The Government, wishing to find a pretext for the liberation of the

Ham prisoners,[59] eagerly seized on some symptoms of mental

derangement shown by M. de Chantelauze. M. Thiers intended after some

months of an asylum to remove the prisoners to the country houses of

friends who would be answerable for them, and with this end in view he

had appointed a commission of celebrated physicians to inquire into

the condition of M. de Chantelauze and at the same time that of the

other ex-Ministers. M. de Chantelauze however, as soon as he heard of

the impending arrival of the doctors, hastened to declare that he

would receive them politely as eminent persons but not in their

medical capacity, that he would answer none of their questions, and

that he desired his complete and instantaneous liberation or nothing.

I much doubt whether his companions in misfortune are pleased with him

for showing so much disdain.

[59] In 1830 the signatories of the celebrated decrees which led

to the fall of Charles X., MM. de Polignac, de Peyronnet, Guernon

de Ranville, and Chantelauze, were prosecuted before the House of

Peers, deprived of their titles, and condemned to perpetual

imprisonment. They were then confined at Ham.

_Paris, November 14, 1835._--I have just had very friendly letters

from Lord and Lady Grey. They are very busy with their estate of

Howick, from which they write, and seem to be quite out of politics.

Lady Grey says a thing which I echo with all my heart. "If my friends

will only love me and I can possess a garden in summer and an armchair

in winter I am perfectly happy in leading the life of an

oyster.--Don't expose me to Madame de Lieven, she would think me unfit

to live!"

_Paris, November 16, 1835._--M. de Barante came to say good-bye. He

leaves to-morrow for St. Petersburg with a full heart and an anxious

mind. Since the famous speech[60] of the Czar Nicolas at Warsaw, which

Madame de Lieven herself refers to as a catastrophe, and since the

commentary of the articles in the _Journal des Débats_ on this speech,

the position of the French Ambassador is a very difficult one. The

line he is to take seems to me a good one and all the more prudent as

it was traced for him by the King.

[60] The speech here mentioned was made on October 10, 1835, at

Warsaw by the Emperor Nicolas, in the presence of the Corporation

of that City, whom he was addressing. The Imperial words were

filled with threats and reproaches to the Poles, formulated in

terms so violent that they astonished Europe, where their

authenticity was largely doubted. The allusions to clandestine

relations maintained by the Polish rebels with foreign Powers,

embarrassed more than one diplomatist, and more than one

Government. This speech was published by the _Journal des Débats_

of November 11, 1835, and will be found in the Appendix to this

volume.

We dined last night at the Tuileries, where there were only the Royal

Family, the ladies and gentlemen actually in attendance, and some

young people, the friends of the little Princes. M. le Duc d'Aumale

had just been head of his class, which put him in high spirits. He was

the only member of the company who appeared to me to be so.

The King was so kind as to have a charming portrait of Mary Stuart

brought for me to see. It was all the more interesting as its history

is pathetic. Mary Stuart's ladies went from England to Belgium

immediately after their mistress's execution, and took with them this

portrait which they placed in a public building where it still is. The

Queen of the Belgians had a perfect copy of it made for the King, her

father, and it is this copy which I saw.

In the course of the evening the King had a long talk with M. de

Talleyrand and asked him to take a journey to Vienna. This however he

declined, alleging in excuse the season of the year, his age, and the

presence of another Ambassador already accredited to Vienna.

_Paris, November 20, 1835._--The effect of the famous speech of the

Emperor Nicolas to the municipality of Warsaw has been no less

disagreeable at Vienna than at Berlin. The English papers have

attacked it violently. The _Morning Chronicle_, the organ of the Whig

Cabinet, has been much more violent even than the _Journal des

Débats_. _A propos_ of the latter a curious thing has happened. The

Government, wearied of all the indiscretions and improprieties

committed by the _Débats_, which are becoming embarrassing owing to

the semi-official colour of the paper, formed the idea of giving more

importance to the _Moniteur_ by inserting carefully-written articles,

thus taking away the Ministerial importance of the _Débats_. This was

the King's idea, and was adopted by the Cabinet. When, however, the

question arose who should have the direct control of the _Moniteur_

the Duc de Broglie claimed it as President of the Council, whereupon

the King at once dropped the plan, and things are as they were before.

Letters from England report that the English Ministry is much

embarrassed. Lord John Russell's timid speech at Bristol, without

satisfying the Conservatives has irritated the Radicals and the Irish

Catholics extremely, and the Cabinet's very existence appears to be

seriously threatened though the question is adjourned until the

opening of Parliament.

The more I see of Count Pahlen, the new Russian Ambassador, the more

excellent I find his disposition. I know on excellent authority that

he has written to his Court in clear, simple, straightforward and

kindly terms about what he has lately thought and seen. He did not

conceal how much his social position was suffering owing to the

instructions he had received, and he added that he did not feel bound

to remain in such a position, declaring finally that his Government

should either modify its first instructions or recall him. This

declaration was sent off yesterday. The King and Madame Adélaïde are

impatiently awaiting the answer, which of course will decide what

relations there will be in future between our Government and that of

Russia.

_Paris, November 23, 1835._--Here are the leading points of a letter

which I have just received from the Duke of Wellington. "We are still

on the path on which we entered five years ago. All we can hope for is

that the pace will not be too fast. To stop, and, above all, to

return, is impossible. Robespierre was at least honest as regards

money, his power was founded on disinterestedness; but those who

intend to govern us and who are going to be our rulers will not be

guided by the same considerations. At least I fear not."

_Paris, November 24, 1835._--I spent a curious morning yesterday of

which I wish to give a detailed description, but in order to be

understood I must say a few words by way of preface.

I have a cousin named Louisa de Chabannes. In her early youth she was

very pretty, and sang and painted. She was well bred but poor, and got

no opportunity of marrying. She became retired, unsociable, weakly,

and almost ugly. I used to see her three or four times a year, and I

was always struck by the weariness of her manner, by her pallor and

thinness, and by her silence and nervousness. Seven years ago I heard

that she had joined the _Grandes Carmélites_. I was not surprised, for

though she had never been exactly pious, it was quite clear that she

was ill at ease in the world. However, like all her relations, I was

quite convinced that the austerities of this severe Order would soon

destroy that fragile and ailing organism. I heard, however, at long

intervals, from her brother Alfred that she was still alive, and

indeed much better than she used to be.

Yesterday morning I got a letter beginning, "My dear Cousin," and

ending "Sœur Thérèse de Jésus." For a moment I did not understand;

then I recollected Louisa de Chabannes. In this letter she said that

having at last obtained permission to see me from her Superior she

begged me to come at once. Yesterday was one of the very few days on

which visits are allowed, and she added that in order that I should

not be terrified she had as a great favour obtained permission to see

me with her face uncovered and without witnesses. I should have been

very sorry to disappoint the poor woman, and as I had business with

the Archbishop, who lives in the same neighbourhood, I resolved to do

both on the same day.

I left at two, and drew up at the end of the Rue d'Enfer before a

doorway surmounted by a cross. The doorkeeper told me that Vespers

were not over, for the nuns said the Great Office every day, and that

I should go into the Chapel. I did so. At the end of the choir there

is a grille armed with projecting points, behind which is a great

brown veil, and the voices of the Sisters come from beyond this.

Besides myself there were only two old ladies in the chapel, the only

ornaments of which are a kneeling statue of Cardinal Bérulle in white

marble and several portraits of S. Theresa. I did not know my cousin

well enough to recognise her voice, but the Office came to an end

almost immediately, and I went back to the doorkeeper's room, where I

found the convent doctor, who had just called.

While they were away announcing his arrival and mine he saw that I

was shivering, for in this house there never is any fire except in the

infirmary and in the kitchen. The doctor then spoke to me of the

régime of the establishment, which he declares is not unwholesome, and

to prove it said that after numerous observations he had come to the

conclusion that the average age reached by women outside was

thirty-seven, whereas among the Carmélites it was as much as

fifty-four. He left me to go to the infirmary and soon afterwards they

took me to the parlour, which also was without a fire. A little cane

arm-chair, on which was spread a mat also of cane, was drawn up to an

iron grille lined with a wooden casing, and behind this double barrier

there was a curtain of brown wool.

After a few moments I heard a lock turned and some one came forward to

the grille and said in a clear voice, "_Deo gratias_." I did not know

what to reply and was silent, when the same voice repeated "_Deo

gratias_." Thereupon I had to say "I have not been told what answer I

should give." A little burst of laughter disconcerted me--"My dear

cousin, I only wanted to be sure that it was you." The curtain was

drawn and I saw before me a round fresh smiling countenance lit up by

two bright blue eyes. Instead of the feeble voice I expected I heard

rich, animated, and rapid accents. The thoughts which she expressed

were kindly and sweet, and the assurances she gave of her happiness

and contentment were corroborated by her appearance, which certainly

was strikingly reassuring in a nun so strictly cloistered. She is

forty-eight and does not look thirty-six. She thanked me very much for

having come, and handed me a little medal with an effigy of the

Blessed Virgin, begging me to make M. de Talleyrand wear it without

his knowledge. "This medal," she said, "brings back to the Faith even

those who have wandered furthest from it." I did not refuse to do as

she wished, as to do so would have been horribly unkind. Besides,

there is something catching in a faith so sincere and so vivid! I said

that I would look for a favourable moment for carrying out her blessed

purpose.

I left much touched, and very thoughtful after saying adieu, probably

for ever, to this charming and happy woman, who sleeps on a board,

never has a fire, fasts the whole year round, and would be distressed

if she did not say with S. Theresa, "may I suffer or else die."

I went on the Rue Saint-Jacques to the Convent of the Dames

Saint-Michel to see the Archbishop, to whom I wished to speak about a

project of marriage between my second son and Mlle. de Fougères. I was

conducted by one of the sisters, clad in white from head to foot, to a

little separate building which looks into the immense garden of the

Convent. M. de Quélen has lived here almost entirely since the

destruction of his palace. His apartments are clean, pretty, and very

well looked after.

I found the Archbishop well and in good spirits and very much pleased

to see me. He at once began to talk to me about my children, of their

future and their marriages. I did not hesitate to go into details with

him on this subject. He listened kindly and said that he would always

be delighted to testify the interest he took in the family of the

Cardinal de Périgord, and particularly in my children. I must know

that he had a special interest in me which was due to the qualities I

possessed, and to the fact that he had always regarded me as the

instrument which Providence would probably use to accomplish its

merciful and redeeming work on M. de Talleyrand. I made him promise to

pay a morning call on M. de Talleyrand from time to time, as he used

to do before our departure for England. When I left he said "Treat me

as you used to do, as a relative, and promise me that you will come

and see me again about the New Year." I said I would, and asked if I

might then present my daughter, who had been baptized and confirmed by

him. "And who, I hope, will not be married by any one else," he

replied, on which I took my leave.

