ORDER PEDICULATI: THE ANGLERS
=THE Angler-fishes.=—The few remaining fishes possess also jugular
ventral fins, but in other regards they show so many peculiarities of
structure that we may well consider them as forming a distinct order,
_Pediculati_ (_pedicula_, a foot-stalk), although the relation of these
forms to the _Batrachoididæ_ seems a very close one.
The most salient character of the group is the reduction and backward
insertion of the gill-opening, which is behind the pectoral fins, not in
front of them as in all other fishes. The hypocoracoid and hypercoracoid
are much elongate and greatly changed in form, so that the pectoral fin
is borne on the end of a sort of arm. The large ventrals are similarly
more or less exserted. The spinous dorsal is much reduced, the first
spine being modified to form a so-called fishing-rod, projecting over
the mouth with a fleshy pad, lure, or bait at its tip. The form of the
body varies much in the different families. The scales are lost or
changed to prickles and the whole aspect is very singular, and in many
cases distinctly frog-like. The species are mostly tropical, some living
in tide-pools and about coral reefs, some on sandy shores, others in the
oceanic abysses.
The nearest allies of the Pediculates among normal fishes are probably
the _Batrachoididæ_. One species of _Lophiidæ_ is recorded among the
fossils, _Lophius brachysomus_, from the Eocene of Monte Bolca. No
fossil _Antennariidæ_ are known. Fossil teeth from the Cretaceous of
Patagonia are doubtfully named "_Lophius patagonicus_."
=The Fishing-frogs: Lophiidæ.=—In the most generalized family, that of
the fishing-frogs (_Lophiidæ_), the body is very much depressed, the
head the largest part of it. The mouth is excessively wide, with strong
jaw-muscles, and strong sharp teeth. The skin is smooth, with dermal
flaps about the head. Over the mouth, like a fishing-rod, hangs the
first dorsal spine with a lure at the tip. The fishes lie flat on the
bottom with sluggish movements except for the convulsive snap of the
jaws. It has been denied that the bait serves to attract small fishes to
their destruction, but the current belief that it does so is certainly
plausible. As to this Dr. Gill observes:
"The name 'angler' is derived from the supposition that by means of the
foremost dorsal spine, which bears leaf-like tags, or appendages, at the
end, it angles for fishes itself, lying upon the ground with its head
somewhat upraised. According to Mr. S. Kent, however, this is at most
only partly the case: 'That the fish deliberately uses this structure as
a fisherman does his rod and line for the alluring and capture of other
fish is a matter of tradition handed down to us from the time of Pliny
and Aristotle, and which scarcely any authority since their time has
ventured to gainsay. Nevertheless, like many of the delightful
natural-history romances bequeathed to us by the ancient philosophers,
this one of the angler-fish will have to be relegated to the limbo of
disproved fiction. The plain and certain ground of facts, all the same,
has frequently more startling revelations in store for us than the most
fervid imaginations of philosophers, and that this assertion holds good
in the case now under consideration must undoubtedly be admitted. It is
here proposed to show, in fact, that the angler is one of the most
interesting examples upon which Nature has exercised her handicraft, in
the direction of concealing the identity of her protégé, such ingenuity
being sometimes utilized with the object of protecting the organism from
the attacks of other animals, or, as illustrated in the present
instance, for the purpose of enabling it by stealth to obtain prey which
it lacks the agility to hunt down after the manner of ordinary
carnivorous fishes. To recognize the several details here described, it
will not suffice to refer to examples simply, and usually most
atrociously stuffed, nor even to those preserved in spirit, in which all
the life colors are more or less completely obliterated and the various
membranous appendages shrunk up and distorted. In place of this, a
healthy, living example fresh from the sea, or, better still,
acclimatized in the tanks of an aquarium, must be attentively examined,
and whereupon it will be found that this singular fish, throughout the
whole extent of its superficies, may be appropriately designated a
living sham."
It was, in the first place, observed by Mr. Kent "that the fish while
quietly reclining upon the bottom of its tank presented a most
astonishing resemblance to a piece of inert rock, the rugose prominences
in the neighborhood of the head lending additional strength to this
likeness. This resemblance being recognized, it was next found, on a
little closer inspection, that the fish constituted, in connection with
its color, ornamentations, and manifold organs and appendages, the most
perfect facsimile of a submerged rock, with that natural clothing of
sedentary animal and vegetable growths common to boulders lying beneath
the water in what is known as the laminarian zone. In this manner the
numerous simple or lobulated membranous structures dependent from the
lower jaw and developed as a fringe along the lateral line of the body
imitate with great fidelity the little flat calcareous sponges
(_Grantia_), small compound ascidians, and other low organized zoophytic
growths that hang in profusion from favorably situated submarine stones.
That famous structure known as the angler's 'rod and bait' finds its
precise counterpart in the early growing phase of certain sea-plants,
such as the oarweed (_Laminaria_), while the more posterior dorsal
fin-rays, having short lateral branchlets, counterfeit in a like manner
the plant-like hydroid zoophytes known as _Sertulariæ_. One of the most
extraordinary mimetic adaptations was, however, found in connection with
the eyes, structures which, however perfectly the surrounding details
may be concealed, serve, as a rule, to betray the animal's presence to a
close observer. In the case of the angler, the eyes during life are
raised on conical elevations the sides of which are separated by darker
longitudinal stripes into symmetrical regions, the structure, as a
whole, with its truncated summit upon which the pupil opens, reproducing
with the most wonderful minuteness the multivalve shell of a rook
barnacle (_Balanus_). To complete the simile the entire exposed surface
of the body of the fish is mapped out by darker punctated lines into
irregular polygonal areas, whose pattern is at once recognized by the
student of marine zoology as corresponding with that of the flat,
cushion-like expansions of the compound tunicate _Botryllus violaceus_.
Thus disguised at every point, the angler has merely to lie prone, as is
its wont, among the stones and débris at the bottom of the sea and to
wait for the advent of its unsuspecting prey, which, approaching to
browse from what it takes to be a flat rock—differing in no respect from
that off which it obtained the last appetizing morsel of weed or worm—
finds itself suddenly engulfed beyond recall within the merciless jaws
of this marine impostor."
[Illustration:
FIG. 496.—Anko or Fishing-frog, _Lophius litulon_ (Jordan). Matsushima
Bay, Japan.
]
The great fishing-frog of the North Atlantic, _Lophius piscatorius_, is
also known as angler, monkfish, goosefish, allmouth, wide-gape,
kettleman, and bellows-fish. It is common in shallow water both in
America and Europe, ranging southward to Cape Hatteras and to the
Mediterranean. It reaches a length of three feet or more. A fisherman
told Mr. Goode that "he once saw a struggle in the water, and found that
a goosefish had swallowed the head and neck of a large loon, which had
pulled it to the surface and was trying to escape. There is authentic
record of seven wild ducks having been taken from the stomach of one of
them. Slyly approaching from below, they seize birds as they float upon
the surface."
"The angler, or goosefish, spawns in summer along the eastern Atlantic
coast, and the result of its labor is quite remarkable. 'The eggs are
very numerous, inclosed in a ribbon-shaped gelatinous mass, about a foot
in width and thirty or forty feet long, which floats near the surface.
One of these ribbons will weigh perhaps forty pounds, and is usually
partially folded together and visible a foot or eighteen inches from the
top of the water, its color being brownish purple. The number of eggs in
one of these has been estimated to be from forty to fifty thousand.' The
growth of the young after exclusion from the egg is rather rapid, and
Professor Goode saw 'young fish two or three inches long' while others
were yet spawning, and these young fish were presumably the fry of those
that had spawned the same year, only somewhat earlier. In a few days
after hatching they present a striking appearance on account of the
enormous development of the pectoral and ventral fins."
Aristotle gives, according to Professor Horace A. Hoffman, this account
of the angler: "'Inasmuch as the flat, front part is not fleshy, nature
has compensated for this by adding to the rear and the tail as much
fleshy substance as has been subtracted from the front.' The βάτραχος is
called the angler. He fishes with the hair-like filaments hung before
his eyes. On the end of each filament is a little knob, just as if it
had been placed there for a bait. He makes a disturbance in sandy or
muddy places, hides himself and raises these filaments. When the little
fish strikes at them he leads them down with the filaments until he
brings them to his mouth. The βάτραχος is one of the σελάχη. All the
σελάχη are viviparous or ovoviviparous except the βάτραχος. The other
flat σελάχη have their gills uncovered and underneath them, but the
βάτραχος has its gills on the side and covered with skinny opercula, not
with horny opercula like the fish which are not σελαχώδη. Some fishes
have the gall-bladder upon the liver, others have it upon the intestine,
more or less remote from the liver and attached to it by a duct. Such
are βάτραχος, ἔλλοψ, συνάγρίς, σμύραινα, and ξιφίας. The βάτραχος is the
only one of the σελάχη which is oviparous. This is on account of the
nature of its body, for it has a head many times as large as the rest of
its body, and spiny and very rough. For this same reason it does not
afterwards admit its young into itself. The size and roughness of the
head prevent them both from coming out (i.e., being born alive) and from
going in (being taken into the mouth of the parent). The βάτραχος is the
most prolific of the σελάχη, but it is scarce because the eggs are
easily destroyed, for it lays them in a bunch near the shore."
The genus _Lophius_ of northern range has a vertebral column of about
thirty vertebræ. _Lophius litulon_ occurs in Japan. In the North Pacific
is found _Lophiomus_, similar in appearance but smaller in size, ranging
southward to the equator, a southern fish having but eighteen vertebræ.
_Lophiomus setigerus_ is the common anko of Japan, and other species are
recorded from Hawaii, and the Galapagos.
=The Sea-devils: Ceratiidæ.=—The sea-devils, or _Ceratiidæ_, are
degenerate anglers of various forms, found in the depths of the arctic
seas. The body is compressed, the mouth vertical; the substance is very
soft, and the color uniform black. Dr. Günther thus speaks of them:
[Illustration:
FIG. 497.—_Cryptopsaras couesi_ Gill. Gulf Stream.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 498.—Deep-sea Angler, _Ceratias holbolli_ Kröyer. Greenland.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 499.—_Caulophryne jordani_ Goode & Bean. Gulf Stream. Family
_Ceratiidæ_.
]
"The bathybial sea-devils are degraded forms of _Lophius_; they descend
to the greatest depths of the ocean. Their bones are of an extremely
light and thin texture, and frequently other parts of their
organization, their integuments, muscles, and intestines are equally
loose in texture when the specimens are brought to the surface. In their
habits they probably do not differ in any degree from their surface
representative, _Lophius_. The number of the dorsal spines is always
reduced, and at the end of the series of these species only one spine
remains, with a simple, very small lamella at the extremity
(_Melanocetus johnsonii_, _Melanocetus murrayi_). In other forms
sometimes a second cephalic spine, sometimes a spine on the back of the
trunk, is preserved. The first cephalic spine always retains the
original function of a lure for other marine creatures, but to render it
more effective a special luminous organ is sometimes developed in
connection with the filaments with which its extremity is provided
(_Ceratias bispinosus_, _Oneirodes eschrichtii_). So far as known at
present these complicated tentacles attain to the highest degree of
development in _Himantolophus_ and _Ægæonichthys_. In other species very
peculiar dermal appendages are developed, either accompanying the spine
on the back or replacing it. They may be paired or form a group of
three, are pear-shaped, covered with common skin, and perforated at the
top, a delicate tentacle sometimes issuing from the foramen."
Of the fifteen or twenty species of _Ceratiidæ_ described, none are
common and all are rare catches of the deep-sea dredge. _Caulophryne
jordani_ is remarkable for its large fins and the luminous filaments,
_Linophryne lucifer_ for its large head, and _Corynolophus reinhardti_
(Fig. 143, Vol. I) for its luminous fishing-bulb.
[Illustration:
FIG. 500.—Sargassum-fish, _Pterophryne tumida_ (Osbeck). Florida.
Family _Antennariidæ_.
]
=The Frogfishes: Antennariidæ.=—The frogfishes, _Antennariidæ_, belong
to the tropical seas and rarely descend far below the surface. Most of
them abound about sand-banks or coral reefs, especially along the shores
of the East and West Indies, where they creep along the rocks like
toads. Some are pelagic, drifting about in floating masses of seaweed.
All are fantastic in form and color, usually closely imitating the
objects about them. The body is compressed, the mouth nearly vertical,
and the skin either prickly or provided with fleshy slips.
The species of _Pterophryne_ live in the open sea, drifting with the
currents in masses of sargassum. Two species, _Pterophryne tumida_ and
_Pterophryne gibba_, are found in the West Indies and Gulf Stream. Two
others very similar, _Pterophryne histrio_ and _Pterophryne ranina_,
live in the East Indies and drift in the Kuro Shiwo of Japan. All these
are light olive-brown with fantastic black markings.
[Illustration:
FIG. 501.—Fishing-frog, _Antennarius nox_ Jordan. Wakanoura, Japan.
]
The genus _Antennarius_ contains species of the shoals and reefs, with
markings which correspond to the colors of the rocks. These fishes are
firm in texture with a velvety skin, and the prevailing color is brown
and red. There are many species wherever reefs are found. _Antennarius
ocellatus_, the pescador, is the commonest West Indian species.
_Antennarius multiocellatus_, with many ocellated spots, is the Martin
Pescador of Cuba, also common.
On the Pacific coast of Mexico the commonest species is _Antennarius
strigatus_. In Japan, _Antennarius tridens_ abounds everywhere on the
muddy bottoms of the bays. _Antennarius_ _nox_ is a jet-black species of
the Japanese reefs, and _Antennarius sanguifluus_ is spotted with
blood-red in imitation of coralline patches. Many other species abound
in the East Indies and in Polynesia. The genus _Chaunax_ is represented
by several deep-water species of the West Indies, Japan, etc.
[Illustration:
FIG. 502.—Shoulder-girdle of a Batfish, _Ogcocephalus radiatus_
(Mitchill).
]
The _Gigactinidæ_ of the deep seas differ from the _Ogcocephalidæ_,
according to Boulenger, in the absence of ventrals.
[Illustration:
FIG. 503.—Frogfish, _Antennarus scaber_ (Cuvier). Puerto Rico.
]
=The Batfishes: Ogcocephalidæ.=—The batfishes, _Ogcocephalidæ_, are
anglers with the body depressed and covered with hard bony warts. The
mouth is small and the bony bases of the pectoral and ventral fins are
longer than in any other of the anglers. The species live in the warm
seas, some in very shallow water, others descending to great depths, the
deep-sea forms being small and more or less degenerate. These walk along
like toads on the sea-bottoms; the ventrals, being jugular, act as fore
legs and the pectorals extend behind them as hind legs.
[Illustration:
FIG. 504.—_Ogcocephalus vespertilio_ (L.). Florida.
]
The common sea-bat, or diablo, of the West Indies, _Ogcocephalus
vespertilio_, is dusky in color with the belly coppery red. It reaches
the length of a foot. The angling spine is very short, hidden under the
long stiff process of the snout. Farther north occurs the short-nosed
batfish, _Ogcocephalus radiatus_, very similar, but with the nostril
process, or snout, blunt and short. _Zalieutes elater_, with a large
black eye-like spot on each side of the back, is found on the west coast
of Mexico. In deeper water are species of _Halieutichthys_ in the West
Indies and of _Halieutæa_ in Japan. _Dibranchus atlanticus_ has the
gills reduced to two pairs. _Malthopsis_ consists of small species, with
the rostrum prominent, like a bishop's miter. Two species are found in
the Pacific, _Malthopsis mitrata_ in Hawaii and _Malthopsis tiarella_ in
Japan.
* * * * *
And with these dainty freaks of the sea, the results of centuries on
centuries of specialization, degeneration, and adaptation, we close the
long roll-call of the fishes, living and dead. And in their long
genealogy is enfolded the genealogy of men and beasts and birds and
reptiles and of all other back-boned animals of whom the fish-like forms
are at once the ancestors, the cousins, and the younger brothers. When
the fishes of the Devonian age came out upon the land, the potentiality
of the higher methods of life first became manifest. With the new
conditions, more varied and more exacting, higher and more varied
specialization was demanded, and, in response to these new conditions,
from a fish-like stock have arisen all the birds and beasts and men that
have dwelt upon the earth.
[Illustration:
FIG. 505.—Batfish, _Ogcocephalus vespertilio_ (L.). Florida.
]
[Illustration:
FIG. 506.—Batfish, _Ogcocephalus vespertilio_ (Linnæus). Carolina
Coast.
]
THE END.
