_Agesilaus_, 558
_Alexander_, 552
_Banquet of Seven Sages_, 218
_Bruta ratione uti_, 217
_Defectu oraculorum_, 203, 205, 212-3, 219, 278
_Ei apud Delphos_, 205, 212
_Facie in orbe lunae_, 206, 211, 219
_Genio Socratis_, 205, 207, 240
_Isis and Osiris_, 219
_Lives_, 201, 244
_Principle of Cold_, 218
_Procreation of Soul_, 212
_Pythiae oraculis_, 205
_Quaestiones naturales_, 217, 219
_Romulus_, 209, 330
_Sera numinis vindicta_, 213
_Solertia animalium_, 218
_Superstitione_, 203-4
_Symposiacs_, 205, 211-3, 217, 219
_Whether an old man should engage in politics_, 201
dubious or spurious
_Fato_, 202, 210
_Institutione principis_, 200
_Placitis philosophorum_, 202
_Rivers and Mountains_, 202, 215
Pognon, H., 384
Poirée, see Ruelle et
Polemon, 460
Politian, 53
Polybius, 245
Pomponius Mela, 328-9
Ponce de Leon, 499
Poole, R. L., _Medieval Thought_, 617, 634
Porphyry, _chap. xi_, 535
_Abstinentia_, 314, 317
_Introduction to Tetrabiblos_, 116, 316
_Letter to Anebo_, 307-20
_Philosophia ex oraculis_, 297
_Vita Plotini_, 296, 300-2
Posidonius, 111
Prächter, K., 541
Preisendanz, K., 28
Preller, L., 296, 429
Premerstein, A. v., 607
_Prenostica Pitagorice_, 684
Preuschen, E., 366
Priaulx, _Indian Travels_, 244
Prince, J. D., 15
Priscian, 326, 761
Priscillian, _380-1_, 461
_Proceedings, Biblical Archaeology_, 33
_Proceedings, Royal Society of Medicine_, 284
Procharus, 397
Proclus, 116, 307, 316
_Sacrificio et magia_, 319-20
_Protevangelium of James_, chap. xvi
Pruckner, M., 525
Prudentius, 500
_Psalms_ and _Psalter_, 442, 521, 759
Psellus, Michael, 290, 569, 772
Ptolemy, _chap. iii_, 32, 118, 135, 272, 307, 341, 537, 661, 664, 666,
703, 709-10, 737
_Almagest_, 105-9
_Centiloquium_, 111
_Exortatio ad artem_, 693
_Geography_, 105-7
_Music_, 107
_Optics_, 107-8
_Planisphere_, 699
_Quadripartitum_, see _Tetrabiblos_
_Speculis_, 189
_Tetrabiblos_, _110-16_, 303, 517, 690-1
Puccinotti, _Storia delle Medicine_, chap. xxxii
Puschmann, T.
_Alexander v. Tralles_, 567ff., 577ff.
_Hist. of Medical Education_, 120-1, 129, 143, 569, 731
Pythagoras, 50, 58, 61-3, 65-6, 80, 91-2, 176, 180-1, 204, 232-4, 247,
263, 269, 274, 288, 317, 349-50, 355, 373, 532
_Precepta_, 696
_Prenostica_, 684
_Sphere of_, chap. xxix, 370
_Quadripartitus_, 690
_Quid pro quo_, 608
Quiggin, E. C., 640
Quilichinus, Aretinus, 558
Quintillian, Pseudo-, 540
Rabanus Maurus, 402, 484, 617, 630, 634, 673
Radloff, W., 382
Raidel, G. M., 106
Ramsay, W. M., 106
Rand, E. K., 619
Ranking, G. S. A., 667-71
Ranulf Higden, 690
Raoul Glaber, 674
Rasche, C., 307
Rashdall, H., 731, 757
Rasis, 164, 653, _667-71_, 748
works listed, 668
Ratdolt, E., 649
Read, C., 5
_Realencyklopädie f. protest. Theol._, 381, 399
_Regimen Salernitanum_, _736ff_.
Reginald or Retinaldus, 52
_Regulae ... de compositione astrolapsus_, 699
Reinach, S., 6
Reisner, G. A., 34
Reitzenstein, R., 290, 379, 553
Renzi, S. D., _Collectio Salernitana_, 578, 600, 660, chap. xxxi
Reuss, F. A., 613
Reuvens, 369
_Revelation, Book of_, 386
Réville, J., 350
_Revue des Études anciennes_, 672
_Revue des Études juives_, 551
_Revue d. l’hist. d. religs._, 341, 349
_Revue Phil._, 291
_Revue des Questions Historiques_, 113, 690
Rhazes, see Rasis
_Rhein. Mus._, 52
Richardson, E. C., 400, 403, 406
Richer, 704, 733
Riegler, see Axt and
Riess, E., 24, 292-3, 683
Riley, H. T., see Bostock and
Robert, 498
Robert of Chester, 648, 697, 761, 773
Robertson Smith, W., 34
Roger Bacon, see Bacon
Rohde, _Psyche_, 293
Rolleston, J. D., 284
_Rom. Forsch._, 610
_Romanic Review_, 499, 631
Roscher, _Lexicon_, 34
Rose, V., 120, 463, 567, 576, 601
_Analecta_, 121
_Anecdota_, 596, 610
_Aristoteles De lapidibus_, 775, 777
_HSS Verzeichnisse_, 702, 720, 748, 774
_Medicina Plinii_, 595, 600, 609, 612
_Ptolemaeus_, 612
_Soranus_, 571
Roussat, R., 116
Roux de Rochelle, 564
Rück, _Plinius im Mittelalter_, 51
Ruelle, 195, 291;
and see Berthelot and
Ruelle et Poirée, 371
Ruellius, 600
Ruffer, M. A., 11
Rufinus, chap. xvii, 445
Rufus, _Melancholia_, 756
Ruska, J., 611
Sackur, _Sibyl. Texte_, 285
Sadan, 651
St. George Stock, 362
Salmon, G., 362
Salomon the archiater, 161
_Samuel, First Book of_, 448
Satyrus, 123
Sayce, A. H., 35
Schanz, 596
Schenkel, C., 483
Schepss, G., 381, 519
Schiaparelli, 16, 32, 35
Schiche, T., 268
Schlurick, H., 400
Schmertosch, R., 202
Schmid, W., 105, 108
Schmidt, 188
Schmidt, C., 299, 361, 377-8
Schneider, J. G., 237
Schneider, O., 237
Schneidewin, 466
Schultze, V., 497
Schwab, M., 33
Schwartze und Petermann, 369, 377
_Scientific Monthly_, 194
Scribonius Largus, 600
Scylax, 256
Seeck, O., 540
Seleucus, 289
Seneca
_Natural Questions, chap. in_, 196, 542, 553
_Apocryphal correspondence with the apostle Paul_, 556
_Septuagint_, 453, 459
Serapion, 610
Serenus Sammonicus, 608
Seth, 365, 474
Sethe, 9
Sextus Empiricus, 116, 269, _275-6_, 469
Sextus Papirius Placidus, 599
Shakespeare, 772
Shelley, 432
_Sibylline Books_, 272, 285
Sigebertus Gemblacensis, 613
Sijthoff, A. W., 607
Sikes, E. E., 21
Silvester II, pope, see Gerbert
_Simon Cephas, Teaching of_, 424
Simon Cordo of Genoa, 567, 610
Simon Papiensis, 525
Simon, the heretic, _Great Declaration_, 362;
and see Simon Magus in other index
Simonides, 574
Singer, Charles, 345, 597, 607, 609, 660, 674
_Sitzungsberichte_ (Bavaria), 51
_Sitzungsberichte_ (Berlin), 121
_Sitzungsberichte_ (Erlangen), 763, 775
_Sitzungsberichte_ (Heidelberg), 34, 524
Skutsch, see Kroll et
Smith, _Dict. Greek and Roman Biography_, 108
_Smithsonian Report_, 773
Smyly, J. G., 293
_Societas Regia Scientiarum_, 468
Solinus, _326-31_, 510, 601, 625-7, 777
Solomon, 195, 451
Sophocles, 49
_Sortes sanctorum_, 630-1, 727
Spencer, Herbert, 5
_Sphera cum commentis_, 109
_Sphere of Life and Death_, 197, chap. xxix
Spiegel, _Alexandersage_, 552
Spon, J., 379
Sprengel, K., 606
Stadler, H., 613
Steele, R., _Roger Bacon_, 342, 602
Steinschneider, M., 669
_Apollonius v. Thyana_, 267
_Constantinus Africanus_, 657, 742-3, 745, 749, 756
_Europäisch. Übersetz._, 288, chap. xxviii, 711
_Pseudepig. Lit._, 578
Stephanus, alchemist, 196, 292
Stephanus, _Medicae artis principes_, 566ff.
Stephen of Alexandria, 569
Stephen of Athens, 607
Stephen of Pisa, 747-9
Stobaeus, 290
_Stowe Missal_, 640
Strabo, 213;
and see Walafrid
Strassmeier, J. N., see Epping and
Strzygowski, J., 497
Stubbs, W., 773
Stücken, 15, 35
_Studi Romanzi_, 499
Stumfall, B., 241
Sudhoff, K., 188, 683, 737
Suetonius, 244, 425, 601
Sulla, _Memoirs_, 201
Sulpicius Severus, 381, 423, 469
Sundevall, 73
Symeon Seth, 164
Symon, see Simon
Syncellus, 194, 196, 341
Synesius of Cyrene, 196, 320, 533, _540-4_, 555
Tabit ben Corra, see Thebit ben Corat
Tacitus, 201, 241
Tallquist, K. L., 33
_Talmud_, 355
Taylor, H. O., 533
Taylor, T., 299, 307
Tennulius, 316
Tertullian, 447, 469, 476, 628
_Anima_, 463, 469
_Apology_, 463, 465
_Cultu feminarum_, 463
_Idolatria_, 421
_Pallio_, 493
_Praescript._, 369
_Testaments of Twelve Patriarchs_, 345
_Texte und Untersuchungen_, 299, Book II _passim_
Thabit ben Corra, see Thebit ben Corat
Thales, 97, 563
Thatcher, G. W., 383
_Theatrum chemicum Britannicum_, see Ashmole, E.
