SECTION IV

ARMS AND ARMOUR

The chief sources of information are the sculptured reliefs on the

sepulchral monuments of the soldiers themselves and on the columns of

Trajan and Marcus. Excavations have also yielded specimens, very badly

damaged in most cases, of the weapons and armour in use at different

periods. The literary authorities contain little that is valuable, with

the exception of Arrian’s description of cavalry uniform and equipment

in his own day.[374]

On sepulchral monuments of cavalry soldiers dating from the first

century[375] the deceased is usually represented on horseback in

the act of spearing a fallen enemy. It may be assumed, therefore,

that the armour and weapons represented are those actually used in

warfare, in other words that these men are in ‘service uniform’.

At this period the cavalry uniform consisted of a tunic, breeches

reaching a little below the knee, both probably of leather, and

the _caligae_ or military boots. Over the tunic was worn a leather

breastplate with extra shoulder-pieces to guard against a down cut.

Metal breastplates however, although rare, are not unknown. Scale

armour is worn by a trooper of the Ala Longiniana represented on an

early Rhenish relief,[376] and also appears on two African reliefs of

early date representing equites of the Cohors VI Dalmatarum.[377] The

shield is usually an oblong with the longer sides slightly curved,

but occasionally an angle in these longer sides transforms it into an

elongated hexagon. This shield was borrowed from the Celtic or Teutonic

tribes, as is shown by its frequent appearance on the reliefs in the

hands of the fallen barbarian. To judge from these reliefs it measured

about one foot by three, and was probably of wood covered with leather.

The helmet, which was of metal, had a projection behind to cover the

neck in the manner of the English cavalry helmet of the seventeenth

century. It was also furnished with an extra band of metal or a peak in

front to protect the forehead and large cheek-pieces which clasped over

the chin. On the monument of a trooper of the Ala Noricorum,[378] a

very good example of this class, the cheek-pieces are highly ornamented

and the top of the helmet is ridged to represent hair. The crest does

not appear, probably because it was not worn on active service.[379]

It is equally absent from the battle-scenes of the Trajan column,

although the ring to which it was fastened is shown. Some fine plumes

are, however, represented on the helmet of a standard-bearer of the Ala

Petriana on a British relief, which probably dates from the end of the

first century.[380]

The long broadsword or _spatha_, the characteristic weapon of the

auxiliaries,[381] which was probably, like the shield, of Celtic

origin,[382] was worn on the right side suspended from the left

shoulder by a sword belt (_balteus_). The hilt ended in a large

knob-shaped pommel, and the sheath was often highly ornamented.

The lance with which the soldier strikes his prostrate adversary

appears to have had a shaft about six feet long and a broad head. Two

more spears often appear on these sepulchral reliefs in the hands of

an attendant in the background. These are probably the throwing spears

which were carried, according to Josephus,[383] in a quiver on the

back, and could not therefore, owing to the position of the rider,

be represented in their proper place. Concerning the horses one can

say little except that they can hardly have been so small as they are

represented. The saddle has a high pommel and cantle and is sometimes

covered with a fringed cloth, and the junctures of the harness are

ornamented with metal plates (_phalerae_). Like all ancient cavalry the

auxiliaries rode without stirrups.

From these reliefs, therefore, we can construct a fairly complete

picture of the auxiliary cavalryman of the pre-Flavian period. His

equipment as he appears on the column of Trajan is essentially the

same, except that he now wears a shirt of chain-mail over his tunic

instead of the leather breastplate, and that his shield has changed

from an oblong to a narrow oval.[384] It is hardly necessary now

to defend the accuracy of the column in matters of detail, but it

may be mentioned that there is further testimony for each of these

changes.[385]

Chain-mail appears on the Adam Klissi reliefs and is mentioned by

Arrian,[386] and the oval shield is shown on a Rhenish relief dating

from the end of the first century.[387] The varied scenes represented

on the column enable one also to notice further points, such as the

manner in which the shield is slung at the side of the saddle when

troops are on the march,[388] and the use of the military cloak

(_sagum_) which hung down the back and could not therefore appear on

the sepulchral reliefs.[389]

In addition to this service uniform there was, as Arrian’s description

shows, a sort of parade uniform in which the mail shirts were replaced

by brightly coloured tunics, and lighter shields and spears were

carried than those used in war.[390] It was with this uniform and on

ceremonial occasions that some of the soldiers wore those curious

helmets with a mask decorating the face of which several specimens have

been found.[391] The fine scale armour which has been found at Newstead

and elsewhere probably also formed part of this parade uniform. It is,

indeed, always worn by the Praetorians on the Marcus column, but the

auxilia still appear in chain-mail as on the column of Trajan.[392]

Specially elaborate suits of this armour were, however, worn by the

regiments of catafractarii who appear in the army list in the second

century.[393] The last change which we can trace was the alteration of

the shape of the shield from oval to round, which probably took place

in the third century. An _eques_ of the Cohors I Thracum is represented

on a Danubian sepulchral monument with a shield of this form,[394] and

the contemporary reliefs on the arch of Constantine show that it was

practically universal a century later.

The equipment described above was worn by the majority of the auxiliary

cavalry, but it was by no means universal. The horse archers, if one

may judge by a soldier of the Ala I Augusta Ituraeorum represented on

a Danubian relief, carried no shield, and possibly no body armour, and

wore a leather cap in place of a helmet.[395] Arrian also mentions that

some regiments carried a specially heavy spear (κοντός), and devoted

themselves to shock tactics.[396] The _numeri_, too, did not adopt

the Roman uniform, but kept to their own dress and weapons. The Moors

of Lusius Quietus are represented on the column wearing nothing but

a short tunic; their weapons consist of a spear and a small round

buckler (_cetra_), and they ride their horses without saddle or bridle,

guiding them simply by a halter round the neck.[397] The regiments

of Sarmatae enrolled by Marcus also presumably wore their national

costume, which is perhaps represented in a fragmentary relief in the

Chester Museum.[398]

The equipment of the auxiliary infantry in the first century is more

difficult to determine. Not only did the soldiers of the cohorts erect

fewer sculptured monuments than the cavalry troopers, but on these

reliefs the deceased is not represented in the act of fighting, so

that we cannot be certain that he appears in full service uniform. One

of the best of the early monuments is the tombstone of a soldier of

Cohors IV Dalmatarum from the Rhine.[399] The deceased is dressed in

a short tunic, which is looped up at the sides so as to hang down in

front in a series of folds. The _sagum_ covers his shoulders and hangs

down his back. A long _spatha_ and a short dagger are suspended from

two waist-belts (_cingula_) at his right and left side respectively.