INDEX
aal-mutter, ii, 144
Abbott, i, 415, 419, 422; ii, 307, 534
on perch, ii, 307
abdominal fishes, ii, 39
Abdominales, i, 393; ii, 38, 39
Abeona, ii, 375
Abramis, ii, 167
figure of, ii, 168
Aboma,
figure of, ii, 462
abundance of food-fish, i, 329
abura-ainame, ii, 440
abura-bodzu, ii, 323
aburazame, i, 524
Acantharchus, ii, 297
Acanthistius, ii, 323
Acanthobatis, i, 553
Acanthocephala, i, 344, 351
Acanthocepola, ii, 363
Acanthoclinidæ, ii, 516
Acanthoclinus, ii, 516
Acanthocybium, ii, 266
Acanthodei, i, 65, 437, 447, 513, 519, 545, 561
Dean on, i, 517
families of, i, 516
order of, i, 514
Woodward on, i, 514
Acanthoëssidæ, i, 515, 516
Acanthoëssus, i, 446, 510-513
figure of, i, 515
scales of, figured, i, 521
Acantholabrus, ii, 387
Acanthonemus, ii, 286
Acanthopteri, ii, 157
Acanthopterygian, ii, 39, 293
Acanthopterygii, i, 391; ii, 189, 208-214
Acanthostracion, i, 377
Acanthuridæ, i, 206; ii, 405, 407, 410, 411
family of, ii, 407
Acanthurus, i, 268, 271; ii, 407, 409
Acanus, ii, 330
Acara, ii, 381
Acentronura, ii, 236
Acerina, ii, 241, 309
Acentrophorus, ii, 23
Achirinæ, ii, 495
Achirus,
figure of, ii, 496
Acipenser, i, 291, 332, 391, 452; ii, 18, 19, 20, 22
figure of, ii, 19, 20
larva of, figured, i, 141
Acipenseridæ, i, 290; ii, 18
Acipenseroidei, i, 382
Acraniata, i, 484
Acrocheilus, ii, 169
Acrogaster, ii, 252
Acrognathus, ii, 34
Acropoma, ii, 317
Acropomidæ, ii, 317
Acrotidæ, ii, 285
Acrotus, ii, 285
Actinistia, i, 602
order of, i, 604
Actinopteri, i, 451, 507, 599, 610; ii, 1, 2, 4, 5, 208
Actinopterygii, i, 462; ii, 1
Actinosts, ii, 1, 33
actinotrichia, i, 80
Adaptation of fishes, i, 177-225
adaptive radiation,
law of, i, 296
adder-fish, ii, 501
Adelfisch, ii, 65
Adelochorda, i, 461
Adinia, ii, 199
adipose fin, i, 25
Ægæonichthys, ii, 549
Æoliscus,
figure of, ii, 235
Ærolepis, ii, 14
Æthalion, ii, 41
Ætheospondyli, ii, 24, 29
Æthoprora,
figure of, i, 188
Aëtobatis, i, 557
figure of, i, 558
African catfish,
figure of, i, 457; ii, 185
Agassiz, A., i, 405
Agassiz, L., i, 419, 428, 614; ii, 1, 39, 183, 486
on dispersion, i, 284
on Embiotocidæ, ii, 378, 379
on embryology of garpike, ii, 31
on fish fauna of N. E., i, 302
on fossil fishes, i, 404
on ganoids, ii, 9
on high and low forms, i, 381
on Lepidosteus, ii, 5
on Onchus, i, 530
portrait of, i, 399
pupils of, i, 405
questions raised by, i, 284
sketch of, i, 404
Age of fishes, i, 144-146
agency of ocean currents, i, 243
Agnatha, i, 508
Agonidæ, i, 208; ii, 3, 185, 452, 453, 456
family of, ii, 449
Agonoid fish,
figure of, i, 221; ii, 453
Agonostomus, ii, 107, 222
Agonus, i, 219; ii, 453
Agrammus, ii, 440
Ahl, i, 394
aholehole, ii, 304
air-bladder, i, 11
air-duct, i, 12
Aristotle on, 95
Borelli on, i, 95
of Carp, i, 93; ii, 159, 160
in Cœlacanthus, i, 604
defined, i, 92, 93
De Fosse on, i, 97
Delaroche on, i, 95
figure of, i, 93, 604
function of, i, 94
in ganoids, i, 101
gases in, i, 94
in Labyrinthici, i, 91
an organ of hearing, ii, 159
origin of, i, 98
position of, i, 35
Sörensen on, i, 97
Tower on, i, 95
use of, i, 12
wanting in sharks, i, 506
Weber on, i, 96
akadai, ii, 344
Alaska blackfish, i, 51, 147, 290
figure of, i, 149; ii, 206
Alaska cod, ii, 536
Alaska grayling,
figure of, i, 328; ii, 120
Alaskan rivers,
fishes of, i, 304, 305
Albacore, i, 210; ii, 136
figure of, ii, 263
Goode on, ii, 263
long fin, ii, 263
Albatross, the i, 263, 408; ii, 60, 130, 138
Albatrossia, ii, 541
Albula, i, 142, 205; ii, 29, 46, 148
figure of, i, 147; ii, 44
Albulidæ, ii, 41, 44
Alburnus, ii, 167
Alcock, i, 244, 408; ii, 290
Aldrich,
photograph by, i, 303
Aldrovandi, i, 388
Aldrovandia,
figure of, ii, 138
Alectis, i, 202; ii, 276
aleihi, ii, 253
Alepisauridæ, i, 134
Alepocephalidæ, ii, 60
Alepocephalus,
figure of, ii, 60
alewife, ii, 49
figure of, ii, 50
alfonsinos, ii, 251
alimentary canal, i, 31
alkaloid poisons, i, 182, 184, 185; ii, 411, 412
allantiasis, i, 183
alligator-fish, ii, 449, 453
alligator-gar,
figure of, ii, 31
allmouth, ii, 545
Alopiidæ,
family of, i, 536
Alosa, i, 204, 291; ii, 50
Alticus,
figure of, i, 230; ii, 509
Alutera, i, 206; ii, 414, 415
amadai, ii, 363
Amanses, ii, 415
figure of, ii, 414
Amaræcium, i, 477
Ambassis, ii, 317
Ambassidæ, ii, 317
amber-fish, ii, 272
figure of, i, 458; ii, 273
amber-jack, ii, 274
Amblodon, i, 302
Ambloplites,
figure of, ii, 299
skull of, figured, ii, 296
Amblyopsidæ, 290; ii, 204
family of, ii, 200
Amblyopsis, i, 220, 314
figure of, i, 221, 222; ii, 203
Amblypterus, ii, 14
Amblystoma, i, 78
Ameiurus, i, 283, 293, 310, 356; ii, 35, 183, 185, 186, 299
figure of, i, 344, 358; ii, 180, 181
parasites of, i, 344
American charr, ii, 110
American fishes,
Goode on, i, 335
Amia, i, 33, 101, 102, 204, 291, 344, 391, 612, 623; ii, 8, 9, 11, 31,
33, 36, 41, 160
figure of, ii, 33, 35
lower jaw of, ii, 33
shoulder-girdle in, i, 86
tail of, i, 82
Amiatus, i, 394
Amiidæ, i, 290; ii, 4, 34, 35, 36
Amioidei,
Lütken on, ii, 33
Amiopsis, ii, 36
Amitra, ii, 454
Ammocœtes, i, 142
Ammocrypta, ii, 306
figure of, i, 158; ii, 313
Ammodytes, ii, 224, 391, 514, 522
figure of, ii, 521
Ammodytidæ, ii, 215, 520, 521
Amphacanthi,
suborder of, ii, 409
Ampheristus, ii, 436
Amphibia, i, 393, 600, 606
Amphibians, ii, 9
origin of, i, 600
Amphicœlian, i, 49
Amphiodon, i, 394
Amphioxides, i, 483
Amphioxus, i, 482, 495
Amphiplaga, ii, 243
Amphipnoidæ, 11, 141
Amphipnous, ii, 141
Amphiprion, ii, 384
Amphisile, ii, 235
Amphisticus, ii, 375
Amphistiidæ,
family of, ii, 245, 247
Amphistium, ii, 485
figure of, ii, 247
Amyzon, ii, 175
Anabantidæ, ii, 215, 370
Gill on, i, 366
Anabas, i, 91, 103, 163
figure of, ii, 366
Anableps, i, 117, 391; ii, 131
eye of, ii, 194
figure of, i, 117
Marsh on, ii, 194
Nelson on, ii, 196
Anacanthini, i, 405; ii, 484, 485, 499, 501, 532, 533, 538
order of, ii, 532, 533
anadromous fishes, i, 291
anadromous salmon, ii, 68
anal fin, i, 10
in Embiotocidæ, i, 125
as intromittent organ, i, 124
in Pœciliidæ, i, 125
in sword-tail minnow, i, 124
analogy and homology, i, 368, 369
Coues on, i, 369
Anampses, ii, 390
Anarhichadidæ, ii, 517
Anarhichas, i, 208, 391; ii, 518
figure of, ii, 517
food of, ii, 518
Anarchias, ii, 153
Anarrhichthys, i, 208, 364; ii, 518
skull of, ii, 517
Anarthri, i, 509
Anarthrodira, i, 584, 585, 590
Anaspida, i, 573, 622
order of, i, 579
anatomy of tunicates,
figure showing, i, 472
Anchovia, i, 199, 205
figure of, ii, 54
anchovy,
figure of, ii, 54
anchovy, silvery,
figure of, ii, 54
ancient outlet of Lake Bonneville,
photograph of, i, 303
Ancylostylos, ii, 45
Andaman Islands,
fishes of, i, 166
Andrews, i, 428
Anema, ii, 504
angel-fishes, i, 547, 549
figure of, ii, 401, 404
angler-fishes, i, 189, 206; ii, 542-553
carpels of, i, 51
figure of, i, 52
Gill on, ii, 543
habits of, ii, 543-545
Kent on, ii, 543
anglers,
dorsal fin in, i, 202
angling, i, 336
Young on, i, 337-339
Anguilla, i, 127, 162, 211; ii, 143
figure of, ii, 142, 148
Anguillidæ, i, 290; ii, 148
family of, ii, 142
angular, i, 606
Anisotremus, i, 271; ii, 341
Anomalopidæ,
family of, ii, 317
anko,
figure of, ii, 545
Anomalops, ii, 317
Anoplogaster, ii, 252
Anoplopoma,
figure of, ii, 438
Anoplopomidæ,
family of, ii, 438
Anoplus, i, 260; ii, 333
Antechinomys, ii, 471
Antennariidæ, i, 52; ii, 542, 549, 553
Aristotle on, ii, 546
deep-sea, ii, 548
Goode on, ii, 545
habits of, ii, 544-546
Hoffmann on, ii, 546
spawning of, ii, 546
Antennarius, i, 197, 206
figure of, ii, 550, 553
Anthias, ii, 328
Antiarcha, i, 573, 581, 590, 622
order of, i, 576
Antigonia, i, 262
Anyperodon, ii, 328
ao, ii, 274
Apeltes,
figure of, ii, 232
Aphanopus, i, 210
Aphareus,
figure of, ii, 339
Aphredoderidæ, i, 290; ii, 243, 294
Aphredoderus, ii, 204, 252, 291, 294, 296
figure of, ii, 295
Apia,
coral reef of, figured, i, 234
Apichthys, ii, 278
Aplidiopsis,
figure of, i, 479
Aploactis, i, 202
Aplodactylidæ, ii, 363
Aplodactylus, ii, 364
Aplodinotus, i, 291, 302; ii, 354, 357
Apocopodon, i, 558
Apodes, i, 393, 611; ii, 40, 139-158, 532
order of, ii, 141
Apodichthys, i, 227; ii, 512
Apogon,
figure of, i, 455; ii, 316, 319
Apogonidæ,
family of, ii, 316
Apomotis, i, 26, 310; ii, 301
figure of, i, 27; ii, 350
Apostasis, ii, 406
Apostolides, i, 412
Appendicularia, i, 466
Brooks on, i, 480
Appendiculariidæ, i, 474
Aprion, i, 325; ii, 338
Apsilus, ii, 338
aquatic worms, ii, 143
Aracana, ii, 417
Arapaima, ii, 11, 56
Arbaciosa,
species of, ii, 531
Archæomænidæ, ii, 29
Archæus, ii, 278
Archencheli,
suborder of, ii, 141, 142
archers, ii, 400
archicercal tail, i, 81, 83
archipterygium, i, 59-61, 68, 69, 73, 446, 459, 511, 512, 522, 598,
600, 601
Boulenger on, i, 79
Gegenbaur on, i, 60
Günther on, i, 60
archnoid membrane, i, 109
Archoplites, i, 179, 240; ii, 297
figure of, i, 258
Archosargus, i, 324; ii, 346
figure of, i, 31; ii, 347
Archoteuthis, ii, 410
Arctic codling, ii, 537
Arctic species,
in lakes, i, 316
Loven on, i, 317
Malmgren on, i, 317
Smith on, i, 317
Arctoscopus, ii, 364
Argentina, i, 391
Argentinidæ, ii, 122, 124
Argidæ, ii, 185
Argyropelecus,
figure of, i, 190; ii, 137
Argyrosomus, i, 315; ii, 62, 65, 67
figure of, ii, 66
Ariscopus, i, 257
figure of, ii, 504
Aristotle, ii, 146
on fishes of Greece, i, 387
on noises of fish, i, 95
Arius, ii, 178, 186
arm of frog, i, 601
figure of, i, 71
ama-ama, ii, 221
armado, i, 169
arnillo, ii, 338
Arnoglossus, ii, 488
arrow-toothed halibut, ii, 491
Artedi, i, 374, 390
on genera, i, 391
Artediellus, ii, 442
Artedius, ii, 442
Arthrodira, i, 573, 584, 585, 590, 612
Dean on, i, 581
Jækel on, i, 591
Arthrodires, i, 204, 241, 436, 437, 603, 622; ii, 3
classification of, i, 584
figure of, i, 445, 584
occurrence of, i, 583
relationships of, i, 588
Arthropteridæ, i, 553
Arthropterus, i, 553
Arthrognathi, i, 581, 584, 585, 589, 590
Dean on, i, 584
Arthrothoraci, i, 584, 586, 587
articular, i, 606
artificial impregnation,
Jacobian method, i, 150
Ascanius, i, 396; ii, 472
Ascelichthys, ii, 449
Ascidia,
figure of, i, 474
Ascidiacea, i, 474
ascidians, i, 460, 467
Kingsley on, i, 474
Ritter on, i, 474
Ascidiiæ, i, 474, 475
Ascidina,
figure of, i, 475
Aseraggodes, ii, 496
Ashmead,
on leprosy transmission, i, 186
Asineopidæ, ii, 243, 296, 317
Asineops, ii, 243, 317
Asmuss, i, 427
Aspasma, ii, 531
figure of, ii, 530
Aspidocephali, i, 568, 575
Aspidoganoidei, i, 568
Aspidophoroides,
figure of, ii, 453
Aspidorhini, i, 568
Aspidorhynchidæ, ii, 24, 29
Aspidorhynchus, ii, 29
Aspius, ii, 175
Aspredo, ii, 184
Aspro, ii, 307, 310
figure of, ii, 309
aspron, ii, 309
figure of, ii, 310
Asterolepidæ, i, 576, 623
Asterolepis, i, 577, 591
Asterospondyli, i, 447, 510, 513, 532
order of, i, 525
asterospondylous, i, 49
Asterosteidæ, i, 584, 585
Asterosteus, i, 585
Asterropteryx, i, 263
Astrodermiidæ, i, 551
Astrodermus, i, 551
Astrolabe, the, i, 408
Astrolytes,
figure of, ii, 442
Astronesthidæ, ii, 128
Astrape, i, 554
Astroscopus, ii, 503
Gilbert on, i, 187
electric organs of, i, 187
Asymmetron, i, 483; ii, 467
Ateleaspis, i, 574
Atheresthes, i, 205; ii, 491
Atherina, i, 393; ii, 216
Atherinidæ, i, 290; ii, 215
Atherinops, ii, 218
Atherinopsis,
figure of, ii, 218
Atherinosoma, ii, 218
Athlennes, ii, 211
Atka fish,
figure of, i, 328; ii, 439
Atka mackerel, ii, 439
Atlantic creek, i, 308, 309
Atlantic oarfish, ii, 472
Atlantic salmon, ii, 89
attenuate, i, 19
Atthey, i, 426
Auchenopterus, ii, 508
atule, ii, 275
auditory ossicles, ii, 160
Aulichthys, ii, 233
Aulolepis, ii, 48
Aulopidæ, ii, 130, 132
Aulopus, i, 259; ii, 190
Aulorhamphus, ii, 406
Aulorhynchidæ,
family of, ii, 232
Aulorhynchus, ii, 233
Aulostomidæ,
family of, ii, 233
Aulostomus, ii, 233
figure of, ii, 234
Australia, ii, 363
Australian flying-fish,
figure of, i, 341
Australian lung-fish, i, 100
autochthonous, i, 245
autostylic skull, i, 561; ii, 8
Auxis, ii, 262
awa, ii, 45, 221
awaawa, ii, 43
awaous, i, 254; ii, 465
aweoweo, ii, 333
Axinurus, ii, 409
axonasts, i, 604, 605; ii, 17
Ayres, i, 419, 428
ayu, i, 256; ii, 115, 117, 118
figure of, i, 321; ii, 116
fishing for figured, i, 333, 335
Azevia, i, 271; ii, 489
d'Azyr, i, 390
Azygostei, i, 581
azygous, i, 88
Baer, i, 428
Bagarius, ii, 186
bagonado, ii, 344
bagre, ii, 182
bagre de Rio, ii, 182
Bagrus, ii, 183
Baikal cods, ii, 455
Baird, i, 419; ii, 142
on bluefish, ii, 279-282