_Paris, December 6, 1835._--Here is a story which M. Molé told me last

night. Madame de Caulaincourt (Mlle. d'Aubusson) married in 1812. On

leaving the church after the ceremony she went back to the convent

where she had been educated, and her husband left for the front. He

was killed at the battle of La Moskowa, where his brother-in-law, a

young page of the Emperor, disappeared and was never heard of again.

Madame de Caulaincourt, after her year of mourning, returned to

Society, but did not go out much. She kept her father's house, he

having been for long a widower. Her eldest brother, shortly after his

marriage with Mlle. de Boissy, became completely insane, and her

sister, the Duchesse de Vantadour, was attacked by a slow consumption.

The father, all of whose children were stricken, decided to marry

again, and did, in fact, marry Madame Greffulhe, mother of Madame de

Castellane. Madame de Caulaincourt then retired to a convent, where

she wished to take the veil. Her father opposed this and the

Archbishop of Paris, whose consent was necessary, refused to give it

so long as M. d'Aubusson withheld his approval. Madame de Caulaincourt

was forced to give up her idea, but she took part in the exercises of

the Sisterhood and wore their habit, never leaving the convent except

when her father was ill. Her grief at not being allowed to follow her

vocation undermined her health and the mischief settled naturally on

her chest. On her deathbed she at last obtained her father's

permission and sent for the Archbishop, to whom she communicated her

desire to take the veil at the same time as she received extreme

unction. There were some difficulties about this, but they were

overcome, and forty-eight hours before she breathed her last she

received the last sacraments and the veil that she so ardently

desired! She died yesterday morning, in the odour of sanctity, a young

woman.

_Paris, December 9, 1835._--Madame la Princesse de Talleyrand died an

hour ago. I have not yet told M. de Talleyrand more than that she was

dying. Even where there is no affection the word "dead" has a sinister

sound, and I do not like to say it to an aged man in ill-health--the

less so as when he awoke to-day he had another slight heart attack,

which abated on the application of mustard to his legs. He fell asleep

again, and I shall tell him of his wife's death when he again awakes.

He is in haste, I think, to be free at all costs from the agitations

of these last days.

_Paris, December 15, 1835._--M. Guizot came to see M. de Talleyrand

yesterday, and told us that among the papers of M. Réal, formerly

Chief of the Imperial Police, there had been discovered the original

manuscript of the Memoirs of the Cardinal de Retz, with the erasures

made by the monks of Saint Mihiel. The manuscript had been bought by

the Government, which had invoked the aid of the cleverest chemist in

Paris, who, having vainly tried various methods, had finally

discovered one which enabled the superimposed text to be removed and

the original to be read. A new edition of the Memoirs, based on this

manuscript, is to be published.

Madame d'Esclignac, who is behaving very badly about the property of

the Princesse de Talleyrand, had a discussion on the subject yesterday

with the Duchesse de Poix. The latter tried to make her see the

impropriety of her conduct, how odious the publicity of a lawsuit

would be, and how ungrateful to M. de Talleyrand, who gave her a dowry

and is still paying a pension to her old nurse, whom she had left to

die of hunger. To all this Madame d'Esclignac replied: "For my own

part I do not fear any scandal, and as far as my uncle is concerned I

desire it. I shall have the Faubourg Saint-Germain on my side, for I

had the Archbishop of Paris to administer the last sacraments to

Madame de Talleyrand."

_Paris, December 21, 1835._--Count Pahlen received from his Government

yesterday very satisfactory despatches, which assure him that the

extravagances of the _Journal des Débats_ are not confounded with the

views of the King and his Ministers. These despatches, which came by

post, were quite obviously intended to be read by the public. The

Ambassador expects a courier every day, who will no doubt bring an

expression of the private views of the Czar.

The Princesse de Lieven, whom I met yesterday at Madame Apponyi's,

spoke to me about her affairs, and said that for a long time back her

husband and she had invested all their savings out of Russia in order

that they might be safe from ukases.

The Prince de Laval said yesterday, amusingly enough, that M. de

Montrond's wit "fed on human flesh!" M. de Talleyrand thinks this

"_very true and very neat!_"

_Paris, December 30, 1835._--I saw Madame Adélaïde yesterday. She was

much satisfied with the opening sitting of the Chambers, which had

taken place that very morning. She was pleased with the reception the

King had, both coming and going, and along all the way from the Garde

Nationale. There had been great difficulties in settling the terms of

the speech from the Throne, which was still under discussion ten

minutes before the sitting. The words "the Head of my Family," which

are causing a great sensation, which are thought bold, but which

please the diplomatic corps and every one who is on the side of

stability, originate neither in the Palace nor in the Cabinet. They

come from a sentence composed by M. de Talleyrand and me, which the

King eagerly adopted, but the Cabinet would only authorise the words

"the Head of my Family." The Carlists think them insolent! They are

horrified at the idea of a fourth family! The Republicans like them no

better, perhaps rather worse; ... every one else approves of them

highly.

Yesterday we had at dinner Madame de Lieven, Mr. Edward Ellice, Count

Pahlen, Matuczewicz, and M. Thiers, who was in high spirits and very

brilliant in conversation. He took me into a corner and told me that

le Bergeron, of Port Royal, had a new criminal enterprise in hand. He

had disguised himself in woman's clothes along with one of his

friends, with the intention of making as if to present a petition to

the King, and while doing so to shoot him point blank. The plan

miscarried because the King, instead of riding to the Chamber as he

had intended, went in a carriage because of the frost. Several arrests

were made, but as nothing was actually attempted it is thought that

they will have to release the suspects.

The fact that eight horses were attached for the first time to the

King's carriage attracted attention. The real reason for this is

unknown to the public, and is as follows. For greater safety the King

(without his knowledge) was given the carriage formerly used by the

Emperor Napoleon, which is lined with iron throughout to protect it

from shots; it is extremely heavy, and requires eight horses.

Count Pahlen yesterday received despatches modifying his first

instructions, which were very severe in their terms and made his

position here impossible. It appears that this has been clearly

understood at St. Petersburg, and that he is to be given more scope.

This will greatly please Madame de Lieven!

APPENDIX

I

_Speech made on October 6, 1830, by_ M. DE TALLEYRAND _on the

occasion of his presenting his credentials to the_ KING OF

ENGLAND _as Ambassador of France at the Court of St. James's.

See page 270._

SIR,

His Majesty the King of the French has chosen me to be the interpreter

of his sentiments towards Your Majesty, and I have joyfully accepted a

mission which sheds so much lustre on the end of my long career.

Sir, of all the vicissitudes which I have seen in the course of my

long life, in all the changes of fortune which I have experienced

during forty eventful years, nothing perhaps could have so completely

satisfied my desires as an appointment which would bring me back to

this happy country. But how times change! The jealousies and

prejudices which so long divided France and England have given place

to sentiments of esteem and enlightened affection. Common principles

bind the two countries even more closely together. England in her

foreign policy repudiates, like France, the principle of interfering

in her neighbour's foreign relations, and the Ambassador of a Monarch

who is the unanimous choice of a great people feels himself at ease in

a land of liberty in the presence of a scion of the illustrious House

of Brunswick. I appeal, Sir, with confidence for your countenance in

the duties with which I am charged at your Majesty's Court, and I pray

that your Majesty will be pleased to accept the homage of my profound

respect.

II

_Speech addressed by_ H.I.M. _the_ CZAR NICOLAS _to the

Municipality of Warsaw on October 10, 1835._[61]

[61] This speech first appeared in the _National_. The _Moniteur_

reproduced it some days later.

GENTLEMEN, I know that you wished to speak to me, and I even know the

contents of the speech you proposed to make. It is in order to save

you from uttering a lie that I do not allow that speech to be

made--Yes, Gentlemen, a lie--for I know that your sentiments are not

what you would have me believe. How could I believe you whose language

on the eve of the Revolution was the same? Was it not you who five

years since, aye eight years since, talked to me of your fidelity and

devotion, and made the finest protestations? Before a fortnight had

gone you broke your oaths and committed the most atrocious crimes.

The Emperor Alexander, who did more for you than an Emperor of Russia

should have done, was recompensed with the blackest ingratitude. You

have never been content with your position, however advantageous it

has been made for you, and you have ended by destroying your own

happiness--I am telling you the truth as this is the first time that I

have had occasion to see you since the late troubles. Deeds,

Gentlemen, are required, not words. Repentance must come from the

heart. I am speaking without heat; you see that I am calm: I bear you

no malice and I will do you good in spite of yourselves.

The Marshal here is carrying out my intentions and assisting me in my

plans; he too is concerning himself with your welfare. (_Here the

members of the deputation bowed to the Marshal_). Well, Gentlemen,

what do these bows mean? Before all things you must do your duty and

behave like decent people. You have to choose one of two courses,

either to persist in your illusions about the independence of Poland,

or to live quietly like faithful subjects under my government.

If you are obstinate enough to go on dreaming of a separate

nationality, of an independent Poland and chimeras of that kind the

only possible result will be that you will bring disaster on your own

heads. I have built a fortress here and I assure you that on the

slightest symptom of revolt I will have the town bombarded. I will

destroy Warsaw, and most assuredly it will not be I who will rebuild

it.

It is very painful to me to speak to you thus. It is very painful for

any sovereign to have to address his subjects in such terms; but I do

so for your good. Your business, Gentlemen, is to labour to deserve

that the past should be forgotten, and it is only by your devotion to

my government that you can achieve this.

I know that correspondence is carried on with foreign countries and

that malignant persons are sent here to pervert you. But with the best

police in the world clandestine relations cannot be altogether

suppressed on a frontier like yours. You must yourselves act as police

for the suppression of the evil. Bring up your children well and

inculcate good principles of religion and fidelity to their sovereign,

and you will have no difficulty in keeping the right road.

In the midst of all the troubles which are agitating Europe and all

the theories which threaten the fabric of society, Russia alone stands

firm and intact. Believe me, gentlemen, it is a piece of real good

fortune to belong to her and to enjoy her protection. If you behave

well and fulfil all your duties my paternal solicitude will be

extended to you all, and in spite of all that has passed my government

will constantly study your welfare.

Think well of what I have said to you!

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF THE NAMES OF PERSONS MENTIONED IN THIS BOOK

A

ABERCROMBY, George Ralph (1800-1852). A colonel in the British

Army; also a Member of Parliament and a Lord Lieutenant. He was

a member of Lord Grey's Cabinet.

ABERDEEN, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of (1784-1860). He served

with distinction in the British Diplomatic Service, was a member

of several Ministries, and became Prime Minister in 1852 for

three years.

ABERGAVENNY, Henry, Earl of (1755-1843). Married in 1781 Mary,

only daughter of Lord Robinson. The family name is Nevill.

ABRANTÈS, Laure de Saint-Martin-Permon, Duchesse d' (1784-1838).

Descended through her mother from the Imperial family of the

Comneni. Born at Montpellier, she married General Junot on his

return from Egypt, followed him on his campaigns, studied and

observed much, and on her husband's death in 1813 devoted

herself to the education of her children. She wrote several

novels more suited for the circulating library than for serious

reading.

