterwards broken as the result of a duel
between M. de Melcy and Lord Castlereagh, son of the celebrated
statesman. She afterwards married again, her second husband
being her colleague Mario, Comte de Candia.
GROSVENOR, Lady. Born in 1797. Elizabeth, younger daughter of the
Duke of Sutherland. She married the Duke of Westminster in 1819.
GUISE, Henri de Lorraine, Duc de, surnamed _Le Balafré_
(1550-1588). Eldest son of François de Guise, head of the
League. He was assassinated at the Castle of Blois by order of
Henri III. He had directed the massacre of S. Bartholomew.
GUIZOT, François Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874). A French statesman
and author. He was Minister under Louis-Philippe, Ambassador to
London and member of the Académie française.
GUIZOT, Madame (1803-1833). Eliza Dillon, the second wife of M.
Guizot, whom he married in 1828, after the death of his first
wife, Pauline de Meulan.
H
HANDEL, George Frederick (1685-1759). A German composer, born at
Halle, in Saxony. He died blind in London.
HALFORD, Sir Henry (1766-1844). Chief physician to King George
III. He had a great reputation.
HARDWICKE, Lady (1763-1858). Elizabeth, daughter of the Earl of
Balcarres. She married, in 1782, Charles Philip Yorke, who, on
the death of his uncle, Lord Hardwicke, took his name and title.
He was an Admiral and a member of Lord Derby's Ministry in 1852.
HAREWOOD, Henry, Lord (1797-1857). Married Lady Louise Thynne,
daughter of the Marquis of Bath.
HARISPE, General (1768-1854). Distinguished himself in the
campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. Set aside by the
Restoration, he was recalled in 1830, made a Peer and a Marshal
of France in 1851.
HAYDN (1732-1809). A German composer; the author of symphonies and
oratorios of great merit.
HENRI III. of France (1551-1589). Third son of Henri II. He was at
first styled Duc d'Anjou; was elected King of Poland, but
abandoned that kingdom after a few months to succeed his
brother, Charles IX., as King of France. He was assassinated by
Jacques Clément, and with him the Valois family became extinct.
HENRI IV., King of France (1553-1610). Son of Antoine de Bourbon
and of Jeanne d'Albret. He succeeded to the throne in 1589, and
was assassinated by Ravaillac.
HENRI V. The Legitimists so styled the Duc de Bordeaux.
HENRY III. of England (1216-1272). Son of King John, whom he
succeeded at the age of nine.
HENRY VIII. of England (1491-1547). Succeeded his father, Henry
VII., in 1509. Supported Charles V. against François I., and
broke with the Catholic Church.
HERTFORD, Lady. Died 1836. Married Seymour Conway, Marquis of
Hertford. She was a friend of George IV.
HESSE-DARMSTADT, Louis II., Grand Duke of (1777-1848). Married, in
1830, Princess Wilhelmina of Baden, who died in 1836.
HESSE-DARMSTADT, Mathilde Caroline, Grand Duchess of (1813-1842).
She was a daughter of King Louis of Bavaria, and married Louis
III., Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt.
HESSE-HOMBURG, Elizabeth Landgravine of (1770-1840). A daughter of
King George III. of England, she married, in 1818, Frederick
Joseph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, who died in 1829.
HESSE-HOMBURG, Augusta Landgravine of. Born in 1778, she was the
daughter of the Duke of Nassau-Usingen, and married in 1804
Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.
HEYTESBURY, William Lord (1779-1860). An English statesman, a
Privy Councillor, and distinguished as a diplomatist. His last
Embassy was St. Petersburg (1828-1833). From 1844 till 1846 he
was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He married a daughter of Mr. W.
Bouverie.
HILL, Rowland, Lord (1773-1842). A British general who
distinguished himself in the Peninsula and in 1815. In 1827 he
became Governor of Plymouth, and the following year he was made
Commander-in-Chief of the British Army.
HOBHOUSE, Sir John Cam (1785-1869). An English author and
politician. He was a contemporary of Lord Byron at Cambridge,
and remained on the most intimate terms with him. They travelled
together in the East and on the Continent, and Sir J. Hobhouse
published in 1814 a volume entitled "Journey across Albania,"
which led to his election to the Royal Society. Being at Paris
when Napoleon returned from Elba Sir J. Hobhouse published after
Waterloo the "Letters of an Englishman during the Hundred Days,"
which made a sensation, as it attacked the Government and
expressed Liberal ideas. Hobhouse entered the House of Commons
in 1820, and thereafter occupied several administrative
positions. He was raised to the Peerage as Baron Broughton
Gyfford in 1851.
HOHENTHAL, Countess von (1808-1845). Born Princess Louise of
Biron-Courlande, sister of the Comtesse de Lazareff and Madame
de Boyen.
HOLLAND, Lord (1772-1840). Nephew of Fox, he was, like his uncle,
the champion of public liberty. With Lady Holland he contributed
to ameliorating Napoleon's condition at St. Helena.
HOLLAND, Lady, died 1840. By her first marriage she was Lady
Webster. Lord Holland had known her at Florence, and married her
after having previously had a liaison with her, and after she
had been divorced from Sir Godfrey Webster. Lady Holland was
very witty and Holland House was for a long time the rendezvous
of the literary celebrities of the period.
HOPE, Thomas (1774-1835). A rich connoisseur. He travelled a great
deal and then settled in London, where he formed a magnificent
collection of pictures and sculpture.
HOWE, Richard William Penn, Lord. Died 1870. Son of Lord Curzon.
In 1831 he had a post at the Court of Queen Adelaide.
HOWICK, Henry Grey, Viscount (1802-1894). Eldest son of Earl Grey
and Under Secretary of State for the Colonies in his father's
Ministry in 1830. In 1845, on the death of his father, he
entered the House of Lords. He held advanced Liberal opinions.
HUGO, Madame Victor. Born in 1810. Her maiden name was Adèle
Foucher. She was the daughter of Paul Henry Foucher, a French
politician and man of letters.
HUMANN, Jean Georges (1780-1842). A French financier and
statesman. He sat in the Chamber of Deputies from 1820, was one
of the 221 Signatories who brought about the Revolution of 1830,
was Minister of Finance 1832-1836, and from 1840 till his death.
HURE, M. A great friend of Fox.
HUSS, John (1373-1415). A Bohemian theologian and heresiarch.
Excommunicated by Pope Alexander V. for having adopted the
doctrines of Wyclif, he appealed to the Council of Trent and,
having refused to retract, was burned at the stake.
I
INEZ DE CASTRO. Murdered in 1355, celebrated for her beauty and
misfortunes. She was married to the Infante Pedro of Portugal.
In the sixteenth century Ferreira wrote a tragedy about her.
ISABELLA, Doña (1801-1876). Regent of Portugal 1826-1828.
ISABELLA II. Queen of Spain (1830-1904). She succeeded her father
King Frederick VII. in 1833 under the guardianship of her
mother, Queen Christina. Isabella II. married her cousin german
François d'Assise de Bourbon, who took the title of King. She
abdicated in 1870, in favour of her son Alphonso XII., after
having quitted Spain in consequence of the Revolution of 1868.
J
JACOB, Louis Léon, Comte (1768-1854). A French sailor. He
invented signalling by semaphore in 1805, and became Rear
Admiral in 1812. He was made a Peer of France after 1830, and
was for a short period Minister of Marine.
JAMES I., King of England and Scotland (1566-1625). Son of Mary
Stuart. He succeeded to the throne of Scotland at the age of
one, in 1567. In 1603 he ascended the throne of England on the
death of Elizabeth.
JAUCOURT, Marquise de (1762-1848). Mademoiselle Charlotte de
Bontemps married the Marquis de Jaucourt, great nephew of the
Chevalier de Jaucourt, editor of the _Encyclopédie_.
JERNINGHAM, Miss. Eldest daughter of Lord Stafford, died 1838.
JERSEY, Lady (1787-1867). Sarah, daughter of the Earl of
Westmorland. Lord Jersey, her husband, filled several positions
at Court and Lady Jersey was for long the leader of smart
society in London.
JOSEPHINE. The Empress (1763-1814). Josephine Tascher de la
Pagerie was born in Martinique, and married in 1779 the Vicomte
de Beauharnais who died on the scaffold in 1794. In 1796 she
married General Bonaparte and became Empress in 1804. In 1809,
however, Napoleon divorced her and she died five years later at
Malmaison, near Paris.
K
KENT, Duchess of (1786-1861). Daughter of the Duke of
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and mother of Queen Victoria. She married
first the Prince of Leiningen and secondly the Duke of Kent,
fourth son of George III.
KOREFF, David Ferdinand (1783-1851). Son of a Jewish doctor, he
was born at Breslau and studied at Halle, Berlin and Paris. He
travelled in Italy with the de Custine family, and being at
Vienna in 1814 he made the acquaintance of Hardenberg,
Chancellor to the King of Prussia, whose service he then
entered, having been baptized. In 1821 he went to Paris and
subsequently spent some years in England.
KÜPER, The Rev. William. A German by birth and a Lutheran. He was
for many years reader to Queen Adelaide. His son was Admiral
Augustus Leopold Küper.
L
LA BESNARDIÈRE, Jean Baptiste Goney de (1765-1843). In 1805 he
followed the _Grande Armée_ in company with the Prince de
Talleyrand. During the last years of the Empire he represented
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Conseil d'État along
with MM. d'Hauterive and Dalberg; in 1814 he accompanied the
Prince de Talleyrand to Vienna and in 1819 he retired to
Touraine.
LABOUCHÈRE, Henry (1798-1861). An Englishman whose family was of
French origin. He was Member for Taunton from 1830. He was the
second son of Peter Cæsar Labouchère, a partner in the Amsterdam
firm of Hope & Co., who married a daughter of Sir Francis
Baring. He also married a Baring, his cousin german. In 1858 he
was raised to the Peerage as Lord Taunton.
LA BRUYÈRE, Jean de (1645-1696). A French moralist. He was tutor
to the grandson of the great Condé and the author of the
_Caractères_.
LACRETELLE, Jean Claude Dominique (1766-1855). Author of several
works more distinguished by a certain skill in arrangement than
by profundity of thought.