on eel migrations, ii, 142
portrait of, i, 407
Bairdiella, ii, 355
figure of, ii, 355
Bakker, i, 428
Balanoglossidæ, i, 465
Balanglossus, i, 461
Balanus, ii, 544
balaos, ii, 212
Balfour, i, 428, 511, 513; ii, 8
finfold theory, i, 69, 514
lateral-fold theory, i, 71-73
on paired fins, ii, 8
on sharks, i, 511
Balfour and Parker,
on Lepidosteus, ii, 5
Balistapus, i, 181; ii, 413
Balistes, i, 206, 391, 611; ii, 22
figure of, i, 184; ii, 412
Balistidæ, ii, 413, 418
family of, ii, 412
Ballou,
on eels, ii, 417
banded rockfish,
figure of, ii, 432
banded sunfish,
figure of, ii, 299
bandfishes, ii, 363
bandfishes,
the crested, ii, 291
Banks, i, 395
barbels, i, 115; ii, 170
organs of touch, i, 122
barber-fish, ii, 328
barbero, ii, 408
barbudos, ii, 256
Barbulifer, ii, 462
Barbus, ii, 170, 175
Barkas, i, 426
Barneville, i, 412
Barracuda, ii, 34, 39, 215, 266, 317, 469
Barracuda,
family of, ii, 222
figure of, ii, 223
Barramunda, i, 116, 614, 615
Günther on, i, 615
barreto, ii, 467
barriers,
Alleghanies, i, 311
artificial dams, i, 300
Cape of Good Hope, i, 268
checks to movement, i, 240
crossing by fishes, i, 302
to dispersion, i, 297
Isthmus of Panama, i, 269
local, i, 298
mountain chains, i, 310
Rocky Mountains, i, 305
the Sierras, i, 310
silt-bearing streams, i, 301
species absent from, i, 239
temperature, i, 298
waterfalls, i, 300
watersheds, i, 205
basal bone,
of dorsal fin, i, 49
figure of, i, 49, 56
of pectoral fin, i, 59
baseosts, ii, 17
basilar, i, 88
Basilevsky, i, 411
basking shark, i, 539
figure of, i, 540
largest of fishes, i, 539
bass, i, 4, 21, 47, 290, 323, 440; ii, 316-350
black, i, 303, 304
white, i, 321
yellow, i, 321
bassalian fishes, i, 245, 246; ii, 128
Bassani, i, 427
Bassozetus,
figure of, i, 456
bastard halibut, ii, 489
Bateson, i, 463
batfish, ii, 402, 458
figure of, ii, 553
shoulder-girdle of, i, 88; ii, 551
Bathyclupeidæ, ii, 290
Bathygadus, ii, 541
Bathylagus, ii, 127
Bathymaster, ii, 502
figure of, ii, 503
Bathymasteridæ, ii, 502
Bathyonidæ, ii, 540
Bathyonus, ii, 540
Bathypteroidæ, ii, 130
Bathypterois, ii, 131
Batoidei, i, 519
suborder of, i, 549
Batrachians, i, 85, 87, 88
Batrachoides, i, 394; ii, 526
Batrachoides,
shoulder-girdle of, i, 59
Batrachoididæ, i, 182, 192; ii, 525, 529, 542
Batrachoids, ii, 529
Batrictius, i, 394
Bdellostoma, i, 490
Beagle, the, i, 408
Bean, i, 408, 419
Beardslee, ii, 101
Beardslee trout, ii, 101
Belemnobatis, i, 551
Bellotti, i, 412
bellows fish, ii, 545
Belon,
on fishes of Mediterranean, i, 388
Belone, ii, 210, 211
Belonidæ,
family of, ii, 210
Belonorhynchidæ, ii, 514
Belonorhynchus, ii, 17
Belostomus, ii, 29
Bembradidæ, ii, 441, 499
Bembras, ii, 441
Benecke,
on spawning of eels, ii, 146
Beneden, i, 427
benimasu, ii, 72
Bennett, i, 408, 416
Bentenia, ii, 286
Benthosauridæ, ii, 130
Benthosaurus, ii, 131
Berg, i, 415
portrait of, i, 409
Berndt,
opah taken by, ii, 244
photograph by, i, 323
Berycidæ, i, 206; ii, 294, 499
family of, ii, 251
Berycoidei, ii, 40, 245, 290, 484, 485
suborder of, ii, 250-257
Berycoid fishes, ii, 250
figure of, i, 439; ii, 253
Starks on, ii, 250
Berycoids, ii, 247
Berycopsis, ii, 285
Beryx, i, 259, 263, 438; ii, 249, 289
figure of, ii, 251
beshow, ii, 438
Betta, i, 163; ii, 370
biajaiba, ii, 336
Bianconi, i, 412
Bibron, i, 412
big-eye, ii, 333
figure of, ii, 332
big-eyed scad, ii, 275
Birkenia, i, 580
figure of, i, 579
Birkeniidæ, i, 579
bishop-fish, i, 361
bishop-fish,
figure of, i, 361
Björnson,
on fishing villages of Norway, i, 329
black angel, ii, 405
black angel-fish,
figure of, ii, 403
black bass, i, 209; ii, 168, 301, 328
Hallock on, ii, 302
Henshall on, ii, 302
large-mouthed, ii, 304
small-mouthed, ii, 303
black bream, ii, 206
Black Current of Japan, sharks in, i, 536
black escolar, 338
black-fin snapper, ii, 336
blackfish, ii, 387
black grouper, ii, 323, 325
black-horse, ii, 173
Blackiston's line,
relation to fishes, i, 257
black-jack, ii, 276
black nohu,
figure of, i, 180; ii, 436
stinging spines of, i, 180
black-nosed dace,
figure of, i, 342; ii, 164
parasites on, i, 342
black rockfish, ii, 429
black ruff, ii, 284
black sea-bass, ii, 329
black-sided darter,
figure of, ii, 311
blacksmith, ii, 381
black-spotted sailor's choice, ii, 341
black-spotted trout, ii, 95
black swallower,
figure of, i, 29; ii, 360
black tai, ii, 344
black will, ii, 328
black wrasse, ii, 387
Blainville, i, 400
on Palæoniscum, ii, 14
Blake, i, 60, 408
Blanchard, i, 412
blanquillos, ii, 361, 362
blastoderm, i, 135
blastomeres, i, 135
blastopore, i, 138
blastula, i, 131, 132
bleak, ii, 163, 167
Bleeker, i, 376, 412, 414
Bleekeria, ii, 521
Bleekeriidæ, ii, 522
Blenniidæ, i, 208, 276, 290; ii, 506-531
Blennioidea, ii, 470
Blennius, i, 208, 391; ii, 511, 513
Blennius,
figure of, i, 508
blenny, i, 209, 230, 290, 429; ii, 507-531
figure of, ii, 509, 511
Japanese, i, 9; ii, 513
kelp, ii, 507
northern, ii, 511
sarcastic, ii, 507
snake, ii, 512
Blepsias,
figure of, ii, 448
blind Brotula,
figure of, i, 222
blind catfish, ii, 181
blind cavefish,
figure of, i, 116; ii, 202
blindfish, i, 290; ii, 202, 524
descent of, ii, 202
Eigenmann on, i, 117; ii, 202
habits of, ii, 202
theories regarding origin, ii, 202
blindfish of Mammoth Cave, ii, 202, 203
Eigenmann on, i, 221, 222
figure of, i, 221
blind goby, ii, 467
blob, ii, 444
Bloch, i, 389, 397
Blochiidæ, ii, 514
Blochius,
figure of, ii, 514
Blossom, the, i, 408
blue-back, ii, 71, 73-76
blue-back salmon, ii, 68, 69
blue-breasted darter, i, 231; ii, 314
figure of, i, 231
blue cod, ii, 440
bluefin, ii, 66
bluefin cisco,
figure of, ii, 66
bluefish, ii, 278, 354
Baird on, i, 279-282
destructiveness of, ii, 281
figure of, i, 324; ii, 279
food of, ii, 280
bluegill,
figure of, ii, 300
blue-green sunfish, i, 26
figure of, i, 27; ii, 350
blue parrot-fish, ii, 396
figure of, ii, 394
figure of jaws, ii, 393
blue sharks, i, 534, 542
blue smelt,
figure of, ii, 218
blue-spotted guativere, ii, 324
blue surf-fish, ii, 375
blue tang, ii, 408
figure of, ii, 407
Blyth, i, 396
boarfishes, ii, 135, 398
bobo,
figure of, ii, 222
boccaccio, ii, 429
Bocage, i, 414
Bocourt, i, 412
Bodianus, i, 207, 271; ii, 388
boga, ii, 347, 348
Bogoslovius, ii, 541
Bohr, i, 97
Boleophthalmus, ii, 465
figure of, i, 118; ii, 466
Boleosoma, i, 302; ii, 313
Bollman, i, 420
Boltenia, i, 475
Bombay-duck, ii, 131
bonaci-arará, ii, 325
bonaci-cardenal, ii, 325
Bonaparte, i, 412
bones of the fish,
actinosts, i, 42
alisphenoid, i, 38, 39, 40, 53
anal fin, i, 48
angular, i, 42, 43, 54
articular, i, 42, 43, 54
basibranchial, i, 46
basihyal, i, 42, 45
basioccipital, i, 36, 38, 39, 40, 53
basisphenoid, i, 36, 38, 39, 53
branchiostegals, i, 42, 45
carpals, i, 51
of anglers, i, 51
caudal fin, i, 48
caudal vertebræ, i, 48
ceratobranchial, i, 46
ceratohyal, i, 42, 45
clavicle, i, 42, 50, 52
figured, i, 52
coracoid, i, 50, 51
of cranium, i, 39
dentary, i, 42, 43, 54
dorsal fin, i, 48
epihyal, i, 42, 45
epibranchial, i, 46
epioccipital, i, 36
epiotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53
epipleurals, i, 48
ethmoid, i, 36, 37, 53
exoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53
frontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
glossihyal, i, 42
hæmal spine, i, 48
hæmaphysis, i, 48
hyoid arch, i, 42
hyomandibular, i, 42, 44, 54
hypercoracoid, i, 42, 52
hypobranchial, i, 46
hypocoracoid, i, 42, 43, 52
hypural, i, 48, 49
infraclavicle, i, 51
interclavicle, i, 51
interhæmals, i, 49
interhyal, i, 42, 45
interneural, i, 48
interopercle, i, 42, 45, 54
interspinals, i, 49
isthmus, i, 45
maxillary, i, 41, 42
mesopterygoid, i, 41, 42
metapterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54
nasal, i, 42, 53
neural spine, i, 48
neuropophysis, i, 48
opercle, i, 42, 54
opisthotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
palatine, i, 41, 42, 54
parapophysis, i, 48
parietal, i, 36, 37, 39, 40, 53
parsasphenoid, i, 36, 38, 53
pectoral fin, i, 42
pelvic girdle, i, 42
pharyngeals, i, 46, 47
figure of, i, 47
lower, i, 46
suspensory, i, 46
upper, i, 46
postclavicle, i, 42, 51
figured, i, 52
postero-temporal, i, 50
post-temporal, i, 42, 52
prefrontal, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
premaxillary, i, 42
preopercle, i, 42, 54
preorbital, i, 41, 42
prootic, i, 36, 38, 53
proscapula, i, 50
pterotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 53
pterygials, i, 51
pterygoid, i, 41, 42, 54
quadrate, i, 42, 43, 54
ribs, i, 48
scapula, i, 50
shoulder-girdle, i, 42, 50, 51, 52
sphenotic, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
subopercle, i, 42, 54
suborbital, i, 42
supraclavicle, i, 42, 50
supraoccipital, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
suprascapula, i, 50
supratemporal, i, 42, 50
figured, i, 51
symplectic, i, 42, 54
urohyal, i, 42, 54
ventral fin, i, 42
vomer, i, 36, 37, 38, 53
zygapophysis, i, 48
bonito, ii, 264
bonnaterre, i, 397
bony fish, i, 204, 454, 506; ii, 37
classification of, ii, 38
development of, i, 135
figure of, ii, 438
specialized, figured, i, 456
bony scales, i, 21
Boops, i, 260, 267; ii, 348, 350
Borassus, ii, 367
Borelli, i, 390
on air-bladder, i, 95
Boreogadus, ii, 537
botolism, i, 183
Bothinæ, ii, 487
Bothriocephalus, i, 345
Bothriolepis, i, 577
Bothus, ii, 486
Botryllidæ, i, 476
Botryllus, i, 476; ii, 545
figure of, i, 477, 478, 479
bottle-nosed chimæra,
eggs of, figured, i, 127
Bougainville, i, 395
Boulenger, i, 360, 364, 370, 414, 428, 513, 600, 601, 606, 608, 609;
ii, 41, 48, 128, 129, 136, 138, 158, 190, 485, 502, 522, 551
on Archipterygium, i, 79
on Galaxias, ii, 205
catalogue of fishes, i, 402
on opahs, ii, 243
portrait of, i, 403
on vertebræ, i, 213
on zooid fishes, ii, 245
Bovichthyidæ, ii, 502
bowfin, i, 290, 440; ii, 33, 34
figure of, ii, 35
tail of, figured, i, 82
Bowring,
on noises by fishes, i, 168
Brachydirus, i, 590
Brachyistius, ii, 375
Brachymystax, ii, 62, 67
brain,
of chimæra, i, 410, 411
figures of, i, 110, 111
Günther on, i, 109
in hagfish, i, 112
of lamprey, i, 112
of perch, i, 111
of pike, i, 109
of primitive fishes, i, 112
reflex action of, i, 153
of shark, i, 110, 111
Brama, ii, 135, 286
Bramidæ, ii, 291
family of, ii, 286
branch herring, ii, 49
branchial bones, i, 46
Branchiostegi, i, 391
Branchiostoma, i, 34, 35, 120, 383, 483
eggs of, i, 131
figure of, i, 484
Branchiostomidæ, i, 484
Brandt, i, 412
Branner, i, 415
Brayton, i, 420
bream, ii, 163, 167
Bregmaceros, ii, 524
Bregmacerotidæ, ii, 524
Brevoort, i, 416
Brevoortia, ii, 51
figure of, i, 340; ii, 51
brit, ii, 216, 217
broad-shad, ii, 347
broad-soles, ii, 495
Brongniart, i, 427, 428
brook lamprey,
figure of, i, 120, 505
larva of, figured, i, 492
mouth of, figured, i, 492
Brooks,
on Appendicularia, i, 480
brook trout, ii, 99, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115
figure of, ii, 111
Brosme, ii, 539
Brosmius, ii, 539
Brosmophycis, ii, 524
Brotula,
figure of, ii, 524
blind, figured, ii, 524
Brotulidæ, i, 314; ii, 523, 533
Brotulids, ii, 39, 524
Broussonet, i, 396
Brown, i, 426
Browne, i, 389
brown tang,
figure of, i, 181; ii, 408
Brünnich, i, 394
Bryactinus, i, 565
Brycon,
figure of, ii, 162
Bryostemma,
figure of, ii, 511, 514
Bryttosus, i, 256; ii, 297, 320
buccal cirri, i, 595
Buchanan,
on hunting of Chaca, i, 170
Buckland, i, 423
on soles, ii, 497
on turbot roe, ii, 488
Bucklandium, ii, 186
budai, ii, 390
buffalo-cod, ii, 440
Buffalo Creek, i, 309
buffalo-fish, ii, 160, 172
figure of, ii, 173
shoulder-girdle of, i, 51
buffalo sculpin,
figure of, ii, 443
bulbus arteriosus, ii, 10, 11
bullhead, i, 356
bullhead shark,
figure of, i, 526
bumpers, ii, 276
Bunocephalidæ, ii, 184
burbot, i, 209; ii, 538
figure of, ii, 539
Bürger, i, 414
butter-fish, ii, 283, 284, 324, 512
butterfly fish, i, 440; ii, 381
figure of, i, 143; ii, 402
butterfly ray, i, 556
butterfly sculpin,
figure of, i, 288
caballerote, ii, 335
cabezon, ii, 442
cabra mora,
figure of, i, 20
cabrilla, ii, 324, 328, 329
cachucho,
figure of, ii, 337
Cælorhynchus,
figure of, ii, 541
Cæsio, ii, 342
cagon de le alto, ii, 337
cají, ii, 336
Calamoichthys, i, 76, 89, 608
Calamostoma, ii, 236
Calamus, i, 49, 238; ii, 344
figure of, ii, 345, 347
calico-bass, ii, 297
calico-salmon, ii, 72
California lancelet,