ADÉLAÏDE D'ORLÉANS, Madame (1777-1847). Youngest sister of King

Louis-Philippe, to whom she was devotedly attached. This

Princess had much influence on her brother, and was spoken of as

his Egeria. She was a woman of intellect, and in the time of the

Restoration she helped to gather round Louis-Philippe the most

distinguished men of the Liberal Party, and in 1830 she

persuaded him to accept the Crown. She never married, and left

her immense fortune to her nephews.

ADELAIDE, Queen (1792-1849). Daughter of the Duke of

Saxe-Meiningen. In 1818 she married the Duke of Clarence, who

ascended the throne of England as William IV.

AGOULT, Anne Henriette Charlotte de Choisy, Vicomtesse d'. Died in

1841. She was lady-in-waiting to Madame la Dauphine, whom she

followed into exile. She died at Goritz. She married the Vicomte

Antoine Jean d'Agoult, who died in 1828. He was a Grand Cross of

the Order of St. Louis, and Governor of Saint Cloud. He was made

a Peer of France in 1823 and a Knight of the Saint Esprit in

1825.

ALAVA, Don Ricardo de (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General in the

Spanish Army. Along with the Prince of Orange he was

aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington during the war, and at

that time became intimate with the future King of the

Netherlands. He was Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain in

Holland, in London, and in Paris after the death of Ferdinand

VII. In 1834 he was made a Senator by the Queen Regent, Maria

Christina. After the insurrection of La Granja he retired from

public life and settled in France, where he died.

ALBANY, Countess of (1753-1814). Caroline de Stolberg. She married

in 1773 the Pretender, Charles Edward, who had taken the title

of Count of Albany. She separated from him in 1780 and lived

with the poet Alfieri, who had a great passion for her, and who

secretly married her after the death of the Count of Albany.

After Alfieri's death the Countess returned to Florence, where

she formed relations with the French painter Fabre.

ALCUDIA, Comte d'. A Spanish statesman. He was a member of the

Calomarde Ministry during the lifetime of Ferdinand VII., and

replaced Salmon at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was,

however, always a person of secondary importance, and lost his

place at Calomarde's death.

ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady. The eldest daughter of Charles Landry;

she married Lord Aldborough in 1804.

ALEXANDER THE GREAT, King of Macedon (356-323 B.C.).

ALEXANDER I., Czar of Russia (1777-1825). Eldest son and successor

of the Czar Paul I., he was celebrated for his great struggle

with Napoleon.

ALFIERI, Count Victor (1749-1803). The great Italian tragic poet.

Left an orphan at an early age his education was much neglected,

but at the age of twenty-five a sudden change took place in him.

To please the Countess of Albany, who had inspired him with a

taste for poetry and literature, he undertook a most elaborate

course of study, created a new system of poetical composition,

and wrote prose works which entitle him to rank with Machiavelli

himself.

ALLEN, George (1770-1843). A learned English doctor, who produced

numerous works on history, metaphysics, and physiology. He was

very intimate with Lord Holland and lived with him.

ALTHORP, John Charles Spencer, Lord (1782-1845). An English

statesman. He was made Chancellor of the Exchequer after having

been Home Secretary and a Lord of the Admiralty. His eloquence

and financial capacity were only moderate, but he was a

laborious and conscientious Minister and proverbial for his

political honesty.

ALVANLEY, Lord (1787-1849). Son of Richard Pepper-Arden. Created

Lord Alvanley in 1801. He had a duel with Morgan, son of

O'Connell.

AMELIA, Princess of England (1783-1810). The last of King George

III.'s fourteen children, her father's favourite and companion.

She died unmarried at the age of twenty-seven.

AMPÈRE, Jean-Jacques (1800-1864). Professor at the Collège de

France. A distinguished man of letters, member of the Académie

des inscriptions et belles-lettres, and of the Académie

française.

ANNE OF AUSTRIA, Queen of France (1602-1666). Eldest daughter of

Philip II., King of Spain. She married Louis XIII., King of

France, and at his death became regent during the minority of

her son, Louis XIV.

ANNA PAULOWNA, Queen of the Netherlands (1795-1865). She was a

daughter of the Czar Paul of Russia, and in 1816 married King

William II. of the Netherlands.

ANNE, Queen of England (1665-1714). Daughter of James II. During

her reign there was a long struggle with Louis XIV., and the

Union of England and Scotland was brought about.

ANTROBUS, Lady (1800-1885). Only daughter of Hugh Lindsay and wife

of Sir Edmund Antrobus.

APPONYI. Countess (1798-1874). Daughter of Count Nogarola; married

in 1818 Count Antony Apponyi, who for many years was Austrian

Ambassador at Paris.

ARBUTHNOT, Mrs. Died in 1834. Mrs. Arbuthnot and her husband,

Charles Arbuthnot, nicknamed "Gosh" in society, were the most

intimate friends of the Duke of Wellington, with whom they

lived, and were very well known in the best London society.

ARENBERG, Louise Marguerite, Duchesse d'. Born 1730. She was the

only daughter and heiress of the last Count de la Mark, and

married in 1748 Duke Charles d'Arenberg.

ARENBERG, Prosper-Louis, Duc d' (1785-1861). Married a Princess

Lobkowitz in 1819.

ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'(1790-1877). Married first, in 1829,

Mlle. de Talleyrand-Périgord, who died in 1842. In 1860 he

married the daughter of Count Kannitz Rietberg, widow of Count

Antony Starhemberg.

ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d' (1808-1842). Alix Marie Charlotte,

daughter of the Duc de Périgord.

ARGENSON, Comte Voyer d' (1771-1842). Grandson of Marc-Pierre

d'Argenson, Minister of War under Louis XV. He entered the army

in 1791. In 1809 he was Prefect of the Department of Deux-Nèthes

(Antwerp). Under the Restoration and the Monarchy of July he was

a Deputy and conspicuous for his liberal opinions. He married

the widow of Prince Victor de Broglie, mother of Duke Victor.

ARNAULT, Antoine Vincent (1766-1834). A French tragic poet and

fabulist. He attached himself to Bonaparte at an early period,

and accompanied him to Egypt, and was made by him Governor of

the Ionian Islands. He then worked at the organisation of Public

Instruction. He was made a member of the Institut in 1799, and

in 1833 became Perpetual Secretary of the Académie française.

ASHLEY, Lord (1801-1881). An English statesman and philanthropist.

In 1830 he married Lady Emily Cooper, and in 1851, on the death

of his father, became Earl of Shaftesbury. In 1826 he was

elected to the House of Commons, and was a member of several

Ministries.

ATHALIN, Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A French General of

Engineers. Served with distinction in the Imperial Campaigns,

received the title of Baron after the Battle of Dresden, and

under the Restoration became aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans.

He was entrusted with several diplomatic missions and was made a

Peer of France when Louis-Philippe ascended the throne. After

1848 he retired into private life.

AUBUSSON DE LA FEUILLADE, Pierre Hector Raymond Comte d'

(1765-1848). Under the First Empire he was Chamberlain to the

Empress Josephine, then Minister Plenipotentiary and Ambassador.

The Emperor made him a Peer during the Hundred Days, but the

Restoration removed him. He did not re-enter the House of Peers

till November 1831. He was the father of the Duchesse de Lévis

and the last of his name, having in 1842 lost his son who had

become insane.

AUGEREAU, Pierre François Charles (1757-1816). Marshal of France

under the First Empire and Duc de Castiglione. He distinguished

himself in several campaigns and carried out the _coup d'état_

of 18th Fructidor.

AUGUSTA, Princess of England, daughter of King George III., died

unmarried.

AUSTRIA, Emperor of, Ferdinand I. (1793-1875). Son of Francis II.,

ascended the throne in 1835. His incapacity for Government and

his bad health obliged him to leave the control of affairs to a

regency chiefly directed by Prince Metternich. He abdicated in

1848 in favour of his nephew Francis Joseph I.

AUSTRIA, Archduke Louis Joseph of (1784-1864). Son of the Emperor

Leopold II. and of the Empress Marie Louise, daughter of Charles

III. of Spain; he was Director-General of Artillery.

AUSTRIA, Archduchess Sophia of (1805-1872). Daughter of Maximilian

I., King of Bavaria, married in 1824 the Archduke

Francis-Charles, and was the mother of Francis Joseph I.

B

BACKHOUSE, John, died in 1845. An English author and statesman.

He was for some years Canning's private secretary, and was

twice Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

BACOURT, Adolphe Fourrier de (1801-1865). A French Diplomatist and

a Peer of France. He was sent to assist the Prince de Talleyrand

while the latter was King Louis-Philippe's Ambassador in London,

and was afterwards Minister at Carlsruhe and Washington, and

Ambassador at Turin. He resigned in 1848.

BAILLOT, a young officer and an only son who was killed in Paris

during the _émeute_ of April 13, 1834, by a pistol shot fired at

him point blank while he was carrying an order from Marshal

Lobau.

BALBI, Comtesse de (1753-1839). She was the daughter of the

Marquis de Caumont la Force and married the Comte de Balbi, a

Genoese. She was lady-in-waiting to the Comtesse de Provence,

and was honoured with the friendship of the Comte de Provence

(afterwards Louis XVIII.).

BARANTE, Baron de (1782-1866). He was successively Auditor of the

Conseil d'État, charged with various diplomatic missions,

Prefect of La Vendée, and then of Nantes, Deputy, Peer of France

and Ambassador at St. Petersburg. He was very successful as a

historian and was elected to the Academy.

BARBÉ-MARBOIS, François, Marquis de (1745-1837). Before the

Revolution he held several diplomatic appointments. At the

Revolution he was deported to La Guyane, and did not return

until after the 18th brumaire. The First Consul made him

President of the Cour des Comptes, an office which he held till

1834.

BARRINGTON, Charles, a young Englishman intimate with Lord Holland

towards 1832.

BARROT, Odilon (1781-1873). A French politician. He began as a

lawyer and took an active part in the Revolution of 1830. Under

Louis-Philippe he was the leader of the dynastic Left.

BARTHE, Felix (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman. He was

connected with the Carbonari and a violent opponent of the

Restoration. In 1830 he was a Deputy and was subsequently

Minister of Public Instruction, Garde des Sceaux, and President

of the Cour des Comptes. In 1831 he was made a Peer. In the Molé

Cabinet he was Minister of Justice, and in 1852 he was summoned

to the Senate.

BASTARD D'ETANG, Comte (1794-1844). French magistrate and

politician. Conseiller à la Cour in 1810, in 1819 he was

summoned to the House of Peers. He conducted the prosecution of

Louvel with integrity, showed much political independence, and

after 1830 was one of the members of the Upper House charged

with the prosecution of Charles X.'s ministers.