LA FAYETTE, Gilbert Mortier, Marquis de (1757-1834). After having
taken part in the American War in extreme youth he was elected
Deputy to the States-General in 1788. Outlawed after June 20,
1792, he fled, but was arrested by the Austrians and remained
for five years in prison at Olmütz. In 1814 he was a Deputy, and
voted for the deposition of the Emperor. Under the Restoration
he remained attached to the Opposition. As Chief of the National
Guard in 1830 he contributed to the accession to power of
Louis-Philippe.
LAGRANGE-CHANCEL, Joseph de (1676-1758). A French author, who
wrote some feeble tragedies and some bitter satires, entitled
_Philippiques_.
LAMB, Sir Frederick (1782-1852). An English diplomatist, brother
of Lord Melbourne. He was Ambassador to Venice, to Munich, and
to Spain, and in 1821 was raised to the Peerage as Lord
Beauvale. In 1848 he became Viscount Melbourne on his brother's
death.
LAMMENAIS, Hughes Félicité Robert, Abbé de (1782-1854). Catholic
writer, philosopher, reformer, journalist, and revolutionary. He
broke with the Church, by which his works had been condemned.
LANGWARD. A German improvisatore, of no particular celebrity.
LANSDOWNE, Henry, Marquess of (1780-1863). An English statesman.
He was a moderate Whig, and has left behind him a well-merited
reputation for political uprightness and honesty. He entered
Parliament in 1802, showed much zeal for the abolition of
slavery, and ardently defended the Irish Catholics. In 1830 he
became a member of Lord Grey's Reform Cabinet as Lord President
of the Council.
LANSDOWNE, Lady, died 1865. She was a daughter of Sir Henry Vane
Tempest, and married the Marquess of Lansdowne in 1819.
LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette (1782-1860). She was a native of Geneva,
and was the governess of Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, afterwards
Marquise de Castellane.
LA REDORTE, Joseph Charles Maurice, Comte de (1804-1886). A pupil
of the École Polytechnique, he became Lieutenant in 1826, and
was made aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans in 1833. Elected
Deputy for Carcassone in 1835, he left the army, was ambassador
at Madrid for a few months in 1840, and entered the House of
Peers in the following year.
LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Vicomtesse Sosthène de (1790-1834). She was the
only daughter of Matthieu, Duc de Montmorency.
LA RONCIÈRE LE NOURY, Émile Clément de (1804-1874). Son of General
de La Roncière. He entered the cavalry at the age of seventeen,
and was sent as Lieutenant to the École de Saumur in 1833. He
was condemned to ten years' imprisonment for the offence
mentioned in the text, after which he retired into obscurity. He
emerged under the Second Empire, and became successively
Inspector of Colonisation in Algeria and Chef de Service at
Chandernagore and the Islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
LATOUR-MAUBOURG, Marquis de (1781-1847). A French diplomatist.
Under the First Empire he was Chargé d'Affaires at
Constantinople and Minister Plenipotentiary at Würtemberg. Under
the Restoration he became successively Minister to Hanover and
Saxony, Ambassador at Constantinople in 1823, at Naples in 1830,
at Rome in 1831. In that year he was made a Peer of France.
LAURENCE, Justin (1791-1863). Son of a jeweller of Mont de Marsan,
he was the leading spirit of the Liberal opposition in his
Department. He became in turn Conseiller de Préfecture des
Landes, and Avocat Général a la Cour Royale de Pau, and was
elected Deputy in 1831. He was made Directeur Général des
Contributions in 1844, and his political career terminated with
the Revolution of 1848.
LAUZUN, Duc de (1652-1733). He played a brilliant but adventurous
part at the Court of Louis XIV. He married La Grande
Mademoiselle, cousin german to the King.
LAVAL, Adrien, Prince de (1768-1837). A Peer of France and Duc de
Fernando in Spain. He was French Ambassador at Rome, and married
his cousin, Mlle. de Montmorency-Luxembourg.
LAVRADIO, Don Francisco de Almeida, Comte de (1796-1870). A
Portuguese, a Peer of the Realm and a Councillor of State. He
was Minister in 1825 and 1846. In 1851 he was Minister at London
and had just been transferred to Rome when he died.
LAZAREFF, Count Lazare de (1792-1871). A Russian Colonel, who
married the Princesse Antoinette de Biron-Courlande.
LEGONIDEC, Joseph Julien (1763-1814). A French Magistrate. Avocat
au Parlement de Paris, he went to America at the Revolution and
did not return till 1797. In 1815 the Restoration Government
made him Conseiller à la Cour de Cassation, in which he sat till
his death as _doyen_ of the Chambre Civile.
LE HON, Comte Charles (1792-1868). Born at Tournay, in Belgium, he
was a prominent member of the Opposition in that country before
1830. He was thereafter for many years Belgian Minister at
Paris, where he remained until 1852.
LEHZEN, Mlle. Louise, died 1870. Daughter of a Hanoverian
Protestant pastor. She came to England in 1818 to be governess
to the Princess Feodora of Leiningen, daughter of the Duchess of
Kent by her first marriage. She discharged the same duties to
the Princess Victoria, afterwards Queen of England. In 1827
George IV. made her a Baroness. She remained at the Court of
England till 1849, when she returned to Germany.
LEICESTER, Richard Dudley, Earl of (1531-1588). A great favourite
of Queen Elizabeth.
LENORMAND, Marie Anne (1772-1843). A celebrated fortune-teller.
She was brought up by the Benedictines of Alençon, where she
began her career as a soothsayer, and came to Paris in 1800,
where she predicted the future by means of cards, being
consulted by the Empress Josephine and other distinguished
personages.
LÉON, Princesse de (died 1815). Her maiden name was Mlle. de
Seran. She died as the result of an accident, her dress having
caught fire. Her husband three years later took Orders, and was
made successively Bishop of Auch and Besançon, receiving a
cardinal's hat in 1830. After his father's death the Prince de
Léon took the title of Duc de Rohan.
LÉON, Bishop of, Don Joachim, Albarca y Blanquès (1781-1844). One
of the councillors of the Pretender Don Carlos, whom he
accompanied to London in 1834, and who afterwards made him his
Minister of Justice. He had been made Bishop of Léon in 1825.
LEOPOLD I., King of the Belgians (1790-1865). George Christian
Frederick, Prince of Coburg-Gotha, was elected King of the
Belgians in 1831. He married first, in 1816, Princess Charlotte
of England, and secondly, Princess Louise d'Orléans, daughter of
King Louis-Philippe.
LESLIE, Charles Robert (1791-1839). An English painter of great
excellence, famous for his portraits of the authors from whose
works he derived most of the subjects of his pictures,
Shakespeare, Cervantes, Molière, Sterne, Walter Scott.
LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Auguste Charles of (1807-1835). Married in
1835 Doña Maria, Queen of Portugal, and died the same year.
LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Max of (1817-1852). Son of Eugène de
Beauharnais. Married in 1839 the Grand Duchess Marie, daughter
of the Czar Nicolas I. of Russia.
LEZAY-MARNESIA, Albert, Comte de. He occupied several prefectures,
among others that of Loir-et-Cher, where he was stationed in
1834.
LICHTENSTEIN, Aloys Joseph, Prince de (1796-1858). An Austrian
diplomatist attaché at London, The Hague, and Dresden. He
married a Countess Kinsky.
LIEVEN, Christophe, Prince de (1770-1839). A Russian General. He
was Ambassador at Paris and London, and in 1834 was made
Governor of the Heir to the throne of Russia, afterwards
Alexander II.
LIEVEN, Princesse de (1787-1857). Dorothea de Benckendorff, wife
of the above. Celebrated for her wit and judgment, she made her
house in London the rendezvous of the most distinguished men of
the time, and passed the last years of her life at Paris, where
she was much sought after by important political personages.
LITTELTON, Edward John Walhouse (1791-1863). For many years a
Member of the British Parliament. In 1834 he was made Chief
Secretary for Ireland. He married, first, in 1812, a daughter of
the Marquess Wellesley; and, secondly, in 1858, the widow of
Edward Davenport.
LONDONDERRY, Charles William, Lord (1778-1854). An English soldier
and diplomatist. He was Ambassador at Vienna, a general, and a
lord-lieutenant. He married, first, a daughter of Lord Darnley;
and, secondly, in 1819, a daughter of Sir H. Vane Tempest, who
died in 1865.
LOUIS, Baron (1755-1837). A French Minister of Finance. He had
been a subordinate of the Prince de Talleyrand, and was a close
friend of his. From 1815 he sat as Deputy in almost all the
legislative assemblies, where he distinguished himself by the
moderation and sagacity of his views.
LOUIS XI., King of France (1423-1483). Son of Charles VII. No
prince of his time better understood the subtleties of politics
and the art of managing men.
LOUIS XII., King of France (1462-1515). At first bore the title of
Duc d'Orléans. He succeeded to the throne of France on the death
of Charles VIII.
LOUIS XIII., King of France (1601-1643). Son of Henry IV. and
Marie de' Medici, under whose Regency he at first reigned. He
married Anne of Austria.
LOUIS XIV., King of France (1638-1715). Son of Louis XIII.; he
succeeded his father before he was five years old, under the
Regency of his mother, Anne of Austria. He married the Infanta
Maria Theresa, and (later) secretly Madame de Maintenon.
LOUIS XV., King of France (1710-1774). Son of the Duc de Bourgogne
and of Princess Adélaïde of Savoy. He succeeded his grandfather,
Louis XIV., on the throne.
LOUIS XVI., King of France (1754-1793). He perished on the
scaffold as one of the first victims of the Revolution.
LOUIS XVIII., King of France (1755-1824). At first styled Comte de
Provence; he married in 1771 Louise Marie Josephine of Savoy.
His reign began in 1814.
LOUIS-PHILIPPE I., King of the French (1773-1849). Son of
Philippe-Égalité, Duc d'Orléans, he was proclaimed King after
the Revolution of 1830 and the abdication of Charles X. He was
obliged in his turn to abdicate by the Revolution of 1848.
LOUISE, Queen of Prussia (1776-1810). Daughter of the Grand Duke
of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and wife of King Frederick William III.
of Prussia. She was mother of King Frederick William IV. and of
William I., who in 1870 was proclaimed German Emperor.
LOULÉ, Marquise de (1806-1857). Anne, Infanta of Portugal, married
in 1827 to Mendoça, Marquis de Loulé, a Minister of State. The
Marquis was made a Duke, but his children never enjoyed any
Royal privilege.