He has no body armour except a kind of sporran composed of strips of

metal which extends from the middle of his belt to the bottom of his

tunic. His legs are bare, and he wears no helmet. In his right hand he

holds two long spears and in his left an oblong rectangular shield,

which is not curved like the legionary _scutum_ but flat as a board.

On two other reliefs a soldier of the Cohors I Pannoniorum[400] and an

archer of the Cohors I Sagittariorum[401] are represented in a similar

costume, except that the Pannonian wears the _paenula_ instead of the

_sagum_, and that the archer carries a bow and arrows in place of the

shield and spears.

If these soldiers are fully equipped they have surprisingly little

defensive armour, but on other monuments, notably those of a private

of the Cohors II Raetorum,[402] and a standard-bearer of the Cohors V

Asturum,[403] a leather breastplate appears similar to that worn by

the cavalry at this period. On the Trajan column too, the auxiliary

infantry are furnished like the cavalry with metal helmet and

chain-mail shirt and wear the short tunic and _bracae_.[404] Professor

von Domaszewski would like to see in all this a development of the

auxiliaries from light into heavy infantry,[405] and it is true that in

his account of the German campaigns in the reign of Tiberius, Tacitus

emphasizes their character as light-armed troops.[406] But even on the

Trajan column they are still lighter armed than the legionaries, and

the evidence of the monuments is far from decisive. The tombstones

of legionaries of the same period represent them wearing a leather

breastplate, although there is no reason to suppose that the so-called

_lorica segmentata_ was not yet in use. On the whole it seems safer

to fall back on the hypothesis that on some of these monuments the

deceased is represented in a parade uniform with which, as in the case

of that described by Arrian, the breastplate was not worn. The tunic

with its elaborate folds may also form part of this costume, since

we know from the cavalry reliefs that the short leather tunics and

_bracae_ were already in use.

The Trajanic reliefs show several varieties of uniforms in addition to

the ordinary type described above. The flying column which the emperor

leads down the Danube includes men who wear, instead of the ordinary

helmet, an animal’s skin arranged over the head and shoulders in the

manner usually confined to standard-bearers, and others whose helmets

are of a curious Teutonic pattern.[407] These may belong to regular

cohorts which had been allowed to retain something of their national

costume, but a barbarian who appears in this scene and elsewhere clad

only in long loose breeches and a _sagum_, and whose chief weapon is

a knotted club, must represent a _numerus_. Others of these irregular

regiments are probably represented by the archers clad in long tunics

and pointed caps or wearing helmet and shirt of scale armour who appear

in one or two scenes.[408] They are certainly to be distinguished from

the archers of the _cohortes sagittariorum_, who appear in a uniform

which only differs from that of the ordinary auxiliary infantry in

the absence of the shield.[409] The most exceptional uniform is that

of the slingers, who are dressed simply in tunics with no armour

but a shield.[410] Cichorius[411] wishes to recognize in them men

from the Balearic Islands, but although the Baleares were employed

by the Republic we have no inscriptions of a Cohors Balearum under

the Empire. Moreover, if there existed cohorts of slingers with this

distinctive uniform we should expect to find _cohortes funditorum_

or _libritorum_ on the analogy of the _cohortes sagittariorum_. It

appears, on the contrary, from a passage in Hadrian’s speech to the

African army that slinging formed part of the general training of

all the auxilia.[412] Like the cavalry, the auxiliary infantry are

represented on the Marcus column in a uniform essentially the same as

that worn eighty years previously, and no further developments can be

traced. The most striking fact which emerges from this inquiry is the

general uniformity of the equipment of nine-tenths of the auxiliary

regiments in the second century. We learn from casual references in

Tacitus that this uniformity had always been the ideal of the Roman War

Office,[413] and from the military point of view there was doubtless

much to recommend it.

It has, however, more significance if we regard it as one phase in that

extension of a uniform material culture through at any rate the western

half of the Empire which marks the first and second centuries.

Footnotes:

[374] Arrian, _Tactica_, 4 and 34-41.

[375] The chronology of the Rhenish reliefs has been worked out by

Weynand (_B. J. B._ 108/9), and the Danubian monuments have been

similarly treated by Hofman (_Sonderschrift des Oesterreichischen

Archäologischen Institutes in Wien_, Band v, 1905).

[376] Figured by Lehner in the first part of his illustrated catalogue

of the Bonn Museum, Plate vii, no. 3.

[377] Figured by Cagnat, _L’Armée romaine d’Afrique_, p. 238.

[378] Frontispiece.

[379] It may also be omitted on the reliefs from considerations of

space, which are also probably the cause of the frequent omission of

the helmet.

[380] _J. R. S._ ii. (1912) Fig. 8. As it was found at Hexham, and

probably comes from Corbridge, it cannot well have been erected before

about 85.

[381] See Tac. _Ann._ xii. 35 (describing an engagement with Caratacus)

‘et si auxiliaribus resisterent, gladiis ac pilis legionariorum, si huc

verterent, spathis et hastis auxiliarium sternebantur’.

[382] Professor Baldwin Brown considers it to be a development of the

iron broadsword of the La Tène period (_Arts and Crafts of our Teutonic

Forefathers_, p. 118).