BASSANO, Hughes Bernard Maret, Duc de (1763-1839). Began as a

lawyer, and in 1789 published the bulletins of the National

Assembly, thus founding the _Moniteur Universel_. Bonaparte

after the 18th Brumaire made him Secretary General to the

Consuls, and afterwards a Minister. He always accompanied the

Emperor, was made Duc de Bassano in 1811 and Minister of Foreign

Affairs. In 1831 Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France, and

in 1834 he was for a very brief period Minister of the Interior

and President of the Council.

BASSANO, Duchesse de, Madame Maret, wife of the Duc de Bassano,

was Maid of Honour to the Empresses Josephine and Marie-Louise.

BATHURST, Henry, Earl (1762-1834). An English Statesman and one of

the most eminent members of the Tory Party. He was Secretary of

State for Foreign Affairs, for War and for the Colonies, as well

as President of the Board of Trade and Lord President of the

Council in the Duke of Wellington's Ministry. He was an intimate

friend of the Duke and an implacable enemy of Napoleon I., whom

he caused to be banished to St. Helena.

BATTHYANY, Countess (1798-1840). _Née_ Baroness von Ahrenfeldt.

She married Field-Marshal Count Bubna. She became a widow in

1825 and married in 1828 Count Gustave Batthyany Stratlman.

BAUDRAND, Marie-Etienne François, Comte de (1774-1848). A French

General. Served under the Republic in the Armies of the Rhine

and Italy, took part in the Battle of Mont Saint Jean as Chief

of Staff, became a Peer of France under Louis-Philippe, was

aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans at the siege of Antwerp in

1832, and in 1837 became Governor of the Comte de Paris.

BEAUHARNAIS, Eugène de (1781-1824). Son of General de Beauharnais

and Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, who afterwards became

Empress by her second marriage with Bonaparte. Eugène de

Beauharnais took an active part in the Wars of the Empire. In

1805 he was appointed Viceroy of Italy, and in 1806 he married

the Princess Augusta, daughter of the King of Bavaria. After the

fall of Napoleon he retired to Bavaria with the title of Duke of

Leuchtenburg.

BEAUHARNAIS, Hortense de (1783-1837). Daughter of the Empress

Josephine, married in 1802 Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and

became the mother of Napoleon III. Under the Restoration she

received a pension and the title of Duchesse de Saint-Leu.

BEAUHARNAIS, Stéphanie de (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude de

Beauharnais, Chamberlain of the Empress Marie-Louise, married in

1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden, who died

in 1818.

BEAUVEAU, Maréchale, Princesse de (1720-1807). Marie Charlotte de

Rohan-Chabot; married first in 1749 J. B. de Clermont d'Amboise,

and secondly, in 1764, the Prince de Beauveau.

BEAUVILLIERS, Duchesse de (1774-1824). She was the seventh

daughter of the Duc de Mortemart by his first marriage with

Mlle. d'Harcourt. She married François, Duc de Beauvilliers de

Saint-Aignan, Peer of France.

BEDFORD, John, Duke of (1766-1839). Married, firstly, a daughter

of Viscount Torrington; and, secondly, a daughter of the Duke of

Gordon. His third son was Lord John Russell.

BEDFORD, Duchess of. Died 1853. Daughter of Alexander, Duke of

Gordon. Married in 1803 the Duke of Bedford.

BEÏRA, Duchesse de (1793-1874). Marie-Thérèse, Infanta of

Portugal. In 1813 she lost her husband, Don Pedro Carlos,

Infante of Spain, and married, secondly, the Infante Don

Carlos of Spain in 1828. He died in 1855.

BELFAST, Anne Henrietta, Lady (1799-1860). Married Lord Belfast in

1822.

BELGIUM, Princess Louise d'Orléans, Queen of (1812-1850). Second

wife of King Leopold I. of Belgium, and daughter of Louis

Philippe, King of France.

BENCKENDORFF, Alexander, Count (1784-1844). A Russian officer. In

the rebellion of 1825 he showed great devotion to the Emperor

Nicolas, who made him his aide-de-camp and created him Count and

Senator. He was the brother of the Princesse de Lieven.

BÉRANGER, Madame de. Died in 1826. She was a Mlle. de Lannois and

married in 1793 the Duc de Châtillon Montmorency. In 1806 she

married, secondly, Comte Gua de Béranger.

BÉRANGER, Mlle. Elisabeth de. A daughter of the Duchesse de

Châtillon by her second marriage. She married the Comte Charles

de Vogüé, brother of the Marquis.

BERGAMI, Barthélemy. An Italian postillion in the stables of Queen

Caroline, wife of George IV. of England. The Queen raised him to

the rank of Chamberlain after she had left England and taken

refuge in Italy. He was very good-looking, and had two brothers,

Balloti and Louis. The Queen made the latter her steward, and

entrusted her financial affairs to the former. Their sister, who

had married a Count Oldi, became her Lady-in-Waiting.

BERGERON, Louis. Born in 1811: a French journalist. After 1830 he

threw himself into the Republican movement, and in November,

1832, was accused of having shot at Louis-Philippe. He was

acquitted, but in 1840, having struck M. de Girardin at the

Opera in the course of a polemical discussion, he was condemned

to three years' imprisonment.

BERRY, Duc de (1778-1820). Second son of the Comte d'Artois

(Charles X.). He followed his family during the Emigration, and

returned to France in 1814. In 1816 he married the Princess

Caroline of Naples. He was assassinated at Paris on February 13,

1820, by Louvel, who wished to extinguish in him the race of the

Bourbons. He left, however, a posthumous child, the Duc de

Bordeaux.

BERRY, Duchesse de (1798-1870). Princess Caroline, daughter of

Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies. Married in 1816 the Duc de

Berry, and was the mother of the Comte de Chambord.

BERRYER, Antoine (1790-1868). An advocate of the first rank, and

the orator of the Legitimist party. He was several times Deputy,

and was elected to the Académie in 1855. At twenty years of age

he married Mlle. Caroline Gauthier. His last years were spent in

retirement on his estate of Augerville.

BERULLE, Cardinal Pierre de (1575-1629). Distinguished alike by

his kindly and conciliatory temper, by his religious firmness

and by the extent of his knowledge. He powerfully assisted

Cardinal de Peyron in his controversies with the Protestants; he

established the Order of the Carmelites in France, and founded

the Congregation of the Oratory.

BERTIN DE VEAUX (1766-1842). Born at Essonnes. He founded in 1799

the _Journal des Débats_, along with his brother. He was

Conseiller d'État, Deputy, Vice-President of the Chamber,

Minister at the Hague, and a Peer of France.

BIGNON, Louis Pierre Edouard, Baron (1771-1841). A French

diplomatist; Secretary of Legation in Switzerland, Sardinia, and

Prussia. He was Minister at Cassel and Carlsruhe, and

Administrator in Poland and Austria under the First Empire. He

was made a Deputy in 1817 and a Peer of France in 1837.

BIRON, Armand Louis, Duc de (1747-1793). Known under the name of

Lauzun. He took part in the American War of Independence. In

1792 he was made Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the Rhine.

Accused of treason by the Committee of Public Safety and tried

before the Revolutionary Tribunal, he was condemned to death and

executed.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Antoinette de (1813-1881). Married the

Comte de Lazareff, a Russian colonel.

BJOERNSTERNA, Magnus Frederick Ferdinand. After the Battle of

Eckmühl he was sent on a mission to Napoleon I. He was

afterwards Minister-Plenipotentiary at London.

BLACAS, Pierre Louis Jean, Duc de (1770-1839). Attached himself to

the person of Louis XVIII. during his exile, and at the

Restoration was made Minister of the King's Household. He became

a member of the House of Peers, and was sent to Naples to

negotiate the marriage of the Duc de Berry with the Princess

Caroline, and to Rome to conclude a concordat which never came

into operation.

BOIGNE, Comtesse de (1780-1866). Adèle d'Osmond married the Comte

de Boigne in 1798 during the Emigration. The Comte, after an

adventurous life, had returned from India with a large fortune.

From 1814 to 1859 Madame de Boigne's salon was one of the most

important in aristocratic, diplomatic, and political circles in

Paris. The Duc Pasquier was its most regular _habitué_.

BOISMILON, Jacques Dominique de (1795-1871). A French teacher who

was made Secretary to the Duc d'Orléans. He was afterwards

attached to the Comte de Paris, and was promoted Officer of the

Legion of Honour in 1845.

BOISSY, Mlle. Rouillé de. Sister of the Marquis de Boissy, Peer of

France. She married Comte Pierre d'Aubusson, who became insane

and died in 1842. She herself died in 1855.

BOLIVAR, Simon (1783-1830). The Liberator of America. He freed

Venezuela and New Granada, which he united in a single Republic

under the name of Columbia.

BONAPARTE, General. _See_ NAPOLEON.

BONAPARTE, Jerome (1784-1860). King of Westphalia. The youngest

brother of Napoleon I. In his youth he had married a Miss

Paterson, whom the Emperor forced him to divorce in order that

he might marry Princess Catherine of Würtemberg.

BONAPARTE, Lucien (1773-1840). The third brother of Napoleon I. He

had many talents, but an independent character. He was in

disgrace with his brother and retired to Rome, where Pope Pius

VII. raised his estate of Canino to the rank of a Principality.

BONNIVARD. François de (1494-1571). Historian and politician;

Prior of Saint-Victor in the territories of Geneva. He made

common cause with the Genevan patriots against Charles III.,

Duke of Savoy, who coveted the place. When the Duke became

master of Geneva he imprisoned Bonnivard at Chillon, where he

remained six years. He is the subject of Lord Byron's fine poem

"The Prisoner of Chillon."

BORDEAUX, Duc de (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson

of Charles X. He lived in exile with his family from the year

1830, either at Frohsdorff in Styria or at Venice. He used the

title of Comte de Chambord. He married an Archduchess of

Austria, and never had any children.

BOULLE, André Charles (1642-1732). A celebrated cabinet maker.

BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de (1800-1869). Connected with

the _Journal des Débats_, then Maître des Requêtes to the

Conseil d'Etat. He afterwards took up diplomacy, and was

Secretary of Embassy in London, and thereafter, in 1844,

Ambassador at Constantinople, and, in 1859, at Vienna. He soon

afterwards gave up diplomacy and entered the Senate.

BRAGANZA, Duchess of (1812-1873). Amelia Augusta, daughter of

Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy, and of a Bavarian

Princess. She was the second wife of Dom Pedro I., Emperor of

Brazil, who died in 1834.

BRENIER, de Renaudière, Baron (1807-1885). He was sent on a

mission to Greece in 1828, and was afterwards Secretary of

Embassy at London, Lisbon, and Brussels. In 1855 he was French

Minister at Naples.

BRESSON, Charles, Comte (1788-1847). A French diplomatist who

under Napoleon I. was an official in the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs. In 1833 he was appointed First Secretary at London, and

in 1835 he was made Minister at Berlin, where he re-established

friendly relations between France and Prussia. In 1841 he became

Ambassador at Madrid, and in 1847 at Naples, where he killed

himself in a fit of insanity.

BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre (1788-1862). A celebrated French physician,

who lived at Tours, his native place, where he settled, being

indifferent to fame. He was one of the greatest ornaments of the

French medical school, and did much good among the poor.

BROGLIE, Duc de, Achille Charles Victor (1785-1870). Member of the

House of Peers, where he distinguished himself by defending

Marshal Ney on the occasion of his case. He belonged to the

doctrinaire party, and was several times in office under Louis

Philippe. He was a member of the Académie française, and was

married to a daughter of Madame de Staël.

BROGLIE, Duchesse de (1797-1840). Albertine de Staël married the

Duc Victor de Broglie in 1814. Madame de Broglie was beautiful,

serious, and pious, and had the reputation of being rather

severe.

BROOKE, Lord. Born in 1818. Married in 1852 Anne, daughter of the

Earl of Wemyss, and succeeded his father as Earl of Warwick in

1853.

BROUGHAM, Henry, Lord (1778-1868). An English politician and man

of letters, a brilliant contributor to the _Edinburgh Review_,

and after making a great success at the Bar, entered Parliament

in 1810. He was the celebrated and successful defender of Queen

Caroline, who had been accused of adultery. He was made a Peer

and Lord Chancellor in the Ministry of Lord Grey in 1830.

BROUGHAM, Lady. Died 1865. Mary Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Eden,

married firstly Lord Spalding. On his death she married Lord

Brougham in 1819, by whom she had one daughter named Eleonora,

who died of consumption at the age of seventeen. In the hope

that the fine climate might cure her, Lord Brougham built a

house at Cannes, and so laid the foundation of the prosperity of

that resort.

BÜLOW, Henry, Baron von (1790-1846). A Prussian diplomatist. In

1827 he was appointed Prussian Minister in England, and took

part in the Conference of London in 1831. Afterwards he held the

portfolio of Foreign Affairs in Prussia. He married the daughter

of Wilhelm von Humboldt.

BURGERSH, John, Lord (1811-1859). After the death of his father he

became Earl of Westmorland. After being aide-de-camp to the Duke

of Wellington, he adopted the career of diplomacy and was

Minister at Florence, Berlin, and Vienna. He was a great

musician and composed several operas.

BUTERA, Prince di; died 1841. He was an Englishman named Wilding,

who married the Princesse di Butera, the representative of a

great family of Palermo. By decree of the king of the Two

Sicilies in 1822 he was authorised to add the title to his name.

In 1835 another decree made him in his own right Prince di

Radoli, a title which he bore until his death. He left no heir.

BYRON, George Gordon, Lord (1788-1824). A celebrated English poet.

At the commencement of the Greek War of Independence he went to

the scene of action and died at Missolonghi.

C

CALOMARDE, Francis Thadé (1775-1842). A Spanish statesman who was

the life and soul of his country's policy after the restoration

of Ferdinand VII. He was a member of the Ministry of Grace and

Justice in 1824, and managed to preserve a preponderating

influence over the king. He became the leading spirit of the

reactionary party, was partly responsible for the decree

whereby Ferdinand VII. abolished Salic law in Spain, and

severely punished the Carlist risings. However, when the King

was struck down by serious illness in 1832, and was believed to

be dead, Calomarde was the first to salute Don Carlos with the

title of King, and Queen Christina exiled him to his estates

when she became Regent. He was on the point of being arrested

when he fled to France, where he lived in retirement until his

death.

CAMBRIDGE, Augusta, Duchess of, daughter of the Landgrave

Frederick of Hesse-Cassel. Married in 1818 Adolphus Frederick,

Duke of Cambridge, seventh son of George III. of England. He

died in 1857.

CAMPAN, Madame (1752-1822). Jeanne Genet who, at fifteen years of

age, became lectrice to Mesdames, daughters of Louis XV. She

married M. Campan, and became first woman of the Bedchamber to

Marie Antoinette. During the Revolution she retired to the

Valley of Chevreuse, and founded a school for young ladies to

which Madame de Beauharnais sent her daughter. Napoleon I.

afterwards made Madame Campan superintendent of the school which

he founded at Ecouen for the education of daughters of Members

of the Legion of Honour.

CANINO, Charles Jules Laurent, Prince of Canino and Musignano

(1803-1857). Son of Lucien Bonaparte. Married a daughter of

Joseph Bonaparte. He was President of the Roman Constituent

Assembly in 1848, was a distinguished naturalist and a

corresponding member of the Institute of France.

CANIZZARO, Duchess of. An Englishwoman who married François de

Plantamone, Duke of Canizzaro, who for several years was

Minister of the Two Sicilies at the Court of England.

CANNING, George (1770-1827). An English statesman. He left the Bar

and entered the House of Commons in 1793 as a supporter of Pitt,

who made him an Under Secretary of State. Afterwards he was in

Opposition, and later was Ambassador at Lisbon. He travelled on

the Continent, and his association with the Parisian Liberals

altered his principles. In 1822 he became Foreign Secretary, and

thenceforward concerned himself with Liberal reforms. He was a

generous friend of the Catholics.

CANNING, Charles John, Earl (1812-1862). An English statesman, son

of George Canning. He entered the House of Commons in 1836 and

took the side of the Opposition led by Sir Robert Peel. On his

father's death he went to the House of Lords, and became Under

Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In 1846 he was appointed

to the Woods and Forests, and in 1852 was made

Postmaster-General. He was subsequently Governor-General of

India, where for two years he had to struggle with the Mutiny.

CANNING, Lady (1817-1864). Eldest daughter of Lord Stuart of

Rothesay. Married Lord Canning in 1835 and died childless.

CANOVA, Antony (1757-1822). A celebrated Italian sculptor.

CAPO D'ISTRIA, Jean Antoine, Count (1776-1831). Born at Corfu, he

was educated in Italy and entered the Russian service. The Czar,

Alexander I., sent him on several missions to Germany, Turkey,

and Switzerland. He was a plenipotentiary on the occasion of the

second Treaty of Paris in 1815. He afterwards retired to

Switzerland and supported the Greeks in their revolt. He was

assassinated by the sons of the Bey of the Maniotes.

CARLISLE, George William, Earl of, Viscount Morpeth (1802-1864).

On his mother's side he was the grandson of the beautiful

Duchess of Devonshire. He filled with distinction the position

of Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland under the Liberal Administration

of Lord John Russell.

CARLOTTA, The Infanta (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the Two

Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain, wife of

Don Francesco de Paulo, Infante of Spain.

CAROLINE, Queen (1781-1821). Daughter of the Duke of Brunswick;

married in 1795 the Prince of Wales, who became Regent in 1810,

and King of England in 1820 as George IV. Her husband publicly

accused her of adultery, and the resulting case is famous. The

inquiry only proved that her Majesty had been guilty of

indiscretions.

CARRACI, Annibale (1560-1609). Considered the greatest of the

painters of his family, the members of which were almost all

distinguished artists.

CARREL, Armand (1800-1836). A celebrated French publicist. He was

educated at Saint Cyr, and took an active part in the

semi-Liberal, semi-Bonapartist conspiracies of the time of the

Restoration. On the occasion of the Spanish Revolution he went

in secret to fight for the Constitutionalists. He quitted the

sword for the pen, and became editor in chief of the _National_,

a newspaper founded by Messieurs Thiers and Mignet for the

purpose of hastening the downfall of the Bourbons and the

elevation of the House of Orleans to the throne. It was only in

1832 that the _National_ adopted the principles of

Republicanism. Carrel fought a duel with M. de Girardin, and

died forty-eight hours later as the result of the wounds he

received.

CASTELLANE, André, Marquis de (1758-1837). Deputy for the nobility

in 1789, he joined the Tiers État, and was secretary of the

Constituent Assembly. During the Terror he was thrown into

prison and only escaped the guillotine owing to the death of

Robespierre. In 1802 he was made Prefect of the Basses Pyrénées,

and thereafter Maître des Requêtes to the Council of State.

Louis XVIII. made him a Peer of France in 1815, and

Lieutenant-General in the following year. He was the father of

Marshal de Castellane.

CASTELLANE, Comtesse de (1796-1847). Cordelia Greffulhe married

the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of France, in 1813.

CASTLEREAGH, Robert Stuart, Viscount, Marquess of Londonderry

(1769-1822). He entered the House of Commons, where he supported

the policy of Pitt. He was a fierce enemy of the French

Revolution, and the life and soul of the coalitions against

Napoleon I. While he was Secretary for War he furnished

subsidies to the Powers fighting against the Emperor. At the

Congress of Vienna in 1815 he sacrificed Poland, Belgium,

Saxony, and Genoa. He was vehemently attacked in Parliament, and

killed himself in a fit of insanity.

CASTRIES, Armand Charles Augustin de la Croix, Duc de (1756-1842).

A deputy to the States General, he had taken part as a Colonel

in the American War of Independence. He was an energetic

defender of the Royal prerogatives, and in a duel which sprang

from a political discussion he wounded Charles de Lameth in the

arm. As a result of this he was obliged to retire to Germany. In

1814 he was made a General of Division and a Peer of France. He

afterwards rallied to the July monarchy.

CATHERINE of Aragon (1483-1536). Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon

and of Isabella of Castille. Married successively Henry VII. and

Henry VIII. of England. The latter repudiated her in order to

marry Anne Boleyn, and this divorce was the origin of the

English schism.

CATHERINE dei Medici (1519-1589). Queen of France, daughter of

Lorenzo II. dei Medici, married Henry II. King of France, and

was Regent during the minority of her second son, Charles IX.

Catherine brought from Italy a taste for art. She built the

palace of the Tuileries and continued the building of the

Louvre.

CATHERINE Paulowna, the Grand Duchess (1788-1819). Daughter of the

Czar Paul I. of Russia. Married first Prince Peter of Holstein,

then William I., King of Würtemberg, by whom she had a daughter.

CAULAINCOURT, Comtesse de. Died in 1835. Blanche d'Aubusson

married in 1812 Auguste Jean Gabriel de Caulaincourt, who was

killed at the Battle of La Moskowa, and who was the brother of

the Duc de Vincence.

CELLES, Antoine Charles, Comte de Visher de (1769-1841). A member

of an illustrious family of Brabant, he was elected a member of

the States General for that province. Napoleon I. made him

Maître des Requêtes to the Council of State and Prefect of the

Loire-Inférieure, and afterwards of the Zuyder-sée. After 1814

he became a subject of the King of the Netherlands, and was for

some time a member of the provincial estates. King Leopold

having sent him to France as Minister Plenipotentiary, M. de

Celles became naturalised and became a Councillor of State in

France in 1833. He was the brother-in-law of Marshal Gérard.

CHABANNES la Palice, Comte Alfred de (1799-1868). He was first a

member of the Garde du Corps of Louis XVIII.; then Chef

d'Escadron and colonel after the siege of Antwerp. He became

General of Brigade and aide-de-camp to the King in 1840. He left

the service in 1848, and followed the royal family into exile.