LOUVOIS, Marquis de (1639-1691). A French statesman, Minister of
War under Louis XIV. He was the son of the Chancellor le
Tellier.
LOUVOIS, Marquis de (1783-1844). Chamberlain of Napoleon I.
Established foundries at Ancy-le-Franc, also a glass
manufactory, a mill, and a saw-mill, which made the district
very prosperous. Under the Restoration he became a Peer of
France.
LUDOLF, William Constantine, Count (1759-1839). Minister of the
King of Naples at London for many years. His family was of
Austrian origin.
LYNDHURST, Lady. Sarah Grey, widow of Lieut.-Colonel Charles
Thomas, who fell at Waterloo, married in 1819 Lord Lyndhurst, as
his second wife. She was of Jewish extraction.
M
MAINTENON, Marquise de (1635-1719). Françoise d'Aubigné, married
in 1652 the poet Scarron. Having lost her husband she was
entrusted with the education of the children of Louis XIV. and
Madame de Montespan. After the Queen's death Louis XIV.
secretly married Madame de Maintenon.
MAISON, Marshal (1771-1840). Distinguished himself in the wars of
the Revolution and the Empire, and was made a Peer of France at
the Restoration. In 1828 he commanded the expedition to the
Morea, in which he achieved complete success. He was made a
Marshal, and under Louis-Philippe became successively Minister
for Foreign Affairs and of War, and Ambassador at Vienna and St.
Petersburg.
MALIBRAN, Madame Marie Félicité (1808-1836). A famous singer
daughter of Manuel Garcia. She married first the banker
Malibran, and secondly de Bériot the violinist.
MAREUIL, Joseph Durand, Comte de (1769-1855). A French
diplomatist. At the Second Restoration he was made Conseiller
d'État and employed on several missions. Made a Peer of France
in 1833, and given the grand cordon of the Legion of Honour in
1834, he was sent to Naples as Ambassador and recalled eighteen
months later. Thereafter he lived in retirement.
MARIA, the Infanta (1793-1874). Daughter of John VI. of Portugal.
She married first the Infante Dom Pedro, and secondly Don
Carlos, Infante of Spain.
MARIA II., or MARIA DA GLORIA, Queen of Portugal (1819-1853).
Daughter of Dom Pedro I. who, recognising the impossibility of
retaining both the throne of Portugal and that of Brazil,
abdicated the former in favour of Doña Maria, his second child,
after having granted the Kingdom a liberal constitution. Doña
Maria married first the Duke of Leuchtenberg, and secondly
Prince Ferdinand of Coburg.
MARIA AMELIA, Queen (1782-1866). Daughter of Ferdinand I., King of
the Two Sicilies, married in 1809 the Duc d'Orléans, who became
Louis-Philippe I., King of the French.
MARIA THERESA, the Empress (1717-1780). Daughter of the Emperor
Charles VI., whom she succeeded on the Austrian throne. She had
to struggle with Frederick II., King of Prussia, who deprived
her of Silesia. She married François de Lorraine.
MARIE, Casimire d'Arquien (1630-1699). Queen of Poland. She
accompanied to Poland Queen Maria Gonzaga. She married first
Zamoyski, and secondly King John Sobieski. Having become a widow
she retired first to Rome, and then to Blois, where she died.
MARIE DE' MEDICI, Queen of France (1573-1642). Daughter of the
Grand Duke Francis I. of Tuscany, she married Henri IV., King of
France, became the mother of Louis XIII., and held the Regency
during her son's minority.
MARIE D'ORLÉANS, Princess (1813-1839). Daughter of King
Louis-Philippe. She married Prince Alexander of Würtemberg. She
had a talent for sculpture, and is the author of a statue of
Jeanne d'Arc placed in the Court of the Hotel de Ville at
Orléans.
MARIE LOUISE, the Empress (1791-1847). Daughter of Francis II.,
Emperor of Austria. Married Napoleon I. in 1810.
MARY STUART, Queen of Scots (1542-1587). Married Francis II., King
of France, who died in 1560. She returned to Scotland, where she
had to struggle against the Reformation and the intrigues of
Queen Elizabeth. She was imprisoned in England for eighteen
years, and was finally executed.
MARTIN, M., a pupil of the École Normale. He became professor in a
Parisian institution, from which he was taken by the Prince de
Talleyrand to superintend the education of his two nephews,
Louis and Alexandre de Périgord. He afterwards became Rector of
the Académie d'Amiens.
MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand (1789-1862). A French statesman
and man of letters. Elected Deputy in 1830, he sat among the
Conservatives. He was Avocat Général à la Cour de Cassation in
1842, then Procureur Général à la Cour Royale de Paris. In 1834
he became Minister of Public Works, and in 1839 Minister of
Justice and Public Worship.
MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, Francis (1789-1862). A Spanish statesman and
man of letters. A Deputy in the Cortes in 1812, he there
advocated the most advanced ideas, for which he was condemned to
ten years' imprisonment in Morocco. He was liberated by the
Revolution of 1820, and became President of the Council. Under
the Queen Regent he became head of a Constitutional Cabinet,
which signed the Quadruple Alliance, but he retired in 1835. He
was afterwards Ambassador at Paris and Rome, and President of
the Cortes.
MASSA, Duchesse de. Born 1792. Daughter of the Duc de Tarente. She
married Régnier, Duc de Massa, who died in 1861.
MATUCZEWIECZ, Count André Joseph (1790-1842). A diplomatist in the
Russian service of Polish birth. Was Minister of Russia in
England _ad interim_, Minister of Naples and Stockholm.
MAUGUIN, François (1785-1854). An ardent Liberal. He was elected
Deputy in 1827, and played a prominent part until 1848. After
the _coup d'état_ of 1851, he retired to Saumur, where he lived
with his daughter, the Comtesse de Rochefort.
MEDEM, Count Paul (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist. Chargé
d'Affaires at Paris, and then at London. In 1839 he was Minister
at Stuttgart.
MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848). An English
statesman. He was made Home Secretary by Lord Grey in 1830. He
was a moderate Whig, and acquitted himself with much tact and
devotion in the task which afterwards fell on him as Premier, of
initiating the young Queen Victoria into her duties as
Sovereign. Separated from his wife, Lady Catherine Ponsonby,
famous for her liaison with Lord Byron, Lord Melbourne formed a
connection with Mrs. Norton which, in 1836, ended in divorce
proceedings and caused much scandal.
MENDELSLOH, Charles Augustus Francis, Count (1788-1852). A
Würtemberg diplomatist, who was Minister successively at St.
Petersburg, London and Vienna.
MENDIZABAL, Don Juan Alvarez y (1790-1853). A Spanish statesman,
son of a poor shopkeeper, he made a great fortune in trade. He
became Minister of Finance in 1835, but soon had to retire.
MENNECHET, Édouard (1794-1845). A French man of letters. Private
secretary to the Duc de Duras, who introduced him to Louis
XVIII. The latter made him head of his private office, a post
which Mennechet held also under Charles X.
METTERNICH, Clement Wenceslas Lothair, Count, afterwards Prince
(1773-1859). An Austrian statesman. He was Minister at The
Hague, at Dresden, at Berlin, and Paris. In 1809 he became
Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs and remained in power
until 1848, when the Revolution forced him to fly.
MIAOULIS, André (1771-1835). A Greek admiral. He was
commander-in-chief of the insurgent fleet in 1821, beat the
Turks at Patras, set fire to the ships of Ibrahim Pasha at
Modon, but failed to prevent the fall of Missolonghi. In 1831 he
put himself at the head of the Hydriotes, who had revolted
against the President Capo d'Istria.
MIGNET, François Auguste Marie (1796-1884). A French historian, a
member of the Académie française, and Keeper of the Archives of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
MINA, Don Francisco Espozy (1781-1836). A famous Spanish party
leader. In 1809, at the time of the French invasion, he placed
himself at the head of a guerilla band and obstructed the French
operations for five years. In 1820, during the Spanish
Revolution, he held his own against Marshal Moncey. In 1834 he
defended the Constitutional throne against the pretensions of
Don Carlos.
MIRABEAU, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de (1749-1791). The most
eminent orator of the French Revolution. In 1789 he was a member
of the States-General, and contributed by his eloquence to the
success of the Constituent Assembly.
MIRAFLORÈS, Don Manuel, Marquis de (1792-1867). Descended from a
mercantile family enriched by the wars of the eighteenth
century, he was ennobled and made a grandee of Spain. He was
Ambassador to London in 1834, and there signed the celebrated
treaty of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1846 he became Grand
Chamberlain to Queen Isabella, and in 1864 President of the
Council of Ministers. An eminent _littérateur_, he was a member
of the Historical Academy of Madrid.
MIRAFLORÈS, Marquise de (1795-1867). Doña Vicenta Monina y
Pontejos, heiress and niece of the celebrated Count de
Florida-Blanca. Married the Marquis de Miraflorès in 1814.
MODENA, Duke of (1779-1846). Francis IV. of Modena, son of the
Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. He married Princess Maria
Beatrice, daughter of Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia.
MOLÉ, Comte Matthieu (1781-1855). Descended from a parliamentary
family. He replaced the Duc de Massa as Minister of Justice in
1813, and then received the title of Count of the Empire. He
rallied to Louis-Philippe, and in 1830 became Minister for
Foreign Affairs. In 1840 he was elected a member of the Académie
française.
MOLÉ, Comtesse, died 1845. Mlle. Caroline de la Briche met Comte
Molé as a young man in her mother's salon and married him in
1798. The Comtesse Molé published anonymously several works
translated from the English.
MOLLIEN, François, Comte (1758-1850). A clever financier. He was
made Minister of the Treasury in 1866. Louis XVIII. made him a
Peer in 1819.
MOLLIEN, Comtesse (1785-1878). Mlle. Juliette Dutilleul, wife of
François Mollien. She was a distinguished and attractive person,
and was Lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie Amélie.
MONSON, Lord (1809-1841). Son of Lady Warwick by her first
marriage. He left no children, and his cousin became his heir.
MONSON, Lady Theodosia, daughter of Latham Blacker. Married Lord
Monson in 1832.
MONTESPAN, Marquise de (1641-1707). Françoise Athénais de
Rochechouart, the favourite of Louis XIV.
MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de (1790-1862). He took the title of
Duke, in 1846, on his father's death. He married Euphémie de
Harchies, by whom he had no children. His sisters were the
Princesse de Bauffrement-Courtenay and the Duchesse de Valençay.
MONTMORENCY, Duchesse de (1774-1846). Anne Louise Caroline de
Matignon, mother of Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse de
Bauffrement, and the Duchesse de Valençay.
MONTPENSIER, Duchesse de (1627-1693). Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans,
known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the only daughter of Gaston
d'Orléans. She was several times on the verge of making the most
brilliant marriages without ever succeeding. At forty-two she
conceived a violent passion for a private gentleman, the Comte
de Lauzun, whom she secretly married. She had taken a very
active part in the Fronde.
MONTROND, Comte Casimir de (1757-1843). A friend of M. de
Talleyrand, and a _habitué_ of his house. Napoleon I., on his
return from Elba, sent him to Vienna, where the Congress was
sitting, to persuade M. de Talleyrand to join him, but M. de
Talleyrand was inflexible in his loyalty to Louis XVIII.
MONTROND, Comtesse de (1769-1820). Aimée de Coigny, who inspired
André Chénier's _Jeune Captive_. Married first the Duc de
Fleury, and divorced him in order to marry the Comte de
Montrond.
MORELL, Baronne de. Mlle. de Mornay, sister of the Marquis and the
Comte de Mornay, married General Baron de Morell, who, in 1834,
was in command of the cavalry school at Saumur.
MORELL, Mlle. Marie de. Born in 1818. Celebrated for her beauty.
Was the daughter of General Baron de Morell. She married the
Marquis d'Eyrargues, who filled various diplomatic positions in
the reign of Louis-Philippe.
MORELLET, Abbé André (1727-1819). The friend of the most eminent
personages of his time. The Abbé was especially celebrated for
his subtle and mocking wit. He was a laborious contributor to
the _Encyclopédie_ and to the _Dictionnaire de l'Académie_, the
archives of which he saved at the Revolution.
MORNAY, Comte Charles de (1803-1878). A Peer of France, Ambassador
to Sweden, brother of Jules, Marquis de Mornay, Deputy for the
Oise. He was devoted to the Monarchy of July, and was raised to
the Peerage in 1845, and made Grand Officer of the Legion of
Honour. In 1848 he retired into private life.
MORNINGTON, Lady (1742-1834). Anne, eldest daughter of Viscount
Duncannon, married in 1759 the Earl of Mornington. One of her
sons was the famous Duke of Wellington.
MORTEMART, Mlle. Alicia de (1800-1887). Daughter of the Duc de
Mortemart and his second wife. Born a de Cossé-Brissac; she
married in 1823 Paul, Duc de Noailles.
MORTIER, Marshal, Duc de Trévise (1768-1835). Distinguished
himself in the campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. A
Deputy and Peer of France in 1834. He accepted the Ministry of
War together with the Presidency of the Council, and was killed
by the explosion of Fieschi's infernal machine by the side of
Louis-Philippe.
MOSKOWA, Prince de la (1803-1857). Eldest son of Marshal Ney. He
first entered the Swedish service, and did not return to France
until after the Revolution of July. He was made a Peer of France
under Louis-Philippe, and married the daughter of Jacques
Lafitte.
MOTTEUX, M. A _habitué_ of Holland House, and a great favourite of
the Prince de Talleyrand. He was very intimate with Lady Cowper,
afterwards Lady Palmerston, and left all his fortune to her
second son.
MOUNT-EDGCUMBE, Richard, Lord (1764-1839). One of the intimates of
King William I. He married in 1789 a daughter of the Earl of
Buckinghamshire.
MULGRAVE, Lord (1797-1863). Constantine Henry Phipps, afterwards
Lord Normanby. He was a member of the Whig Ministry of Lord
Melbourne, was Governor of Jamaica, and afterwards
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1846 he was sent to Paris as
Ambassador, and went to Tuscany in the same capacity.
MUNIER DE LA CONVERSERIE, General, Count (1766-1837).
MUNSTER-LEDENBURG, Count Ernest Frederick Herbert von (1766-1839).
As envoy of the Elector of Hanover, King of England, he helped
to form several coalitions against France. He was Hanoverian
Minister in London. He married in 1814 Wilhelmina Charlotte
(1785-1858), sister of the Duke of Schaumburg-Lippe.
MUSSET, Alfred de (1810-1857). A French poet, son of an official
of the Ministry of War. He was a fellow-pupil of the Duc
d'Orléans at the Collège Henri IV., and became his friend.
N
NANTES, Mlle. de (1673-1743). Fourth child of Louis XIV. and
Madame de Montespan, legitimated by Royal Letters Patent, and
married in 1785 to the Duc de Bourbon.
NAPLES, Princess Marie of (1820-1861). Married in 1850 Charles de
Bourbon, Comte de Montemolin.
NAPOLEON I., Emperor of the French (1769-1821). Second son of
Charles Bonaparte and Laetitia Ramolino. Married first Josephine
Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of General de Beauharnais, whom he
divorced in 1810, and married Marie Louise, Archduchess of
Austria, by whom he had a son.
NASSAU, William George Augustus, Duke of (1782-1839).
NECKER, Jacques (1732-1804). A banker of Geneva, who became
Director of French Finances under Louis XVI. He was the father
of Madame de Staël.
NECKER, Madame (1739-1794). Suzanne Curchot, daughter of a Swiss
Calvinist Pastor, wife of Jacques Necker, who was celebrated for
her beauty, her wit, and her goodness.
NEELD, Lady Caroline, died 1869. Daughter of the Earl of
Shaftesbury. She married Joseph Neeld in 1831.
NEMOURS, Duc de (1814-1896). Louis Charles d'Orléans, son of King
Louis-Philippe. He married a Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
NESSELRODE, Count (1780-1862). He belonged to a Westphalian
family, a branch of which settled in Livonia. He entered the
Russian diplomatic service, and was _attaché_ at various
Embassies, notably at that of Paris. He afterwards became
Chancellor of the Russian Empire. He married the daughter of
Count Gourieff, Russian Finance Minister. The Countess died in
1849.
NETHERLANDS, Prince Frederick of the (1797-1881). Admiral of the
Fleet. In 1825 he married Princess Louise of Prussia
(1808-1870), daughter of King Frederick William III.
NEY, Michel (1769-1815). Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa,
Marshal of France. He covered himself with glory in the wars of
the Revolution and the Empire. Napoleon called him _le brave des
braves_. Made a Peer of France by Louis XVIII. he declared for
Napoleon in the Hundred Days. At the Second Restoration he was
condemned by the House of Peers and shot.
NICOLAS I., Czar of Russia (1776-1855). Third son of Paul I. He
ascended the throne in 1825, succeeding his brother Alexander I.
on the renunciation of his brother, the Grand Duke Constantine.
NOAILLES, Paul, Duc de (1802-1885). Attached himself to the
Government of Louis-Philippe and frequently took part in
important debates in the House of Peers. At the Revolution of
1848 he retired into private life, and thenceforth occupied
himself with literature. He was elected to the Academy in 1849.
NOAILLES, Duchesse de. _See_ MORTEMART.
NOAILLES, Vicomtesse de (1792-1851). Charlotte Marie Antoinette,
daughter of the Duc de Poix, married her cousin Alfred, Vicomte
de Noailles, who was killed in 1812 at the crossing of the
Beresina.
NOAILLES, Mlle. Sabineide (1819-1870). Married, 1846, Lionel
Widdrington Standish.
NORFOLK, Duke of (1791-1856). Married, 1814, Charlotte Sophia,
daughter of the Duke of Sutherland. William IV. conferred the
Order of the Garter on him in 1834.
NORTHUMBERLAND, Duchess of. Died 1848. She was Lady Louisa Stuart
Wortley.
O
O'CONNELL, Daniel (1775-1847). Early in life he became connected
with associations for the emancipation of Irish Catholics. In
1823 he founded a Catholic Association embracing all Ireland.
As member of the House of Commons he had much influence;
brought about the triumph of the Whigs and supported
Parliamentary Reform.
OLIVIER, Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born 1798. He was Curé de
Saint-Roch in Paris, and in 1841 became Bishop of Évreux.
OMPTEDA, Charles Georges, Baron (1767-1857). A Hanoverian
diplomatist, Minister of State, and Chief of the Hanoverian
Cabinet in 1823. From 1831 he was accredited to the Court of St.
James. He resigned on the death of William IV.
OMPTEDA, Baroness (1767-1843). Frederica Christina, Countess von
Schlippenbach. She married first Count Solms-Sonnenwald, and
secondly Baron Ompteda.
ORANGE, William, Prince of (1793-1849). Ascended the throne of
Holland in 1840. He married, in 1816, Anna Paulowna, _q.v._
ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1741-1793). Louis-Philippe Joseph, known as
Philippe Égalité. He systematically opposed the Court throughout
his life, and in 1787 became the leader of all the malcontents.
He was elected to the States-General, and became a member of the
Jacobin Club, but this did not prevent his being guillotined.
ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King
Louis-Philippe and Queen Marie Amélie. He served under Marshal
Gérard in Belgium, commanded in the Algerian campaigns, and died
as the result of a carriage accident near Paris.
ORSAY, Count Alfred d' (1801-1852). Surnamed the King of Fashion.
Good looks were hereditary in the d'Orsay family and the Count
was a dandy by vocation. He went early in life to London, then
regarded as the centre of masculine elegance. He ruined himself
by his extravagant though artistic tastes, and died miserably of
a spinal complaint.
OSSULSTON, Lord, born 1810. He married a daughter of the Duke of
Manchester and in 1859 became Lord Tankerville.
P
PAHLEN, Peter, Count, born in 1775, a Russian General. He played
a distinguished part in the campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814,
was Russian Ambassador at Paris from 1835 till 1841, and was
afterwards made a member of the Council of the Empire and
Inspector-General of the Cavalry.
PALAFOX, Don José de (1780-1847). The intrepid defender of
Saragossa. In 1808 he accompanied the Royal Family to France as
an officer, and escaped when he saw Ferdinand VII. detained as a
prisoner. He raised all Aragon, and, after vigorously defending
Saragossa, forced the French to retreat. They returned, however,
to the charge with all their forces and compelled him to
capitulate. Palafox powerfully contributed to the restoration of
Ferdinand VII. to the throne. In 1820 he declared for the
Constitution, and thereafter lived in retirement. On her
accession as Regent, Queen Maria Christina made him Duke of
Saragossa and a Grandee of Spain.