[383] Josephus, _Bell. Iud._ iii. 5, 6.

[384] The best representation of cavalry is Cichorius, Pl. 28.

[385] I do not mean to imply that the details are correctly represented

in every case. The swords, for instance, are often omitted,

particularly in the earlier scenes. Doubtless several artists were

employed, and all were not equally conscientious.

[386] Arrian, _Tactica_, 4 θώρακα πεπλεγμένον, 41 θώραξι σιδηροῖς.

[387] _B. J. B._ lxxxi. 104. The soldier’s name, T. Flavius Bassus,

gives a _terminus post quem_ for the dating of the relief.

[388] Cichorius, Pl. 65 (_equites singulares_).

[389] It is sometimes replaced by the scarf (_focale_).

[390] Arrian, _op. cit._ 34.

[391] I agree with Mr. Curle that the passage in Arrian (ἴσα πάντη τοῖς

προσώποις πεποίηται τῶν ἱππέων) refers to helmets of this kind. See his

discussion of the Newstead example, _A Roman Frontier-post_, Pl. 24,

27, 29, 30.

[392] Von Domaszewski and Petersen, _Die Marcussäule_, Pl. 27, 52.

[393] An Ala Gallorum et Pannoniorum catafractata existed in the reign

of Hadrian, xi. 5632.

[394] Hofman, Fig. 46. (Cf. iii. 4316.) He assigns it to the third

century.

[395] Hofman, Fig. 23. The deceased is represented shooting very

dexterously at a target.

[396] Arrian, _Tactica_, 4. It appears from this passage that in the

reign of Hadrian the cavalry did not carry spears of two sizes for

thrusting and throwing in the time of Josephus (see above), but one

or more of medium length suitable for both purposes. The _contarii_

were a special class of regiments; the best known of which was the Ala

contariorum miliaria stationed in Pannonia (see Appendix).

[397] Cichorius, Pl. 44, 45.

[398] Haverfield, _Catalogue of Inscribed Stones in Grosvenor Museum_,

no. 137.

[399] Lehner, Pl. v, no. 3.

[400] Lindenschmidt, _Tracht und Bewaffnung des römischen Heeres_, Pl.

vi, no. 2.

[401] Lehner, Pl. no. 2.

[402] Lehner, Pl. vi, no. 3. This monument may be slightly later in

date than the others, since the soldier carries an oval shield.

[403] Lehner, Pl. vi, no. 4.

[404] The details are brought out most clearly on Cichorius, Pl. 52.

[405] _Rangordnung_, p. 59: ‘Sie (the numeri) dienen zur Ergänzung der

zur schweren Infanterie umgeschaffenen Auxiliarcohorten.’

[406] Tac. _Ann._ i. 51 ‘leves cohortes’, ii. 52 ‘legio medio leves

cohortes duaeque alae in cornibus locantur’. Similarly iii. 39, iv. 73.

[407] Cichorius, Pl. 27. For the helmet with metal ribs see Baldwin

Brown, _Arts and Crafts_, Pl. xxx, Fig. 118. For the skins of animals

worn by German auxiliaries see Tac. _Hist._ ii. 88.

[408] Cichorius, Pl. 47, 50 and 80. They carry the Asiatic παλίντονα

τόξα and may well be Palmyreni. Cichorius decides that those who wear

scale armour are probably Iazyges, but his reasons seem insufficient.

[409] Cichorius, Pl. 19.

[410] Cichorius, Pl. 47, 50.

[411] Cichorius, ii. 311.

[412] viii. 18042 ‘Addidistis ut et lapides fundis mitteretis et

missilibus confligeretis’. This is addressed to the ‘equites cohortis

VI Commagenorum’.

[413] Cf. Tac. _Ann._ xii. 16 ‘Bosporani … nostris in armis’, with

_Hist._ iii. 47.

CONCLUSION

THE BREAK-UP OF THE AUGUSTAN SYSTEM

In the preceding pages we have traced the history of the auxilia

through the two centuries which followed the death of Augustus. At

the end of this period, as at the beginning, the distinction between

legions and auxilia still appears as one of the fundamental principles

of the military system of the Empire. But during it the growth of

certain tendencies, operative not only in the army but through the

Empire as a whole, had profoundly altered the original scheme by which

levies of uncivilized provincials, drawn from every province, were

to support the contingents of the ruling race. Before a century had

elapsed the legionaries were no longer Italians nor the auxiliaries

barbarians. As a result, among other things, of the steady extension

of civic rights, the legionaries were drawn from the provinces, and

as a peaceful civilization developed, the recruiting-area for legions

and auxilia alike gradually contracted to the frontier districts.

Finally, at the close of the period, the distinction between _civis_

and _peregrinus_ was swept away by the legislation of 212.

From the military point of view also the character of the army had

undergone a no less fundamental change. The concentrated striking

force of the days of Augustus, which was ready to plunge year after

year into the heart of Germany, had been transformed into a frontier

guard, scattered over a wide front and accustomed to act permanently

on the defensive, every unit of which was fixed immovably, generation

after generation, in the same position. This system, exposed, it is

only fair to say, to a strain far more severe than its designers had

ever contemplated, broke down completely during the course of the

third century, and although, after fifty years of anarchy, the Empire

rid itself temporarily of internal and external enemies, the military

organization was never restored on the old lines. It is our business in

this concluding section to trace the stages in this collapse, and to

suggest reasons for the change in military policy traceable in the work

of Diocletian and his successors.

It has already been noted that the frontier system adopted in the

second century had obvious defects.