Thebit ben Corat, _661-6_
_Almagest_, 109
_Imaginibus_, 664-6
_Iudiciis_, 664
_Motu octave spere_, 663
_Ponderibus_, 663
Theobald, 498, 500
Theocritus, 22, 266
Theodoret, 369, 423, 447
Theodorus Priscianus, 608
_Theodosian Code_, 536, 584
_Theol. Quartalschrift_, 540
Theon of Alexandria, 109
Theophilus, medical writer, 569
Theophilus of Alexandria, 461
Theophilus, _To Autolycus_, 483, 492
Theophilus, _Schedula diversarum artium_, chap. xxxiii
Theophilus Macer, see Macer
Theophrastus, 27, 29, 75, 81, 186, 236-8
Thessalus, 127
Thilo, J. C., 387, 476
Thomas, apostle,
_Acts of_, 374, 396
_Gospel of_, chap. xvi
Thomas of Cantimpré, 503, 578, 600, 636, 658
Thomas, W. I., 5, 17
Thompson, D’Arcy W.
_Aristotle as Biologist_, 29-30, 73, 146
_Glossary of Greek Birds_, 73, 130, 255, 265, 324
_History of Animals_, 26, 30, 73, 491
Thompson, C. J. S., 131
Thompson, H., 7, 27-8
Thompson, R. C., 15, 18, 33
Thorndike, L., 21, 26, 525
Thrasyllus, 99
Thucydides, 244
Tischendorf, chap. xvi
Tittel, K., 193
_Tobit, Book of_, 688
Todd, T. W., 10, 723
Torinus, A., 567, 577
Tozer, 131
_Transactions of American Philological Association_, 24, 28, 293
_Transactions of Provincial Medical and Surgical Association_, 147
_Transactions of Society of Biblical Archaeology_, 35
Treitel, L., 349
Tribonian, 568
Trithemius, 658, 702
Trotula, 740
Turner, S., 633
_Twelve Tables_, 234
Twysden, 690
Tycho Brahe, 457
Tychsen, O. G., 497
Tyrwhitt, 293
Unger, F., 76
_University of Nebraska Studies_, 24
Usener, 619
Valentinelli, J., 164
Valerius Soranus, 50;
and see Julius Valerius
Valois, N., 402
Valpy, 42
Varro, 50, 209, 239, 330, 625
_Vedas_, 251
Vergil, 97, 544, 601, 612, 691
Vettius Valens, 116
Vincent of Beauvais, 342, 389, 402-3, 503, 600, 658, 660, 669-70, 687,
744, 757
Vindanius Anatolius, 604
_Virchow’s Archiv_, 668, chap. xxxii
Virolleaud, C., 35
Vitruvius, 143, _183-8_, 199, 601
Vogelstein, 552
Vogl, S., see Björnbo and
Voigt, H. G., 473
Volkmann, R., 299, 540
Vossius, I., 256
_Vulgate_, 688
Waitz, H., 400, 405, 663
Walafrid Strabo, 612-3, 615
Walker, A., 387
_Waztalkora_, 699
Webb, C. C. I., 303, 631, 684
Weber, C. F. and Caesar, J., 426
Weber, O., 33
Webster, H., 16, 686
Weissenberger, B., 202
Wellmann, M., 121, 138, 606, 608, 610
Wendland, P., 348, 350
Wescher, C., 188
Wessely, C., 365, 607
Westenberger, 119
Westermann, A., 552
Westermarck, E., 73
Wickersheimer, E., 673-4, 683, 692, 698, 709
Wiedemann, A., 7-8, 14
Wiedemann, E., 649, 763
Wilcken, 12
William of Auvergne, 402, 725
William le Clerc, 497-9
William of Malmesbury, 690, 704-6, 710, 714
William of Moerbeke, 179
William de Saliceto, 601
Wimmer, see Aubert and
Winckler, 15, 35
Windelband, W., 26
Windisch, H., 349
Windischmann, 296
Winsor, J., 106
Withington, E., 520, 667-8
Wolf, C., 607
Wolf, H., 316
Wolff, G., 297
Woltmann and Woermann, 607
Woolston, T., 388
Wright, T., 556
Wünsch, R., 28, 366
Wuttke, M. H., 601
Wynkyn de Worde, 478
Wyttenbach, 299
Xanthus, 75
Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis, 167
Xenophanes, 180, 270
Xenophon, 22
Ya’kûb ibn Ishâk ibn Sabbâh, see Alkindi
Yonge, C. D., 349
Yuhanna ibn Masawaih, see Mesue
Yule, H., _Marco Polo_, 132, 214, 479
Zacher, J., chap. xxiv
_Zeitschrift f. ægypt. Sprache_, 10, 35
_Zeitschrift f. deutsch. Morgendl. Gesell._, 121, 267
_Zeitschrift f. klass. Philol._, 752
_Zeitschrift f. Math._, 661
_Zeitschrift f. neutest. Wiss._, 401
_Zeitschrift f. wiss. Theol._, 400
Zeller, E., 24, 316
Zervòs, S., 566
Ziegler, K., chap. xxiii
Zimmern, 19, 32, 34
Zopyrus, 460
Zoroaster, 58-9, 206, 235, 281, 295, 396, 415, 435, 605, 629
Zosimus, 131, 195, 198, 290, 292
INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS
Additional 8928, p. 609
Additional 11035, p. 500
Additional 15236, pp. 694, 716
Additional 17808, chap. xxx
Additional 22398, p. 695
Additional 22719, p. 654
Additional 34111, p. 578
Alençon 10, p. 484
Amiens 222, p. 634
Amiens 481, p. 478
Amiens fonds Lescalopier 2, p. 676
Amiens fonds Lescalopier 30, p. 484
Amplon. Folio 41, p. 611
Amplon. Octavo 62, p. 747
Amplon. Octavo 62a, p. 612
Amplon. Octavo 62b, p. 612
Amplon. Quarto 12, p. 558
Amplon. Quarto 151, p. 643
Amplon. Quarto 174, p. 665
Amplon. Quarto 204, p. 578
Amplon. Quarto 312, p. 664
Amplon. Quarto 349, p. 643
Amplon. Quarto 352, p. 651
Amplon. Quarto 365, p. 650
Amplon. Quarto 380, p. 694
Amplon. Quarto 381, p. 340
Amplon. Math. 48, 643
Amplon. Math. 53, p. 340
Amplon. Math. 54, p. 267
Arsenal 880, p. 650
Arsenal 981, p. 106
Arsenal 1036, p. 650
Arundel 242, p. 556
Arundel 295, p. 615
Arundel 319, p. 683
Ashburnham (Florence) 130, p. 682
Ashmole 179, p. 648
Ashmole 189, p. 681
Ashmole 209, p. 648
Ashmole 346, p. 665
Ashmole 361, pp. 681, 688
Ashmole 369, pp. 648, 714
Ashmole 369-V, p. 650
Ashmole 393, p. 650
Ashmole 434, p. 648
Ashmole 1431, pp. 597, 599, 609
Ashmole 1462, p. 597
Avranches 235, p. 664
Balliol 124, p. 52
Balliol 146A, p. 52
Balliol 231, p. 121
Bamberg L-III-9, pp. 610, 747
Barberini (Rome) IX, 29, p. 609
Berlin 128, p. 634
Berlin 130, p. 634
Berlin 131, p. 695
Berlin 165, p. 720
Berlin 799, p. 477
Berlin 800, p. 477
Berlin 898, p. 748
Berlin 902, p. 163
Berlin 903, p. 163
Berlin 956, pp. 702, 774
Berlin 963, pp. 340, 665
Berlin 964, p. 665
Bernard 2325, p. 478
BN Greek 930, p. 401
BN Greek 2179, p. 607
BN Greek 2316, p. 578
BN nouv. acq. 229, pp. 677, 702, 725, 728ff.