figure of, i, 484
California miller's thumb,
figure of, ii, 446
California hake,
figure of, ii, 540
California pampano, ii, 283
California sucker,
figure of, ii, 174
Callbreath,
on running of salmon, ii, 86
Callechelys, ii, 150
Callichthyidæ, ii, 185
Callichthys, i, 290
calling the fishes, i, 167, 168
in Indian temples, i, 167
in basins of Tuileries, i, 167
Callionymidæ, ii, 506
Callionymus, i, 246, 257, 259, 263, 393, 500, 504
Callipterygidæ, ii, 501
Callipteryx, ii, 501
Calliurus, i, 302
Callorhynchus, i, 565, 566
egg of figured, i, 127
Callorhinus, ii, 537
Calotomus, ii, 390, 391
Camper, i, 389
Campostoma, ii, 164
figure of, i, 33; ii, 167
Campyloprion, i, 529
candil, ii, 255
candle-fish, ii, 124
Canestrini, i, 412
Canobius, ii, 14
Canthidermis, ii, 413
Canthigaster, i, 206
Cantor, i, 416
on fighting-fish, i, 163
Cape of Good Hope,
as barrier, i, 269
capelin,
figure of, ii, 126
capello, i, 414
capitaine,
figure of, ii, 387
Capros, ii, 135, 398, 400
Caracanthidæ, ii, 438
Carangidæ, i, 144, 149, 210; ii, 15, 278, 470
family of, ii, 272
Carangopsis, ii, 278
Carangus, i, 169, 324; ii, 275, 276, 285
Carapidæ, ii, 522
Caraproctus, ii, 455
Carapus, ii, 520, 522
Carassius, ii, 171
figure of, i, 151
Caranx, ii, 245, 275, 470, 542
Carboniferous,
fishes, i, 437
sharks, i, 224
Carcharias, i, 447, 534, 543; ii, 468
figure of, i, 542
Carchariidæ, i, 532, 534, 540, 542, 543
carcharioid sharks, i, 540
Carcharodon, i, 538
Carcharopsis, i, 522
cardenal, ii, 316
cardiform teeth, i, 29
cardinal fishes, the, ii, 316
figure of, i, 455; ii, 316, 319
cardinal vein, i, 108
Carencheli, ii, 140, 153, 155
caribe,
Günther on, ii, 161
carnivorous fishes, i, 29
carp, i, 21, 53, 93, 290; ii, 162, 164
air-bladder of, figured, ii, 160
native of China, ii, 170
domestication of, ii, 170
Carpiodes, i, 302
figure of, ii, 173
carp-sucker,
figure of, ii, 173
carrying eggs in mouth, i, 170-173
by catfish, i, 170
casabe, ii, 276
Cassiquiare,
Branner on, i, 307
crossing by fishes, i, 307
Castelnau, i, 415
Castour, i, 396
Castro,
photograph by, ii, 522
catadromous fishes, i, 162, 291; ii, 143
Catalina flying-fish,
figure of, ii, 214
catalineta, ii, 341
Catalogue,
of Panama fishes, i, 272
catalufa de lo alto,
figure of, ii, 289
catalufa, ii, 288, 333
figure of, ii, 331
Catesby, i, 389
catfish, i, 4, 20, 53, 119, 122,128, 169, 290, 440; ii, 159, 160,
177-187
African, ii, 185
channel, ii, 179
clavicle in, i, 87
Cope on, i, 180
descent from, ii, 186
destroyed by lampreys, i, 357
electric, ii, 183
electric, figured, i, 186
fossil, ii, 186
of India, ii, 184
Japanese, ii, 183
Old World, ii, 182
poison glands of, i, 180
poison spine of, i, 179
shoulder-girdle in, i, 86
spines of, i, 179
transfer to Sacramento, i, 310
Catopteridæ, ii, 16
Catopterus, ii, 16
Catostomidæ, i, 46, 290; ii, 172, 175
family of, ii, 171
figure of, i, 315
Catostomus, i, 198, 283, 302, 304, 316, 346; ii, 56
figure of, i, 348; ii, 171
pharyngeal teeth of, ii, 175
cat shark, i, 533
Catulus, i, 533
caudal fin, i, 10
caudal lancet, ii, 409
Caularchus,
figure of, i, 198, 531
Caulolatilus, ii, 362
Caulolepis, ii, 252, 253
Caulophryne,
figure of, i, 276, 548
causes of dispersion, i, 318
cavalla, ii, 266, 272-292
cavefish, ii, 201, 523, 524
Eigenmann on, ii, 524
figure of, i, 117
Cebedichthys, ii, 512
Centaurus,
larva of figured, i, 143
centers of distribution, i, 244
Centrarchidæ, i, 209, 232, 290; ii, 304, 320, 327, 380
family of, ii, 297
Centrarchus, i, 302; ii, 297
Centriscidæ, ii, 227, 235
family of, ii, 234
Centriscus, i, 393; ii, 235
Centrogenys, ii, 320
Centrolepis, ii, 14
Centrolophiidæ, ii, 283
Centrolophius, i, 260; ii, 286
Centrophoroides, i, 546
Centrophorus, i, 546
Centropomidæ, ii, 319
Centropomus, i, 271, 273; ii, 309
figure of, i, 324; ii, 319
Centropristes, i, 136; ii, 328, 329
eggs of, figured, i, 135
Centroscymnus, i, 546
Centrolabrus, ii, 387
Cephalacanthidæ, i, 208
family of, ii, 458
Cephalacanthus, ii, 458
figure of, ii, 456
Cephalaspidæ, i, 576, 623
Cephalaspis, i, 444, 569, 571
figure of, i, 576, 577, 579
Cephalopholis, ii, 324, 325
Cephaloscyllium, i, 197
Cepola, i, 260, 264, 393; ii, 363
Cepolidæ, the, ii, 363
Ceratacanthus, ii, 414
Ceratias,
figure of, ii, 548
Ceratiidæ, i, 276
Ceratobatis, i, 560
Ceratocottus, ii, 443
Ceratodontidæ, i, 600, 612
family of, i, 613
Ceratodus, i, 77, 85, 613-616
Ceratoscopelus,
figure of, ii, 133
Ceratiidæ, ii, 547-549
Cerdale, i, 271
Cerdalidæ, ii, 516
cestodes, i, 344
Cestraciont shark, i, 526, 527, 530
Eastman on, i, 529
teeth, figured, i, 527
Cestraciontes, i, 438, 519, 566
Eastman on, i, 529
families of, i, 528
suborder of, i, 526
teeth of figured, i, 527, 529
Cetomimidæ, ii, 132
Cetomimus,
figure of, ii, 132
Cetorhinus,
figure of, i, 540
Cetorhinidæ,
family of, i, 539
Cette, i, 396
Chaca, i, 170
Chacidæ, ii, 184
Chænobryttus, i, 302; ii, 300
Chætobranchus, ii, 381
Chætodipterus,
figure of, i, 325, 401
Chætodon, i, 235, 242, 267, 391; ii, 400, 403, 405, 406
figure of, i, 143; ii, 402
Chætodontidæ, i, 206; ii, 245, 291, 381, 398, 402, 404, 405
Chætodonts, ii, 247
Chalacodus, i, 566
Challenger, the, ii, 60, 130
Champsodon, ii, 361
Champsodontidæ, ii, 361
Chanos, i, 205; ii, 221
figure of, ii, 45
Chanidæ,
family of, ii, 44
Channa,
figure of, ii, 370
channel bass, ii, 355
channel catfish,
figure of, i, 280
channel-cats, the, ii, 179, 182
Channomuræna, ii, 153
Chanoides, ii, 44
Chapala Lake,
fishes of, ii, 216
Characidæ, ii, 161, 162
Characin, i, 290
Characinidæ, i, 205, 290; ii, 381
Characins, ii, 61, 160-162, 186
Characodon, ii, 201
characters,
of Elasmobranchs, i, 507
of species, i, 292
Charitosomus, ii, 56
charr, ii, 67, 99, 107, 114, 122
Charlevoix, ii, 64
Chasmistes, i, 304, 316; ii, 172
Chasmodes, ii, 509
Chauliodontidæ, ii, 129
Chauliodus,
figure of, ii, 129
Chaunax, ii, 551
Cheilio, ii, 390
Cheilinus, ii, 390
Cheilodipteridæ,
family of, ii, 278
Cheilodipterus, ii, 278
figure of, ii, 279
Cheiracanthus, i, 517
Cheirodopsis, ii, 15
Cheirodus, ii, 14
Cheirolepis, ii, 14
Chelidonichthys, i, 260; ii, 456
Chelmo, ii, 404
Chelonichthyidæ, i, 586
Chelonopsis, ii, 425
Chonerhinus, ii, 419
cherna, ii, 324
chevron, ii, 89
chiasma, ii, 4
Chiasmodon, ii, 136
figure of, i, 29; ii, 360
Chiasmodontidæ, ii, 215, 360
Chilobranchidæ, ii, 141
Chilomycterus,
figure of, ii, 423
Chiloscyllium, i, 56, 533
pectoral fin of, i, 66
Chimæra, i, 23, 35, 85, 204, 393, 435, 437, 448, 507, 509, 512-514,
545, 561-567, 595, 610
of California, i, 564
Dean on, i, 563
figure of, i, 449, 564, 565
Parker on, i, 563
Chimæridæ,
family of, i, 564
Chimæroids, i, 224, 583
Chimæropsis, i, 566
China fish,
snake-headed, ii, 371
Chinese whitebait, ii, 127, 128
chinook, ii, 69
chirivita, ii, 405
Chirocentridæ, ii, 46
Chirocentrus, ii, 46, 48
Chirolophis, ii, 512
Chiropterygium, i, 600, 605
Chirostoma,
figure of, i, 329; ii, 217
Chirothricidæ, ii, 133
Chirothrix,
figure of, ii, 46, 134
chisel-mouth, ii, 169
Chlamydoselachidæ,
family of, i, 525
Chlamydoselachus, i, 361, 447, 448, 509, 521, 536
figure of, i, 523
Chlarias, i, 98, 290; ii, 186, 187
figure of, i, 457; ii, 185
Chlariidæ, ii, 184, 185
Chlevastes, ii, 150
figure of, i, 232
Chloropthalmus, i, 260; ii, 130
Chloroscombrus, ii, 276
chochouwo, ii, 403
chogset, ii, 387
Chologaster, i, 203, 204, 223
Eigenmann on, ii, 203
figure of, i, 116; ii, 201
Garman on, ii, 202
Hoppin on, ii, 203
Chondrenchelys, i, 521
Chondropterygians, i, 508
Chondropterygii, i, 391
Chondrostei, i, 623, 624; ii, 2, 5, 13
order of, ii, 17
Chondrosteidæ, ii, 17, 18
Chondrosteus, i, 622
Chonerhinidæ, ii, 419
Chopa, ii, 344, 350
figure of, ii, 349
Chordata, i, 460
Chordate animals, i, 460
lowest forms figured, i, 465
Chordates, i, 508, 584, 597; ii, 1
Chorisochismus, ii, 531
Chriodorus, ii, 212
Chromides,
suborder of, ii, 380
Chromis, i, 166; ii, 381
Chrondrosteus,
figure of, ii, 18
Chrosomus, i, 304; ii, 164, 167
chub, ii, 118, 147, 163
figure of, ii, 169
of Great Basin, ii, 169
of Pacific, ii, 169
chub of Great Basin,
figure of, i, 287
chub-mackerel, i, 94
chub-sucker, i, 292
figure of, i, 315; ii, 172
chum, ii, 72
cichla, ii, 380
Cichlasoma, ii, 381
cichlid, i, 290
Cichlidæ, i, 209, 290; ii, 380, 381
organs of smell in, i, 115
cigar-fish, ii, 274
ciguatera, i, 182-185; ii, 335, 411, 413
Cimolichthys, ii, 133
Ciona, i, 481
Cirrhilabrus, ii, 390
Cirrhitidæ, the, ii, 363, 426
Cirrhitus, i, 271
figure of, ii, 364
Cirrostomi, i, 482, 595
cisco, ii, 65
Citharichthys, i, 274; ii, 489
Citharinus, ii, 162
Citula, i, 202; ii, 276
Cladistia, i, 602
order of, i, 605
Cladodontidæ, i, 520, 522
Cladodus, i, 65, 80, 437
pectoral fin of, i, 521
shoulder-girdle in, i, 521
teeth of, figured, i, 522
Cladoselache, i, 64, 66, 79, 80, 437, 446, 448, 510, 571, 573, 623
Dean on, i, 518
figure of, i, 65, 514, 515
primitive character of, i, 514
teeth of, figured, i, 515
ventral view of, i, 515
Cladoselachidæ, i, 514
family of, i, 523
clam-cracker, i, 556
Clark,
on eulachon, ii, 125
Clarke, i, 416
claspers, i, 124, 125
classification,
Coues on, i, 370
of Elasmobranchs, i, 509, 510
of fishes, i, 367-386
of instincts, i, 154
morphological, i, 371
natural, i, 370
terms used in, i, 462
Clastes,
Eastman on, ii, 32
Clavellinidæ, i, 475
clavicle,
figure of, i, 87
of sea catfish, i, 87
Claypole, i, 426
portrait of, i, 409
cleavages, i, 135
Clepticus, ii, 388
Clidoderma, ii, 494
Climatius, i, 446
figure of, i, 518
climbing-fish, ii, 367
climbing-perch,
figure of, ii, 366
clingfish, ii, 529
figure of, i, 198; ii, 531
Günther on, ii, 529, 530
sucking-disk in, i, 198
Clinocottus, ii, 448
Clinton, ii, 64
Clinus, i, 208; ii, 507, 511, 513, 516
Cloquet, i, 397
Cloudy Bay cod, ii, 520
Clupanodon, ii, 53
Clupea, i, 204, 329, 391
figure of, i, 331, ii, 49
Clupeidæ, i, 204, 290; ii, 49, 52, 53
clupeiform, ii, 11
clupeoid, ii, 10
Clupeidea, the, ii, 41
coalfish, i, 209; ii; 438, 537
Coal measures,
fishes of, i, 223
teeth found in, i, 65
Costa, i, 412
coast lines,
effect on distribution, i, 248
cobbler-fish, ii, 276
cobia, ii, 282
Cobitidæ, ii, 175, 185
Cobitis, i, 391; ii, 176
Cobitopsidæ,
family of, ii, 224
Cobitopsis,
figure of, ii, 224
Coccoderma, i, 605
Coccosteans, i, 581
Coccosteidæ, i, 622, 623, 584, 586
Coccosteus, i, 583, 584, 587, 590, 593, 596, 623
figure of, i, 582
cochino, ii, 413
Cochliodontidæ, i, 530
family of, i, 531
Cochliodus,
lower jaw figured, i, 531
cock-and-hen paddle, ii, 453
cock-of-palace-under-sea, ii, 472
cockeye pilot,
figure of, ii, 382
Coccolepis, ii, 14
cod, ii, 51
codfish, i, 122, 128, 290; ii, 481, 501, 532, 533
figure of, i, 331; ii, 535
Gill on, ii, 534
Goode on, ii, 534
pectoral fin of, i, 66
reproduction of, ii, 535
Sars on, ii, 535
codling, ii, 538
Cœlacanthidæ, i, 605
Cœlacanthus,
figure of, i, 604
Cœlolepia, i, 573
Cœlodus, ii, 22
Cœlolepidæ, i, 573
coho, ii, 72
collection of fishes, i, 429-434
by explosives, i, 430
by poison, i, 430
tackle for, i, 430
Collett, i, 408, 427
portrait of, i, 403
Collie, i, 564
Collins,
on catastrophe to tilefishes, ii, 362
on halibut, ii, 490
Cololabis, ii, 212
Colocephali, ii, 140-142, 153
suborder of, ii, 152
Colomesus, ii, 421
Colorado trout,
figure of, ii, 106
colors of fishes, i, 226-236
of coral-fishes, i, 235
fading of, in spirits, i, 235
intensity of, i, 232
nuptial, i, 230
protective, i, 226-229
sexual, i, 230
variation of, i, 235
Columbia,
figure of, ii, 242
Comephoridæ, the, ii, 455
Comephorus, ii, 524
Commerson, i, 395
commissure, i, 112
common eel,
figure of, ii, 143
common skate,
figure of, i, 552
common sucker,
figure of, ii, 174
common sunfish,
figure of, i, 7, 13; ii, 301
conceptions of genus, i, 375
Conchopona, i, 613
conclusions,
of Cope on dispersion, i, 286
of Evermann, i, 274
of Hill, 277-279
as to Isthmus of Suez, i, 269
of Jenkins, i, 274
conger eels, ii, 149, 151
figure of, ii, 150
Congiopodidæ, ii, 436
Congiopus, ii, 436
Congo River,
fishes from, i, 78, 607
Congriopus, ii, 514
Congrogadidæ, ii, 519
Connoly,
on calling fishes, i, 168
Conocara, ii, 60
Conodontes, i, 487
figure of, i, 488
Conorhynchus, i, 128
constantino, ii, 320
Cooper, i, 419
on long-jawed goby, ii, 463
Cope, i, 84, 311, 419, 428, 512, 602; ii, 1, 4, 13, 24, 35, 56, 159
on classification, i, 406
conclusions of, 286