It can easily be seen that if the strongly guarded frontier line were

broken through at any point the internal provinces were exposed to the

greatest danger. In themselves they possessed no means of making a

stand against an invader. Their garrisons were small, cut down in fact

to the minimum quantity required for police duty, and the provincial

militia, which we hear of during the first century, seems no longer

to have existed except in Mauretania. In fact, now that the army was

recruited almost entirely in the frontier provinces, the profession

of arms must have been more unfamiliar to the inhabitants of Western

Europe and Asia Minor than it has ever been since, and many a citizen

of the prosperous little towns of Gaul, Africa, or the Hellenized

districts of the East can never have set eyes on the imperial uniform.

The situation was clearly a dangerous one, and the lesson of the

Marcomannian War must have made it clear that this system could only

continue if the frontier troops were supported by a strong and mobile

striking force, ready to move at a moment’s notice to any threatened

point.

In the second century the only available regiments not occupied in

frontier defence or police duty consisted of the Household Troops at

Rome, i.e. the ten Praetorian cohorts and the Equites Singulares.

The Guards were in fact employed by Domitian, Trajan, and Marcus on

the Danube frontier, but their numbers were small, their duties were

not calculated to increase their military efficiency, and they were

rightly looked down upon by the trained veterans of the frontiers.[414]

The gravity of the situation was grasped by Septimius Severus, who

took advantage of the discredit in which the Praetorians were involved

by their support of Didius Julianus to disband the old cohorts, which

had been recruited in Italy and the ‘civilized’ provinces of Noricum,

Macedonia, and Spain, and replace them by a _corps d’élite_ selected

from the legions.[415]

This force, still too small to be effective, was further strengthened

by an increase in the number of the Equites Singulares,[416] and

the addition of one of Severus’s new legions, the Secunda Parthica,

which was henceforth stationed at Alba.[417] His successors continued

the same policy: under Severus Alexander we find an officer of the

Household Troops bearing the title _praepositus equitum itemque peditum

iuniorum Maurorum_,[418] a title which implies the existence of at

least two regiments of this character, and the _Osroeni sagittarii_,

who were among this emperor’s following at the time of his murder, were

so numerous that they attempted to set up a rival to Maximin and were

temporarily disbanded.[419]

Had the construction of a field army on these lines proceeded in

time of peace, it would necessarily have involved a reorganization of

the whole system to meet the increase in expenditure. As it was, the

fifty years of civil war and barbarian invasion which followed the

accession of Maximin saw the old order irreparably ruined. The great

Illyrian emperors who saved civilization for another century, and

spent themselves in marching ceaselessly from province to province,

cutting down the hydra heads of revolt and striving to repel the

recurring assaults of Goth or Persian, could neither hope to maintain

the old frontier lines nor spare time to collect vexillations after

the second-century manner when each new danger threatened. Sweeping

together Household Troops and fragments of the broken frontier armies

and enlisting thousands of barbarian mercenaries, they strove to keep

a concentrated force at their disposal which they moved constantly

backwards and forwards across the Empire as each internal or external

crisis demanded. It was this field army which shared in the imperial

triumphs and received such rewards as the exhausted finances could

bestow. In comparison with it such units of the old frontier troops,

legions and auxilia alike, as maintained their old positions (and we

shall see that many did so) sank steadily in prestige and importance.

When finally the barbarian fury had temporarily spent its force, and

a cessation of internal warfare granted Diocletian and Constantine

breathing space in which to reorganize the civil and military

administration of the Empire, the provisional reconstruction brought

into being by these fifty years of stress and disaster was formally

recognized and incorporated in the new order. The distinction between

first and second class troops is no longer between legions and auxilia

as in the days of Augustus, but between the Palatini and Comitatenses

on the one hand, who followed in war the emperor himself and the new

heads of the military hierarchy, the _magistri peditum_ and _equitum_,

and were kept concentrated at strategic points within the Empire in

time of peace, and on the other the Limitanei or Ripenses, who formed,

under the _duces limitum_, a territorial frontier guard, membership in

which was now hereditary in law as well as practice.[420]

At this point we might legitimately take leave of our subject, for

although the names of many of the old auxiliary regiments still appear

in the fourth and fifth centuries among the Limitanei, there is nothing

in either character or status to distinguish them from such of the old

legions as had survived in a similar capacity. The title ‘auxilia’, on

the other hand, is now applied to corps of new creation and barbarian

origin which figure on the roll of the field army.

But the very fact that so many of the old corps still figure on the

army list tempts us to consider the circumstances under which they

survived and to take a brief survey of the changed conditions under

which they continued their existence. It is fortunate that for the

history of the Roman army during the fourth century we possess two

authorities of considerable merit, the historian Ammianus Marcellinus

and the _Notitia Dignitatum_. Ammianus, himself a soldier, is

practically the first historian of the Empire since Josephus to give

us a first-hand account of military operations.[421] The _Notitia

Dignitatum_ purports to give us, what we do not possess for any earlier

period, a complete list of the regiments composing the imperial army.

It is true that this list appears to be a compilation drawing from

evidence of very different dates, but there can be no doubt that it

represents for most provinces the general state of things prevailing in

the fourth century.