BN nouv. acq. 490, p. 484
BN nouv. acq. 616, p. 643
BN nouv. acq. 1612, p. 634
BN nouv. acq. 1615, p. 634
BN nouv. acq. 1616, chap. xxix
BN nouv. acq. 1619, p. 571
BN nouv. acq. 1632, p. 634
BN 1701 and 1702, p. 484
BN 1718 to 1727, p. 484
BN 1787A, p. 484
BN 2200, p. 484
BN 2387, p. 484
BN 2598, p. 710
BN 2621, p. 776
BN 2633, p. 484
BN 2637, p. 484
BN 2638, p. 484
BN 2695A, p. 556
BN 2780, p. 500
BN 2874, p. 556
BN 3660A, pp. 681-2
BN 3836, p. 484
BN 4126, p. 556
BN 4161, p. 714
BN 4801 to 4804, p. 106
BN 4838, p. 106
BN 4877, p. 556
BN 4880, p. 556
BN 5062, p. 556
BN 5239, p. 692
BN 5543, p. 634
BN 6121, p. 556
BN 6186, p. 556
BN 6296, p. 657
BN 6319, p. 657
BN 6322, p. 657
BN 6323A, p. 657
BN 6325, p. 657
BN 6365, p. 556
BN 6385, p. 556
BN 6503, p. 556
BN 6514, pp. 664, 670
BN 6567A, p. 657
BN 6569, p. 657
BN 6811, p. 556
BN 6831, p. 556
BN 6880, pp. 567, 584
BN 6881, p. 577
BN 6882, p. 577
BN 6954, p. 600
BN 6957, p. 600
BN 6978, p. 648
BN 7028, pp. 674, 728
BN 7156, p. 670
BN 7195, p. 663
BN 7282, p. 665
BN 7299A, pp. 676, 679, 686, 696
BN 7316, pp. 647, 652
BN 7328, p. 647
BN 7329, p. 652
BN 7332, p. 647
BN 7337, pp. 664, 687
BN 7349, p. 716
BN 7351, P. 716
BN 7377B, p. 663
BN 7412, p. 699
BN 7418, pp. 463, 777
BN 7424, p. 663
BN 7440, p. 647
BN 7482, p. 647
BN 7486, pp. 693, 716
BN 7561, p. 556
BN 8247, p. 657
BN 8501A, p. 556
BN 8518, p. 556
BN 8521A, p. 556
BN 8607, p. 556
BN 9332, pp. 571, 576, 610
BN 10233, p. 571
BN 10260, p. 663
BN 10271, p. 715
BN 11624, p. 484
BN 12134, p. 484
BN 12135, p. 484
BN 12136, p. 484
BN 12995, p. 609
BN 13014, p. 340
BN 13336, p. 484
BN 13350, p. 445
BN 13951, p. 267
BN 14700, p. 744
BN 14847, p. 484
BN 15685, p. 634
BN 16082, p. 657
BN 16083, p. 657
BN 16088, p. 657
BN 16142, p. 657
BN 16204, p. 650
BN 16216, p. 696
BN 16490, p. 657
BN 16819, pp. 476, 478
BN 17868, p. 683, chap. xxx
Bodleian 26, p. 694
Bodleian 177, p. 694
Bodleian 266, pp. 664, 705, 710
Bodleian 463, pp. 652, 665
Bodleian 2060, p. 758
Bologna 952, p. 52
Bologna University Library 378, p. 610
Bruce Papyrus, p. 378
Brussels (Library of Dukes of Burgundy) 1782, p. 484
Brussels 2784, p. 657
Brussels 8890, p. 776
Brussels 10074, p. 498
Brussels 15489, p. 758
Cambrai 195, p. 696
Cambrai 229, p. 696
Cambrai 829, p. 696
Cambrai 861, p. 696
Cambrai 907, p. 758
Cambrai 914, p. 758
Cambrai 925, p. 633
Canon. Misc. 370, p. 643
Canon. Misc. 517, p. 682
Casin. 97, p. 577
Chalons-sur-Marne 7, p. 695
Chartres 63, p. 484
Chartres 113, p. 692
Chartres 342, p. 577
CLM 27, p. 665
CLM 51, p. 650
CLM 59, p. 665
CLM 161, pp. 749-50
CLM 168, p. 750
CLM 187, p. 750
CLM 215, p. 560
CLM 270, p. 750
CLM 337, p. 610
CLM 344, p. 377
CLM 392, p. 648
CLM 489, p. 648
CLM 527, p. 716
CLM 560, pp. 559, 698, 710
CLM 588, p. 664
CLM 621, p. 241
CLM 826, p. 651
CLM 1487, p. 650
CLM 1503, p. 650
CLM 2549, p. 484
CLM 3728, p. 484
CLM 6258, p. 484
CLM 6382, pp. 678, 680
CLM 9921, p. 678
CLM 11319, p. 556
CLM 13034, p. 749
CLM 13079, p. 484
CLM 14399, p. 484
CLM 14583, p. 106
CLM 14836, p. 701
CLM 18158, p. 634
CLM 18621, p. 477
CLM 18629, pp. 674, 693, 696
CLM 18764, p. 674
CLM 19417, p. 500
CLM 19544, p. 477
CLM 19648, p. 498
CLM 21557, p. 634
CLM 21627, p. 477
CLM 22307, p. 692
CLM 23390, p. 696
CLM 23479, p. 775
CLM 23535, p. 571
CLM 23787, p. 498
CLM 23839, p. 477
CLM 24571, p. 477
CLM 25073, p. 477
CLM 26688, p. 477
Corpus Christi 82, p. 555
Corpus Christi 114, p. 657
Corpus Christi 134, p. 476
Corpus Christi 154, p. 657
Corpus Christi 189, p. 578
Corpus Christi 233, p. 652
Corpus Christi 254, p. 648
Cortona 110, p. 164
Cotton Appendix VI, pp. 643, 646
Cotton Caligula A, XV, pp. 680, 695
Cotton Galba E, VIII, p. 477
Cotton Nero D, VIII, p. 556
Cotton Tiberius A, III, chap. xxix
Cotton Tiberius C, VI, p. 692
Cotton Titus D, XXVI, chap. xxix
Cotton Titus D, XXVII, p. 681
Cotton Vespasian B, X, p. 601
Cotton Vitellius A, XII, p. 695
Cotton Vitellius C, III, pp. 597, 612
Cotton Vitellius C, VIII, p. 695
CUL 213, p. 602
CUL 768, p. 775
CUL 1338, p. 678
CUL 1429, p. 558
CUL 1687, p. 679
CUL 1767, pp. 110, 663
CUL Ii-i-13, p. 652
CU Clare 15, p. 647
CU Corpus 193, p. 484
CU Jesus 44, p. 610
CU Trinity 884, p. 498
CU Trinity 906, p. 748
CU Trinity 936, p. 643
CU Trinity 945, p. 695
CU Trinity 987, p. 680
CU Trinity 1041, pp. 401, 557
CU Trinity 1044, p. 724
CU Trinity 1064, p. 749
CU Trinity 1109, pp. 678, 693
CU Trinity 1152, pp. 597, 599
CU Trinity 1365, p. 753
CU Trinity 1369, pp. 686, 692, 695
CU Trinity 1446, p. 564
Digby 30, p. 428
Digby 40, p. 646
Digby 43, p. 600
Digby 51, p. 110
Digby 58, p. 693
Digby 63, pp. 686, 695
Digby 67, pp. 340, 647
Digby 68, pp. 647, 652
Digby 79, p. 578
Digby 83, pp. 705-7
Digby 86, p. 678
Digby 88, p. 681
Digby 91, pp. 643, 646, 648
Digby 92, p. 647
Digby 93, p. 647
Digby 147, p. 647
Digby 174, pp. 701-2
Digby 176, p. 647
Digby 183, pp. 643, 646
Digby 194, pp. 652, 665
Dijon 448, p. 695
Dijon 1045, p. 650
Edwin Smith Papyrus, p. 12
Egerton 821, pp. 677-81, 684, 726-9
Egerton 823, p. 699
Escorial Q-I-4, pp. 52-3
Escorial R-I-5, pp. 52-3
Escorial &-II-9, p. 745
Eton 133, Bl.4.6, p. 556
Eton 134, Bl.4.7, p. 52
Exon. 23, p. 658
Florence II, iii, 214, pp. 653, 665
Gonville and Caius 109, p. 658
Gonville and Caius 345, p. 599
Gonville and Caius 400, p. 577
Gonville and Caius 411, p. 742
Grenoble 208, p. 506
Grenoble 258, p. 484
Gubbio 25, p. 499
Harleian 1, p. 650
Harleian 13, pp. 643, 663
Harleian 80, pp. 340, 665
Harleian 527, p. 557
Harleian 1585, pp. 597, 609, 696
Harleian 1612, p. 340
Harleian 1735, p. 684
Harleian 2258, p. 677
Harleian 3017, pp. 677, 680, 695
Harleian 3099, p. 623
Harleian 3271, p. 695
Harleian 3647, pp. 663, 665
Harleian 3859, p. 601
Harleian 3969, p. 241
Harleian 4346, p. 612
Harleian 4986, pp. 597, 608
Harleian 5294, p. 609
Harleian 5311, p. 694
Hatton 76, p. 776
Hunterian 44, p. 667
Ivrea 3, p. 634
Ivrea 6, p. 634
Ivrea 19, p. 692
Laon 407, p. 692
Laud. Misc. 247, pp. 498, 556
Laud. Misc. 567, pp. 749, 751
Laud. Misc. 594, pp. 650-1
Laud. Misc. 658, pp. 444, 477
Laurentianus xxxviii, 24, p. 683
Laurentianus Plut. 68, 2, p. 241
Lincoln College 34, p. 351
Lucca I, L, p. 764
Lucca 236, pp. 597, 695
Lyons 328, p. 664
Madrid 10016, p. 693
Magliabech. IV, 63, p. 499
Magliabech. XI, 117, p. 663
Magliabech. XX, 20, p. 665
Le Mans 15, p. 484
Le Mans 263, p. 52
Merton 219, p. 125
Monte Cassino 97, p. 577
Montpellier 277, pp. 600, 611, 776
Munich, Latin MSS., see CLM
New College MS., unnumbered, p. 52
Novara 40, p. 484
Orléans 35, p. 484
Orléans 192, p. 484
Orléans 276, p. 692
Ottobon. 443, p. 401
Palat. Lat. 487, p. 673
Pembroke 278, p. 676
Perugia 736, p. 598
Rawlinson C-117, p. 643
Rawlinson C-328, pp. 597, 600, 746
Riccard. 119, p. 670
Riccard. 1228, p. 776
Royal 2-C-XII, p. 498
Royal 4-A-XIII, p. 65
Royal 12-B-XVI, p. 577
Royal 12-C-IV, pp. 554, 556
Royal 12-C-XVIII, pp. 267, 340, 664
Royal 12-E-XX, p. 577
Royal 12-F-X, p. 65
Royal 13-A-I, pp. 554-5, 564-5
Royal 15-B-II, p. 601
Royal 15-B-IX, p. 701
Royal 15-C-IV, p. 601
Royal 15-C-VI, pp. 554, 556
Royal 17-A-I, p. 705
St. Augustine’s Canterbury 1166, p. 643
St. Augustine’s Canterbury 1172, p. 714
St. Gall 751, p. 596
Ste. Geneviève 2240, p. 643
St. John’s 17, p. 680
St. John’s 85, p. 747
St. John’s 128, p. 349
S. Marco 179, p. 658
S. Marco XI, 102, p. 665
S. Marco XI, 111, p. 694
S. Marco XIV, 7, p. 164
S. Marco XIV, 26, p. 164
Savile 15, p. 652
Schlestadt MS., pp. 765, 769
Selden 3467, p. 643
Selden supra 76, p. 643
Semur 10, p. 484
Sloane 475, chap. xxix, pp. 723-6
Sloane 1305, p. 665
Sloane 1571, p. 599
Sloane 1619, p. 556
Sloane 1734, p. 291