CHABANNES, Louisa de (1701-1869). A Carmelite nun: she became

Superior of the Paris Convent, and after some years became

Superior of that at Brussels, where she died.

CHALAIS, Princesse de, Marie Françoise de Rochechouart-Mortemart.

Married, first, the Marquis de Cany, by whom she had a daughter,

who became the grandmother of the Prince de Talleyrand. She

married secondly Louis Charles de Talleyrand, Prince de Chalais,

who died in 1757. She was lady-in-waiting to the Queen.

CHALAIS, Princesse de. Died 1834. Élolie Pauline Beauvilliers de

Saint-Aignan married in 1832 Hélie-Royer de Talleyrand-Périgord,

Prince de Chalais, a title borne by the eldest son of the head

of this House.

CHANTELAUZE, Victor de (1787-1859). A Deputy; Charles X.'s last

Garde des Sceaux. He drafted the famous decrees which caused the

Revolution of July. He was arrested and sentenced to

imprisonment for life. The Amnesty of 1837 set him at liberty.

CHARLEMAGNE (742-814). King of the Franks and head of the

Carolingian dynasty. He succeeded his father Pepin the Short in

768. In 800 Pope Leo III. crowned him Emperor of the West.

CHARLES I., King of England (1600-1649). Son of James I.: he

married Henrietta of France, daughter of Henri IV. and sister of

Louis XIII. He died on the scaffold.

CHARLES IX., King of France (1550-1574). Second son of Henri II.

and Catherine dei Medici. In his reign the kingdom was

distracted by religious wars.

CHARLES X., King of France (1757-1836). Brother of Louis XVI. and

Louis XVIII., whom he succeeded in 1824. He bore the title of

Comte d'Artois until his accession. He died in exile at Goritz.

CHARLES JOHN, King of Sweden (1764-1844). General Bernadotte,

Prince de Ponte Corvo, Marshal of France. He married Mlle.

Clary, sister of Joseph Bonaparte's wife. After the death of

Charles XIII. of Sweden, by whom he had been adopted, he became

in 1818 King of Sweden and Norway.

CHARLOTTE, Princess of Prussia (1798-1860). Daughter of King

Frederick William III. Married in 1817 the Grand Duke Nicolas of

Russia, who succeeded his brother Alexander I. on the throne.

CHATEAUBRIAND, François René, Vicomte de (1768-1848). One of the

most illustrious of the French authors of the nineteenth

century. He was intimate with many women celebrated for their

talent, their grace, or their beauty. Under the Restoration he

was for some years in the diplomatic service, and as Minister

of Foreign Affairs had much to do with the Spanish war of 1822.

CHATILLON-MONTMORENCY, Duc de, husband of Mlle. Lannois. He

perished in the wreck of the frigate _Blanche_ at the mouth of

the Elbe.

CHODRON, Jules (1804-1870). Son of M. de Talleyrand's notary. M.

de Talleyrand obtained for him the grant of the name Courcel

from King Louis-Philippe. He entered the diplomatic service, in

which he attained an honourable and distinguished position. His

son was for several years Ambassador at Berlin and London.

CHOISEUL-STAINVILLE, Etienne François, Duc de (1719-1785). A

French statesman, Ambassador, and afterwards Minister from 1758

to 1770 under Louis XV. He was responsible for the conclusion of

the Family Compact. He was overthrown by a Court intrigue

because he would not give way to Madame Dubarry. Banished to his

estate of Chanteloup, he received there, in spite of the King,

many tokens of public esteem. He married Mlle. Crozat du Châtel,

who paid the debts which her husband's generosity had led him to

contract, and passed the last years of her life, after becoming

a widow, in a poor convent at Paris.

CLANRICARDE, Marquess of (1802-1874). An English politician.

Married in 1825 the daughter of George Canning, and was in the

following year summoned to the House of Lords. He was Under

Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1826, Ambassador to Russia from

1838 to 1841, Postmaster-General from 1846 to 1852, and Lord

Privy Seal in 1857.

CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died 1876. Henrietta, only daughter of George

Canning; wife of Lord Clanricarde.

CLARENCE, Duchess of (1792-1849). _See_ Adelaide, Queen.

CLARENDON, Edward Hyde, Earl of (1608-1674). An English Minister

and historian. In the Civil War, under Charles I., he took the

Royalist side. Charles II. made him Lord Chancellor. He retired

to France, and died at Rouen.

CLARENDON, Earl of (1800-1870). British Minister at Madrid in

1833. Afterwards President of the Board of Trade and Lord

Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1853 he became Secretary of State for

Foreign Affairs, represented England at the Congress of Paris in

1856, and was afterwards Ambassador to Italy in 1868.

COBBETT, William (1766-1835). An English demagogue. He spent

several years in the United States, and on his return to England

in 1804 he edited a Radical journal, which was often prosecuted.

In 1832 he was elected to the House of Commons, where he was a

warm supporter of Parliamentary Reform.

COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of (1816-1888). He was the second husband

of Queen Doña Maria da Gloria, whom he married in 1836. He

received the title of King in 1837. His wife died in 1853, and

he became Regent during his son's minority. In 1869 he

contracted a morganatic marriage with Mlle. Hensler, who was

made Countess Elice d'Edla. He was the brother of King Leopold

of Belgium and of the Duchess of Kent.

COLNAGHI, a London print and picture dealer. The origin of this

firm goes back to 1750 when Paul Colnaghi, an Italian who came

from Paris, opened a shop in partnership with a M. Nolteno. King

George IV. was a constant patron.

CONROY, Sir John (1786-1854). An English officer, Gentleman in

Waiting to the Duchess of Kent. On her accession Queen Victoria

made him a baronet. He married in 1808 the daughter and heiress

of Major Fisher, brother of the Bishop of Salisbury.

CONYNGHAM, William, Lord (1765-1854). An Irish barrister and

member of the House of Commons. He belonged to the Liberal group

of which Burke was a member. Towards the end of his life he

leaned towards the Tories. He was raised to the Peerage.

CONYNGHAM, Henry, Lord (1766-1832), married the eldest daughter of

Joseph Denison.

CONYNGHAM, Lady, died 1861. Elizabeth, daughter of J. Denison, a

London banker, married in 1794 Henry, Baron Conyngham, who was

made a Marquis in 1816. She was intimate with the Prince Regent

and turned her influence over him to good account.

CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of (1797-1882). During his

father's lifetime he bore the name of Mount Charles. He

distinguished himself in public life by his liberal ideas, was

Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a Lord of the

Treasury, and Postmaster General in 1834, a Privy Councillor in

1835, and Vice-Admiral of Ulster in 1849.

CORINNA, A Grecian poetess of the fifth century, B.C.

COUSIN, Victor (1792-1867). A French philosopher and author, a

Peer of France, director of the Ecole Normale and a member of

the Académie française. For a very short time he was Minister of

Public Instruction under M. Thiers in 1840.

COWLEY, Lady (1796-1860). Georgiana Augusta, eldest daughter of

the Marquis of Salisbury, married in 1816 the Hon. Henry

Wellesley, who in 1828 was created Baron Cowley.

COWPER, Lady, Sister of W. Lamb, Lord Melbourne. She married Lord

Palmerston (secondly) in 1840, being then fifty years of age.

CRANMER, Thomas (1489-1556). Archbishop of Canterbury, a promoter

of the Reformation in England. He pronounced, himself, the

divorce against Catherine of Aragon, which the Pope had refused

to Henry VIII. On the Accession of Queen Mary Tudor he was

arrested as a heretic and burned at the stake.

CROMWELL, Oliver (1599-1658). Lord Protector of the Commonwealth

of England in 1653. He brought about the ruin of the Royalist

Cause, and the misfortunes of Charles I., for whose condemnation

he was responsible.

CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of (1771-1851). The last of the

sons of George III. In 1837 he mounted the throne of Hanover.

CUMBERLAND, Duchess of (1778-1841). Frederica, Princess of

Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Younger sister of Queen Louise of Prussia.

She married in 1793 Prince Louis of Prussia, brother of

Frederick William III. On his death she married secondly Prince

Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels, and finally, thirdly, the

Duke of Cumberland who was called to the Throne of Hanover in

1837. She was the mother of King George V. of Hanover.

CUVIER, Georges (1769-1838). A celebrated naturalist, member of

the Académie française, Councillor of State in 1814, and Peer of

France in 1831.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1770-1860). Son of Adam Casimi

Czartoryski, who on the death of Augustus III. King of Poland

was proposed as a candidate for the Throne, but was set aside in

favour of Stanislas Poniatowski at the instance of Catherine II.

After the partition of Poland, he was sent as a hostage to St.

Petersburg where he enjoyed high favour with the Czar Alexander

I., became Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1801 to 1805, and in

1815 became Senator Palatine of Poland and Curator of the

University of Vilna. He retired from public life in 1821, and

after 1830 established himself at Paris. In 1817 he married the

Princess Anna Sapieha.

D

DACRE, Thomas Brand, Lord (1774-1851), married in 1819, Barbara,

daughter of Sir C. Ogle.

DALBERG, Duc de (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and

Arch-Chancellor of the same name, member of the Conseil

provisoire at Paris after the fall of Napoleon, and

plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna.

DAUPHIN DE FRANCE, Louis, son of Louis XV. (1729-1765), married

first the Infanta Maria of Spain, who died soon afterwards. He

had several children by his second marriage with Princess

Josepha, daughter of the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.

He never came to the Throne, but was father of Louis XVI., Louis

XVIII., and Charles X. He was a model of all the virtues and

lived a saintly life.

DAURE, M. A teacher at the Collège Henri IV. in Paris, who wrote

for the _Constitutionnel_.

DAVOUT, Napoleon Louis (1810-1853). Son of the Marshal. He was on

Marshal Gérard's Staff at the siege of Antwerp. He entered the

House of Peers in 1836 and bore the title of Prince d'Eckmühl.

DAWSON DAMER, George Lionel, born in 1788. A colonel in the

British Army. He married the niece and adopted daughter of Mrs.

Fitzherbert, who died in 1848.

DECAZES, Elie, Duc (1780-1846). He was at first a lawyer and was

then attached to the service of King Louis of Holland. Louis

XVIII. afterwards made him a Minister and a Peer of France. In

1820 he had to quit the Ministry as the more fanatical Royalists

did not scruple to blame him for the assassination of the Duc de

Berry. He was created a Duke and sent as Ambassador to England.

After 1830 he rallied to Louis-Philippe, and was made Grand

Référendaire de la Cour des Pairs.

DECAZES, Duchesse, daughter of the Comte de Saint-Helaire by his

marriage with Mlle. de Soycourt, and grand-daughter on her

mother's side of the last Prince of Nassau-Sarbrück, and

grand-niece of the Duchess of Brunswick-Beovern, who obtained

from Frederick VI. of Denmark the transmission of the Duchy of

Glucksburg in favour of the Duc and Duchesse Decazes on their

marriage in 1818. She was the second wife of the Duc Decazes.