The most significant fact which strikes us in these authorities is the

barbaric character of both troops and officers. The majority of the

officers mentioned by Ammianus, even those of highest rank, are of

Teutonic origin, many being drawn even from the Franks, who are usually

reckoned among the more uncivilized of the Empire’s assailants. The

same picture is presented by the _Notitia_. Corps which must at any

rate have been originally raised from barbarian tribes, who normally

dwelt beyond the frontier, abound among the Palatini and Comitatenses,

and are to be found in smaller number among the Limitanei. Thus

barbarian Atecotti from Caledonia figure as _auxilia palatina_ in

the field armies of Illyricum, Italy, and Gaul;[422] cavalry drawn

from the Alani appear as a _vexillatio palatina_ in Italy,[423] and

Marcomanni as a _vexillatio comitatensis_ among the troops assigned

to the _comes Africae_.[424] Among the troops of the second class we

find in the garrison of Egypt Vandals, Iuthungi, and Quadi from the

Danube, Franks and Chamavi from the Lower Rhine, Tzanni and Abasgi from

the Caucasus,[425] and much the same elements appear in the garrison

of Phoenicia.[426] In regard to these troops it may be urged that,

since they are organized in cohorts and alae after the old model, they

seem to have been incorporated at latest towards the end of the third

century, and that such corps, since they can hardly have obtained fresh

drafts from their original recruiting-grounds, may have undergone the

same transformation as the regiments of Spaniards and Gauls which were

sent to Egypt and Syria in the first century. In the case in question

this argument may possibly hold good,[427] but in other parts of the

Empire it was no longer necessary to send recruiting agents beyond

the borders to find barbarian troops. In recording the presence of a

_praefectus Sarmatarum gentilium_ in almost every considerable town in

North Italy,[428] and of similar officers commanding German _laeti_

in all the provinces of Gaul, the _Notitia_[429] is but confirming

the abundant evidence of other authorities as to the settlement of

barbarians within the Empire during the third and fourth centuries.[430]

This wholesale use of barbarians was largely due to the hasty

constructive measures which the stress of the third-century invasions

demanded. The normal recruiting-grounds of the army were the first to

be desolated, and after a costly campaign it was easier to fill the

depleted ranks by enlisting barbarian prisoners than to raise and train

levies from the unwarlike provinces of the interior. In the same way it

seemed statesmanlike to settle other prisoners on the deserted fields,

who, secure themselves in their tenure, might aid in repelling their

successors. Thus the number of barbarian contingents was constantly

increasing, and behind the banners of Aurelian or Probus the Teutonic

war-band marched side by side with regiments which could claim a

record extending back to the reign of Augustus. The only considerable

levies made within the Empire after 250 were carried out in the

Illyrian provinces of which most of the emperors were natives, and are

represented by the fifty or sixty regiments of Dalmatian cavalry which

appear in the _Notitia_ stationed in almost every province.[431]

But side by side with the new creations, such as the Felices Honoriani

and the Comites Taifali, the names of many of the old corps still

figure on the fourth-century army list. The legions had naturally come

off best; the most determined barbarian raid seldom took a legionary

fortress, and if it did, a detachment serving with the field army would

probably survive to keep the name of the corps in existence. It is

not surprising, therefore, to find that of the thirty legions which

existed before the reign of Severus, twenty-seven still appear in the

_Notitia_.[432] From the way in which they are mentioned, however,

we can gather many evidences of the storm through which the army had

passed. Many detachments, severed from the main body on some special

service, were never able to regain it, and are found where the fortunes

of war had stranded them. Thus Legio VII Gemina not only appears in

its proper place, divided between the field army and the territorial

forces of Spain, but is also mentioned as a _Legio Comitatensis_ in

the field army of the East, and a _Legio Pseudo-comitatensis_ in

Gaul.[433] The old Dacian legion, XIII Gemina, is represented by

several detachments guarding that part of the Danube which was allotted

to the new province of Dacia Ripensis, but appears also in Egypt.[434]

Legio II Italica, which had guarded Noricum since the days of Marcus,

is included also as a _Legio Comitatensis_ in the field army of

Africa.[435]

The auxiliary regiments naturally did not fare so well. The small

detachments drafted off for service in the field army probably

soon lost their identity, and the _castella_, which contained the

regimental head-quarters, must have often been taken and destroyed.

Still, as the appendix shows, over fifty regiments survived long

enough to be included in the _Notitia_. Naturally the chances of

surviving had varied on different frontiers. The section of the

_Notitia_ which deals with the northern frontier of Britain contains

so many names of pre-Diocletianic regiments that it has sometimes

been thought to represent the earliest stratum in the whole work.

There seems, however, no reason to doubt that the original garrison,

although in attenuated numbers, succeeded in maintaining itself

until well into the fourth century. We know from archaeological

evidence that even the mile-castles were not abandoned until the

reign of Constantine.[436] An almost equally large proportion of

old regiments is present in the garrison of Cappadocia, which had

been spared the full force of the Persian attack.[437] In Egypt, too,

most of the old regiments still survive, although they are largely

outnumbered by recent formations.[438] The garrison of this important

corn-producing province, more essential than ever since the foundation

of Constantinople, had evidently been increased to guard against

renewed attacks from the Blemmyes on the Upper Nile, who had raided it

successfully in the third century. The Rhine frontier, on the other

hand, seems to have been swept of its old garrison from end to end. Two

of its legions have disappeared, and the other two, which are included

in the field army, probably only survive thanks to their names being

preserved by detachments which were absent when the fortresses were

stormed.[439] It is not until we reach Raetia and the protection of the

Upper Danube that any of the old auxiliary regiments appear. On the

Middle and Lower Danube, however, the scene of repeated invasions and

civil wars during the third century, few of the old troops survived.

The struggle was probably a long one: we know from epigraphical

evidence that several forts were still holding out towards the end

of the century, and excavation may show that many barbarian raids

retired without doing any serious damage. But the attack was constantly

renewed, and it is not surprising to find that three new cavalry

formations have replaced the Cohors Hemesenorum at Intercisa,[440]

and that detachments of Equites Dalmatae are now responsible for

practically the whole stretch of frontier between Belgrade and

Buda-Pesth.[441] Only the Cohors I Thracum C. R. and the Cohors III

Alpinorum, the latter of the old Dalmatian army, remain to remind us

of the corps which defended this frontier in the second century.[442]

On the Lower Danube, where the Goths had crossed in force, and in the

oriental provinces which had felt the heavy hand of Persian invader and

Palmyrene usurper, we are only greeted by similar survivals.[443] The

section dealing with Cyrenaica is lost, so that we know as little of

its garrison now as in the previous period. In Africa the frontier had

been reorganized in a number of small districts, each under an officer

styled _praepositus limitis_, and although we have a list of these

districts, we are not told by what troops they were guarded.[444] Only

for Tingitana are we given a slightly fuller schedule in which a few

old names appear.[445]