Sloane 1975, pp. 597, 609, 696
Sloane 2030, p. 652
Sloane 2454, p. 657
Sloane, 2461, pp. 681, 696
Sloane 2472, p. 716
Sloane 2839, pp. 723-4
Sloane 3554, p. 716
Sloane 3821, p. 340
Sloane 3826, p. 267
Sloane 3846, p. 665
Sloane 3847, pp. 340, 665
Sloane 3848, pp. 267, 611
Sloane 3857, p. 716
Sloane 3883, p. 665
Soissons 121, p. 484
Tanner 192, p. 663
Turin K-IV-3, p. 609
University College 33, p. 477
University College 89, p. 750
Vatican 180 to 185, p. 349
Vatican 269 to 273, p. 484
Vatican 642, p. 693
Vatican 644, pp. 693, 695
Vatican 645, p. 674
Vatican Palat. Lat. 176, p. 692
Vatican Palat. Lat. 235, chap. xxix
Vatican Palat. Lat. 485, chap. xxix
Vatican Palat. Lat. 859, p. 477
Vatican Urb. Lat. 290, p. 693
Vendôme 109, pp. 577-8
Vendôme 122, p. 484
Vendôme 129, p. 484
Vendôme 172, p. 577
Vendôme 175, p. 577
Vienna 303, p. 499
Vienna 2245, p. 679
Vienna 2272, p. 604
Vienna 2378, p. 665
Vienna 2385, p. 647
Vienna 2436, pp. 647, 650
Vienna 2511, p. 499
Vienna 2532, pp. 615, 681, 693
Vienna 3124, p. 267
Vienna 3207, p. 613
Vienna 3255, p. 332
Vienna 5203, p. 663
Vienna 5216, p. 340
Vienna 5371, p. 609
Vienna 10583, p. 651
Vind. Med. 29, p. 499
Westcar Papyrus, p. 8
Wolfenbüttel 2725, p. 340
Wolfenbüttel 2885, p. 668
Wolfenbüttel 3266, p. 477
Wolfenbüttel 4435, p. 498
Wolfenbüttel palimpsest, p. 121
FOOTNOTES:
[1] H. Cotton, _Five Books of Maccabees_, 1832, pp. ix-x.
[2] But Professor Haskins’ recent article in _Isis_ on “Michael Scot
and Frederick II” and my chapter on Michael Scot were written quite
independently.
[3] Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion; quoted by Sir James Frazer,
_The Magic Art_ (1911), I, 426.
[4] That field has already been treated by Joseph Hansen, _Zauberwahn,
Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter_, 1900, and will be further
illuminated by _A History of Witchcraft in Europe_, soon to be edited
by Professor George L. Burr from H. C. Lea’s materials. See also a
work just published by Miss M. A. Murray, _The Witch-Cult in Western
Europe_, Oxford, 1921.
[5] Some of my scientific friends have urged me to begin with
Aristotle, as being a much abler scientist than Pliny, but this would
take us rather too far back in time and I have not felt equal to a
treatment of the science of the genuine Aristotle _per se_, although in
the course of this book I shall say something of his medieval influence
and more especially of the Pseudo-Aristotle.
[6] Frazer has, of course, repeatedly made the point that modern
science is an outgrowth from primitive magic. Carveth Read, _The Origin
of Man_, 1920, in his chapter on “Magic and Science” contends that
“in no case ... is Science derived from Magic” (p. 337), but this is
mainly a logical and ideal distinction, since he admits that “for ages”
science “is in the hands of wizards.”
[7] I am glad to see that other writers on magic are taking this view;
for instance, E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_,
Alger, 1909, p. 351.
[8] _Golden Bough_, 1894, I, 420. W. I. Thomas, “The Relation of the
Medicine-Man to the Origin of the Professional Occupations” (reprinted
in his _Source Book for Social Origins_, 4th edition, pp. 281-303),
in which he disputes Herbert Spencer’s “thesis that the medicine-man
is the source and origin of the learned and artistic occupations,”
does not really conflict with Frazer’s statement, since for Thomas the
medicine-man is a priest rather than a magician. Thomas remarks later
in the same book (p. 437), “Furthermore, the whole attempt of the
savage to control the outside world, so far as it contained a theory or
a doctrine, was based on magic.”
[9] _Chaldean Magic and Sorcery_, 1878, p. 70.
[10] Jules Combarieu, _La musique et la magie_, Paris, 1909, p. v.
[11] _Ibid._, pp. 13-14.
[12] Among the early Arabs “poetry is magical utterance” (Macdonald
(1909) p. 16), and the poet “a wizard in league with spirits”
(Nicholson, _A Literary History of the Arabs_, 1914, p. 72).
[13] See S. Reinach, “L’Art et la Magie,” in _L’Anthropologie_, XIV
(1903), and Y. Hirn, _Origins of Art_, London, 1900, Chapter xx, “Art
and Magic.” J. Capart, _Primitive Art in Egypt_.
[14] P. Huvelin, _Magie et droit individuel_, Paris, 1907, in _Année
Sociologique_, X, 1-471; see too his _Les tablettes magiques et le
droit romain_, Mâcon, 1901.
[15] R. R. Marett, _Psychology and Folk-Lore_, 1920, Chapter iii on
“Primitive Values.”
[16] E. A. Wallis Budge, _Egyptian Magic_, 1899, p. vii. Some other
works on magic in Egypt are: Groff, _Études sur la sorcellerie,
mémoires présentés à l’institut égyptien_, Cairo, 1897; G. Busson,
_Extrait d’un mémoire sur l’origine égyptienne de la Kabbale_, in
_Compte Rendu du Congrès Scientifique International des Catholiques,
Sciences Religieuses_, Paris, 1891, pp. 29-51. Adolf Erman, _Life in
Ancient Egypt_, English translation, 1894, “describes vividly the
magical conceptions and practices.” F. L. Griffith, _Stories of the
High Priests of Memphis_, Oxford, 1900, contains some amusing demotic
tales of magicians. Erman, _Zaubersprüche für Mutter und Kind_, 1901.
F. L. Griffith and H. Thompson, _The Demotic Magical Papyrus of London
and Leiden_, 1904. See also J. H. Breasted, _Development of Religion
and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, New York, 1912.
The following later but briefer treatments add little to Budge: Alfred
Wiedemann, _Magie und Zauberei im Alten Ægypten_, Leipzig, 1905, and
_Die Amulette der alten Ægypter_, Leipzig, 1910, both in _Der Alte
Orient_; Alexandre Moret, _La magie dans l’Egypte ancienne_, Paris,
1906, in _Musée Guimet, Annales, Bibliothèque de vulgarisation_. XX.
241-81.
[17] Budge (1899), p. 19. At pp. 7-10 Budge dates the Westcar Papyrus
about 1550 B. C. and Cheops, of whom the tale is told, in 3800 B. C. It
is now customary to date the Fourth Dynasty, to which Cheops belonged,
about 2900-2750 B. C. Breasted, _History of Egypt_, pp. 122-3, speaks
of a folk tale preserved in the Papyrus Westcar some nine (?) centuries
after the fall of the Fourth Dynasty.
[18] Budge, p. ix.
[19] Budge, pp. xiii-xiv.
[20] For magical myths see E. Naville, _The Old Egyptian Faith_,
English translation by C. Campbell, 1909, p. 233 _et seq._
[21] Budge, pp. 3-4; Lenormant, _Chaldean Magic_, p. 100; Wiedemann
(1905), pp. 12, 14, 31.
[22] So labelled in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo.
[23] Budge, p. 185.
[24] Breasted (1912), pp. 84-5, 93-5. “Systematic study” of the Pyramid
Texts has been possible “only since the appearance of Sethe’s great
edition,”—_Die Altægyptischen Pyramidentexte_, Leipzig, 1908-1910, 2
vols.
[25] Budge, pp. 104-7.
[26] Many of them are to enable the dead man to leave his tomb at
will; hence the Egyptian title, “The Chapters of Going Forth by Day,”
Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 175.
[27] Budge, p. 28.
[28] _History of Egypt_, p. 175; pp. 249-50 for the further increase
in mortuary magic after the Middle Kingdom, and pp. 369-70, 390, etc.,
for Ikhnaton’s vain effort to suppress this mortuary magic. See also
Breasted (1912), pp. 95-6, 281, 292-6, etc.
[29] Breasted (1912), pp. 290-1.
[30] Budge, pp. xi, 170-1.
[31] Budge, p. 4.
[32] Budge, pp. 67-70, 73, 77.
[33] Budge, pp. 27-28, 41, 60.
[34] From the abstract of a paper on _The History of Egyptian
Medicine_, read by T. Wingate Todd at the annual meeting of the
American Historical Association, 1919. See also B. Holmes and P.
G. Kitterman, _Medicine in Ancient Egypt; the Hieratic Material_,
Cincinnati, 1914, 34 pp., reprinted from _The Lancet-Clinic_.