DEDEL, Solomon (1775-1846). A Danish diplomatist. He was

Ambassador to Sweden, Spain and England, and died at London.

DEMION, M. Agent for the Montmorency family, for the Prince de

Talleyrand, and for the James Rothschilds. For several years he

administered the estates of Valençay.

DENISON, Albert (1805-1860). Second son of the Marquis of

Conyngham. Through his mother he inherited a large fortune from

his uncle, Denison, and took his name. He was raised to the

Peerage as Lord Londesborough in 1850.

DESAGES, Emile (1793-1850). Son of a high official in the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs, he entered that office at the age of

sixteen. In 1820 he was appointed Secretary of Embassy at

Constantinople. In 1830 General Sébastiani then Minister of

Foreign Affairs, made him head of the Political Branch of the

Department. He retired after 1848 to Menesele in the Charente.

DEVONSHIRE, William, Duke of (1760-1835). He belonged to the

Courtenay family. The title being extinct in the elder branch,

the Duke succeeded in regaining it, after having proved before

the House of Lords in 1831 that by Letters Patent of 1553 Queen

Mary had laid down that the title, in default of direct heirs,

should pass to collateral branches.

DEVONSHIRE, Marchioness of. Died 1806, daughter of Lord Spencer,

married in 1774 the Marquis of Devonshire.

DIANE DE POITIERS (1499-1586). Eldest daughter of Jean de Poitiers

Seigneur de Saint-Vallier. Diane married Louis de Brézé, when

she was thirteen. She was the favourite of Henri II., who made

her Duchesse de Valentinois and gave her the Château d'Anet, one

of the finest pieces of architecture of this period.

DIDOT, Firmin (1764-1836). He distinguished himself early in life,

by the advances in the art of printing which were due to him.

His father and elder brother had already similarly distinguished

themselves. He was elected Deputy in 1827. Decorated with the

Legion of Honour, he was appointed by King Louis-Philippe,

Printer to the King and to the Institut de France.

DINO, Duchesse de (1793-1862). The title borne by the Comtesse

Edmond de Périgord from 1815 onwards. It had been granted by the

King of Naples to the Prince de Talleyrand, who had so

successfully defended his interests at the Congress of Vienna,

and M. de Talleyrand bestowed it as a compliment on his niece.

DOLOMIEU, Marquise de (1779-1849). Lady-in-waiting to Queen Maria

Amelia, to whom she was most devoted. Madame de Dolomieu was the

sister of Madame de Montjoye, Mme. Adélaïde's lady-in-waiting.

DOM MIGUEL (1802-1866). He was Regent of the Kingdom of Portugal

during the minority of his niece Queen Doña Maria da Gloria. He

seized the opportunity to possess himself of the Throne, and had

himself proclaimed king in 1828. Dom Pedro I. then returned from

Brazil, and after a sharp struggle he succeeded in re-conquering

the crown for his daughter, and in forcing Dom Miguel to leave

Portugal.

DON ANTONIO, the Infante (1755-1817). One of the Spanish princes

confined at Valençay by Napoleon I. On his return from captivity

he was made Grand Admiral of Castille.

DON CARLOS DE BOURBON (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV. and

brother of Ferdinand VII., King of Spain. He was detained with

his brother at Valençay. At the close of his reign in 1833

Ferdinand abolished the Spanish law of succession and left his

crown to his daughter Isabella. Don Carlos protested, was

banished, returned to Spain in 1834 and began a civil war.

Conquered in 1839 he took refuge first in France, and then in

1847 at Trieste, where he died.

DON FRANCESCO (1794-1865). Infante of Spain, married in 1819 the

Princess Carlotta, daughter of the King of the Two Sicilies and

sister of Queen Christina.

DONNADIEU, Gabriel (1777-1849). A French general. He embraced with

ardour the principles of the Revolution, enrolled himself in

Moreau's Corps d'Armée and remained in it for a long time.

Suspected of conspiracy under the Consulate and the Empire he

passed through several vicissitudes of favour and disgrace. He

rallied to Louis XVIII. who made him a Lieutenant-General.

DORSET, Duke of (1795-1815). He died, childless, as the result of

a fall from his horse. He was the brother of Lady Plymouth. The

title of Earl of Dorset was given to the Sackville family by

Queen Elizabeth.

DORSET, Charles, Viscount Sackville, Duke of (1767-1843). Uncle of

the foregoing and heir to his title. He never married. He was a

very intimate friend of King William IV. of England.

DOSNE, Mme. Mlle. Sophie Eurydice Matheron married M. Dosne, an

Agent de Change, in 1816. She was born in 1788. Her parents kept

a wholesale drapery establishment in the Faubourg Montmartre.

DOUGLAS, Marquis of (1811-1863). Afterwards Duke of Hamilton. In

1843 he married Princess Maria of Baden. He died at Paris as the

result of an accident.

DROUET D'ERLON (1765-1844). Marshal of France. He joined the army

under the Republic and took part in the Campaigns of the Empire.

He was one of the first to recognise Napoleon on his return from

Elba, and commanded the first Corps d'Armée during the Hundred

Days. He fought at Waterloo, and was condemned in his absence.

He found an asylum in Prussia, and did not resume his service in

France until 1830. In 1834 he was made Governor of Algeria.

DUCHATEL, Charles Tanneguy, Comte (1803-1867). A French

politician. He was successively Councillor of State, Deputy, and

Minister. He was a member of the Académie des Sciences morales

et politiques.

DUNCANNON, John William (1781-1847). Married in 1805 Mary,

daughter of Lord Westmorland. He held advanced Liberal views,

and was in 1834 Member of Lord Melbourne's Ministry as Home

Secretary. He was raised to the Peerage as Lord Bessborough.

DUPERRÉ, Admiral (1775-1846). Distinguished himself early in

action with the English and was made Rear-Admiral and a Baron in

1811. In 1830 he commanded the fleet which conveyed the French

Army to Algeria, and was promoted Admiral and made a Peer of

France. He was several times Minister of Marine.

DUPIN, André Marie (1783-1865). Called Dupin the elder. A French

jurisconsult, magistrate, and deputy. He took an active part in

the election of Louis-Philippe as King of the French. From 1832

till 1840 he was President of the Chamber of Deputies. Under the

Second Empire he was made a Senator.

DUPIN, Pierre Charles François, Baron (1784-1873). The last of the

three Dupins. A French statistician, a member of the Institut

and of the House of Peers, he showed himself equally devoted to

the Orleans Dynasty and to the Charte of 1830.

DURHAM, John Lambton, Earl of (1792-1840). Son-in-law of Lord

Grey. He entered Parliament, where he sat among the advanced

Whigs. In collaboration with Lord John Russell he drafted the

Great Reform Bill of 1831. He was afterwards Ambassador to

Russia and Governor-General of Canada.

DURHAM, Lady (1816-1841). Louisa Elizabeth, daughter of Lord Grey,

and second wife of the Earl of Durham.

E

EASTNOR, Lord (1788-1873). He married in 1815 the daughter of

Lord Hardwicke.

EASTNOR, Lady (died 1873). Daughter of Lord Hardwicke and sister

of Lady Stuart of Rothesay.

EBRINGTON, Hugh, Lord, Earl Fortescue (1783-1861). Entered the

House of Commons early in life. In 1839 he was made a Privy

Councillor and Viceroy of Ireland. He retired in 1850. He was a

consistent Whig.

ELIZABETH, Queen of England (1533-1603). Daughter of Henry VIII.

and Anne Boleyn. She never married, and left the crown to James

I., King of Scotland and son of Mary Stuart.

ELLICE, The Hon. Edward (1787-1863). Son-in-law of Lord Grey. He

was a Member of the House of Commons, and contributed much to

the passage of the Reform Bill. He was Secretary to the Treasury

and Secretary at War. He was a rich merchant and possessed vast

estates in Canada.

ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'. Born in 1785. Prefect at Tours

1830-1847. He married a Princess Santa-Croce, whose father had

been concerned in the events of 1798, which resulted in taking

Rome from the Pope and the proclamation of a Republic. This

Prince had made his daughter a ward of Talleyrand, who brought

her up and gave her a dowry.

ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'. Born in 1787, he died at a very advanced

age. He was the brother of the Prefect of Tours, and possessed

in the neighbourhood of Valençay a charming château called _La

Moustière_.

ESCLIGNAC. Duchesse d' (1801-1868). Georgine, daughter of the

Baron Jacques de Talleyrand-Périgord, third brother of the

Prince de Talleyrand and of Charlotte Louise de Puissigneux.

ESTERHAZY, Paul Antoine, Prince (1786-1866). An Austrian

diplomatist who was Ambassador at London during the Conferences

of 1831, and a member of the Batthyany Ministry in Hungary. He

was always a faithful friend of the Duchesse de Dino.

ETIENNE, Charles Guillaume (1777-1845). A French journalist and

dramatist. He became a deputy in 1832, voted with the Liberals,

and in 1839 obtained a seat in the House of Peers.

ETIENNE DE BLOIS, Stephen, King of England (1105-1154). His mother

was a daughter of William the Conqueror. He married the heiress

of the Counts of Boulogne.

EXELMANS, Isidore, Count (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant

generals of the First Empire. Exiled on the return of the

Bourbons he returned to France only in 1823. Made a Peer of

France by Louis-Philippe, he became in 1849 Grand Chancellor of

the Legion of Honour, and in 1851 a Marshal of France. He died

as the result of a fall from his horse.

F

FABRE, François Xavier (1766-1837). A French painter and a pupil

of David. He was intimate at Florence with the Comtesse

d'Albany, widow of the last of the Stuarts, and of Alfieri who

was her second husband.

FAGEL, General Robert. Born in Holland of Dutch parents. He fought

against France in the Wars of the Republic. Under the

Restoration he was appointed Netherlands Ambassador at the

Tuileries.

FALK, Anton Reinhard (1776-1843). A Dutch statesman. He was

Secretary of Legation at Madrid and afterwards Minister of

Foreign Affairs, of Public Instruction, of Commerce, and of the

Colonies. In 1824 he went as Ambassador to London, and after the

separation of Belgium from Holland he became Ambassador at

Brussels, where he died.

FALK, Madame (1792-1851) (Rose, Baroness de Roisin). She was maid

of honour to the Queen of the Netherlands and married M. Falk in

1817. After her husband's death she was appointed "_grande

maîtresse_" of the Princess of Orange, and resigned this

position when the Princess ascended the throne.

FARNBOROUGH, Lord (1761-1838). An intimate friend of Pitt. He was

Postmaster-General.

FERDINAND II., King of the Two Sicilies (1810-1859). He ascended

the throne in 1830, and by his unpopularity brought about the

fall of his dynasty. He was nicknamed "King Bomba."

FERDINAND VII., King of Spain (1784-1833). Eldest son of Charles

IV. and Marie Louise of Parma. In 1808, the very year of his

accession, he was imprisoned at Valençay, but reascended the

throne in 1814.