on dispersion, i, 286, 287
on eels, ii, 139
on fossil forms, ii, 32
on isocercal tail, i, 84
on ostracophores, ii, 569
portrait of, i, 407
sketch of, i, 406
Copeland, i, 420
portrait of, i, 421
Copelandellus, ii, 315
Coquille, i, 408
coracoid, i, 88, 90
coraco-scapular, i, 87
coral reefs,
at Apia, figured, i, 234
fishes of, i, 235, 297
fish life in, i, 215
Corax,
teeth of, figured, i, 543
Coregoni, ii, 67
Coregonus, i, 291, 305, 316, 322, 391; ii, 62, 65, 439
figure of, i, 321; ii, 63
Coreoperca, ii, 320
Coris, ii, 390
cormorant-fishing, ii, 116-119
illustrations of, i, 333, 335
cornet-fishes, ii, 390
family of, ii, 233
Cornide, i, 396
coronado, ii, 274
corpus vestiforme, i, 112
corsair, ii, 430
Corvula, ii, 355
Corynolophus, i, 189; ii, 549
figure of, i, 188
luminous bulb in, i, 188
Coryphæna, i, 210, 391
figure of, ii, 287
Coryphænidæ,
family of, ii, 286
Coryphænoides,
figure of, i, 83; ii, 541
leptocercal, tail of, i, 83
Coryphopterus, ii, 462
Corythroichthys, ii, 236
Costa, i, 412
Cottidæ, i, 208, 290; ii, 363, 442, 449, 453, 455, 501, 504, 525
family of, i, 441
fossil forms, i, 449
Cottocomephorus, ii, 525
Cottogaster, i, 300
Cottunculus, i, 219; ii, 441, 447, 449
Cottus, i, 169, 219, 312, 391; ii, 443, 445, 449
figure of, ii, 444, 445, 446
Couch, i, 410
on fighting-fish, i, 165
on skippers, ii, 21
Coues,
on classification, i, 368
on meaning of species, i, 379
on synonymy, i, 374
cowfish,
figure of, i, 373; ii, 416
skeleton of figured, i, 215; ii, 418
cow's tongue, ii, 497
crab-eater, ii, 282
Cragin, i, 171
craig-fluke, ii, 494
Cramer, i, 408, 420, 422
cramp-fishes, i, 554
cranial nerves,
figure of, i, 111
Craniomi,
suborder of, ii, 456
Craniotes, i, 588
cranium,
bones of, i, 36-39
inferior view, i, 38
lateral view, i, 36
posterior view, i, 40
of Roccus, figured, i, 36-39
of Sebastolobus, i, 53
superior view, i, 37
crappie, ii, 168, 297
figure of, ii, 297
photograph of, ii, 298
Cratinus, i, 271
cravo, ii, 244
crawl-a-bottom, ii, 312
crayfish, ii, 147
creek fish,
figure of, i, 315; ii, 172
Crenilabrus, i, 207, 260, 267; ii, 387
creole-fish, ii, 328, 329
Crescent lake trout, ii, 101
Cricodus, i, 603
Cristiceps, i, 208; ii, 508, 513
Cristivomer, i, 291; ii, 62, 115
figure of, ii, 114
croaker, ii, 353, 355
Cromeriidæ, ii, 56
cross-bow shooter, ii, 413
Crossognathidæ, ii, 215, 521
family of, ii, 224
Crossopholis, ii, 21
Crossopterygians, i, 78, 79, 89, 91, 204, 436, 457, 511-515, 591, 602,
623, 624; ii, 38
figure of, i, 451
fins of, i, 601
Crossopterygii, i, 382, 462, 599, 600, 601, 608
crustacean parasites, i, 340
Cryptacanthididæ, ii, 516
Cryptacanthodes,
figure of, i, 516
Cryptocentrus, i, 264; ii, 462
Cryptopsaras,
figure of, ii, 547
Cryptotomus,
figure of, ii, 391
crystal darter,
figure of, ii, 313
crystal goby, ii, 466
Crystallias,
figure of, i, 218; ii, 454
Crystallogobius, ii, 466
Ctenochætus, ii, 409
Ctenodentex, ii, 340
Ctenodipterini,
order of, i, 612
Ctenodontidæ, i, 613
Ctenodus, i, 613
ctenoid scales, i, 20, 21; ii, 39
Ctenoidei, ii, 39, 209
Ctenolabrus, ii, 387
Ctenolates, ii, 320
Ctenoptychius, i, 555
Ctenothrissa,
figure of, ii, 48
Ctenothrissidæ,
figure of, ii, 48
cuatro ojos, ii, 194
Cuban fishes, i, 314
cubero, ii, 335
cuboid, i, 19
cub-shark,
figure of, i, 542
cuckold, ii, 417
figure of, i, 373; ii, 416
cucugo, ii, 413
cultus cod, ii, 442
figure of, ii, 440
Cunias, i, 541
cunner, ii, 387
Cunningham,
on eye of flounder, i, 176
Curimatus, ii, 162
cusk-eel, i, 187, 314; ii, 539
figure of, ii, 520
cutlass-fishes, i, 149, 210; ii, 267
figure of, ii, 268
species of, ii, 472
cutthroat trout, ii, 95-97, 102, 104, 106
Cuvier, i, 103, 105, 400, 404, 428; ii, 39, 307
Günther on, i, 400
Lyman on, i, 401
portrait of, i, 399
Cycleptus, ii, 173
Cycliæ, i, 204, 437, 462, 592, 593
subclass of, i, 591
Cyclobatis, i, 557
Cycloganoidei, ii, 34
cycloid scales, i, 20, 22; ii, 39
Cycloidei, ii, 39
Cyclopterichthys, ii, 454
Cyclopteridæ, i, 198, 208
family of, ii, 453
Cyclopterus, i, 391; ii, 453, 455
figure of, i, 220; ii, 454
Cyclospondyli, i, 510, 543
order of, i, 545
cyclospondylous, i, 49
cyclospondylous sharks, i, 549
Cyclostomata, i, 593
Cyclostomes, i, 113, 443, 486-505, 570, 596, 592, 617
extinct forms, i, 487
Cyclostomi, i, 462, 584
Cyclothone, ii, 129
Cyclurus, ii, 36
Cymatogaster, ii, 376
figure of, i, 125; ii, 372
Cymolutes, ii, 390
Cymothoa, i, 340
Cynoglossinæ, ii, 497
Cynoglossus, ii, 497
Cynoscion, i, 94, 324; ii, 107
figure of, ii, 353
Cynthia,
figure of, i, 476
Cynthiidæ, i, 475
Cyprinidæ, i, 33, 46, 205, 230, 251, 285, 287, 290, 406; ii, 65, 161,
162, 164-171
fossil forms, ii, 174
species of, ii, 165
Cyprinodon, ii, 198, 201
figure of, ii, 196
Cyprinodontes, ii, 194
Cyprinodontidæ, i, 290
Cyprinus, i, 391; ii, 170, 174
Cypselurus, ii, 213
figure of, i, 157, 440
Cyrthaspis, i, 575
Cyttoides, ii, 249
Cyttus, ii, 249
dabonawa, i, 430
dace, i, 251; ii, 118, 162, 166, 168
Dactylagnus, ii, 506
Dactyloscopidæ, ii, 506
Dactyloscopus, ii, 506
daddy sculpin, ii, 445
Dalatias, i, 546
Dalatiidæ, i, 548
Daldorf,
on capture of Anabas, i, 163
on climbing-fish, ii, 367
Dale, ii, 539
Dallia, i, 51
figure of, i, 149; ii, 206
Dalliidæ, i, 290; ii, 206
Damalichthys,
figure of, ii, 374
damsel-fish, ii, 381
figure of, ii, 382
Dapediidæ, ii, 25
Dapedium,
figure of, ii, 25
Dapedoglossus, ii, 56
darters, i, 209, 231, 300, 304; ii, 166, 306, 310-315
darter goby,
figure of, ii, 462
Darwin, i, 408
on noises of catfish, i, 168
daruma-okose, ii, 436
Dasyatidæ,
family of, i, 555
Dasyatis,
figure of, i, 247, 556
Dasyscopelus, ii, 133
Davis, H. S., ii, 81, 84
on chinook salmon, ii, 85
Davis, J. W., i, 426
on fossil teeth, i, 525
Dawson, i, 427, 594
Day, i, 416; ii, 90, 92, 95
on calling fishes, i, 168
on electric eel, i, 170
on grayling, ii, 121
on Labyrinthici, ii, 365
on sole, ii, 496, 497
day chub,
head of, figured, ii, 167
dealfish, ii, 477, 480
figure of, ii, 478
Dean, i, 512, 591, 594, 595
on Acanthodei, i, 517, 518
on Arthrodira, i, 518, 588
on Chimæras, i, 563
on fin migration, i, 75
on fossil forms, i, 422
on lateral line, i, 23
on lung-fish, i, 618
on Ostracophores, i, 571
portrait of, i, 417
on sharks, i, 511, 531
on Teleosts, i, 135
Deania, i, 546
deathfish, i, 183
Death Valley fish,
figure of, ii, 199
Decapterus, ii, 274
decurrent flounder,
figure of, i, 441
deep-sea angler,
figure of, ii, 548
deep-sea Chimæra,
figure of, i, 449
deep-sea fishes, i, 246, 247, 408; ii, 129
degenerate fishes, i, 210, 211, 216, 218
degeneration,
of eye, i, 220
in fishes, i, 54
in lamprey, i, 217
of structure, i, 216
in tunicates, i, 480
Delaroche, i, 95
Dekay, i, 418
Delfin,
on hagfishes, i, 489
Deltistes, ii, 172
Deltodus, i, 531
Dendrodus, i, 603
dentary, i, 606
Dentex, i, 94; ii, 338, 340
Dercetes, ii, 136
Dercetidæ, ii, 136, 137, 158
Derepodichthyidæ, ii, 520
Derichthyidæ, ii, 155
Derichthys, ii, 153
figure of, ii, 156
Dermopteri, i, 486
Desmarest, i, 396
development, i, 217
of bony fishes, i, 135
Dean on, i, 135
embryonic, i, 133
of flounders, i, 144
heredity in, i, 134
of horsehead-fish, i, 148
of paired fins, i, 66
devil ray,
figure of, i, 559
De Vis, i, 416
Devonian,
fishes, i, 436
lamprey, i, 563
sharks from, i, 65
Diabasis, i, 375
diablo, ii, 552
Dialarchus, ii, 448
Dialommus, i, 117
diamond,
fishes, ii, 398
flounder, ii, 493
snapper, ii, 337
Diaphus, ii, 133
figure of, ii, 132
Dibothrium, 345
figure of, ii, 103
Dibranchus, i, 207; ii, 552
Dicentrodus, i, 522
Dicentrarchus, i, 324; ii, 321, 330
dichotomous rays, i, 596
Dicranodus, i, 521
Dictyorhabdidæ, i, 565
Dictyorhabdus, i, 435, 565, 578
Dictyopyge, ii, 16
Dictyopygidæ, ii, 14
Dictyosoma, 512
Didemnidæ, i, 477
Didymaspis, i, 576
Didymodus, i, 521, 525
Dinematichthys, ii, 524
Dinichthyidæ, i, 587
Dinichthys, i, 587, 589
figure of, i, 445, 584
jaws of figured, i, 583
Diodon, i, 273, 393, 394
figure of, i, 17; ii, 422
Diodontidæ,
family of, ii, 422
diœcious fishes, i, 124
diphycercal tail, i, 49, 81, 83, 84, 507, 513, 516, 598
Boulenger on, i, 84
Dollo on, i, 84
Diplacanthidæ, i, 517, 518
Diplacanthus,
figure of, i, 517
Diplectrum, ii, 329
Diplesion,
figure of, i, 247; ii, 312
Diplodus, ii, 347
figure of, ii, 346
Diplognathus, i, 584, 589
Diplomystes, ii, 178
Diplomystidæ, ii, 178
Diplomystus,
figure of, i, 205, 453; ii, 52
Diploneumoni, i, 612, 619
Diploprion, ii, 327
Diplopterus, i, 82, 604
Diplospondyli, i, 509, 523
Diplurus, i, 605
Dipneusti, i, 405, 462, 582, 599, 601, 605, 607, 622, 624; ii, 4
relationship of, i, 609, 610
subclass of, i, 609-622
Dipnoans, i, 436, 512, 572, 582, 583; ii, 3, 8
air-bladder in, i, 101
classification of, i, 612
ear sac in, i, 120
figure of, i, 449
pectoral fin in, i, 60
shoulder-girdle in, i, 86, 88
Dipnoi, i, 77, 85, 89, 382
Diptera, ii, 306
Dipteridæ, i, 612
Dipterus, i, 612
figure of, i, 437, 449
Discobatis, i, 553
Discocephali, ii, 459-480
Gill on, ii, 470
suborder of, ii, 468
diseases of fishes, i, 340-358
contagious, i, 340
parasitic, i, 342
remedies for, i, 342
Dismal Swamp fish,
figure of, i, 116; ii, 201
dispersion of fishes,
Agassiz on, i, 284
barriers to, i, 297, 310, 311
causes of, i, 318
Cope on, i, 286
by floods, i, 301
of fresh-water fishes, 282-296
of river fishes, 297-319
dissection of the fish, i, 26-33
Distomidæ, i, 477
distribution of fishes,
affected by coast line, i, 247, 261
agency of currents in, i, 242
centers of, i, 243
determined by temperature, i, 241
of fresh-water forms, i, 249
general laws of, i, 238
of marine forms, i, 245
Panama, barrier to, i, 266
of shore fishes, i, 263-265
Suez, barrier to, i, 266
zones of, i, 249, 251, 252
Ditrema, ii, 375
Dittodus, i, 521, 525
doctor-fish, ii, 408
Döderlein, i, 411, 416
dogfishes, i, 519
figure of, i, 545
dogoro, ii, 381
dog salmon, ii, 71-73, 80, 81
dog snapper, ii, 336
Dolichoglossus, i, 463
Doliolum, i, 479
dollar-fish, ii, 283
Dollo, i, 415, 427, 600, 601; ii, 502
portrait of, i, 413
on tail forms, i, 84
Dolloa, ii, 541
Dolly Varden trout, i, 305; ii, 112, 113
figure of, i, 327; ii, 114
dolphins, i, 210; ii, 286, 362
figure of, ii, 287
Doncella,
figure of, i, 297; ii, 180, 396
Donovan, i, 410
dorados, ii, 286
figure of, ii, 287
Doras, ii, 183
Doratonotus, ii, 388
Dormeur,
figure of, ii, 460
Dormitator,
figure of, ii, 461
dorsal fin, i, 10, 603
figured, i, 49
Dorosoma, i, 32, 300
figure of, ii, 53
Dorosomatidæ, ii, 53
Dorosomidæ, i, 290
Doryichthys, ii, 236
Dorypteridæ, ii, 14-16
Dorypterus, ii, 15, 16
Draciscus,
figure of, ii, 452
Draconetta, ii, 506
Draconettidæ, ii, 506
dragonets, i, 246; ii, 504
drawing net at Milo,
photograph of, i, 281
Drepane, ii, 401
Drepanaspidæ, i, 574
Drepanaspis, i, 570
figure of, i, 574
Drepanidæ, ii, 401
Drepaniodus, i, 488
drum, i, 290
figure of, ii, 358
duck-billed eels, ii, 150, 151
Ductor, ii, 278
ducts, i, 28
ductus cholidechus, i, 32
Dufosse,
on air-bladder, i, 97
Dugès, i, 90, 420
Dugunonutatatori, ii, 472
Duméril, i, 398, 401
duodenum, i, 32
Dussumieriidæ, ii, 52
Dussumieria, ii, 52
Duverncy, i, 390
Duymæria, i, 260; ii, 390
dwarf,
herring, ii, 54
perch, ii, 306
salmon, ii, 117
sunfish, ii, 467
Dybowsky, i, 411
Dynatobatis, i, 553
Dysommidæ, ii, 150
Dytiscus, ii, 144
eagle ray,
figure of, i, 558
early writers on fishes, i, 272, 422, 423
earliest sharks, i, 436, 443
ear of fish, i, 119-121
ear sac, i, 119, 120
ear stones, i, 119
earthquakes,
fatal to fishes, i, 356; ii, 137
Eastman, i, 427, 428
on Cestraciont shark, i, 529
on Clastes, ii, 32
on Neoceratodus, i, 619
portrait of, i, 425
on teeth of Edestus, i, 530
Ebisu, the god of fishes, ii, 344
figure of, ii, 343
Ebisus, ii, 323
Echeneididæ, ii, 468, 470
Echeneis, i, 391; ii, 468, 470, 471
Echidna, i, 211; ii, 152, 153
Echidnocephalus, ii, 138
Echinorhinidæ,
family of, i, 547
Echinorhinus, i, 547
Echiodon, i, 84
economic fishes, i, 333
ectoblast, i, 152
ectocoracoid, i, 87
ectoderm, i, 139
ectopterygoid, i, 606
Edaphodon, i, 565
Edestus,
teeth of, figured, i, 529
eel-back flounder,
figure of, ii, 494
eel-fairs, ii, 142
eel-like fishes, ii, 137-158
eel-mother, ii, 144
eel-pouts,
figure of, ii, 518, 519
eels, i, 21, 210, 217, 268, 290; ii, 40, 44, 147, 153, 157
Cope on, ii, 139
Günther on, ii, 141
larva of, figured, ii, 148
migration of, ii, 142
reproduction of, ii, 143