[35] See H. L. Lüring, _Die über die medicinischen Kenntnisse der alten
Ægypter berichtenden Papyri_ _verglichen mit den medic. Schriften
griech. u. römischer Autoren_, Leipzig, 1888. Also Joret, I (1897)
310-11, and the article there cited by G. Ebers, _Ein Kyphirecept aus
dem Papyrus Ebers_, in _Zeitschrift f. ægypt. Sprache_, XII (1874), p.
106. M. A. Ruffer, _Palaeopathology of Egypt_, 1921.
[36] _History of Egypt_, p. 101.
[37] _Ibid_, p. 102.
[38] Budge, p. 206.
[39] _History of Egypt_, p. 101.
[40] _Archéologie et Histoire des Sciences_, Paris, 1906, pp. 232-3.
[41] Professor Breasted, however, feels that the contents of the new
Edwin Smith Papyrus will raise our estimate of the worth of Egyptian
medicine and surgery: letter to me of Jan. 20, 1922.
[42] Petrie, “Egypt,” in EB, p. 73.
[43] Berthelot (1885), p. 235. See E. B. Havell, _A Handbook of Indian
Art_, 1920, p. 11, for a combination of “exact science,” ritual, and
“magic power” in the work of the ancient Aryan craftsmen.
[44] Berthelot (1889), pp. vi-vii.
[45] Berthelot (1885), pp. 247-78; E. O. v. Lippmann (1919), pp. 118-43.
[46] Budge, pp. 19-20.
[47] Berthelot (1885), p. 10.
[48] Lippmann (1919), pp. 181-2, and the authorities there cited.
[49] Budge, pp. 214-5.
[50] Budge, pp. 225-8; Wiedemann (1905), p. 9.
[51] Wiedemann (1905), pp. 7, 8, 11. See also G. Daressy, _Une ancienne
liste des décans égyptiens_, in _Annales du service des antiquités de
l’Egypte_, I (1900), 79-90.
[52] F. Boll in _Neue Jahrb._ (1908), p. 108.
[53] Budge, pp. 222-3.
[54] Budge, p. 229.
[55] Some works on the subject of magic and religion, astronomy and
astrology in Babylonia and Assyria will be found in Appendix I at the
close of this chapter.
[56] Thompson, _Semitic Magic_, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii; Fossey, pp. 17-20.
[57] Farnell, _Greece and Babylon_, p. 102.
[58] Prince, “Sumer and Sumerians,” in EB.
[59] Webster, _Rest Days_, pp. 215-22, with further bibliography. See
Orr (1913), 28-38, for an interesting discussion in English of the
problem of the origin of solar and lunar zodiac.
[60] Lippmann (1919), pp. 168-9.
[61] Although Schiaparelli, _Astronomy in the Old Testament_, 1905, pp.
v, 5, 49-51, 135, denies that “the frequent use of the number seven in
the Old Testament is in any way connected with the planets.” I have
not seen F. von Andrian, _Die Siebenzahl im Geistesleben der Völker_,
in _Mitteil, d. anthrop. Gesellsch. in Wien_, XXI (1901), 225-74; see
also Hehn, _Siebenzahl und Sabbat bei den Babyloniern und im alten
Testament_, 1907. J. G. Frazer (1918), I, 140, has an interesting
passage on the prominence of the number seven “alike in the Jehovistic
and in the Babylonian narrative” of the flood.
[62] Webster, _Rest Days_, pp. 211-2. Professor Webster, who kindly
read this chapter in manuscript, stated in a letter to me of 2 July
1921 that he remained convinced that “the mystic properties ascribed
to the number seven” can only in part be accounted for by the seven
planets; “Our American Indians, for example, hold seven in great
respect, yet have no knowledge of seven planets.” But it may be noted
that the poet-philosophers of ancient Peru composed verses on the
subject of astrology, according to Garcilasso (cited by W. I. Thomas,
_Source Book for Social Origins_, 1909, p. 293).
[63] L. W. King, _History of Babylon_, 1915, p. 299.
[64] Fossey (1902), pp. 2-3.
[65] Farnell, _Greece and Babylon_, pp. 301-2. On liver divination
see Frothingham, “Ancient Orientalism Unveiled,” _American Journal of
Archaeology_, XXI (1917) 55, 187, 313, 420.
[66] Fossey, p. 66.
[67] Fossey, p. 16.
[68] Lenormant, pp. 35, 147, 158.
[69] Thompson, _Semitic Magic_, pp. xxxviii-xxxix.
[70] _Greece and Babylon_, p. 296.
[71] Lenormant, pp. 146-7.
[72] _Ibid._, p. 158.
[73] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylon and Assyria_, pp. 283-4.
[74] Zimmern, _Beiträge_, p. 173.
[75] _Ibid._, p. 161.
[76] Fossey, p. 399.
[77] Fossey, p. 83.
[78] _Ibid._, pp. 89-91. F. Küchler, _Beiträge zur Kenntnis der
Assyr.-Babyl. Medizin; Texte mit Umschrift, Uebersetzung und
Kommentar_, Leipzig, 1904, treats of twenty facsimile pages of
cuneiform.
[79] Lenormant, p. 190.
[80] _Ibid._, p. 159.
[81] So enlightened in fact that they spoke with some scorn of the
“levity” and “lies” of the Greeks.
[82] _Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_, Chicago, 1911, p. 189.
[83] Thorndike (1905), p. 63.
[84] E. E. Sikes, _Folk-lore in the Works and Days of Hesiod_, in _The
Classical Review_, VII (1893). 390.
[85] Freeman, _History of Sicily_, I, 101-3, citing Herodotus VII, 153.
[86] Butler and Owen, _Apulei Apologia_, note on 30, 30.
[87] For details concerning operative or vulgar magic among the ancient
Greeks see Hubert, _Magia_, in Daremberg-Saglio; Abt, _Die Apologie
des Apuleius von Madaura und die antike Zauberei_, Giessen, 1908; and
F. B. Jevons, “Græco-Italian Magic,” p. 93-, in _Anthropology and the
Classics_, ed. R. Marett; and the article “Magic” in ERE.
[88] I think that this sentence is an approximate quotation from some
ancient author, possibly Diogenes Laertius, but I have not been able to
find it.
[89] J. E. Harrison, _Themis_, Cambridge, 1912. The chapter headings
briefly suggest the argument: “1. Hymn of the Kouretes; 2. Dithyramb,
Δρώμενον, and Drama; 3. Kouretes, Thunder-Rites and Mana; 4. a. Magic
and Tabu, b. Medicine-bird and Medicine-king; 5. Totemism, Sacrament,
and Sacrifice; 6. Dithyramb, Spring Festival, and Hagia Triada
Sarcophagus; 7. Origin of the Olympic Games (about a year-daimon);
8. Daimon and Hero, with Excursus on Ritual Forms preserved in Greek
tragedy; 9. Daimon to Olympian; 10. The Olympians; 11. Themis.”
[90] F. M. Cornford, _Origin of Attic Comedy_, 1914, see especially pp.
10, 13, 55, 157, 202, 233.
[91] A. B. Cook, _Zeus_, Cambridge, 1914, pp. 134-5, 12-14, 66-76.
[92] Rendel Harris, _Picus who is also Zeus_, 1916; _The Ascent of
Olympus_, 1917.
[93] Farnell, _Greece and Babylon_, pp. 292, 178-9.
[94] See Ernest Riess, _Superstitions and Popular Beliefs in Greek
Tragedy_, in _Transactions of the American Philological Association_,
vol. 27 (1896), pp. 5-34; and _On Ancient superstition_, _ibid._ 26
(1895), 40-55. Also J. G. Frazer, _Some Popular Superstitions of the
Ancients_, in _Folk-lore_, 1890, and E. H. Klatsche, _The Supernatural
in the Tragedies of Euripides_, in _University of Nebraska Studies_,
1919.
[95] See Zeller, _Pre-Socratic Philosophy_, II (1881), 119-20, for
further boasts by Empedocles himself and other marvels attributed to
him by later authors.
[96] _Laws_, XI, 933 (Steph.).
[97] _Timaeus_, p. 71 (Steph.).
[98] _Symposium_, p. 188 (Steph.); in Jowett’s translation, I, 558.
[99] _Timaeus_, p. 40 (Steph.); Jowett, III, 459.
[100] _Ibid._, pp. 41-42 (Steph.).
[101] _Timaeus_, p. 39 (Steph.); Jowett, III, 458.
[102] W. Windelband, _History of Philosophy_, English translation by J.
H. Tufts, 1898, p. 147.
[103] Windelband, _History of Ancient Philosophy_, English translation
by H. E. Cushman, 1899.
[104] For a number of examples, which might be considerably multiplied
if books VII-X are not rejected as spurious, see Thorndike (1905),
pp. 62-3. T. E. Lones, _Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science_,
London, 1912, 274 pp., discusses “Aristotle’s method of investigating
the natural sciences,” and a large number of Aristotle’s specific
statements showing whether they were correct or incorrect. The best
translation of the _History of Animals_ is by D’Arcy W. Thompson,
Oxford 1910, with valuable notes.
[105] See the edition of the _History of Animals_ by Dittmeyer (1907),
p. vii, where various monographs will be found mentioned.
[106] Perhaps pure literature was over-emphasized in the Museum at
Alexandria, and magic texts in the library of Assurbanipal.
[107] A list of magic papyri and of publications up to about 1900
dealing with the same is given in Hubert’s article on _Magia_ in
Daremberg-Saglio, pp. 1503-4. See also Sir Herbert Thompson and F. L.
Griffith, _The Magical Demotic Papyrus of London and Leiden_, 3 vols.,
1909-1921; _Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the John Rylands Library,
Manchester, with facsimiles and complete translations_, 1909, 3 vols.