The isolation of these remnants of the old imperial army among the

flood of Teutonic and other barbarian immigrants shows that the new

régime inaugurated by Diocletian was foredoomed to failure. The Empire

had trusted to a professional army recruited from a comparatively small

section of its inhabitants, and when this army succumbed to the strain

of civil war and foreign invasion, and the old recruiting-grounds were

wasted, few of the provinces of the interior, which for nearly two

centuries had practically ceased to furnish soldiers, held any reserve

of military material. By admitting this and calling upon the barbarian

to occupy and defend the wasted frontier lands, the civilization of

the ancient world showed that it had lost the vitality which might

have assimilated these new elements as Gaul, Spaniard, and African

had been assimilated in the past. A succession of able rulers and the

overpowering prestige of the past kept the framework intact for a

century after Diocletian’s death. Then when the final catastrophe came,

and the Western provinces sank into the Dark Ages, a national revival

headed by the still virile races of Asia Minor saved the once despised

provinces of the East from being involved in a common ruin. It is with

Zeno the Isaurian, not with Diocletian, that the true renascence of the

Empire begins.

But the auxiliary regiments which survived into the fourth century

need not only suggest to us, by the smallness of their numbers and

their isolation among their barbarian comrades, the nearness of the

end. The reflection that many of these regiments had held the position

assigned to them and preserved a continuous military record for over

three hundred years may serve also to remind us of the greatness

of the services rendered by the army of the Empire to the cause of

civilization.

Footnotes:

[414] For the feelings of legionaries and Praetorians towards one

another cf. Tac. _Hist._ ii. 21 ‘illi ut segnem et desidem et circo ac

theatris corruptum militem, hi peregrinum et externum increpabant’.

[415] Dio, lxxiv. 2.

[416] See Liebenam, s.v. _Equites Singulares_, in Pauly-Wissowa. Cf.

Herodian iii. 13, 4.

[417] Herodian viii. 5, 8; _Hist. Aug. Vit. Caracalli_, 2; Dio, lv. 24.

[418] viii. 20996. He held this post between the command of an Urban

and that of a Praetorian Cohort.

[419] Herodian, vii. 1, 9.

[420] Codex Theodosianus vii. 22, Esp. 22. 9, issued in 380: ‘Sciantque

veterani liberos suos quos militaribus aptos muneribus insitum robur

ostendat, aut offerendos esse militiae aut obnoxios nostrae legis

laqueis iam futuros.’

[421] Ammianus served in his youth in the Protectores Domestici, was on

the staff of Ursicinus in the Persian War of Constantius, and survived,

and has given us a brilliant description of, the siege of Amida in 359.

[422] _Not. Dign. Or._ ix. 29. _Not. Dign. Occ._ vii. 24, 74, 78.

[423] _Not. Dign. Occ._ vii. 163.

[424] _Not. Dign. Occ._ vii. 183.

[425] _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii and xxxi.

[426] _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxii.

[427] For traces of a ‘nationalist’ feeling in the Egyptian army at the

end of the fourth century see my remarks in Karanóg. (See above, p.

115.)

[428] _Not. Dign. Occ._ xiii. 46-63. There are also a few Sarmatae in

Gaul.

[429] _Not. Dign. Occ._ xiii. 33-42.

[430] The practice was started by Marcus, who sent 8,000 Iazyges

to different parts of the Empire (5,500 to Britain) during the

Marcomannian War. Dio, lxxi. 16.

[431] For the organization of these Dalmatian cavalry in the third

century and their subsequent importance see Ritterling in the

_Festschrift_ for O. Hirschfeld.

[432] Those missing are the British Legio XX Valeria Victrix, and I

Minervia and XXII Primigenia from the Rhine. It is possible, however,

that the ‘Primani’ who form part of the British field army (_Not. Dign.

Occ._ vii. 155) represent Legio I Minervia. A ‘primanorum legio’ also

appears at the battle of Argentorate. Ammianus, xvi. 12, 49.

[433] Cf. _Not. Dign. Occ._ vii. 132 and xlii. 26 with _Not. Dign. Or._

vii. 41 and _Not. Dign. Occ._ vii. 103.

[434] _Not. Dign. Or._ xlii. 34-8, xxviii. 15.

[435] _Not. Dign. Occ._ vii. 144, xxxiv. 37-9.

[436] For Britain see _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxviii and xl. The occupation

of the mile-castles seems to have been interrupted at the end of the

third century, probably at the time of the usurpation of Carausius, but

further excavation will be necessary to determine the exact bearing of

this evidence.

[437] For Cappadocia see _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxviii and Appendix.

[438] For Egypt see _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii and xxxi and my discussion

of these sections in Karanóg. (See above, p. 115.)

[439] For Legg. VIII Augusta and XXX Ulpia Victrix see _Not. Dign.

Occ._ v. 153, vii. 28 and 108. It must be remembered, however, that

possibly Legio I Minervia was still in existence (see above, p. 140)

and that we have not in the _Notitia_ a complete list of the Rhine

garrison.

[440] The garrison consists of a _cuneus equitum Dalmatarum_, a _cuneus

equitum Constantianorum_, and some _equites sagittarii_. _Not. Dign.

Occ._ xxxiii. 25, 26, and 38.

[441] Twelve of these regiments appear in _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxiii

(Valeria) and eight in xxxii (Pannonia Secunda).

[442] _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxii. 57 and 59. Probably, however, in xxxiii

the names of regiments have been omitted after the title _tribunus

cohortis_, which occurs six times at the end of the list, and some of

these might have been old formations.

[443] e.g. the Cohors II Galatarum in Palestine and the Cohors I Ulpia

Dacorum in Syria. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxiv. 44 and xxxiii. 33.

[444] _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxv (Africa), xxx (Mauretania), and xxxi

(Tripolitana).

[445] _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxvi.