PALMELLA, P. de Souza Holstein, Duc de (1786-1850). A Portuguese
statesman. He was Regent of Portugal in 1830, and made the cause
of Doña Maria prevail over that of Dom Miguel. He was one of the
plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
PALMERSTON, Lord (1784-1865). An English statesman. Elected to the
Commons in 1807, he was a Lord of the Admiralty in 1808,
Secretary for War 1809-1828, Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs 1830-1841, and 1846-1851, Home Secretary 1852-1855,
First Lord of the Treasury 1855-1858, and from 1859 till his
death.
PALMERSTON, Lady (1787-1869). Sister of Lord Melbourne, married
first Lord Cowper and secondly Lord Palmerston.
PALMYRE, Mlle. The first dressmaker in Paris in the time of
Louis-Philippe.
PARRY, Sir William Edward (1790-1855). An English navigator famous
for his expeditions to the North Pole. He was hydrographer to
the Admiralty, and accompanied Ross on his first voyage of
discovery.
PASQUIER, Étienne, Duc (1767-1862). Napoleon made him Maître des
Requêtes, then Conseiller d'État. He rallied to the Bourbons in
1814, was made Garde des Sceaux in 1815, and afterwards a member
of the Upper House, the Presidency of which he received under
Louis-Philippe. He was raised to the dignity of Chancellor in
1837.
PASSY, Hypolite Philibert (1793-1880). A French politician and
member of the Institute, elected Deputy in 1830. He was a member
of the ephemeral Cabinet of the Duc de Bassano in 1834. In 1838
he succeeded M. de Talleyrand as member of the Academy of Moral
and Political Science.
PASTA, Judith (1798-1865). An Italian singer of Jewish origin. She
came to Paris in 1821 and made a great name for herself. She
retired in 1849 to her beautiful house by the lake of Como.
PEDRO I., Dom (1798-1834). Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal,
father of Queen Doña Maria of Portugal.
PEEL, Sir Robert (1788-1850). An English statesman. Elected to the
House of Commons in 1809, he was Home Secretary in 1822. He was
Conservative in politics, but held Liberal views on questions of
criminal legislation and administration. He was a member of
several Ministries and in 1838 re-established the financial
equilibrium of the country, disturbed by the Whig deficit of
£30,000,000, by the introduction of the Income Tax, while he
opened new sources of revenue by the abolition of the Corn Laws.
PEEL, Lady, died 1849. Julia, daughter of General Sir John Lloyd,
Bart., married Sir Robert Peel in 1820.
PÉPIN (1780-1836). A grocer of the Place de la Bastille, Paris.
Pépin was elected Captain of the Garde Nationale after the
events of July 1830. He was implicated in Fieschi's crime in
1835 and was arrested, condemned to death and executed.
PÉRIER, Casimir (1777-1832). He entered politics in 1817. After
1830 he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, and
shortly afterwards was made Minister without a portfolio. In
1831 he was President of the Council, and governed in a firm and
resolute manner. He succumbed to an attack of cholera contracted
as the consequence of a visit to the Hôtel Dieu with the Duc
d'Orléans.
PÉRIGORD, Duc de (1788-1879). Augustin Marie Élie Charles de
Talleyrand-Périgord. A Grandee of Spain of the first class.
PÉRIGORD, Duchesse de (1789-1866). Marie Nicolette, daughter of
the Comte de Choiseul-Praslin, married, in 1807, the Duc de
Périgord.
PÉRIGORD, Alexandre, Comte de, afterwards Duc de Dino (1813-1894).
Second son of the Duc de Talleyrand and the Princess Dorothea of
Courland. Alexandre de Périgord was at first in the Navy, but
soon abandoned that career. In 1849 he took part in the campaign
of Piedmont against Austria as a member of the Staff of King
Charles Albert, and during the Crimean War he was attached to
the Sardinian Army Corps as French Commissary. He married Mlle.
Valentine de Sainte-Aldegonde.
PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duc de
Talleyrand and of the author of these Memoirs. She married, in
1839 Henri, Marquis de Castellane, who died in 1847. From that
time she lived a retired life, distinguished by the practice of
the highest virtues. She lived for the most of the year at her
estate of Rochecotte, in the Valley of the Loire.
PERSIL, Jean Charles (1785-1870). A French magistrate and
statesman. Elected Deputy in 1830, he immediately attacked the
Polignac Ministry, protesting against the decrees. He was
Minister of Justice in 1834, but, having had a difference of
opinion with M. Molé, he resigned. In 1839 he entered the Upper
House, and took the Direction of the Hôtel des Monnaies.
Napoleon III. made him a member of the Conseil d'État.
PETER, Mrs. An English lady very well known in London society
about 1835, and the friend of several statesmen.
PETIT, General (1772-1856). Distinguished himself in the campaigns
of the Revolution and the Empire. It was he who, at
Fontainebleau, received the last accolade of the Emperor and the
touching adieux which he addressed to the whole army. He was
made a Peer of France in 1838.
PIRON, M. (1802-1865). Son of a landed proprietor in the
Nivernais. He was well educated, and occupied an important
position in the French Post Office. His duties brought him into
contact with the English postal officials, and he knew England
well. In 1834 M. Dupin, who came from the same part of France,
took him with him on his journey to London in order that M.
Piron might act as his guide to English society, with which he
had for some time been in touch. He had, for instance, known the
Duke of Richmond (who had been Postmaster-General) and Lord
Brougham. The premature death of his son, to whom he was deeply
attached, inflicted such a blow on M. Piron that he too died of
a seizure some weeks later.
PITT, William (1759-1806). Followed in the footsteps of his
father, the celebrated English statesman. After the French
Revolution he displayed a great hatred of France and made three
coalitions against her. He was a great administrator.
PLANTAGENET. A dynasty which occupied the throne of England from
Henry II. till the accession of Henry VII. In the fourteenth
century the family separated into two rival branches, from whose
quarrels arose the Wars of the Roses.
PLYMOUTH, Lady (1792-1864). She was a daughter of the Duke of
Dorset, and married first, in 1811, Lord Plymouth. Having become
a widow she married, secondly, William Pitt, Lord Amherst. She
died childless.
POIX, Duchesse-Princesse de (1785-1862). Mélanie de Périgord,
daughter of the Duc de Talleyrand and Mlle. de Senozan, married,
in 1809, Juste, Comte de Noailles, Prince de Poix. The Duchesse
de Poix had been Lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Berry.
POLIGNAC, Jules Armand, Prince de (1780-1847). President of the
Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the end of the reign
of Charles X. On July 29, 1830, he signed the famous decrees
which caused the Revolution and the fall of the elder branch of
the Bourbons.
POLIGNAC, Princesse de. _Née_ Miss Barbara Campbell, a Scottish
lady. She was very beautiful and very rich, but of obscure
family. She had to abjure the Protestant religion and become a
Catholic in order to marry the Prince de Polignac. She died in
1819.
PONIATOWSKI, Prince Joseph (1762-1803). A Polish general. He
served in the Polish Legion under Napoleon I., was made a
Marshal of France at Leipzig, and perished in the waters of the
Elster. His chivalrous courage won him the surname of the Bayard
of Poland.
PONSONBY, Lord (1770-1855). Brother-in-law of Lord Grey.
Ambassador at Constantinople, 1822-1827.
PORCHESTER, Lord (1800-1849). Henry John Charles, Earl of
Carnarvon. Married, in 1830, the daughter of Lord Molyneux.
POTOCKI, Stanislas, Count (1757-1821). Fought against Russia in
1793, in which year he left Poland. On the creation of the Grand
Duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon I., he was made Senator Palatine and
Chief of the Council of State. He was retained in office by the
Czar Alexander I. On the formation of the new kingdom of Poland
Count Potocki was appointed Minister of Public Worship and
Instruction, and afterwards President of the Council of State.
POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican, who took service
under different Powers, and finally under Russia. He was one of
the Czar's representatives at the Congress of Vienna, and was
afterwards Ambassador.
PRUDHON, Pierre (1760-1822). A French painter. He spent several
years at Rome, where he became intimate with Canova. He was
selected by Napoleon I. to give drawing lessons to the Empress
Marie Louise.
PRUSSIA, Prince Louis of (1773-1796). Brother of King
Frederick-William III. He married Princess Frederica of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise of Prussia.
Q
QUÉLEN, Comte de (1778-1839). A member of a Breton family, he
took Orders early in life. Cardinal Fesch favoured him, and
made him his secretary. Under the Restoration he became
Coadjutor of Cardinal de Talleyrand-Périgord, and in 1821 he
succeeded him as Archbishop of Paris. In 1831 his palace was
sacked during a riot. Mgr. de Quélen showed the utmost
devotion during the cholera epidemic of 1832. His pastoral
letters and several elegantly written funeral sermons secured
his election to the Académie française.
R
RADNOR, William, Lord (1779-1869). A Member of the British
Parliament and a friend of Lord Brougham. He married three
times; first in 1814, the daughter of the Duke of Montrose;
secondly, in 1837, Emily Bagot; and finally, Fanny Royd-Rice.
RAMBUTEAU, Claude Philibert Bertelot, Comte de (1781-1869).
Chamberlain to Napoleon I. in 1809. Peer of France in 1835, a
Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1843. In 1833
Louis-Philippe made him Prefect of the Seine, and he held this
post for fifteen years. He married in 1809 the daughter of
Louis, Comte de Narbonne.
RAPHAEL SANZIO (1483-1520). The celebrated painter of the Roman
School.
RAULLIN, M. Son of an official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
who was much esteemed by the Prince de Talleyrand. He became a
Conseiller d'État.
RAYNEVAL, Maximilien, Comte de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist.
Secretary of Embassy at Lisbon, then at St. Petersburg; he was
made Consul-General at London at the Restoration. He then became
successively Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
Ambassador at Berlin, in Switzerland, at Vienna and at Madrid.
In every case he rendered eminent services, and was made a Count
and raised to the Peerage.
RÉAL, Comte (1765-1834). Procureur au Châtelet before the
Revolution, Conseiller d'État after the 18th brumaire, Prefect
of Police during the Hundred Days. He was proscribed by the
Second Restoration, and did not return to France till 1818. In
1830 he had a post in the office of the Prefect of Police, and
thereafter lived in retirement.