Grenfell (1921), p. 159, says, “A corpus of the magical papyri was
projected in Germany by K. Preisendanz before the war, and a Czech
scholar, Dr. Hopfner, is engaged upon the difficult task of elucidating
them.”
[108] W. C. Battle, _Magical Curses Written on Lead Tablets_, in
_Transactions of the American Philological Association_, XXVI (1895),
pp. liv-lviii, a synopsis of a Harvard dissertation. Audollent,
_Defixionum tabulae_, etc., Paris, 1904, 568 pp. R. Wünsch, _Defixionum
Tabellae Atticae_, 1897, and _Sethianische Verfluchungstafeln aus Rom_
(390-420 A. D.), Leipzig, 1898.
[109] Since 1898 various volumes and parts have appeared under the
editorship of Cumont, Kroll, Boll, Olivieri, Bassi, and others. Much of
the material noted is of course post-classical and Byzantine, and of
Christian authorship or Arabic origin.
[110] For example, see R. Wünsch, _Antikes Zaubergerät aus Pergamon_,
in _Jahrb. d. kaiserl. deutsch. archæol. Instit., suppl._ VI (1905), p.
19.
[111] T. L. Heath, _The Works of Archimedes_, Cambridge, 1897, pp.
xxxix-xl.
[112] On “Aristotle as a Biologist” see the Herbert Spencer lecture by
D’Arcy W. Thompson, Oxford, 1913, 31 pp. Also T. E. Lones, _Aristotle’s
Researches in Natural Science_, London, 1912. Professor W. A. Locy,
author of _Biology and Its Makers_, writes me (May 9, 1921) that
in his opinion G. H. Lewes, _Aristotle; a Chapter from the History
of Science_, London, 1864, “dwells too much on Aristotle’s errors
and imperfections, and in several instances omits the quotation of
important positive observations, occurring in the chapters from which
he makes his quotations of errors.” Professor Locy also disagrees with
Lewes’ estimate of _De generatione_ as Aristotle’s masterpiece and
thinks that “naturalists will get more satisfaction out of reading
the _Historia animalium_” than either the _De generatione_ or _De
partibus_. Thompson (1913), p. 14, calls Aristotle “a very great
naturalist.”
[113] This quotation is from Professor Locy’s letter of May 9, 1921.
[114] The quotations are from a note by Professor D’Arcy W. Thompson on
his translation of the _Historia animalium_, III, 3. The note gives so
good a glimpse of both the merits and defects of the Aristotelian text
as it has reached us that I will quote it here more fully:
“The Aristotelian account of the vascular system is remarkable for its
wealth of details, for its great accuracy in many particulars, and for
its extreme obscurity in others. It is so far true to nature that it
is clear evidence of minute inquiry, but here and there so remote from
fact as to suggest that things once seen have been half forgotten,
or that superstition was in conflict with the result of observation.
The account of the vessels connecting the left arm with the liver
and the right with the spleen ... is a surviving example of mystical
or superstitious belief. It is possible that the ascription of three
chambers to the heart was also influenced by tradition or mysticism,
much in the same way as Plato’s notion of the three corporeal
faculties.”
[115] Professor Locy called my attention to it in a letter of May 17,
1921. See also Thompson (1913), p. 14.
[116] Thompson (1913), p. 19.
[117] L. C. Karpinski, “Hindu Science,” in _The American Mathematical
Monthly_, XXVI (1919), 298-300.
[118] Sir Thomas Heath, _Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus:
a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus together with Aristarchus’s
treatise, “On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon,” a new
Greek text with translation and notes_, Oxford, 1913, admits that “our
treatise does not contain any suggestion of any but the geocentric
view of the universe, whereas Archimedes tells us that Aristarchus
wrote a book of hypotheses, one of which was that the sun and the
fixed stars remain unmoved and that the earth revolves round the sun
in the circumference of a circle.” Such evidence seems scarcely to
warrant applying the title of “The Ancient Copernicus” to Aristarchus.
And Heath thinks that Schiaparelli (_I precursori di Copernico
nell’antichità_, and other papers) went too far in ascribing the
Copernican hypothesis to Heraclides of Pontus. On Aristotle’s answer to
Pythagoreans who denied the geocentric theory see Orr (1913), pp. 100-2.
[119] “Farewell, Nature, parent of all things, and in thy manifold
multiplicity bless me who, alone of the Romans, has sung thy praise.”
[120] For the Latin text of the _Naturalis Historia_ I have used the
editions of D. Detlefsen, Berlin, 1866-1882, and L. Janus, Leipzig,
1870, 6 vols. in 3; 5 vols. in 3. There is, however, a good English
translation of the _Natural History_, with an introductory essay, by
J. Bostock and H. T. Riley, London, 1855, 6 vols. (Bohn Library),
which is superior to both the German editions in its explanatory
notes and subject index, and which also apparently antedates them
in some readings suggested for doubtful passages in the text. Three
modes of dividing the _Natural History_ into chapters are indicated
in the editions of Janus and Detlefsen. I shall employ that found in
the earlier editions of Hardouin, Valpy, Lemaire, and Ajasson, and
preferred in the English translation of Bostock and Riley.
[121] Bostock and Riley (1855), I, xvi.
[122] NH, Preface.
[123] NH, Preface.
[124] NH, XXII, 7.
[125] NH, II, 6.
[126] NH, II, 46.
[127] NH, II, 5. “Deus est mortali iuvare mortalem....”
[128] NH, VII, 56.
[129] Letter to Macer, Ep. III, 5, ed. Keil. Leipzig, 1896.
[130] NH, VII, 1; XXIII, 60; XXV, 1; XXVII, 1.
[131] XXVI, 76.
[132] XXXVII, 11.
[133] XXI, 88.
[134] XXXII, 24.
[135] Yet C. W. King, _Natural History of Precious Stones_, p. 2,
deplores the loss of Juba’s treatise, which he says, “considering
his position and opportunities for exact information, is perhaps the
greatest we have to deplore in this sad catalogue of _desiderata_.”
[136] NH, XXXII, 4.
[137] XXX, 30.
[138] Bouché-Leclercq (1899), p. 519, notes, however, that Aulus
Gellius (X, 12) protested against Pliny’s credulity in accepting
such works as genuine and that “Columelle (VII, 5) cite un certain
Bolus de Mendes comme l’auteur des ὑπομνήματα attribués à Démocrite.”
Bouché-Leclercq adds, however, “Rien n’y fit: Démocrite devint le grand
docteur de la magie.”
[139] NH, VII, 21.
[140] G. H. Lewes, _Aristotle; a Chapter from the History of Science_,
London. 1864.
[141] _Letters of Pliny the Younger_, III, 5, ed. Keil, Leipzig, 1896.
[142] NH, VIII, 34.
[143] XXVIII, 1.
[144] Rück, _Die Naturalis Historia des Plinius im Mittelalter_, in
_Sitzb. Bayer. Akad. Philos-Philol. Classe_ (1908) pp. 203-318. For
citations of Pliny by writers of the late Roman empire and early middle
ages, see Panckoucke, _Bibliothèque Latine-Française_, vol. CVI.
[145] Concerning the MSS see Detlefsen’s prefaces in each of his first
five volumes and his fuller dissertations in Jahn’s _Neue Jahrb._, 77,
653ff, _Rhein. Mus._, XV, 265ff; XVIII, 227ff, 327.
Detlefsen seems to have made no use of English MSS, but a folio of the
close of the 12th century at New College, Oxford, contains the first
nineteen books of the _Natural History_ and is described by Coxe as
“very well written and preserved.”
Nor does Detlefsen mention Le Mans 263, 12th century, containing all
37 books except that the last book is incomplete, and with a full page
miniature (fol. 10v) showing Pliny in the act of presenting his work to
Vespasian. Escorial Q-I-4 and R-I-5 are two other practically complete
texts of the fourteenth century which Detlefsen failed to use.
[146] See M. R. James, Eton Manuscripts, p. 63, MS 134, Bl. 4. 7.,
Roberti Crikeladensis Prioris Oxoniensis excerpta ex Plinii Historia
Naturali, 12-13th century, in a large English hand, giving extracts
extending from Book II to Book IX.
Of Balliol 124, fols. 1-138, _Cosmographia mundi_, by John Free,
born at Bristol or London, fellow at Balliol College, Oxford, later
professor of medicine at Padua and a doctor at Rome, also well
instructed in civil law and Greek, Coxe writes, “This work is nothing
but a series of excerpts from Pliny’s _Natural History_, beginning with
the second and leaving off with the twentieth.” I wonder if John Free
may not have used the very MS of the first nineteen books mentioned in
the foregoing note, since the second book of the _Natural History_ is
often reckoned as the first.
In Balliol 146A, 15th century, fol. 3-, the _Natural History_ appears
in epitome, with a prologue opening, “I, Reginald (_Retinaldus_),
servant of Christ, perusing the books of Pliny....”
[147] Bologna, 952, 15th century, fols. 157-60, “Tractatus optimus in
quo exposuit et aperte declaravit plinius philosophus quid sit lapis
philosophicus et ex qua materia debet fieri et quomodo.”
[148] Fossi, _Catalogus codicum saeculo XV impressorum qui in publica
Bibliotheca Magliabechiana Florentiae adservantur_, 1793-1795, II,
374-81.
[149] _De erroribus Plinii et aliorum in medicina_, Ferrara, 1492.
[150] _Pliniana defensio_, 1494.
[151] Escorial Q-I-4, and R-I-5, both of the 14th century.
[152] NH, V, 1, 12.
[153] XXVI, 6, “usu efficacissimo rerum omnium magistro”; XVII, 2, 12,
“quare experimentis optime creditur.”