species of, ii, 148
shoulder-girdle in, ii, 142
Woodward on, ii, 140
effects on distribution,
of shore line, i, 262
of temperature, i, 149
Egerton, i, 423
Egertonia, ii, 396
eggs of fish,
artificial impregnation of, i, 150
of bottle-nosed chimæra, i, 127
care of, i, 128
carrying of, i, 128, 171
of Embiotocidæ, i, 127
embryo of, i, 128
fertilization of, i, 125
figures of, i, 127
germ disk in, i, 135
hatching of, i, 125
of herring, i, 125
month incubation of, i, 170, 171
transportation of, i, 171
Eichwald, i, 411, 427
Eigenmann, i, 415, 420; ii, 147, 148, 376
on blind fishes, i, 117, 221, 222; ii, 202, 523
on Nematognathi, ii, 178
photograph by, i, 222
portrait of, i, 417
Eigenmannia, ii, 187
eighteen-spined sculpin,
figure of, ii, 447
Ekström, i, 410
Elacate, ii, 282, 470, 471
Elagatis, ii, 274
Elanura,
figure of, ii, 444
Elasmobranchiates, i, 384
Elasmobranchii, i, 462, 507, 584; ii, 7
Elasmobranchs, i, 92, 102, 204, 506-522, 571, 583, 588, 589
characters of, i, 506-508
classification of, i, 507-510
ear sac in, i, 120
geological distribution of, i, 459
notochord in, i, 57
subclass of, i, 507
Elassoma, i, 290; ii, 296, 307, 467
figure of, ii, 295
Elassomidæ, i, 290; ii, 296
family of, ii, 295
elastic spring, i, 96
Elater, i, 582
electric catfish,
figure of, ii, 183
electric cells, i, 553
electric eel, i, 186; ii, 140
Day on, i, 170
electric organs, i, 25, 186, 187
electrophores, ii, 187, 188
Electrophoridæ, ii, 187
Electrophorus, i, 170, 186
Eleotrids, ii, 460
Eleotris, i, 254
figure of, ii, 460
Elera, i, 414
Eleginus, ii, 537
elephant sharks, i, 540
figure of, i, 565
Elliott,
on trout, ii, 105
Elonichthys, ii, 14
Elopidæ, i, 43; ii, 35, 41-44
Elopopsis, ii, 43
Elops, i, 205, 393; ii, 43, 221
figure of, i, 454; ii, 42
Embiotoca, i, 404
Embiotocidæ, i, 207, 290; ii, 373
Agassiz on, i, 377-379
anal fin in, i, 125
viviparity of, i, 376, 377
Emblemaria,
figure of, ii, 510
embryo, i, 136, 138, 139
embryology and growth, i, 131-151
Embolichthys, ii, 522
figure of, ii, 521
emerald-fish, ii, 462
Emery, i, 412; ii, 480, 481
Emmelichthys, i, 262; ii, 346, 347
Emmydrichthys,
figure of, i, 180; ii, 436
Empetrichthys,
figure of, ii, 199
Empo, ii, 137
Enantioliparis, ii, 455
Enchelurus, ii, 138
Enchelycephali, ii, 140, 141, 147, 152
suborder of, ii, 142
Enchelynassa, ii, 153
Enchelyopus,
figure of, ii, 539
Enchodontidæ, ii, 136, 137
Enchodus, ii, 136
Endoskeleton, i, 439
Enedrias, ii, 512
Engraulididæ, ii, 54
Engraulis, i, 205; ii, 54
Enneacanthus, ii, 301
Enophrys,
figure of, ii, 443
Enoplosidæ, ii, 317
Enoplosus, i, 268; ii, 317
Enteropneusta, i, 457, 461, 462
classification of, i, 464
entoderm, i, 138
Entosphenus, i, 490
entozoa, i, 348
Eocottus, ii, 449
Eomyrus, ii, 150
Eopsetta, i, 205; 491
Eothynnus, ii, 266
Epelasmia, ii, 397, 398
Eperlanus, ii, 123
Ephippidæ, ii, 400
Ephippus, i, 268; ii, 400
epiblast, ii, 5
Epigonichthys, i, 483
Epigonus, ii, 317
Epinephelus, i, 19; ii, 323, 330
figure of, i, 20; ii, 324-326, 328
Epiphysis, i, 112
figure of, i, 111
Eptatretidæ, i, 489
Eptatretus, i, 490
figure of, i, 198
equatorial fishes,
specialization of, i, 248
equatorial zone, i, 251
Eques, ii, 357
Equula, ii, 287
Erebus, i, 408
Ereunias,
figure of, ii, 450
Ereuniidæ, ii, 449
Ericymba,
figure of, ii, 165
Erimyzon, i, 292; ii, 175
figure of, i, 315; ii, 172
Eriptychius, i, 435, 603, 578
Erisichthe, ii, 34
Erismatopteridæ, ii, 242, 296
Erismatopterus, ii, 243
figure of, ii, 242
Ernogrammus, ii, 513
Erosa, ii, 436
Erpetichthys, i, 204
Erpetoichthys, i, 450
figure of, i, 608
Erpichthys, i, 608; ii, 510
Erythrichthys, ii, 347
Erythrinidæ, ii, 162
Erythrinus, ii, 160
escolars, ii, 267, 317
Esmarck, i, 410
Esmeralda, ii, 462
esmeralda de mar,
figure of, ii, 461
Esocidæ, i, 290; ii, 190, 192
Esox, i, 109, 253, 315, 327, 391; ii, 190, 194
figure of, i, 328; ii, 192
Etelis, i, 262; ii, 338
figure of, ii, 337
Etheostoma, i, 129, 283; ii, 310, 315
figure of, i, 231; ii, 314
Etheostominæ, i, 230, 232; ii, 166, 306, 307, 310
ethmoid, ii, 142
Etmopterus,
figure of, i, 189, 546
etrumei-iwashi, ii, 52
Etrumeus, ii, 52
Eucalia, ii, 232
Eucitharus,
figure of, ii, 488
Eucinostomus, ii, 347
Eugnathidæ, ii, 26
eulachon, i, 321; ii, 19, 125, 126
figure of, i, 320; ii, 124
Euleptorhamphus, ii, 212
Eumicrotremus, ii, 135
Euphaneropidæ, i, 576
Euphrosen, i, 396
Eupomotis, i, 283
figure of, i, 7, 13; ii, 301
European chub,
pharyngeals of, i, 48
teeth of, figured, ii, 164
European lancelet,
figure of, i, 120
European sculpin,
figure of, i, 219
European soles, ii, 496
Eurylepis, ii, 14
Eurynotus,
figure of, ii, 15
Eurypharyngidæ, ii, 156
Eurypharynx, ii, 156
Eurypholis,
figure of, ii, 136, 137
Euselachii, i, 532
Eusthenopteron, i, 603
Eutæniichthys,
figure of, ii, 467
Euthynotus, ii, 34
Evenchelys, ii, 153
Eventognathi, i, 405; ii, 160, 162
everglade minnow,
figure of, ii, 197
everglade pigmy perch,
figure of, ii, 295
Evermann, ii, 69, 100, 103, 354
on Panama fishes, i, 274
portrait of, i, 421
on Two Ocean Pass, i, 307-310
Evermannellidæ, ii, 135
Evermannella, ii, 136
Eviota, ii, 460, 467
evolution of fishes, i, 223-225, 435-459
Dean on, i, 223
Exerpes,
figure of, i, 276; ii, 511
Exocœtidæ, ii, 210, 211, 214
Exocœtoididæ, ii, 134
Exocœtoides, ii, 133
Exocœtus, i, 391; ii, 213
Exoglossum,
head of, figured, ii, 167
Exonautes, ii, 213
exoskeleton, i, 20
Exostoma, ii, 184
extension of Indian fauna, i, 267
exterior of fish, i, 16-25
external gills,
figure of, i, 78, 602
Kerr on, i, 76
Mauer on, i, 77
Orr on, i, 77
Rusconi on, i, 77
extinction of species, i, 240
causes of, i, 241
Eyclesheimer, i, 428
Eydoux, i, 408
eye of fish, i, 119
eye of flounder,
in larval stage, i, 174
migration of, i, 173-176
Williams on, i, 174-178
eye-of-the-sea, ii, 361
Faber, i, 396
Fabricius, i, 394
Facciola, i, 412
factors of extinction, i, 442
fading of pigment in spirits, i, 235
fair maid, ii, 344
fallfish, i, 311; ii, 167
fall-salmon, ii, 80
family,
definition of, i, 373
fan-tailed darter, ii, 315
Farquhar,
on Opah, ii, 244
fat cod, ii, 440
fat head, ii, 388
fatherlasher, ii, 445
faunal areas,
minor, i, 248
of Japanese fishes, i, 257
faunal resemblances, i, 259, 260
faunal differences, i, 260, 261
favorable waters have most species, i, 301
fear in fishes, i, 163
expressions of, i, 165
Felichthys,
figure of, ii, 179
fiatola, ii, 283
Fierasfer, i, 84; ii, 520
figure of, i, 159; ii, 522, 523
Fierasferidæ, ii, 158, 522
fighting-fish, ii, 370
of Siam, i, 163
filefish, ii, 413-415
figure of, i, 182
filiform, i, 19
Filippi, i, 412
finfold, i, 63, 64
Balfour's theory of, i, 69
fin migration,
Dean on, i, 75
of Heterodontus, i, 75
finnan haddie, ii, 537
fins of fishes,
described, i, 9, 10, 20, 24, 25
migration of, i, 75
morphology of, i, 62-90
origin of, i, 62
fin-spines, i, 528, 529; ii, 39
of Hybodus, i, 528, 529
of Onchus, figured, i, 509
Fischer,
on fishes of Panama, i, 275
Fish Commission,
fish stocking by, i, 346
fisheries,
economic, i, 337
salmon, i, 81, 87
fishes,
in action, i, 11
adaptation to environment, i, 156
affection of, i, 167
affected by temperature, i, 149
age of, i, 144, 146
air-bladder of, i, 12, 92, 93
alimentary canal in, i, 31
anadromous, i, 156, 160, 291
anger of, i, 165
in aquaria, i, 150, 165
blood of, i, 11
body form of, i, 16
bones of, i, 10
bony, i, 454, 506
brain of, i, 12, 14, 109, 112
breathing of, i, 5, 91, 103
of British Museum, i, 402
burrowing of, ii, 463, 465
care of eggs by, i, 128
catadromous, i, 162, 291
catalogues of, i, 402
channel, i, 291
circulatory organs of, i, 26
classification of, i, 367-386
of Coal Measures, i, 223
collecting of, i, 429
color and coloration of, i, 6, 129, 226-236
conditions of life of, i, 215
of coral reefs, i, 235
currents affecting, i, 243, 244
deep sea, i, 408
definition of, i, 3
degeneration in, i, 54, 216, 218-220; ii, 547
digestion and digestive organs of, i, 11, 26
diœcious, i, 124
dispersion of, i, 318
diseases of, i, 340-358
dissection of, i, 26, 27
distortion in, i, 129
distribution of, i, 237-255, 435
domestication of, i, 149, 151
ear of, i, 8, 119-121
earliest forms of, i, 443
eggs of, i, 125-135
electric organs of, i, 25; ii, 187
embryology of, i, 131-151
evolution in, i, 223, 435-459
exterior of, i, 16-25
extinct, i, 224
eye of, i, 6, 119
eye-stalks of, ii, 466
face of, i, 5
fins of, i, 9, 10, 24
flight of, i, 167
flow of blood in, i, 107
as food for man, i, 320-339
food of, i, 11, 29
form of, i, 4
fossil, i, 422-428
fresh-water, i, 250
gall-bladder in, i, 26
generalized forms of, i, 224
gills of, i, 92
growth of, i, 30, 144
habits of, i, 152
hearing of, i, 8, 119
heart of, i, 11, 28, 106
herbivorous, i, 30, 155; ii, 364
hermaphrodite, i, 124
homologies of bones in, i, 34
hybridism in, i, 144
instincts of, i, 154
intestines of, i, 33
intromittent organ in, i, 124
with jugular fins, i, 456
kidneys of, i, 11, 28
killed by earthquakes, i, 356
Labyrinthine, ii, 365
larval forms, i, 142, 620, 621
lateral line of, i, 9
life cycle of, i, 3-5, 152
lowland, i, 291
luminous organs of, i, 188-190
lungs of, i, 98
measurements of, i, 19
migration of, i, 160
monstrosities among, i, 151
mortality among, i, 357
mountain, i, 291
mouth of, i, 29
muscles of, i, 25
mythology of, i, 359
naturalization of, i, 150
nerves of, i, 12, 14, 109, 113; ii, 368
nests and nest-building of, i, 15, 167, 128; ii, 184, 229-231
noises of, i, 121, 168
nostril of, i, 6
nuptial colors in, i, 155, 156
nutrition organs of, i, 29
organs of,
locomotion, i, 24
phosphorescence, i, 194
reproduction, i, 28, 124-130
sense, i, 115-123
sight, i, 6, 116
smell, i, 115
taste, i, 121
touch, i, 122
ovaries, i, 26
oviparous, i, 125
ovoviviparous, i, 125
pain, sense of, in, i, 123
parasites of, i, 340-344
parasitic, i, 198
pectoral limb of, i, 50
pelagic, i, 156
pineal eye in, i, 111
poisonous, i, 180-185, 236; ii, 177, 411, 413, 421, 433,436, 526
postembryonic development, i, 132
posterior limbs of, i, 53
preservation of, i, 431
problem of highest, i, 383
protection of young by, i, 128
pugnacity of, i, 162
recognition marks in, i, 7, 232, 236
records of, i, 433
scales of, i, 20
sensitiveness to change, i, 150
sexual modifications in, i, 129
shoulder-girdle of, i, 50, 52
skeleton of, i, 10, 214, 215
specialization in, i, 219, 220, 224, 249; ii, 438
spinal cord of, i, 112
spineless, i, 25
spiral valve in, i, 32
tail of, i, 49
teeth of, i, 5, 29
tenacity of life in, i, 146, 147
timidity of, i, 166
tongue of, i, 6, 31
upland, i, 291
variety in tropics, i, 333
viscera of, i, 26
viviparous, i, 125; ii, 376
voices of, i, 121
where found, i, 158, 159
zeoid, ii, 245
fishes as food, i, 320-339
fishes of Panama,
Evermann on, i, 274
Fischer on, i, 275
Günther on, i, 272, 273
Hill on, i, 277
Upham on, i, 276
Wright on, i, 275
fish faunas,
genera in, i, 262, 263
Indian, i, 267
of Japan, i, 255, 256, 259
of Mediterranean, i, 259
of Panama, i, 267
separated by barriers, i, 255-281
fish fighting, i, 162
fish god of Japan,
figure of, ii, 343
fish guano, i, 538
Fish-Hawk, the, i, 408; ii, 147
fishing,
apparatus for, i, 335
for ayu, i, 333
for tai, figured, i, 338
with cormorants, i, 333, 335
methods of, i, 334
fishing-frog, i, 202; ii, 542
capture of prey by, i, 169
figure of, i, 18; ii, 545, 550
fish-like vertebrates, i, 34
fish of Paradise, ii, 369
Fistularia, i, 85, 393; ii, 233, 390
shoulder-girdle of, ii, 227
Fistulariidæ, ii, 227
family of, ii, 233
Flammeo, ii, 254
flashers, ii, 331
flatfish family, i, 177; ii, 48
flatheads, ii, 441
Flesus, ii, 493
Fleurieu's whirlpool, ii, 242
flier, ii, 297
flight of fishes, i, 157
Floeberg, ii, 110
Florida jewfish,
figure of, ii, 323
Florida lion-fish,
figure of, ii, 433
flounder, i, 117, 178, 203, 440; ii, 483-485, 488, 493, 494
development of, i, 144
diamond, ii, 493
eel-back, ii, 493
eyes of, i, 118, 174-178
frog, ii, 493
lantern, ii, 488
larval form, i, 176; ii, 483, 484
migration of eye, figured, ii, 484
newly hatched, figured, i, 177
osteology of, ii, 484
peacock, ii, 488
pole, ii, 494
shoulder-girdle of, i, 58; ii, 2
starry, ii, 493
tail of, figured, ii, 486
vertebræ in, i, 205
wide-eyed, ii, 488
wide-eyed, figured, i, 175
young, figured, i, 175; ii, 482
flower of the surf,
figure of, ii, 218