RÉCAMIER, (1777-1849). Julie Bernard, married when she was sixteen
M. Récamier, a rich Parisian banker. She was both witty and
good, and under the Consulate and the Empire she collected in
her salon a crowd of distinguished persons. Exiled from Paris
she returned after the fall of Napoleon. Madame Récamier retired
in 1819 to the Abbaye-aux-Bois, where she continued to receive
all the celebrities of the period.
REGENT, The, Philippe d'Orléans (1674-1723). Governed France
during the minority of Louis XV.
RÉMUSAT, Charles, Comte de (1797-1875). A French author and
politician. A member of the Institut and a Minister of State.
RETZ, Cardinal de (1614-1679). Jean François Paul de Gondi played
a prominent part in the Fronde troubles. He was forced into
exile until the death of Mazarin. He left Memoirs which are one
of the masterpieces of French literature.
RICHMOND, Duke of (1799-1860). Charles Lennox, a British officer,
Lord Lieutenant of Sussex. Became Postmaster-General in the
Reform Government of 1830. He married a sister of the Marquess
of Anglesea.
RIGNY, Henri Gauthier, Comte de (1783-1835). Entered the Navy 1798
and took part in the campaigns of the First Empire. He was made
a Rear-Admiral at the Restoration, and distinguished himself at
Navarino, on which occasion he received the title of Count and
was made Maritime Prefect of Toulon. He became Minister of
Marine in 1831, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, and
afterwards Ambassador to Naples.
RIPON, Lord (1781-1859). Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1833. He
was originally a Tory but joined the Whigs.
ROBESPIERRE, Maximilien (1758-1794). A lawyer and member of the
Convention. He governed by terror through the Committee of
Public Safety, but a reaction set in and he perished on the
scaffold.
ROBSHART, Amy (1532-1560). Married Robert Dudley, Earl of
Leicester in 1550, but soon separated from him. She was found
dead, and it was never discovered whether she had committed
suicide or if Leicester had killed her in the hope of marrying
Queen Elizabeth. She is the heroine of Sir Walter Scott's novel
_Kenilworth_.
RODIL, Marquis de (1789-1853). Don José Ronion Rodil joined the
battalion called the "literary cadets" in 1808, at the time of
the French invasion of Spain. In 1816 he sailed for the revolted
South American colonies, and distinguished himself at the
defence of Callao. He returned to Spain in 1825, and in 1833
assisted Dom Pedro in Portugal against Dom Miguel and Don
Carlos. In 1836 he was Minister of War for a few months. From
1840 till 1843 he was President of the Council in the last
Ministry of the Espartero Regency.
ROGERS, Samuel (1763-1855). An English poet. He was a man of a
good and generous nature, but his sarcasm spared no one.
ROLAND, Madame (1754-1793). Manon Philipon, a woman of a
distinguished intellect, who married a member of the Convention.
She died on the scaffold.
ROMERO-ALPUENDE. A Spanish Deputy. He was an extreme Radical of an
extravagant temperament, but of little importance.
ROSS, Sir John (1777-1856). Son of the Rev. Andrew Ross, and a
Captain in the British Navy. He made himself famous by his two
expeditions to the Polar Sea along with Sir Edward Parry in 1818
and 1819. Sir John Ross made the second expedition at his own
expense and found the Northern magnetic pole. He lost his ship,
and it was not until the fourth winter after his departure that
he was rescued by a Hull vessel and brought back to England.
ROTHSCHILD, Nathan (1777-1826). Third son of Mayer Anselme
Rothschild, founder of the famous banking house. He was head of
the London Branch.
ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de (1771-1855). Wife of Salomon
Rothschild, who founded a branch of the business at Vienna, and
divided the German business with his brother Mayer. Towards 1835
he left the management of the Viennese business to his son and
came to Paris with his wife to join his brother James.
ROUSSIN, Admiral (1781-1854). Post-Captain in 1814; corrected the
charts of the coasts of Africa and Brazil; Rear-Admiral in 1822,
he was a member of the Admiralty Council in 1824. In 1831 he
commanded the French Squadron sent to demand satisfaction from
Portugal for the insults offered to French residents. He forced
the entrance to the Tagus, reputed impregnable, and obtained all
that he demanded. At the close of this brilliantly successful
expedition Louis-Philippe, in 1832, raised him to the Peerage
with the title of Baron.
ROYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul (1763-1845). A French philosopher and
statesman. He was a lawyer, and in 1797 a member of the Conseil
des Cinq Cents. Under the First Empire he gave up politics and
occupied himself entirely with the study of philosophy. He was
made a member of the Académie française in 1827. M.
Royer-Collard lived at Châteauvieux, near Valençay, and was a
great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand and the Duchesse de
Dino.
RUBINI, Jean Baptiste (1795-1854). A celebrated Italian singer.
Bellini's operas owed much of their success to him.
RUSSELL, Lord William (1799-1846). An English diplomatist. He was
for some years Ambassador at Berlin. He married Elizabeth
Rawdon, niece of the Marquess of Hastings.
RUSSELL, Lord John (1792-1878). An English statesman; third son of
the Duke of Bedford. He was one of the authors of the celebrated
Reform Bill. In 1831 he was Home Secretary, Secretary for the
Colonies, and Head of the Whig Cabinet. In 1859 he was Foreign
Secretary, and again Premier on the death of Lord Palmerston.
S
SAINTE-ALDEGONDE, Comtesse de (1793-1869); _née_ de Chavagnes. A
Creole by origin, she married Marshal Augereau, Duc de
Castiglione, who died in 1816. In 1817 she married the Comte de
Sainte-Aldegonde. She had two daughters, the second of whom
married Alexandre de Périgord, Duc de Dino.
SAINTE-AULAIRE, Louis Beaupoil, Comte de. He was Chamberlain to
Napoleon I., a Prefect under Louis XVIII., and a Deputy. After
1830 he was one of the ablest supporters of the Monarchy of
July, was successively Ambassador at Rome, Vienna, and London,
and was raised to the Peerage.
SAINT THERESA (1515-1582). Of a rich and noble family of Avila in
Old Castile. She reformed the Carmelite Order, St. John of the
Cross, reformed that of the Carmelite Monks. She was canonised
in 1621. Her numerous writings led to her being named a doctor
of the Church by Popes Gregory XV. and Urban VIII.
SAINT-LEU or SAINT-LOUP (573-623). Archbishop of Sens from 609,
famous for his charity. King Clotaire II., deceived by false
reports, exiled him to Picardy in 613, but on better knowledge
of the facts, recalled him in the following year and loaded him
with honours.
SAINT-LEU, Duchesse de. _See_ BEAUHARNAIS, Hortense de.
SAINT-PAUL, Vergibier de. A French general who commanded the
troops of the Indre in 1834.
SAINT-PRIEST, Alexis, Comte de (1805-1851). Son of the Comte de
Saint-Priest, Governor of Odessa, and of a Princess Galitzin. He
did not come to France till 1822, when he attracted much notice
owing to his literary tastes. An intimate friend of the Duc
d'Orléans, he entered the diplomatic service in 1833 and became
French Minister in Brazil, at Lisbon and Copenhagen. He was made
a Peer of France in 1841, and a Member of the Académie française
in 1849. He married Mlle. de La Guiche.
SALISBURY, Marchioness of (1750-1835). Mary Amelia, daughter of
the Marquess of Devonshire. Married in 1773. She was burned to
death in a fire at Hatfield House.
SALVANDY, Comte de (1795-1856). At first a soldier, he took part
in the Campaigns of 1813 and 1814, retiring from the service at
the Restoration, under which he held several posts at the Court
of Louis XVIII. He resigned in 1823, and turned to literature.
After 1830 he was elected Deputy and was Minister of Public
Instruction 1837-1839, Ambassador at Madrid 1841, at Turin,
1843. From 1845 till 1848 he was again Minister of Public
Instruction. In 1835 he was elected to the Académie française.
SAMPAÏO, Antonio Rodriguez (1806-1882). A Portuguese journalist
and statesman, a consistent Liberal.
SAND, George (1804-1876). Aurore Dupin, Baroness Dudevant, one of
the most celebrated authoresses of the nineteenth century.
SARAÏVA, Antonio Ribeira (1800-1890). A Portuguese diplomatist.
Under Dom Miguel's Regency he was sent on a secret mission to
Spain and England. He was a fanatical partisan of absolute power
and did not return to Portugal after the fall of the Pretender
but lived in London till his death.
SARMENTO, M. de. A Portuguese diplomatist, the representative of
Dom Pedro in London at the Conferences after 1830.
SAUZET, Paul (1800-1877). A member of the Lyons bar. He was
elected Deputy in 1834, and two years later was made Minister of
Justice in the Thiers Cabinet.
SAXE, Maurice, Comte de (1695-1750). Marshal of France. He was
natural son of Augustus II., Elector of Saxony, and the Countess
Aurora von Koenigsmark. He covered himself with glory in the war
of the Austrian Succession, and in recompense of his services
King Louis XIV. gave him the Château of Chambord and 40,000
livres a year.
SAXE-MEININGEN, Bernard, Duke of (1800-1882). Brother of Queen
Adelaide of England. In 1866 he abdicated in favour of his son,
Duke George II.
SCHEFFER, Ary (1785-1858). A French painter whose family was of
German origin. He was a great favourite of King Louis-Philippe
and his family.
SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal (1775-1851). A Corsican by birth,
he distinguished himself with the army of Italy. In 1806 he was
sent as Ambassador to Constantinople, where he made the Sultan
Selim declare war on Russia, and directed the operations which
compelled the British Fleet to repass the Dardanelles. After
Waterloo he was one of the Commissaries appointed to treat for
peace. Under Louis-Philippe he was Minister for Foreign Affairs,
and afterwards Ambassador at Naples and London. He married Fanny
de Coigny, who died in 1807 in giving birth to a daughter, who
married the Duc de Praslin.
SEFTON, Lord (1772-1838). Made a Peer in 1831. He married in 1791
Maria Margaret, daughter of Lord Craven, who died in 1851.
SÉGUIER, Comte (1768-1848). An _émigré_ during the Revolution. He
returned in 1800 and, thanks to Cambacérès, he had a fine
judicial career under the Empire. In 1815 Louis XVIII. made him
a Peer of France, and appointed him to prosecute Marshal Ney. He
rallied to Louis-Philippe in 1830.