[154] II, 66.
[155] XXIX, 23.
[156] XXIX, 11.
[157] XXV, 54, “coramque nobis”; XXV, 106, “nos eam Romanis
experimentis per usus digeremus.”
[158] Sometimes another term, as _usus_ in note 2 above, is employed.
[159] See II, 41, 1-2; II, 108; VII, 41; VII, 56; VIII, 7; XIV, 8;
XVI, 1; XVI, 64; XVII, 2; XVII, 35; XXII, 1; XXII, 43; XXII, 49; XXII,
51; XXV, 7; XXXIV, 39 and 51. Experience is also the idea in the
two following passages, although the word _experimentum_ could not
smoothly be rendered as “experience” in a literal translation: VII, 50,
“Accedunt experimenta et exempla recentissimi census ...”; XXVIII, 45,
“Nec uros aut bisontes habuerunt Graeci in experimentis.”
[160] XVI, 24; XXII, 57; XXVI, 60.
[161] X, 75.
[162] XXXV, 30.
[163] VII, 35
[164] XIII, 3.
[165] XIV, 25.
[166] XVII, 4; XX, 3 and 76; XXII, 23; XXIX, 12; XXXIII, 19 and 43 and
44 and 57; XXXIV, 26 and 48; XXXVI, 38 and 55; XXXVII, 22 and 76; such
phrases as _sinceri experimentum_ and _veri experimentum_ are used for
“test of genuineness.”
[167] XXIII, 31; XXXI, 28.
[168] XXXI, 27.
[169] XVII, 26.
[170] II, 75.
[171] IX, 7.
[172] XXVIII, 6.
[173] XXVIII, 14.
[174] XXIX, 8. “Discunt periculis nostris et experimenta per mortes
agunt.” Bostock and Riley translate the last clause, “And they
experimentalize by putting us to death.” Another possible translation
is, “And their experiments cost lives.“
[175] XXV, 17. ” ... adeo nullo omnia experiendi fine ut cogerentur
etiam venena prodesse.“
[176] XXIX, 4 ” ... ab experimentis se cognominans empiricen.“
[177] IX, 86.
[178] XXXVII, 15.
[179] According to Galen, as we shall hear later, the Empirics relied a
good deal upon chance experience and dreams.
[180] XXV, 6.
[181] XX, 52.
[182] XXV, 20.
[183] XXIII, 27.
[184] Among other virtues of vinegar, besides its supposed property of
breaking rocks, Pliny mentions that if one holds some in the mouth, it
will prevent one from feeling the heat in the baths.
[185] XXV, 6 and 21 and 50; XXVII, 2.
[186] XVI, 24; XXVI, 60.
[187] XXIII, 59.
[188] XXVIII, 7.
[189] In the opening chapters of Book XXX, unless otherwise indicated
by specific citation.
[190] Aulus Gellius, X, 12, and Columella, VII, 5, dispute this
(Bouché-Leclercq, _L’Astrologie grecque_, p. 519). Berthelot
(_Origines de l’alchimie_, p. 145) believes in a Democritan school at
the beginning of the Christian era which wrote the works of alchemy
attributed to Democritus as well as the books of medical and magical
recipes which are quoted in the _Geoponica_ and the _Natural History_.
[191] XVI, 95.
[192] XXX, 2. ” ... quamquam animadverto summam litterarum claritatem
gloriamque ex ea scientia antiquitus et paene semper petitam.”
[193] Examples are: XXV, 59, “Sed magi utique circa hanc insaniunt”;
XXIX, 20, “magorum mendacia”; XXXVII, 60, “magorum inpudentiae vel
manifestissimum ... exemplum”; XXXVII, 73, “dira mendacia magorum.”
[194] See XXII, 9; XXVI, 9; XXVII, 65; XXVIII, 23 and 27; XXIX, 26;
XXX, 7; XXXVII, 14.
[195] XXXVII, 40.
[196] XXX, 5-6.
[197] XXX, 6. “Proinde ita persuasum sit, intestabilem, inritam, inanem
esse, habentem tamen quasdam veritatis umbras, sed in his veneficas
artis pollere, non magicas.”
[198] XXV, 7.
[199] XXVIII, 23.
[200] XXVIII, 2.
[201] XXX, 4.
[202] XXVIII, 19; XXX, 6.
[203] XXVIII, 29.
[204] XXX, 7.
[205] XXIX, 26.
[206] For instance, XXX, 27, he mentions the magi, but not in XXX, 28.
Nor are they mentioned in XXX, 29, but in XXX, 30 “plura eorum remedia
ponemus” seems to refer to them, although we must look back three
chapters for the antecedent of _eorum_.
[207] XXXVII, 14, he says that he is going to confute “the unspeakable
nonsense of the magicians” concerning gems, but makes no specific
citation from them until the thirty-seventh chapter on jasper.
[208] XXX, 47.
[209] XXXVII, 11.
[210] XX, 30; XXI, 38, 94, 104; XXII, 24, 29.
[211] XXI, 36; XXIV, 99.
[212] XXV, 5.
[213] XXIV, 99-102.
[214] See XX, 30; XXI, 36, 38, 94, 104; XXII, 9, 24, 29; XXIV, 99, 102;
XXV, 59, 65, 80-81; XXVI, 9.
[215] XXI, 38.
[216] XXI, 104; XXII, 24.
[217] XXI, 94.
[218] XXII, 29.
[219] XX, 30.
[220] XXI, 38.
[221] XXIV, 99 and 102.
[222] XXV, 5.
[223] XXV, 59.
[224] XXVI, 9.
[225] XXX, 6.
[226] XXX, 7.
[227] XXVIII, 27.
[228] XXVIII, 25.
[229] XXX, 24.
[230] XXIX, 39.
[231] XXIX, 12.
[232] XXX, 6.
[233] XXVIII, 57; XXX, 17.
[234] Use of goat, XXVIII, 56, 63, 78-79; cat, XXVIII, 66; puppy, XXIX,
38; dog, XXX, 24.
[235] XXVIII, 60, 66, 77; XXIX, 26.
[236] XXVIII, 66; XXIX, 15; XXX, 7; XXX, 27; XXXII, 38.
[237] XXX, 8 and 36; see also XXVIII, 60; XXXII, 19 and 24.
[238] XXIX, 23; XXX, 18, 20, 30, 49; XXXII, 14, 18, 24.
[239] XXX, 27.
[240] XXX, 24.
[241] XXX, 24.
[242] XXVIII, 27.
[243] XXVIII, 66; and see XXIX, 12.
[244] XXVIII, 60.
[245] XXVIII, 68.
[246] XXVIII, 78.
[247] XXX, 17.
[248] XXX, 18.
[249] XXXII, 38.
[250] XXIX, 26.
[251] XXVIII, 63.
[252] XXVIII, 56; XXIX, 15.
[253] XXIX, 19.
[254] XXIX, 20.
[255] XXIX, 26; XXX, 7.
[256] Pliny ascribes statements concerning stones to the _magi_ in the
following chapters: XXXVI, 34; XXXVII, 37, 40, 49, 51, 54, 56, 60, 70,
73.
[257] XXXVII, 54 and 40.
[258] XXXVII, 40, 60, 56, 73.
[259] XXVIII, 12, “Magorum haec commenta sunt....“
[260] XXVIII, 23.
[261] Some works upon animals in antiquity and Greece are:
Aubert und Wimmer, _Aristoteles Thierkunde_, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1868.
Baethgen, _De vi et significatione galli in religione et artibus
Graecorum et Romanorum_, Diss. Inaug., Göttingen, 1887.
Bernays, _Theophrasts Schrift über Frömmigkeit_.
Bikélas, O., _La nomenclature de la Faune grecque_, Paris, 1879.
Billerbeck, _De locis nonnullis Arist. Hist. Animal. difficilioribus_,
Hildesheim, 1806.
Dryoff, A., _Die Tierpsychologie des Plutarchs_, Progr. Würzburg, 1897.
_Über die stoische Tierpsychologie_, in _Bl. f. bayr. Gymn._, 33 (1897)
399ff.; 34 (1898) 416.
Erhard, _Fauna der Cykladen_, Leipzig, 1858.
Fowler, W. W., _A Year with the Birds_, 1895.
Hopf, L., _Thierorakel und Orakelthiere in alter und neuer Zeit_,
Stuttgart, 1888.
Hopfner, T., _Der Tierkult der alten Ægypter nach den
griechisch-römischen Berichten und den wichtigen Denkmälern_, in
_Denkschr. d. Akad. Wien_, 1913, ii Abh.
Imhoof-Blumer, F., und Keller, O., _Tier-und Pflanzenbilder auf Münzen
und Gemmen des klassischen Altertums_. illustrated, 1889.
Keller, O., _Thiere des class. Altertums_.
Krüper, _Zeiten des Gehens und Kommens und des Brütens der Vögel in
Griechenland und Ionien_, in Mommsen’s _Griech. Jahreszeiten_, 1875.
Küster, E., _Die Schlange in der griechischen Kunst und Religion_,
Giessen, 1913.
Lebour, _Zoologist_, 1866.
Lewysohn, _Zoologie des Talmuds_.
Lindermayer, A., _Die Vögel Griechenlands_, Passau, 1860.
Locard, _Histoire des mollusques dans l’antiquité_, Lyon, 1884.
Lorenz, _Die Taube im Alterthume_, 1886.
Marx, A., _Griech. Märchen von dankbaren Tieren_, Stuttgart, 1889.
Mühle, H. v. d., _Beiträge zur Ornithologie Griechenlands_, Leipzig,
1844.
Sundevall, _Thierarten des Aristoteles_, Stockholm, 1863.
Thompson, D’Arcy W., _A Glossary of Greek Birds_, 1895. _Aristotle as
a Biologist_, 1913. Also the notes to his translation of the _Historia
animalium_.