flow of blood in fish, i, 107
flukes, ii, 494
flying-fish, ii, 211-214
figure of, i, 157, 341, 440
parasites of, i, 342
flyfish, ii, 429
flying gurnard, ii, 456, 458
figure of, i, 457
flying robin, ii, 458
Fodiator,
figure of, ii, 213
food-fishes,
abundance of, i, 329
relative rank of, i, 320
food of lampreys, i, 491
foolfishes, i, 206; ii, 413
Foot-notes to Evolution,
reference to, i, 302
foramen, i, 92
forelle, i, 327
Forcipiger, ii, 404
Forgy,
on oarfish, ii, 473
Forbes, i, 419
on fish epidemics, i, 340
formalin,
as preservative, i, 432
Forskål, i, 394
Forster, i, 395
fossil capelin, ii, 126, 127
fossil darters, ii, 315
fossil fishes, i, 205; ii, 48, 52, 53, 56, 174
Agassiz on, i, 422, 423
Dean on, i, 422
earliest forms, i, 568
figure of, i, 436, 454; ii, 47, 59
first period of, i, 423
from Green River, ii, 59
morphological work on, i, 427
second period, i, 424
study of, i, 424
third period, i, 427
fossil gobies, ii, 467
fossil herring,
figure of, i, 453; ii, 52
fossil trout, ii, 62, 118
four-eyed fish,
figure of, i, 117
four-spined stickleback,
figure of, ii, 232
Fowler, i, 422
fox shark, i, 536
Frère Jacques, ii, 255
fresh-water eels, ii, 149
fresh-water fishes, i, 209; ii, 157, 160, 161
dispersion of, i, 282-296
distribution of, i, 249
Günther on, i, 249
of Japan, i, 256
of North America, i, 290
fresh-water minnows, i, 33
fresh-water perch,
figure of, ii, 373
Friar Odoric,
on fear in fishes, i, 166
Fries, i, 410
frilled shark, i, 361, 516
figure of, i, 525
Fritsch, i, 427, 428, 512
frog,
arm of, figured, i, 601
frogfish, i, 197; ii, 549
figure of, ii, 551
frog flounder, ii, 493
frostfish, ii, 537
Fucus, ii, 512
Fullarton, i, 177
function of lateral line, i, 23
Fundulus, ii, 194, 199
figure of, i, 198
fur seal,
food of, ii, 127, 537
Gadidæ, i, 290; ii, 522, 533
Gadopsidæ, ii, 516
Gadus, i, 209, 391
figure of, i, 331; ii, 533
Gazza, ii, 287
gaff-topsail cat,
figure of, ii, 179
Gaidropsarus, i, 209; ii, 539
Gaimard, i, 406
galafata, ii, 413
Galaxias, i, 223, 252, 253, 254
Boulenger on, ii, 204, 205
Galaxiidæ,
family of, ii, 204
Galei, i, 532
Galeidæ, i, 540
Galeichthys, i, 128, 242, 271, 273; ii, 178
figure of, ii, 179
Galeocerdo, i, 541, 542
Galeoid sharks, i, 519
Galeorhinidæ, i, 532, 540
Galeorhinus, i, 454
Galeus,
figure of, i, 541
gall-bladder, i, 26
galliwasp, ii, 130
galo, ii, 394
Gambusia, i, 64, 66, 67; ii, 199
Ganocephala, i, 85, 86
Ganoidei, i, 444, 599, 616; ii, 2, 3, 13
Ganoids, i, 22, 38, 88, 91, 139, 157, 159, 186, 204, 384, 569, 622; ii,
1-36
Agassiz on, ii, 9
air-bladder in, i, 109
classification of, ii, 13
Gill on, ii, 9
as a group, ii, 4, 9
ganoid fish, i, 582
figure of, i, 452, 453
Garden, i, 390
Garibaldi,
figure of, i, 227; ii, 382
garfish, ii, 147, 210, 211
shoulder-girdle in, i, 59
Garman, i, 405, 408, 420; ii, 183
on blind fish, ii, 202
on frilled shark, i, 525
on Sunapee trout, ii, 109
garpike, i, 290; ii, 30-32
figure of, ii, 27
fossil, ii, 32
tail of, i, 82
vertebræ of, i, 48
garrupa, ii, 323
gaspergou, ii, 354
Gasteronemus, ii, 288
figure of, ii, 289
Gasterosteidæ, i, 128, 290
family of, ii, 228, 232
Gasterosteus, i, 161, 172, 391; ii, 229, 231, 236
Lord on, ii, 230
figure of, ii, 232
Gastrostomus,
figure of, ii, 156
gastrula, i, 131, 132
Gaudry,
on leptocercal tail, i, 84
Gay, i, 415
Gegenbaur, i, 428, 511, 512, 591, 594, 601
on archipterygium, i, 60
on morphology, i, 68
on pectoral fin, i, 67
theory of, i, 73
Gempylidæ,
family of, ii, 267
Gempylus, ii, 267
general laws,
of development, i, 133
of distribution, i, 239
generalization and specialization, i, 380
genital organs, i, 124
genus, i, 375
definition of, i, 372
Genyonemus, ii, 356
Genypterus, ii, 520
geographical distribution, i, 237-259
of sharks, charted, i, 459
geological evidence of submergence, i, 268
Geophagus, ii, 381
Geotria, i, 491
Gephyrura, ii, 201
Gephyroberyx, ii, 252
gephyrocercal tail, i, 84, 604
figure of, i, 85
German carp, ii, 175
germ-cells, i, 124
Germo, 210; ii, 262, 266
figure of, ii, 263
Gerres, i, 271, 273
figure of, ii, 349
Gerridæ, i, 206; ii, 372
family of, ii, 347
Gervais, i, 408
ghost-fishes, ii, 150, 516
giant bass, ii, 324
Gibbes, i, 426
Gibbons, i, 419
on Embiotocidæ, ii, 377
Gibbonsia,
figure of, ii, 508
gibbus, ii, 45
Gigactinidæ, ii, 551
Giglioli, i, 412
Gila, i, 304; ii, 169
Gilbert, i, 408, 415, 420; ii, 239
on Astroscopus, i, 187
on coracoid plate, ii, 206
on flight of fishes, i, 157
on island forms, i, 240
on larval forms, i, 142
portrait of, i, 421
Gilbertidia, ii, 441, 447, 449
figure of, ii, 451
Gill, i, 408, 419, 448, 528, 591, 594, 600; ii, 24, 34, 40, 52, 317,
365, 366, 502, 511
on anglers, ii, 543
on Discocephali, ii, 470, 471
on eels, ii, 143, 156
on high and low forms, i, 383
on work of Lacépède, i, 398
on New Zealand fauna, i, 252
on paired limbs, i, 85
portrait of, i, 407
on Selachii, i, 509
on shoulder-girdle, i, 86-89
sketch of, i, 405
on soles, ii, 496
on swallowers, ii, 360, 361
on tilefish, ii, 361, 362
gill,
arches, i, 45, 91, 508
basket, figured, i, 92, 485
covers, i, 44
filaments, i, 107
offices of, i, 11
openings, i, 91
rakers, i, 31, 46
septum, i, 73
slits, i, 508
Gillellus, ii, 506
Gillichthys, ii, 462
figure of, ii, 463
Gillicus, ii, 48
Ginglymodi, ii, 24, 30
Ginglymostoma, i, 533
Ginglymostomidæ, i, 533
Girard, i, 405, 419; ii, 378, 379
girdle in Dipnoans, i, 86
Girella, ii, 348
gisu, ii, 46
gizzard-shad, i, 290; ii, 51, 53
glacial epoch,
effect on dispersion, i, 316
Glaucosoma, ii, 323, 340
Glandiceps, i, 465
Glanencheli, ii, 187
glassy darter, ii, 313
glenoid, i, 90
Glesnæs oarfish, ii, 472
figure of, i, 363
globefishes, i, 197, 440, 455; ii, 419
figure of, i, 244; ii, 422
Globulodus, ii, 15
Glossobalanus,
figure of, i, 464
larva of, figured, i, 463
glut-herring, ii, 50
Glyphisodon, i, 267
figure of, ii, 383
Glyptocephalus, i, 206; ii, 494
Glyptolepis, i, 603
Glyptopomus, i, 604
Gmelin, i, 395, 397
Gnathanacanthidæ, ii, 514
Gnathodentex, ii, 341
Gnathonemus,
figure of, ii, 189
Gnathostomata, i, 78
Gnathostomes, i, 35, 572, 573
Gnathostomi, i, 508, 570
Gnathypops,
figure of, ii, 359
goatfish, i, 198; ii, 351, 379
figure of, i, 122
gobies, i, 428; ii, 459
Gobiesox, ii, 529, 530, 531
Gobiidæ, i, 22, 206, 290; ii, 306
family of, ii, 459
Gobius, i, 208, 273, 391; ii, 461, 467
Gobio, ii, 167, 175
Gobioides, ii, 467
Gobioidea, ii, 470
Gobioidei, 11, 459-480
suborder of, ii, 459
Gobiomorus,
figure of, i, 160
Gobionellus, i, 208
figure of, ii, 461
Gobiosoma, i, 313; ii, 462
goblin sharks,
figures of, i, 535
goby, i, 290; ii, 462, 466
gofu, ii, 434
figure of, i, 229
goggler, ii, 275
golden,
shiner, ii, 167
goldsinny, ii, 387
surmullet,
figure of, i, 322; ii, 352
trout, ii, 99
goldfish, ii, 170, 171
of Japan, i, 151
Gomphosus, ii, 390
Goniistius, ii, 363
Goniognathus, ii, 287
Gonioplectrus, ii, 323
Gonorhynchidæ, ii, 54-56
Gonorhynchus, ii, 56
Gonostoma, ii, 129
Gonostomidæ, ii, 129
Gonzalez, i, 414
Goodea, ii, 199, 201
figure of, i, 126; ii, 200
with young, figured, i, 126
Goodsira, i, 476
goody, ii, 356
goosefish, ii, 545
Gorbuscha, ii, 73
Goode, i, 408, 419; ii, 307, 308
on albacore, ii, 267
on American fisheries, i, 335
on codfish, ii, 534
estimate of herring product, i, 330
on fishing-frog, ii, 545
on habits of mullets, ii, 219, 220
on mackerel, ii, 260, 264, 265
on menhaden, ii, 51
portrait of, i, 407
on swordfish, ii, 270
Gordiichthys, i, 211; ii, 153
Gordius, ii, 143, 144
Gosfordia, i, 613
Gosse, i, 415
Gouan, i, 397
gatasami, ii, 361
Gottsche, i, 428
goujon, ii, 182
gourami, ii, 369
gouramy,
nest of, i, 167
Grammicolepidæ,
family of, ii, 249
Grammicolepis, ii, 249
Grammistes, ii, 330
grande écaille,
figure of, ii, 43
Granodus, i, 565
Grantea, ii, 544
Graphiurus, i, 605
Grassi, i, 428
grass rockfish, ii, 429
Gray, i, 416
grayling, i, 150, 305; ii, 120-138
gray snapper, ii, 335
figure of, ii, 334
Great Basin,
chub of, i, 287
dispersion of fishes in, i, 316
fishes of, i, 302
great blue cat, ii, 180
great oarfish, ii, 472
Greeley, i, 422
Green,
on Sacramento perch, i, 179
green-backed trout, ii, 104
figure of, ii, 105
green cod, ii, 537
Greene,
on Porichthys, i, 190-197; ii, 526
greenfish, ii, 348
Greenland char, ii, 109
Greenland halibut, ii, 491
Greenland shark, i, 547
greenling, ii, 439
figure of, ii, 440
green mackerel,
figure of, ii, 275
Green River shales, i, 205; ii, 52, 57-59
green rockfish, ii, 429
green-sided darter,
figure of, i, 247; ii, 312
green wrasse, ii, 387
Gregarinidia, i, 242
grenadier, i, 84; ii, 540
figure of, ii, 541
grilse, ii, 91
grindle, ii, 35
griset,
figure of, i, 523
Gronias, ii, 181
Gronovius, i, 390
groupers, ii, 323
grubby, ii, 446
grunt, i, 239
figure of, ii, 340
grunters, ii, 340
gruntfishes, i, 121
Grystes, i, 302
Guacamaia, ii, 394
figure of, i, 330
guahu, ii, 266
guasa, ii, 323
guavina de rio, ii, 459
figure of, ii, 460
Guaymas,
fishes of, i, 274
gudgeon, i, 122; ii, 167
Guichenot, i, 412, 415
guipo, ii, 512
guitar-fishes, i, 550
figure of, i, 551
gular plate, i, 43; ii, 33
Güldenstadt, i, 395
Gulf Stream, i, 239
deep-sea fish of, i, 276
gulper-eel, ii, 156
gulpers, ii, 155
gunnel,
figure of, ii, 512
Gunner, i, 396; ii, 245
Günther, i, 88, 255, 259, 404; ii, 3, 95, 135, 161, 183, 229, 371
on archipterygium, i, 60
on Barramunda, i, 615
catalogue of, i, 402
on work of Cuvier, i, 400
on deep-sea fishes, ii, 136
on dispersion, i, 289
on eels, ii, 141
on electrophores, ii, 188
estimate of eggs by, i, 128
on fishes of Panama, i, 272, 273
on Lepidosteus, ii, 5
on month gestation, i, 173
on pain in fishes, i, 123
on poison glands, i, 180; ii, 527-529
portrait of, i, 403
on respiration, i, 91
on salmon, ii, 92
on sea-devils, ii, 547
on trout, ii, 94
on variation in vertebræ, i, 210
on zones of distribution, i, 249, 251
gunwale, ii, 512
Gurley,
on parasitic diseases, i, 342
gurnard, i, 122, 198, 208, 209; ii, 456
gurry shark, i, 547
Gymnarchidæ, ii, 188
Gymnarchus, ii, 188
Gymnelis, i, 209; ii, 519
Gymnocanthus, ii, 448
Gymnocephalus, ii, 241, 310
Gymnodontes, ii, 398, 411, 418, 422
Gymnosarda, ii, 262
Gymnothorax, i, 211, 274; ii, 152
figure of, i, 458; ii, 154, 155
Gymnonoti, ii, 159-161, 188
order of, ii, 187
Gymnotidæ, ii, 187
Gymnotus, i, 391
Gyrinidæ, ii, 222
Gyrodus,
figure of, ii, 22
Gyrolepis, ii, 14
Gyrosteus, ii, 18
Gyroptychius, i, 82
figure of, i, 604
habits of fishes, i, 152
haddock, ii, 537
figure of, ii, 536
skull of, figured, ii, 536
Hadrodus, ii, 22
Hadropterus, i, 300
figure of, ii, 311
haë, ii, 117, 118
Hæckel, i, 411, 511
on origin of fins, i, 62
hæmal arch, ii, 6
Hæmapophyres, i, 48
Hæmulidæ, i, 206; ii, 340, 342, 359
family of, ii, 340
Hæmulon, i, 121, 238, 271, 274, 375
figure of, ii, 340
hagfishes, i, 28, 488
Delfin on feeding of, i, 489
egg of, figured, i, 127
figure of, i, 199, 489
and lampreys, i, 189
hair-worm, ii, 144
hake, ii, 136, 539, 540
isocercal tail of, i, 83
shoulder-girdle of, i, 60
hakone dace, i, 257
Haldeman, i, 419
Halec, ii, 33, 136
Halecomorphi, ii, 13, 23, 24, 29, 35
order of, ii, 33
half-beak,
figure of, ii, 212
half-moon fish, ii, 350
halibut, 128; ii, 149, 489, 491
figure of, i, 332; ii, 492
fishery, ii, 490
Halichœres, i, 207, 257, 297; ii, 180, 388-390
figure of i, 297; ii, 396
Halientichthys, ii, 552
Hallock,
on black bass, ii, 302
on Esox, ii, 192
Halosauridæ, ii, 158
Halosaurus, ii, 138
Hamilton, i, 416
hammerhead shark, i, 543
figure of, i, 544
Hancock, i, 415
handsaw-fish, ii, 135
Hansen,
on Chinook salmon, ii, 85
Haplistia, i, 602
Haplochiton, ii, 128
Haplochitonidæ, ii, 129, 204
Haplodoci, ii, 499
sub order of, ii, 525
Haplomi, i, 405; ii, 34, 40, 41, 129, 188-207, 224, 250
mesocoracoid arch in, ii, 189
ventral fin, i, 67
Haplopagrus, i, 271
hard-tails, ii, 169
Hardwicke,
on affection in fishes, i, 167
harelip-sucker, ii, 174
Harengula ii, 51
Harpagiferidæ, ii, 501
Harpodon, ii, 131
Harrimania,
figure of, i, 465
Harrimaniidæ,
family of, i, 465
low organization of, i, 465
Harriottia, i, 199, 566
figure of, i, 449
harvest-fish, ii, 283
figure of, i, 18; ii, 284
Hasse, i, 428, 543
on Elasmobranchs, i, 509
on ossicles, i, 96
on sharks, i, 509, 530, 561
Hasselquist, i, 389
Hatta, i, 418
Hauy, i, 397
Hawaii,
fish fauna of, i, 243
Hay, i, 419, 427, 581; ii, 4 34, 36
on fossil eels, ii, 22