APPENDIX I

During the course of this essay an attempt was made to estimate

roughly the total number of auxiliary troops in existence during

the first century, but the evidence for this period was too scanty

to permit of discussing further the size and composition of the

various provincial garrisons.[446] In the second century, however,

the evidence of ‘diplomata’ and dated inscriptions becomes relatively

copious, and it has seemed possible to draw up something like an ‘army

list’, giving the names of the regiments stationed in every province

during this period so far as they are known. Such a list cannot, of

course, make any pretensions to completeness, but it is hoped that

the main conclusions which it suggests will not be found incorrect,

and that it may be of service to future workers in the same field.

The period to which the list is intended to apply extends from the

death of Trajan, in 117, to the accession of Marcus, in 161, during

which no hostilities on a large scale took place, so that in view of

the general character of the military system we may safely assume

that few regiments were transferred from one province to another. In

drawing up the list the following principles have been observed. In

the first place, all regiments have been included which are assigned

to a particular province by a ‘diploma’ or inscription dated within

the limits of the period. Secondly, those regiments are included which

can be shown to have existed before and after the period, since they

must obviously also have been in existence during it, although their

allocation to a particular province is of course not so certain. To

this category belong those regiments which, while only mentioned in

later inscriptions or the _Notitia Dignitatum_, bear evidence in the

titles ‘Claudia’, ‘Flavia’, ‘Ulpia’, or ‘Aelia’ that they were created

at an earlier date.

These canons have not, however, been rigidly adhered to in every case.

In estimating the garrison of Mauretania Caesariensis; for example,

where evidence is particularly scanty, it seemed foolish to exclude

that afforded by the diploma of 107, the only one yet found in the

province. In this and other doubtful cases a summary of the evidence

used is appended to the name of the regiment, so that the reader

may judge of its value for himself. When the facts seem certain the

epigraphical evidence is not cited in full, although to illustrate

certain arguments used in the text a reference is given to every

‘diploma’ in which each regiment is mentioned and also to the _Notitia

Dignitatum_.[447] In calculating the strength of the various provincial

garrisons the cohorts and alae are reckoned at 500 or 1,000 men each,

the mounted infantry of a _cohors equitata_ being estimated at 25 per

cent. of the total establishment. For the _numeri_, which probably

varied in size, an average strength of 200 men has been taken.

I. BRITAIN.[448]

Diplomata xxix (98), xxxii (103), xxxiv (105), xliii (124), lv (_ante_

138), lvii (146).

_Alae._

I Asturum 98 (?), 124, 146. _Not.

Dign. Occ._ xl. 35.

II Asturum Several inscriptions. _Eph. Ep._

ix. 1171 dates from _c._ 180.

(Cf. Dio, lxxii. 8). _Not. Dign.

Occ._ xl. 38.

Augusta Gallorum 98 (?), 124. Not. Dign.

Petriana M. C. R. Occ. xl. 45.

Augusta Gallorum 98 (?), _ante_ 138, 146.

Proculeiana

II Gallorum Sebosiana 103, inscription of the third

century (vii. 287).

Picentiana 124.

I Qu//ru (? Cugernorum) 124.

Sabiniana vii. 571. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xl. 37.[449]

Tungrorum 98, 105, 145-80 (vii. 1090).[450]

Hispanorum Vettonum C. R. 103, 197 (vii. 273).

Augusta Vocontiorum 145-80 (vii. 1080).[451]

_Cohorts._

I Aquitanorum 124, 158 (_Eph. Ep._ ix. 1108).

I Asturum 260 (viii. 9047).[452]

II Asturum 105 (?), 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xl. 42.[453]

I Baetasiorum C. R. 103, 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xxviii. 18.

I Batavorum 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 39.

III Bracaraugustanorum 103, 124, 146. _Eph. Ep._

ix. 1277.

IV Breucorum vii. 458, 1231. _Eph. Ep._ vii.

1127. The only one of these

which can be dated belongs to

the third century, but the

cohort doubtless formed part of

the early series, which can be

traced in several provinces.

I Celtiberorum 105, 146.

I Aelia Classica 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 51.

I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum C. R. 103, 124.

I Aelia Dacorum M. 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 44.

I Dalmatarum 124.

II Dalmatarum 105 (?). _Not. Dign. Occ._

xl. 43.

II Dongonum 124.

I Frisiavonum 105, 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl.

36.[454]

II Gallorum E. 146.

IV Gallorum E. 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 41.

V Gallorum 145-80 (vii. 1083). 222 (_Eph.

Ep._ ix. 1140).

I Nervana Germanorum M. E. Second-century inscriptions

(vii. 1063, 1066).[455]

I Hamiorum S. 124, 136-8 (vii. 748).

I Aelia Hispanorum M. E. 222 (vii. 965).

I Hispanorum E. 98, 103, 105, 124, 146. _Not.

Dign. Occ._ xl. 49.

I Lingonum E. 105, c. 142 (vii. 1041).

II Lingonum E. 98, 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xl. 48.

IV Lingonum E. 103, 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xl. 33.

I Menapiorum 124.

I Morinorum 103. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 52.

II Nerviorum 98, 124, 146.

III Nerviorum C. R. 124. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xl. 53.

VI Nerviorum C. R. 124, 146. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xl. 56.

II Pannoniorum 105 (?). Still existing in the

reign of Hadrian (ix. 1619).

III Pannoniorum _ante_ 138.[456]

I Sunucorum 124.

I Thracum 117-38 (vii. 275),[457] 193-7

(vii. 273).

II Thracum E. 103, 145-80 (vii. 1091). _Not.

Dign. Occ._ xl. 50.

I Tungrorum M. 103, 124. _Not. Dign._ xl. 40.

II Tungrorum M. E. C. L.[458] 158. _Eph. Ep._ ix. 1230.

I Vangionum M. E. 103, 124.

I Fida Vardullorum M. E. C. R. 98, 105, 124, 146.