Westermarck, E., _The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas_, I (1906)
251-60, gives further bibliography on the subjects of animals as
witnesses and the punishment of animal culprits.
[262] VIII, 1-12.
[263] VIII, 17-21.
[264] XXXII, 5.
[265] VIII, 37.
[266] VIII, 11-12.
[267] XXVII, 2; XVIII, 1.
[268] XXVII, 2; VIII, 41.
[269] XX, 51 and 61; XXII, 37 and 45.
[270] XX, 26.
[271] VIII, 41; XX, 95.
[272] XXIX, 39.
[273] XXV, 50.
[274] XXV, 5.
[275] VIII, 40; XXVIII, 31.
[276] For further remedies used by animals see VIII, 41; XXIX, 14, 38;
XXV, 52-53; XXVIII, 81.
[277] XXVII, 2. “ ... quod certe casu repertum quis dubitet et quotiens
fiat etiam nunc ut novom nasci quoniam feris ratio et usus inter se
tradi non possit?” Perhaps Pliny would have denied the inheritance of
acquired characteristics.
[278] XXV, 51.
[279] XXXVII, 57.
[280] VIII, 4.
[281] VIII, 33.
[282] XXIX, 34; XXX, 10, 19; XXVIII, 46; XXIX, 11; XXX, 16.
[283] XXX, 46.
[284] XXXII, 14.
[285] XXVIII, 37.
[286] A recent work on the general theme is Joret, _Les plantes dans
l’antiquité_, Paris, 1904; see also F. Mentz, _De plantis quas ad rem
magicam facere crediderunt veteres_, Leipzig, 1705, 28 pp.; F. Unger,
_Die Pflanze als Zaubermittel_, Vienna, 1859.
[287] XXII, 3; XXV, 59; XXVII, 28.
[288] XXI, 105. “Halicacabi radicem bibunt qui vaticinari gallantesque
vere ad confirmandas superstitiones aspici se volunt.”
[289] XXV, 43-44.
[290] XXI, 21, 84.
[291] XXV, 5.
[292] XXIII, 64.
[293] XXV, 35.
[294] XXII, 36.
[295] XXIV, 94.
[296] XXV, 46.
[297] XXV, 54.
[298] XXV, 78.
[299] XXIII, 75.
[300] XXIV, 56-57.
[301] XXV, 18; XXVII, 100.
[302] XX, 14; XXIV, 82; XXV, 92.
[303] XXV, 10; XXVII, 60.
[304] XXIV, 6, 93.
[305] XXV, 6.
[306] XX, 49; XXI, 83; XXIII, 54; XXIV, 63; XXV, 59; XXVI, 12.
[307] XXIII, 59.
[308] XXIV, 62.
[309] XXV, 21, 94.
[310] XXIV, 63 and 118.
[311] XXI, 19.
[312] XXIV, 62; XXIII, 59.
[313] XXIII, 81; XXIV, 6, 62, 116.
[314] XXVI, 12.
[315] XXI, 19; XXV, 21, 94.
[316] XXIII, 71, 81; XXIV, 6; XXVII, 62.
[317] XXI, 83; XXV, 109; XXVI, 12.
[318] XXII, 16; XXIII, 54; XXIV, 82; XXVII, 113.
[319] XXIV, 116.
[320] XXV, 92.
[321] XXI, 19; XXV, 11.
[322] XXIV, 62; XXV, 21.
[323] XXIV, 62-63.
[324] XVI, 95.
[325] See XXIV, 6, for other methods of plucking the mistletoe.
[326] XVIII, 45.
[327] See also XXV, 6.
[328] XIX, 58.
[329] XVIII, 70.
[330] XVIII, 73.
[331] XXVIII, 81.
[332] XVIII, 8.
[333] XXXVII, 14, 73.
[334] XXXVII, 55-56.
[335] XXXVII, 13.
[336] For instance, XXXVII, 12 amber, 37 jasper, 39 aetites, 55
“baroptenus.”
[337] XXXVI, 31.
[338] XXXVII, 15, 58, 67.
[339] XXXVI, 25, 39.
[340] XVI, 20.
[341] XXXIII, 25.
[342] XXX, 12, 25.
[343] XX, 3; XXVIII, 6, 9; etc.
[344] II, 63; XXIX, 23.
[345] XXXIII, 34
[346] XX, 51; XXVIII, 21.
[347] VII, 13; XXVIII, 23.
[348] XX, 33; XXII, 30; XXVIII, 18-19.
[349] XXVIII, 8.
[350] XXVIII, 9.
[351] XXVIII, 9-11.
[352] XXVIII, 7.
[353] VII, 2.
[354] XXVIII, 6.
[355] XXII, 49.
[356] XXIV, 102.
[357] In this paragraph I have combined views expressed by Pliny in
three different passages: XXII, 49 and 56; XXIV, 1.
[358] IX, 88; XXIV, 1; XXVIII, 23; XXXII, 12; XXXVII, 15; etc.
[359] XXIV, 1; XXIX, 17.
[360] VIII, 50; XXVIII, 42.
[361] XXIX, 17 and 23.
[362] XXVIII, 43.
[363] XX, 1. “Odia amicitiaque rerum surdarum ac sensu carentium ...
quod Graeci sympathiam appellavere.” XXIV, 1. “Surdis etiam rerum sua
cuique sunt venena ac minimis quoque ... Concordia valent.”
[364] XXVIII, 41; XXXVII, 15. Yet a note in Bostock and Riley’s
translation, IV, 207, asserts, “Pliny is the only author who makes
mention of this singularly absurd notion.”
[365] “Nunc quod totis voluminibus his docere conati summus de
discordia rerum concordiaque quam antipathiam Graeci vocavere ac
sympathiam non aliter clarius intelligi potest.”
[366] XXIV, 41.
[367] XXI, 47.
[368] XX, 36.
[369] XVI, 24.
[370] XXV, 55.
[371] XXXVII, 54.
[372] XXIII, 62; XXIV, 1.
[373] XXVIII, 41.
[374] XXIX, 32.
[375] XXVIII, 61.
[376] XXIX, 27.
[377] XXVII, 74.
[378] XXXVI, 11.
[379] XXV, 3.
[380] XXII, 29.
[381] XXVIII, 9.
[382] XXVIII, 17.
[383] XXVIII, 47.
[384] XXIX, 38.
[385] XXX, 20.
[386] XXVIII, 49.
[387] XXXII, 52.
[388] XXIX, 27.
[389] XXX, 7.
[390] XXXII, 14.
[391] XXX, 20 and 14.
[392] XXXII, 29; XXX, 11.
[393] XXVIII, 42.
[394] XXII, 65.
[395] XXII, 72.
[396] XXII, 32.
[397] XXX, 12.
[398] XXV, 106.
[399] XX, 81.
[400] XXVIII, 47.
[401] XXX, 12, 15.
[402] XXVII, 62.
[403] XXIX, 17.
[404] XXIX, 24.
[405] XXVI, 89.
[406] XXXII, 16; also XX, 39.
[407] XXII, 30.
[408] XXIV, 32, 38.
[409] XX, 72, 82.
[410] XXVI, 69.
[411] XXIX, 36.
[412] XXX, 8.
[413] XXVIII, 10.
[414] XXXII, 24.
[415] XXX, 18.
[416] See also XXX, 8.
[417] XXIV, 106 and 109.
[418] XXIV, 107 and 110.
[419] Some examples are: XVIII, 75, 79; XXII, 72; XXIII, 71; XXVIII,
47; XXIX, 36; XXXII, 14, 25, 38, 46.
[420] XXXII, 14.
[421] XXX, 12.
[422] XXIV, 112.
[423] VIII, 50.
[424] XXVIII, 6.
[425] XXIV, 17.
[426] XXX, 15.
[427] XXIX, 34.
[428] XXXII, 24.
[429] XXXII, 38.
[430] XVII, 47.
[431] XIX, 36.
[432] XVIII, 35.
[433] XXVI, 60.
[434] XXVIII, 7.
[435] XXVII, 75.
[436] XXVII, 106.
[437] XXVIII, 3-4.
[438] XXVII, 35. “Catanancen Thessalam herbam qualis sit describi a
nobis supervacuum est, cum sit usus eius ad amatoria tantum.” XXVII,
99. “Phyteuma quale sit describere supervacuum habeo cum sit usus eius
tantum ad amatoria.”
[439] XXV, 7. “Ego nec abortiva dico ac ne amatoria quidem, memor
Lucullum imperatorem clarissimum amatorio perisse....”
[440] A few examples are: XX, 15, 84, 92; XXIV, 11, 42; XXVI, 64;
XXVII, 42, 99; XXVIII, 77, 80; XXX, 49; XXXII, 50.
[441] XXII, 9.
[442] XXV, 7.
[443] XXIX, 27.
[444] XXX, 1. On the general attitude to astrology of the preceding
Augustan Age and its poets see H. W. Garrod, _Manili Astronomicon Liber
II_, Oxford, 1911, pp. lxv-lxxiii, but I think he overestimates the
probable effect of the edict of 16 A. D. upon the poem of Manilius.
[445] II, 5. “Astroque suo eventus adsignat nascendi legibus semelque
in omnes futuros umquam deo decretum in reliquom vero otium datur.”
[446] VII, 37.
[447] VII, 50.
[448] VII, 57.
[449] II, 24.
[450] II, 6, “Non tanta caelo societas nobiscum est ut nostro fato
mortalis sit ibi quoque siderum fulgor.”
[451] II, 9.
[452] II, 18.
[453] II, 23.
[454] II, 30.
[455] XXV, 5.
[456] II, 1.
[457] II, 4.
[458] II, 16.
[459] II, 13.