on Pycnodonti, ii, 22
on varieties of sharks, i, 528, 529
hazé, ii, 118
headfishes, i, 19, 84, 206
figure of, ii, 424
larva of, figured, i, 143
headlight-fish,
figure of, i, 188; ii, 132
Heart Lake tapeworm, i, 348
Linton on, i, 348-350
heart of the fish, i, 106
Hector, i, 416
Helicolemus, i, 259; ii, 429, 432
Helicoprion,
teeth of, figured, i, 530
Heller, i, 422
Helodus, i, 531
Helostoma, ii, 370
Helostomidæ, ii, 370
Hemerocœtidæ, ii, 506
Hemianthias, ii, 330
Hemibranchii, ii, 40, 157, 209, 227-240
sub order of, ii, 227
Hemichordata, i, 461
Hemicyclaspis, i, 576
Hemiexocœtus, ii, 213
Hemigymnus, ii, 390
Hemilepidotus, ii, 442
figure of, ii, 443
Hemipteronotus, ii, 390
Hemiramphus, ii, 214, 268
figure of, ii, 212
Hemiscylliidæ, i, 533
Hemitripterus, i, 595; ii, 441
figure of, i, 220; ii, 448
Heniochus, ii, 404
Henle, i, 405
Henshall,
on black bass, ii, 302
Henshaw, ii, 523
photograph by, i, 281
hepatic sinus, i, 108
Heptadiodon, ii, 423
Heptanema, i, 605
Heptatrema, i, 490
Heptranchias, i, 447, 509, 536
pectoral fin in, figured, i, 57
skull of, i, 56
teeth of, figured, i, 524
Herald, i, 408
Herbert,
on lake trout-fishing, ii, 115
herbivorous fishes, i, 30; ii, 364
Herdmania, i, 474
hermaphrodite fish, i, 124
Heros, i, 314; ii, 381
Herpetichthys, i, 608
herring, i, 21, 204, 290, 429, 440; ii, 33, 38, 43, 46, 49, 52, 73,
123, 159
figure of, i, 331; ii, 48
Goode on, i, 330
product of, i, 330
Hertwig, i, 112
Herzenstein, i, 411
Heterandria, i, 314; ii, 194, 201, 467
Heterobranchus, ii, 186
heterocercal tail, i, 49, 507, 513, 516, 602
of Acipenser, figured, i, 80
of Amia, figured, i, 82
of garpike, figured, i, 82
of Lepisosteus, figured, i, 82
of Salmo, i, 83
of sturgeon, figured, i, 80
of young trout, i, 83
Heterocongridæ, ii, 150
Heterodontus, i, 128, 447, 536
eggs of, figured, i, 128, 527
figure of, i, 75, 526
lower jaw, figured, i, 526
pectoral fin of, figured, i, 57
Heterodontidæ, i, 65, 127, 447, 511, 523, 529, 530, 545
family of, i, 527
Heterognathi, ii, 161, 162
Heteromi, i, 405, 611; ii, 12 138, 532
order of, ii, 157
Heteropleuron, i, 483
Heterostichus, ii, 507
Heterosomata, ii, 247, 481-498
Heterosteus, i, 586
Heterostraci, i, 568, 571, 622; ii, 13
order of, i, 573
Heterotis, ii, 56
Hexagrammidæ, ii, 442, 501
family of, ii, 439
organs of smell in, i, 115
Hexagrammos, i, 257; ii, 107, 439
figure of, ii, 440
Hexanchidæ, i, 509, 528
family of, i, 524
Hexanchus, i, 447, 524
figure of, i, 523
hickory shad,
figure of, ii, 53
high and low forms,
Agassiz on, i, 380, 381
Gill on, i, 383
Traquair on, i, 381, 382
Hilgendorf, i, 411, 416
portrait of, i, 417
Hilgendorfia, ii, 455
Hill, i, 415
conclusions of, i, 277, 279
Himantolophus, ii, 549
hinalea, i, 158
hingio, ii, 128
Hiodon, i, 291, 394; ii, 45, 46
figure of, ii, 45
Hiodontidæ, i, 290; ii, 45
Hippocampus, i, 19; ii, 236
figure of, i, 17, 250; ii, 238
Hippoglossinæ, ii, 489
Hippoglossoides, i, 205; ii, 491
Hippoglossus, i, 205, 329; ii, 489
figure of, i, 332; ii, 492
hirondelle, i, 408; ii, 60
His, i, 428
Histiopteridæ, ii, 398
Histiopterus, i, 260; ii, 333
Histiothrissa, ii, 52
history of ichthyology, i, 387-428
Hoffman, i, 412; ii, 546
hog-choker,
figure of, ii, 496
hogfish, ii, 388
figure of, ii, 387
Holacanthus, ii, 403
figure of, ii, 404, 405
skeleton of, figured, i, 214
Holbrook, i, 419
Holcolepis,
figure of, i, 454; ii, 43
Holconoti, ii, 365, 379, 380
suborder of, ii, 372
Holconotus, i, 404; ii, 375
Holden, ii, 291
Holder, ii, 409, 474
on oarfish, ii, 474
Holostei, i, 624; ii, 24
Holotrachys, ii, 256
Hollard, i, 412
Hollardia, ii, 412
Holocentridæ,
family of, ii, 253
Holocentrus, i, 267; ii, 253, 255
figure of, ii, 254
Holocephali, i, 448, 508, 519, 520, 561-567
Holopterus, ii, 41
Holoptychiidæ, i, 602, 603, 624
Holoptychius,
basal fin of, figured, i, 603
dorsal fin of, figured, i, 49
figure of, i, 451
Holostomi, ii, 140, 141
Holothurian, ii, 522
Fierasfer issuing from, i, 159
Holurus, ii, 14
Homalopteridæ, ii, 176
Hombron, i, 408
Home, i, 396
Homistius, i, 586
homocercal tail, i, 49, 81-83, 602
figure of, i, 84
of flounder, i, 84
homologies,
of bones, i, 34, 35
of pectoral limb, i, 85
Homonotus, ii, 253
homoplasy, i, 296
Homosoma, ii, 283
Hooker,
on fishes prey of birds, i, 166
Hoplias, ii, 162
Hoplichthyidæ, ii, 441
Hoplichthys, ii, 441
Hoplopagrus, i, 271
Hoplopteryx,
figure of, i, 438; ii, 253
Hoplostethus, i, 260, 263; ii, 252
Hoppin,
on blind fish, ii, 202, 203
Hornbaum-Hornschuch, ii, 144
horn-dace, i, 122, 283; ii, 167
figure of, i, 285; ii, 168
horned pout, ii, 35, 180
figure of, ii, 181
horned trunkfish, i, 374
figure of, i, 373, 376; ii, 416
hornfish, ii, 412
hornless trunkfish, i, 378; ii, 418
face view of, i, 379
figure of, i, 378; ii, 416
horse-eye-jack, ii, 276
horsehead-fish, ii, 276
figure of, i, 148
horse-mackerel, ii, 135
figure of, ii, 274
horseshoe-crab,
figure of, i, 572
Houttuyn, i, 394, 416
how fish cross watersheds, i, 306
how fishes breathe, i, 91
how to secure fish, i, 429
Hoy, i, 419; ii, 64
huchen, ii, 106
Hucho, i, 253; ii, 62, 106
figure of, ii, 107
Humboldt, i, 410
on gas in swim-bladder, i, 95
humpback salmon, ii, 68, 72, 80
figure of, ii, 70, 72
humpback sucker, ii, 174
humpback whitefish, ii, 65
Hutton, i, 416
Huxley, i, 424, 428, 593, 601; ii, 3
on herring product, i, 330
on Lepidostei, ii, 23
Hybocladodus, i, 522
Hybodus, i, 528, 529
eggs of, figured, i, 527
fin-spine of, figured, i, 528, 529
Hybopsis, ii, 167
hybridism, i, 144; ii, 94
Hydrocyon, ii, 162
Hydrolagus, i, 564
Hyodon, i, 302
Hyoganoidea, ii, 24
Hyoganoids, ii, 11
hyomandibular, i, 508, 521, 606
hyostylic skull, i, 508, 561; ii, 7
figure of, i, 56
Hypamia, ii, 36
hypercoracoid, i, 89; ii, 1, 12
Hyperoartia, i, 488, 490, 593
Hyperoplus, ii, 521
Hyperotreta, i, 488, 593
Hyperprosopon, ii, 375
hypocoracoid, i, 89; ii, 12
Hypocritichthys,
figure of, i, 309; ii, 375
Hypohomus, ii, 312
Hypophthalmidæ, ii, 185
Hypoplectrus, i, 235, 271; ii, 237
figure of, ii, 329
Hyporhamphus, ii, 212
Hypostomides, ii, 227-240
suborder of, ii, 239
Hypotrema, i, 549
hypural, ii, 142
Hypseleotris, ii, 460
Hypsoblennius, i, 242
Hypsopsetta, ii, 493
Hypsurus, ii, 375
figure of, ii, 373
Hypsycormus, ii, 34
Hypsypops,
figure of, i, 227; ii, 382
Hyrtl, i, 428
Hysterocarpus, i, 304; ii, 374
figure of, ii, 373, 379
Icarus, ii, 43
icefish, i, 146; ii, 123, 127
figure of, i, 149; ii, 128
Icelinus, ii, 442
Icelus, ii, 442, 449
Icosteidæ, ii, 285
Icosteus, ii, 285
Ictalurus, i, 291, 292; ii, 179-181
figure of, i, 280
ichthyized fishes, i, 210
Ichthyocephali, ii, 140, 141
Ichthyodectes, ii, 48
Ichthyodectidæ, ii, 48
Ichthyodorolites, i, 516, 529, 566
ichthyologists,
portraits of, i, 399, 403, 407, 409, 413, 417, 421, 425, 513, 516,
525, 545, 561, 599, 601
ichthyology,
Aristotle on, i, 387
history of, i, 387-428
Ichthyotomi, i, 437, 446
order of, i, 519
Parker & Haswell on, i, 520
Ichthyomyzon, i, 491
Ichthyopsida, i, 601
Ichthyosism, i, 183
Ichthysauroides, i, 586
Icthyscopus, ii, 503
Ictiobus, i, 291; ii, 172
figure of, ii, 173
shoulder-girdle of, i, 51; ii, 160
id, ii, 168
Idiacanthidæ, ii, 138
Idus, ii, 168
igami, ii, 390
Ilarches, ii, 400
Ilarchidæ, ii, 291, 400, 401
Ilarchus, ii, 398
Ilisha, i, 271; ii, 52
Ilyophidæ, ii, 150
imaginary garpike, i, 364
incisor teeth, figured, i, 31
inconnu,
figure of, ii, 67
Indian fauna, i, 267
extension of, i, 265
Indian fish, ii, 405
Indian sawfish,
figure of, i, 200
Indian parrot-fish,
figure of pharyngeals, ii, 393
Indigo damsel-fish
figure of, ii, 384
infraclavicles, ii, 13
infundibulum, ii, 6
Iniistius, ii, 389, 390
Inimicus, i, 236; ii, 434
figure of, frontispiece, II. Vol.
Iniomi, i, 405; ii, 38, 40, 41, 138, 189, 190, 204, 526
suborder of, ii, 129
iniomous fishes,
photophores of, i, 189
instincts in fishes,
basis of, i, 154
classification of, i, 154
of courtship, i, 155
heredity in, i, 154
of migration, i, 156
variability of, i, 155, 156
Whitman on, i, 156
intensity of coloration, i, 232
interclavicle,
Starks on, ii, 227
interhæmals, i, 49; ii, 348
interneurals, i, 49; ii, 15
intestine of fish, i, 33
intromittent organ, i, 124
Investigator, the, i, 408; ii, 60
Ioa, ii, 313
Ionoscopus, ii, 36
Ipnopidæ, ii, 131
Ipnops,
figure of, i, 181; ii, 131
Irish lord, ii, 442
figure of, ii, 443
Irish Pampano,
figure of, ii, 349
isabelita,
figure of, ii, 404
Isaciella, i, 270
isaki, ii, 342
Ischnacanthidæ, i, 517
Ischnacanthus, i, 517
Ischyodus, i, 565
ishigakidai, ii, 360
Ishikawa, i, 416
ishinagi, ii, 323
Iso,
figure of, ii, 218
isocercal tail, i, 49, 83, 602
Cope on, i, 84
figure of, i, 83
Isopholidæ, ii, 26
Isopholis, ii, 26
figure of, ii, 27
Isospondyli, i, 204, 406; ii, 26, 28, 29, 33, 34, 36, 37-60, 128, 129,
138, 139, 142, 148, 159, 160, 188-190, 209, 250
order of, ii, 38
Isotœnia, i, 565
isthmus, i, 45
isthmus barriers, i, 255-281
Isthmus of Panama,
as barrier, i, 269
fish fauna of, i, 266, 271
species of shores, i, 269
Isthmus of Suez, i, 255, 258
as barrier, i, 266
submergence of, i, 267
Istiæus,
figure of, ii, 46
Istiophoridæ, ii, 268
Istiophorus, ii, 269
Istlarius, ii, 182
Isuropsis,
figure of, i, 537
Isurus, i, 537, 538
Italian parrot-fish, i, 48
figure of, ii, 391
ito,
figure of, ii, 107
itoryori, ii, 340
iwana, ii, 114
jack mariddle, ii, 43
Jackson,
on Embiotocidæ, ii, 375, 393
Jacobi,
artificial impregnation by, i, 150
Jacoby,
on origin of eels, ii, 144, 145
Jacquinot, i, 408
Jadgeska hatchery, ii, 86
Jækel, i, 427, 428, 591
jallao, ii, 341
Janassa,
teeth of, i, 554
Japan,
Black Current of, i, 255, 256, 258
fishes of, i, 256
fresh-water fauna of, i, 256
Japan and Mediterranean
fish faunas, i, 259, 260
Japanese blenny,
figure of, i, 9; ii, 513
Japanese catfish, ii, 183
Japanese dace, ii, 170
Japanese filefish,
figure of, i, 241
Japanese samlet,
figure of, i, 321
Japanese sea-horse,
figure of, i, 250
jaqueta, ii, 383
jara-bakka, i, 171
jawfish,
figure of, ii, 359
jaws, i, 201
of Amia, i, 43
bones of, i, 41, 43
figured, i, 30, 43, 583; ii, 39
of parrot-fish, i, 30; ii, 391, 393
of shark, i, 35
Jenkins, i, 420; ii, 52
on fishes of Panama, i, 274
Jenkinsia, ii, 52
Jenyns, i, 408
Jerdon, i, 416
Jerusalem haddock, ii, 244
Jeude, i, 414
jewfishes, ii, 321, 323
jiguagua, ii, 276
jocu, ii, 336
John,
on climbing-fish, ii, 367
John dories, ii, 245, 247
figure of, ii, 248
Johnny darter, ii, 313
John Paw,
figure of, ii, 325
Johnson, i, 410
on interbreeding of trout, ii, 94
Johnston, i, 428
jolt-head porgy,
figure of, ii, 344
Jordan, i, 348, 408; ii, 522
on parent stream theory, ii, 81
portrait of, i, 421
on return of salmon to spawning grounds, ii, 83
Jordanella, i, 314; ii, 198
figure of, ii, 197
Jordania, ii, 441, 449
figure of, ii, 442
Jordanicus, ii, 522
jorobado, ii, 276
joturo, ii, 26
figure of, ii, 28, 222
Joturus,
figure of, ii, 222
Jugulares, i, 393
suborder of, i, 499-506; ii, 39, 499, 534
Julis, i, 158, 235; ii, 389, 390
jurel, ii, 276
kæpra, i, 171
kajika, ii, 118
kaku, ii, 221
Kalm, i, 390
Kamchatka lamprey,
figure of, i, 495
Kamloops trout, ii, 101
Kansas River,
blue-green sunfish from, i, 26
Kareius, ii, 494
Karpinsky, i, 529
Kaup, i, 411
kawamasu, ii, 95
kawamuki, ii, 415
Kellogg's Zoology, i, 26
Kelly
on otoliths, i, 120
kelpfish, ii, 389, 390, 507
kelts, ii, 91
Kent,
on anglers, ii, 543, 544
Kerr, i, 619
on Balfour's theory, i, 72
on fin migration, i, 74
on Gegenbaur theory, i, 73
on external gill, i, 76, 78
on Lepidosiren, i, 61, 620
on morphology, i, 68
Kessler, i, 411
Kessleria, i, 252, 452; ii, 18, 20
keta, ii, 73
Kettleman, ii, 545
kihi kihi, ii, 406
killer, i, 361
killifish, i, 290, 304; ii, 194, 198
hearing of, i, 121
king crab,
figure of, i, 572
king darter,
figure of, ii, 311
kingfish, ii, 266, 356
figure of, ii, 357
king of salmon, ii, 425
figure of, ii, 478
king of herrings, ii, 425, 472
king of mackerels,
figure of, ii, 425
king salmon, ii, 68, 69
anadromous instinct of, i, 160
grilse, figured, ii, 70, 72
Kingsley,
on ascidians, i, 474
on degeneration, i, 460
on sense organs, i, 175
on tunicates, i, 466-468
Kirsch, i, 422
Kirtland, i, 418; ii, 35
Kirtlandia,
figure of, ii, 217
Kishinouye, i, 418
kisugo, ii, 358
Kittlitz, i, 410
Klein, i, 390
Klunzinger, i, 411
Kner, i, 410, 411, 427
on Ganoids, ii, 10