FERGUSSON, Robert Cutler (1768-1838). An English lawyer and

magistrate. He spent twenty-five years at Calcutta where he made

a large fortune, and in 1826 he returned to England where he

became an ardent supporter of Liberal reforms. In 1830 he took

up the cause of Poland. In 1831 he married Mlle. Auger, a

Frenchwoman by whom he had two children.

FERRETTE, Étienne, Bailli de (1747-1831). In 1767 he was already

Bailli of the Knights of Malta and their Ambassador at Paris. In

1805, when the domains of the Order at Heitersheim were

secularised and incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Baden, the

Baron de Ferrette was indemnified by a pension of 60,000 livres

for life and made Minister of Baden at the Court of Napoleon I.,

and thereafter at that of Louis XVIII. He resigned in 1830. He

had many friends in Paris and was a friend of the Prince de

Talleyrand.

FERRERS, Lady. Married in 1844 Earl Ferrers (1822-1859). She was

called Arabella, and was a daughter of the Marquess of Donegal.

FIESCHI, Joseph (1790-1835). Born at Murano, Corsica, he attempted

the life of Louis-Philippe at Paris during a review on July 28,

1835, by means of an infernal machine which he prepared in a

house about the middle of the Boulevard du Temple. The King and

the Princes escaped, but twenty-two people were wounded and

eighteen killed, among whom was Marshal Mortier, Duc de Trévise,

Minister of War. Fieschi was condemned to death with his two

accomplices Pépin and Morey.

FITZCLARENCE, Lord Adolphus (1802-1856). Third illegitimate son of

King William IV. of England and the actress Mrs. Jordan. He was

a Rear-Admiral and naval aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria.

FITZPATRICK, Richard (1747-1813). He was a British general and

distinguished himself in the American War. He entered Parliament

in 1770, was Secretary to the Duke of Portland, Lord Lieutenant

of Ireland, and in 1783 Secretary at War; he was an attached

friend of Fox.

FITZPATRICK, M. Born in 1809, he married in 1830 the daughter of

Augustus Douglas. He was a Captain in the British Army and a

Member of Parliament.

FITZROY SOMERSET, Lord (1788-1855). Afterwards Lord Raglan.

Younger son of the Earl of Beaufort and aide-de-camp of the Duke

of Wellington, by whose side he lost his right arm at Waterloo.

He died of cholera under Sebastopol where he was

Commander-in-Chief of the British Army.

FITZROY SOMERSET, Lady. Died 1881. She was a daughter of Lord

Wellesley and a niece of the Duke of Wellington, the chief and

friend of Lord Fitzroy Somerset, whom she married in 1814.

FLAHAUT, General Comte de (1785-1870). Aide-de-camp of Napoleon

I., he became a Peer of France under Louis-Philippe and under

Napoleon III. Senator and Ambassador. His family was poor, and

the Prince de Talleyrand had contributed to the cost of his

education.

FLAHAUT, Comtesse de. Died 1867. She was a daughter of Lord Keith

and Nairn, an English Admiral.

FOUCHE, Joseph, Duc d'Otrante (1763-1820). Chief of Police under

the Empire. An able but unscrupulous man without convictions.

FOUGIÈRES, Mlle. de. She married the Marquis Christian de Nicolay.

Her son Antoine married Mlle., de Vogüé and her daughter

Aymardine married Paul de Larges.

FOX, Charles James (1748-1806). One of the greatest of English

orators. He entered Parliament, joined the Opposition, and soon

became the leader of the Whigs. He was a defender of tolerance

and liberty and was favourable to the French Revolution, never

ceasing to advise peace with France.

FRANÇOIS I., King of France (1494-1547). Son of Charles d'Orléans,

Comte d'Angoulême, and of Louise de Savoie, he succeeded in 1515

King Louis XII., whose daughter he had married.

FREDERICK THE GREAT, King of Prussia (1712-1786). Illustrious in

war, he laid the foundations of Prussia's military power. He was

an amateur of letters and prided himself on his philosophic

attainments. He attracted Voltaire to his Court and kept up

correspondence with the Encyclopédistes.

FRIAS, Duc de (1783-1851). Don Bernardino Fernandez Vilano, Comte

de Haro, Duc de Frias, Duc de Meda, Marquis de Villena. From

1796 he served in the _Guardia Volona_ and became a Captain. He

married Doña Marianna de Silva, daughter of the Marquis de Santa

Cruz. The Duc de Frias was Spanish Ambassador at London and

afterwards became President of the Upper Chamber established by

the Constitution granted by Queen Maria Christina in 1834, and

called _El Estatuto Real_. He was a man of letters and has left

some poems behind him.

FULCHIRON, Jean Claude (1774-1859). A French Statesman and man of

letters. A pupil of the École Polytechnique, he served in the

Artillery. In 1831 he was elected a deputy, and for fifteen

years was the constant advocate of a Conservative policy. He was

made a Peer of France in 1845, and in 1848 he retired into

private life.

G

GAËTE, Martin Charles Gaudin, Duc de (1756-1841). Minister of

Finance under Napoleon I., who made him a Duke. He was Deputy

under the Restoration, and in 1820 was made Governor of the

Bank of France.

GARCIA, Manuel (1775-1832). A Spanish composer and musical artist.

He was the father of Mme. Malibran and Mme. Viardot.

GARROUBE, Jean Alexandre Valleton de (1790-1859). He adopted the

profession of arms and distinguished himself at first by his

zeal in the legitimist cause. His devotion to the Duchesse

d'Angoulême won him the nickname of _Chevalier du Brassard_, and

Royal favours which continued unabated for fifteen years. In

1830 he rallied to Louis-Philippe. In 1831 he was colonel and

deputy. In general he remained faithful to the doctrinaire

party, and in 1852 was placed on the retired list with the rank

of General of Brigade.

GASTON D'ORLÉANS (1608-1660). Third son of Henri IV. and brother

of Louis XIII. He bore the title of Duc d'Anjou till 1624 when

the Duchy of Orléans was conferred upon him as an appanage. He

played a sorry part in the Fronde, passing repeatedly from one

side to another. He was for the rest a wit and a cultivator of

literature and science. He left an only daughter, the celebrated

Mademoiselle, Duchesse de Montpensier.

GAUTARD, M. de, died 1837. He possessed the Château Grenier near

Bex. He was highly respected, and his death, which was due to an

accident, was much regretted. The accident was caused by the

explosion of some spirits of wine, the manufacture of which he

was supervising.

GEORGE III., King of England (1738-1820). He ascended the throne

in 1760 succeeding his grandfather George II. He extended the

English conquests in India and finally united Ireland to Great

Britain. His reign was marked by the loss of the American

Colonies. He fought against the French Revolution with all his

strength, and for ten years before his death he was out of his

mind.

GEORGE IV., King of England (1762-1830). A dissipated youth,

enormous debts, and his marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert, a

Catholic, alienated from him the respect of the country. In 1795

he married Caroline of Brunswick against whom he afterwards

instituted scandalous proceedings. In 1811 he was made Regent by

Parliament owing to his father's insanity, and he succeeded to

the throne in 1820. It was to him that Napoleon wrote his letter

requesting the hospitality of England after his second

abdication.

GEORGE V., King of Hanover (1819-1878). He succeeded his father,

King Ernest Augustus, in 1851, in spite of his blindness. In

1866 he lost his kingdom, which was absorbed in Prussia, after

having absolutely refused to come to any understanding with that

country.

GÉRARD, Étienne Maurice, Comte (1773-1852). He adopted the

military career, and took part in all the campaigns under the

Republic and the Empire. At the Restoration he retired, but in

1830 he became Minister of War, and in 1831 was made a Marshal.

He commanded the Belgian Expedition, took the Citadel of

Antwerp, and was made a Peer in 1832.

GESSLER, Hermann. Governed the Cantons of Schwytz and Uri for

Albert I., Archduke of Austria. His cruelty caused an

insurrection in the country in 1307, and, according to

tradition, he perished by the hand of William Tell.

GILLES, Le Grand. A figure of farcical comedy, deriving his name

from a celebrated actor of the seventeenth century.

GIRARDON, François (1630-1715). A sculptor, whose patron was the

Chancellor Séguier, who sent him to study at Rome. He produced

several pieces which are much admired.

GIROLET, Jean Baptiste Simon, Abbé (1765-1836). A Benedictine

priest of the congregation of Saint Maur, who was forced to

emigrate at the Revolution. He found a place as tutor in Poland,

where he became known to the Princess Tyszkiewicz. She

recommended him to the Prince de Talleyrand, who procured his

appointment as Almoner to the House of Peers. He was a great

friend of the Talleyrand family, and towards the end of his life

established himself at Rochecotte, where he founded a school

which bears his name.

GLOUCESTER, Frederick, Duke of (1776-1834). Son of William Henry,

Duke of Gloucester, who died in 1805. He married, in 1816, the

fourth daughter of King George III., and was on that occasion

raised to the rank of Prince of the Blood.

GLOUCESTER, Duchess of (1776-1857). Mary, daughter of George III.

and Princess Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de (1773-1858). Née Montault-Navailles,

Governess of the children of France, whom she followed into

exile. Charles X. made her a Duchess in 1827.

GRAFTON, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of (1790-1863). Entered the House of

Commons in 1826 as a Liberal and a promoter of Parliamentary

Reform. On his father's death he went to the House of Lords,

where he preserved his Liberal views and was a faithful

supporter of the policy of Lord John Russell. He married a

daughter of Admiral Berkeley.

GRAHAM, Sir James (1792-1861). He became Duke of Montrose on his

father's death in 1836, and sat in the House of Lords as a

Conservative. In 1837 he became Chancellor of the University of

Glasgow, in 1852 Comptroller of the Household. He was also a

Lord-Lieutenant and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

GRANT, Charles, afterwards Lord Glenelg. He was born in 1780, and

was a member of the House of Commons. From 1817 till 1822 he was

Chief Secretary for Ireland. In 1830 he was a member of Lord

Grey's Ministry, and in 1835 of that of Lord Melbourne.

GRANVILLE, Lord (1775-1846). Younger son of the Marquis of

Stafford. He represented England at Paris for many years, and

made many powerful friends there. His wife was a daughter of the

beautiful Duchess of Devonshire.

GRANVILLE, Lady. Henrietta Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of the

Duke of Devonshire, married Lord Granville in 1809, and died in

1862.

GREFFULHE, Madame (1766-1859). Pauline de Randan Pully, married in

1793 M. Louis Greffulhe, by whom she had a daughter, who became

Comtesse de Castellane. Her first husband having died in 1821,

Madame Greffulhe married again Comte d'Aubusson la Feuillade, a

Peer of France and formerly an Ambassador, who died in 1848.

GRENVILLE, William Wyndham, Lord (1759-1834). A relative of Pitt

and a member of his party. He played some part in politics.