SÉGUR, Louis-Philippe, Comte de (1753-1833). Took part in the
American war in 1781. Was Ambassador at St. Petersburg. Lived by
his pen during the Revolution, was afterwards called to the
Corps Législatif by the First Consul and became Grand Master of
the Ceremonies at the Imperial Court. He was a member of the
Académie française from 1803, and Louis XVIII. made him a Peer.
SÉMONVILLE, Marquis de (1754-1839). He was charged with several
foreign missions. A Peer of France in 1814, he was the first to
receive the title of Grand Référendaire de la Cour des Pairs, a
position which he did not resign till 1834.
SÉVIGNÉ, Marquise de (1626-1696). Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, one of
the most distinguished women of the seventeenth century, famous
for the letters which she wrote to her daughter Madame de
Grignan. She married in 1644 the Marquis de Sévigné, who was
killed in a duel, leaving her a widow at twenty-five.
SGRICCI, Thomas (1788-1836). A celebrated Italian improvisatore
and a great scholar. He revealed his prodigious facility in
versification at a masked ball, where in the costume of the
Sibyl he delivered oracles in verse with an ease and promptitude
which were much admired.
SHAFTESBURY, Cropley Ashley (1768-1851). A member of the House of
Lords. He married Anne, daughter of the Duke of Marlborough.
SIDNEY, John Robert, Lord. Born 1805. Lord Chamberlain; married,
in 1832, Lady Emily Caroline Paget, daughter of the Marquis of
Anglesey.
SIDNEY, Sophia, Lady. Lady Sophia Fitzclarence, a natural daughter
of William IV. of England. Married, in 1825, Philip Charles
Sidney, Baron de l'Isle and Dudley.
SIEYÈS, Abbé (1748-1836). He was Vicar-General of Chartres, and
one of the greatest politicians of his time. He made manifest
the power of the Tiers État, and was the author of several of
the most important measures of the Revolution. He was a member
of the Conseil des Cinq Cents, and was made a Senator and a
Count by Napoleon.
SOBIESKI, John III., King of Poland (1629-1696). One of the
national heroes of his country; he conquered the Turks and
delivered Vienna when besieged by Kara Mustapha.
SOMERSET, Duke of (1773-1855). Edward Saint Maur, Baron Seymour.
He married Lady Hamilton.
SOPHIA OF ENGLAND, Princess (1777-1848). One of the daughters of
George III. of England. She died unmarried.
SOULT, Nicholas Jean de Dieu (1769-1852). He took part in all the
Campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. After the taking of
Königsberg, he was made Duc de Dalmatie. Exiled by the Second
Restoration he attached himself to the Government of 1830, and
was twice Minister of War, and President of the Council.
SPRING RICE, Sir Thomas (1790-1866). He was raised to the Peerage
in 1839, as Lord Monteagle of Brandon. He was Under Secretary of
State for the Home Department in 1827, then Secretary to the
Treasury, and in 1834, Secretary of State for the Colonies. In
1835 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was a Fellow of
the Royal Society, and of the Royal Astronomical Society.
STAËL, Madame de (1766-1817). _Née_ Necker, famous for her talent
and her banishment.
STAËL, Baronne de. Adelaïde Vernet, grand-daughter of the Swiss
Professor Pictet. Married in 1826 Auguste, Baron de Staël, son
of the famous Madame de Staël.
STANLEY, Edward Geoffrey (1799-1869). An English statesman better
known as the Earl of Derby, to which title he succeeded in 1831.
He was Under Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1827. Then
(1830-1833) Chief Secretary for Ireland. As Secretary of State
for the Colonies in 1833 he passed the Bill for the
Emancipation of Slaves. In 1858 he pacified India and
reorganised its administration. He married in 1825 the second
daughter of Lord Skelmersdale.
STANLEY, Edward, Baron (1801-1869). Member of the British
Parliament from 1831. He was Under Secretary of State, Under
Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and Postmaster-General. He
married in 1826 a daughter of Viscount Dillon.
STEVENS, Catherine (1794-1872). An English singer who was much
admired. She appeared at Covent Garden, then at Drury Lane. She
retired in 1815, and in 1838 married the Earl of Essex.
STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE, Lord. Sir Stratford Canning (1788-1880).
Cousin of the celebrated Canning and an English diplomatist. He
was Minister Plenipotentiary in Switzerland, took part in the
Congress of Vienna in 1815, and was Ambassador at Constantinople
from 1851 till 1858, when he retired. He was created Viscount
Stratford de Redcliffe.
STUART OF ROTHESAY, Lady (1789-1867). A daughter of Lord
Hardwicke. She married in 1816.
SURREY, Earl of (1815-1860). Eldest son of the Duke of Norfolk.
Elected to Parliament in 1837, where he posed as a zealous
Catholic. In 1839 he married a daughter of Lord Lyons, and he
became Duke of Norfolk on the death of his father in 1856.
SUSSEX, Augustus Frederick, Duke of (1773-1843). One of the sons
of King George III. of England. He was Grand Master of
Freemasons in that country.
SUCHET, Marie (1820-1835). Daughter of Marshal Suchet, Duc
d'Albuféra. She was an intimate friend of Mlle. Pauline de
Périgord, and died young.
SUTHERLAND, Duchess of, died 1868. Daughter of Lord Carlisle; she
married the Duke of Sutherland in 1823. The Duchess was Mistress
of the Robes to Queen Victoria.
T
TAHMASP-KOULI-KHAN, NADIR SHAH, King of Persia (1688-1747). At
first a camel driver and then a brigand. He entered the service
of Tahmasp II., brought the affairs of that Prince into a most
flourishing condition by defeating the Turks, and then deposed
him. After an interval of regency, he caused himself to be
proclaimed Shah of Persia. He reduced the Afghans, who had
revolted, and attacked the Empire of the Great Mogul. He
oppressed the Persians, who hated him, and he was killed by his
own generals.
TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Cardinal de (1736-1821). Alexandre Angélique,
second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord and Marie de
Chamillart, Lady-in-Waiting to the Queen. He entered the Church,
was made almoner to the King, Vicar-general of Verdun, and in
1766 coadjutor to the Archbishop of Rheims, whom he succeeded
in 1777. Deputy to the States-General in 1789, he struggled
against innovation and left the country. A councillor of Louis
XVIII. at Mittau, Mouseigneur de Périgord became, in 1808, his
grand almoner; his was the first name inscribed on the list of
Peers in 1814, and in 1817 he obtained the Cardinal's hat and
the Archbishopric of Paris.
TALLEYRAND, Prince de (1754-1838). Charles Maurice de
Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince of Benevento, Duc de Dino, a Peer,
Grand Chamberlain of France, and a member of the Institut. Lame
from birth he was destined for the Church, although the eldest
of his family. A pupil of Saint-Sulpice, he completed his
ecclesiastical studies there, and was at first known as the Abbé
de Périgord. In 1788 he was Bishop of Autun; in 1789 a member of
the States-General. Afterwards he was obliged to take refuge in
America, from which he returned in 1797. He was made Minister
for Foreign Affairs by the Directory, and for eight years
directed the external policy of France. In his capacity of
Vice-Grand Elector of the Empire he was able, in 1814, to
convoke the Senate and proclaim the deposition of the Emperor.
He represented Louis XVIII. at the Congress of Vienna. In 1830
Louis-Philippe appointed him Ambassador in London. The last act
of his public life was the conclusion of the Quadruple Alliance
between France, England, Spain and Portugal.
TALLEYRAND, Princesse de (1762-1835). Daughter of Captain Werlée
of the navy and Laurence Allany. She was born on the Coromandel
Coast of India, and at the age of fifteen she married at
Calcutta a Civil Servant named George Grant; she was, however,
divorced a year later. Towards 1780 Mrs. Grant sailed for
Europe, and settled at Paris, where she married the Prince de
Talleyrand in 1802. She separated from her husband and retired
to Auteuil. She died in 1835 and was buried at Montparnasse with
this inscription: "The widow of Mr. Grant, afterwards civilly
married to the Prince de Talleyrand."
TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Baronne de (1800-1873). Charlotte-Alix-Sarah,
wife of Baron Alexandre-Daniel de Talleyrand, Conseiller d'État,
by whom she had three children.
TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Edmond, Comte de (1787-1872). Duc de Dino
from 1817, and Duc de Talleyrand after the death of his father
in 1838. He married in 1809 Princess Dorothea of Courlande. A
brave officer and a good comrade, he was singled out for praise
among the aides-de-camp of Major-General Berthier. He took part
in the campaigns of the Grand Armée. He was Commander of the
Order of Saint-Louis, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of S. Ferdinand of Spain. He
passed the last forty years of his life at Florence, where he
died.
TALMA, François Joseph (1766-1826). A celebrated tragic actor much
liked by Napoleon, who paid his debts more than once.
TANKERVILLE, Lady. Died 1865. Daughter of Antoine, Duc de Gramont.
She married Lord Tankerville in 1806.
TAYLOR, Sir Herbert (1775-1839). At first an officer in the army,
he became private secretary to his friend the Duke of York, and
was transferred in the same capacity to the service of King
George III. He was charged with several delicate missions in
Sweden and Holland. He married a daughter of Edward Disbrowe.
TERCEIRA, Duke of, Marquis of Villaflor (1790-1860). A Portuguese
General. He placed himself at the head of the partisans of Dom
Pedro and helped him to expel Dom Miguel. He married as his
second wife the daughter of the Marquis de Loulé.
TESTE, Jean Baptiste (1780-1852). A French jurisconsult. Deputy in
1831; a Liberal. In 1839 he became Minister of Justice, in 1840
of Public Works. In 1843 he was made a Peer of France and
President of the Cour de Cassation, but the end of his life was
saddened by a deplorable case in which he was compromised.
THIARD DE BUSSY, Comte de (1772-1852). A French General,
Chamberlain to Napoleon in 1804. He accompanied him as
aide-de-camp in the campaigns of 1805-1807, but afterwards
retired. Louis XVIII. made him Maréchal de Camp. A Deputy in
1815, he sat almost without interruption until 1848, and then
became for a year Minister in Switzerland.
THIERS, Adolphe (1797-1877). A French statesman and historian. He
commenced his career in Paris as a journalist, founded the
_National_ in 1830, became Minister in 1832, and President of
the Council in 1836 and 1840. As Deputy he vainly opposed the
war of 1870. He was President of the Republic in 1871.
THIERS, Madame (1815-1880). Elise Dosne; she was only sixteen when
she married M. Thiers, to whom she brought a large fortune.
THORWALDSEN, Bartholomew (1769-1844). A celebrated Danish
sculptor. Son of a poor sailor in Copenhagen, he paid long
visits to Italy, where he worked very hard. He founded a museum
at Copenhagen, to which he left his immense fortune.
TORENO, José, Count (1786-1843). A Spanish statesman. A member of
the Cortes from 1811, he procured the abolition of the
Inquisition. He was made Finance Minister, then President of the
Council with the portfolio of Foreign Affairs. He retired from
public life in 1835.
TRÉVISE, Duc de. _See_ MORTIER.
TULLEMORE, Lady. Died 1848. Sister of the Duke of Argyll. Married
1821.
TYSKIEWICZ, Princess (1765-1834). Maria Theresa, daughter of
Prince Andrew Poniatowski, second brother of the King. She
married Count Vincent Tyskiewicz, but kept her title of
Princess. Her husband was Referendary of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. The Princess was a great friend of the Prince de
Talleyrand. She almost always stayed at Valençay when in France,
and is buried there.
V
VALENÇAY, Duc de (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duc
de Talleyrand et de Valençay, Duc de Sagan after the death of
his mother; son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand, and Princess
Dorothea of Courlande, Knight of the Golden Fleece of Spain and
of the Black Eagle of Prussia. He married first in 1829 Alix,
daughter of the Duc de Montmorency; then Countess Hatzfeld,
daughter of Marshal de Castellane. The Duc de Valençay was the
eldest son of the Duchesse de Dino.
VALENÇAY, Duchesse de (1810-1858). Alix, daughter of the Duc de
Montmorency and Caroline de Matignon.
VALOIS, a French dynasty which came to the throne with Philip VI.
in 1328 and ended with Henri III. in 1576.
VAN DYCK, Sir Antony (1599-1641). A Flemish painter, a pupil of
Rubens. He travelled in Italy, Holland, France and England,
where he went and settled on the invitation of Charles I.
VANTADOUR, Duchesse de (1799-1863). Daughter of Comte d'Aubusson
la Feuillade and his first wife, Mlle. de Refouville. She
married the Duc de Lévis et de Vantadour.
VAUDÉMONT, Princesse de (1763-1832). Elise Marie Colette de
Montmorency Logny married in 1778 Prince Joseph de Vaudémont, of
the House of Lorraine, who died in 1812. She was an intimate
friend of M. de Talleyrand and was a good and clever woman who
had retained many of the customs of the _ancien régime_.
VICTORIA, Queen (1819-1901). Daughter of the Duke of Kent, fourth
son of George III., who died in 1820. She ascended the throne in
1837 on the death of her uncle William IV. In 1840 the young
queen married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
VIENNET, Jean Guillaume (1777-1868). A French man of letters who
was elected to the Academy in 1830.
VILLEMAIN, Abel François (1790-1870). A professor, author and
politician. A member of the Académie française from 1822 and a
Peer of France. He was twice Minister of Public Instruction and
from 1835 was Perpetual Secretary of the Académie.
VISCONTI-AYMI, Marchesa, died 1831 at Paris. Née Carcano. She
belonged to the most elegant society of Milan in the days of the
vice-royalty of Eugène de Beauharnais. She married first the
Comte Sopranzi by whom she had a son who was aide-de-camp to
Marshal Berthier, a great friend of hers.
VITROLLES, Eugène d'Arnaud, Baron de (1774-1854). Served in
Condé's Army, was appointed Minister of State in 1814, but was
so violent that Louis XVIII. dismissed him. At his accession
Charles X. made him Ambassador at Turin. In 1795 he married
Mlle. de Folleville.
VIVONNE, Louis Victor de Rochechouart, Comte de (1636-1688).
Afterwards Duc de Mortemart, and a Marshal of France. He enjoyed
rapid promotion owing to the influence of his sister, Madame de
Montespan. He was celebrated for his wit, his epigrams and his
corpulence.
VOGÜÉ, Charles, Comte de. He married Mlle. de Béranger, and was a
brother of the Marquis de Vogüé.
VOLTAIRE, M. de (1694-1778). François Marie Arouet de Voltaire,
son of a treasurer of the Chambre des Comptes. He exercised an
immense influence on the literature and philosophy of the
eighteenth century.
W
WARD, Sir Henry George (1798-1860). Son-in-law of Lord Grey,
entered the British Diplomatic Service in 1816 as Attaché at
Stockholm, a position he also occupied at The Hague and Madrid.
He entered Parliament in 1832 and was made Commissioner for the
Ionian Islands in 1849. From 1856 until his death he was
Governor of Ceylon.
WARWICK, Guy, Earl of, died 1471. Surnamed the King-maker. Brother
of Richard of York, he urged him to make good his claim to the
Crown, then he caused Edward IV. to be proclaimed, and finally
set Henry VI. on the throne and procured the Regency for
himself.
WARWICK, Earl of (1779-1853). Henry Richard Greville, Lord Brooke.
Through the female line he was descended from the ancient family
of Beauchamp.
WARWICK, Lady, died 1851. Married first Lord Monson, and secondly
the Earl of Warwick.
WEIMAR, Charles Bernard, Duke of (1792-1862). A general in the
service of the Netherlands. He married in 1815 Ida, Princess of
Saxe-Meiningen, Sister of Queen Adelaide. His son Prince Edward
of Weimar entered the British service.
WELLESLEY, Marquess (1760-1842). Richard, Earl of Mornington,
elder brother of the Duke of Wellington. Governor-General of
India in 1797, he became Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1810
and Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1822.
WELLINGTON, Duke of (1769-1852). Third son of Viscount Wellesley,
Earl of Mornington, served in 1797 in the Indian army, returned
to England in 1805. Commanded the British army in the Peninsula
and conquered Napoleon at Waterloo. He was a member of several
Ministries.
WERTHER, Wilhelm, Baron von (1772-1859). A Prussian diplomatist.
Was Minister at Paris (1824-1837) and Minister for Foreign
Affairs at Berlin (1837-1841). He married Sophia, Countess
Sandizell, a Bavarian lady who died in 1853.
WESSENBERG, Ampringen, Baron (1773-1858). An Austrian diplomatist,
was a member of the Conferences at London in 1830, and in 1848
was for a short time Minister for Foreign Affairs.
WEYER, Sylvan van de (1803-1874). A Belgian statesman and man of
letters. He was charged with an important mission to London, and
succeeded in obtaining the acceptance of the proposition to
summon a Conference in London to settle the new Belgian
constitution, and the recognition of Prince Leopold of Coburg as
King of the Belgians. In 1845 he was recalled to preside over
the Cabinet, and in 1846 again became Ambassador in London till
1867, when he retired from public life.
WILLIAM II., King of the Netherlands (1792-1849). Married in 1818
Anna Paulowna, daughter of the Czar Paul of Russia, and had a
peaceful and prosperous reign.
WILLIAM IV., King of England (1765-1837). He ascended the throne
at the age of sixty-five, succeeding his brother, George IV. He
reigned from 1830 to 1837. He married in 1818 Adelaide, daughter
of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, or the Bastard, Duke of Normandy and King
of England (1027-1087). He conquered England in 1066, and
strongly organised his kingdom by creating a feudal nobility.
WILLIAM TELL. Died 1354. One of the leaders of the revolt which
freed Switzerland in 1307.
WILLOUGHBY COTTON, Sir Henry (1796-1865). A Member of the House of
Commons.
WINCHELSEA, Lord (1791-1858). George William Hatton. His first
wife was a daughter of the Duke of Montrose. In 1829 he had a
famous duel with the Duke of Wellington. The Duke missed his
adversary, and Lord Winchelsea fired in the air.
WORONZOFF, Countess. Died in 1832 in London. Catherine Siniavin,
wife of General Woronzoff.
WÜRTEMBERG, King of (1781-1864). William I. succeeded to the
throne in 1816. He married, first, the Grand Duchess Catherine
of Russia, and secondly, his cousin, the Duchess Pauline of
Würtemberg.
WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Maria of (1816-1863). Daughter of King
William I. She married in 1840 Major-General Count Neipperg.
WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of (1818-1877). Sister of the
foregoing. Married in 1839 William III., King of the
Netherlands.
Y
YARBOROUGH, Lord (1812-1851). An officer of the Royal Household
in 1831.
YORK, Duke of (1763-1827). Brother of King George IV. and King
William IV. He married Princess Frederica of Prussia.
Z
ZEA BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco (1772-1850). A Spanish diplomatist.
_Chargé d'Affaires_ at St. Petersburg 1809-1820, afterwards
Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1824 he was appointed Minister
for Foreign Affairs; in 1825 was Ambassador at Dresden; and from
1828 till 1833 Ambassador in London. From 1834 he almost
constantly lived in Paris, where he died.
ZEA BERMEDEZ, Madame, wife of the foregoing. She was very popular
in Society, owing to her distinction and amiability. She was born
at Malaga.
ZUMALACARREGUY, Thomas (1789-1835). A Spanish general in command
of the Royal Guard at the death of Ferdinand VII. He resigned his
appointment and declared for Don Carlos, and waged a terrible war
on the followers of Queen Christina.
ZUYLEN VAN NYEVELT, Baron Hugo (1781-1853). A Dutch statesman. He
took an active part in his country's efforts to shake off the
rule of Napoleon I. He was Ambassador at Paris, Madrid,
Stockholm, and Constantinople. He returned to The Hague in 1829,
and was very active in 1830, on the occasion of the Belgian
Revolution. He was afterwards sent with Falk to the Conference of
London. From 1833 till 1848 he held several portfolios, and soon
after the latter date retired into private life.
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Transcriber's Note:
In the Biographical Index of the names of persons mentioned in this
book,
MARBOIS, François, Marquis de Barbé- (1745-1837)
has been corrected to:
BARBÉ-MARBOIS, François, Marquis de (1745-1837).
SAXE-MAURICE, Comte de
has been corrected to:
SAXE Maurice, Comte de
ZUYLEN VAN NEVELT
has been corrected to:
ZUYLEN VAN NYEVELT.