6,000 cavalry, 2,125 mounted infantry, 20,875 infantry.

Total 29,000.

Legions in the province: II Augusta, VI Victrix, XX Valeria Victrix.

II. GERMANIA INFERIOR.

Diploma 78. _I Bericht über die Fortschritte der römisch-germanischen

Forschung_, p. 99.

_Alae._

Afrorum 78. One inscription, which is

apparently second century

(xiii. 8806).[459]

Noricorum 78, 138-61 (xiii. 8517).

Sulpicia 78, 187 (xiii. 8185).

_Cohorts._

I Flavia E. 205 (xiii. 7797), 250 (xiii. 7786).

II Hispanorum P. F. E. 158 (xiii. 7796).

VI Ingenuorum C. R. xiii. 8315. Still existing in

third century. _A. E._

1911. 107.

XV Voluntariorum C. R. Early third-century inscriptions

(xiii. 8824, 8826).[460]

1,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 1,750 infantry. Total 3,500.

Legions in the province: I Minervia, XXX Ulpia Victrix.

III. GERMANIA SUPERIOR.[461]

Diplomata xi (74), xiv (82), xxi (90), xl (116), l (134).

_Alae._

I Flavia Gemina 74, 82, 90, 116.

Indiana Gallorum 134.

Scubulorum 74, 82, 90, 116.

_Cohorts._

I Aquitanorum Veterana E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Aquitanorum Biturigum 74, 90, 116 (?), 134.

III Aquitanorum E. C. R. 74, 82, 90, 134.

IV Aquitanorum E. C. R. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Asturum E. 82, 90, 134.

II Augusta Cyrenaica E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Flavia Damascenorum M. E. S. 90, 116, 134.

III Dalmatarum 90, 116, 134.

V Dalmatarum 74, 90, 116, 134.

I Germanorum C. R. 82, 116, 134.

I Helvetiorum 148 (xiii. 6472).

I Ligurum et Hispanorum C. R. 116, 134.

II Raetorum C. R. 82, 90, 116, 134.

VII Raetorum E. 74, 82, 90, 116, 134.

I Sequanorum et Rauracorum E. 191 (xiii. 6604).[462]

IV Vindelicorum 74, 90, 116 (?), 134.

I C. R. 116, 134.

XXIV Voluntariorum C. R. Inscriptions at Murrhardt on

outer limes (xiii. 6530-33).

XXX Voluntariorum C. R. Placed in the province by a late

second-century C. H.(iii. 6758).

_Numeri._

Brittonum Elantiensium 145-61 (xiii. 6490).

Brittonum Triputiensium 145 (xiii. 6517).[463]

1,500 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 9,275 infantry. Total 11,900.

Legions in the province: VIII Augusta, XXII Primigenia.

IV. RAETIA.

Diplomata iii (64), xxxv (107), lxxix (_post_ 145), lxiv (153), cxi

(162), lxxiii (166).

_Alae._

Hispanorum Auriana 107, 166 (?), 153 (iii. 11911)

I Flavia Singularium C. R. P. F. 107, 162 (?), 166.

I Flavia Fidelis M. P. F. 162.

I Flavia Gemelliana 64,[464] 166.

II Flavia P. F. M. 153.

_Cohorts._

II Aquitanorum E. 162, 166.[465]

IX Batavorum M. E. 166. _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxv. 24.

III Bracaraugustanorum 107, 166.

V Bracaraugustanorum 107, 166.

I Breucorum E. 107, 166, 138-61 (iii. 11930,

11931).

III Britannorum 107, _post_ 145, 166.[465] _Not.

Dign. Occ._ xxxv. 25.

I Flavia Canathenorum M. 162, 166.

IV Gallorum 107, 166.

I C. R. Ingenuorum[466] First-century Raetian inscription

(v. 3936). Post-Hadrianic C. H.

(ix. 5362).

VI Lusitanorum Placed in Raetia by a C. H. which

is probably second century

(_I. G. R. R._ iii. 56).

VII Lusitanorum 107 (?), 166.

I Raetorum 107, 166.[467]

II Raetorum 107, _post_ 145, 162,[468]

166.[469]

VI Raetorum Cf. iii. 5202 with _Not. Dign.

Occ._ xxxv. 27.

III Thracum Veterana 107, 145, 166 (secondary title

only in last).

III Thracum C. R. 107, 166.

3,500 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 8,500 infantry. Total 12,500.

No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.

V. NORICUM.

Diploma civ (106).

_Alae._

I Commagenorum 106. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xxxiv. 36.[470]

I Augusta Thracum 140-4 (iii. 5654).

_Cohorts._

I Asturum 106. Several inscriptions

(iii. 4839, 5330, 5539, 11508,

11708; vi. 3588).

V Breucorum Inscriptions in Noricum

(iii. 5086, 5472). Probably

second century C.H. (x. 6102).

I Aelia Brittonum M. 238 (iii. 4812).

I Flavia Brittonum M. 267 (cf. iii. 4811 with 11504).

1,000 cavalry, 3,000 infantry. Total 4,000.

No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.

VI. PANNONIA SUPERIOR.

Diplomata for the undivided provinces, ci (_ante_ 60), ii (60), xiii

(80), xvi (84), xvii (85), xxvii (98), xcviii (105).

Diplomata for Pannonia Superior, cv (116), xlvii (133), li (138), lix

(138-48), lx (148), lxi (149), c (150), lxv (154).

_Alae._

Canninefatium 116, 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.

I Ulpia Contariorum M. C. R. 133, 148, 154.

I Hispanorum Aravacorum 80, 84, 85, 133, 138, 148,

149, 150.

Pannoniorum Several inscriptions; iii. 3252,

4372 are certainly second

century.

I Thracum Victrix C. R. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.

III Augusta Thracum S. 148, 149, 150, 154.

_Cohorts._

II Alpinorum E. 60, 84, 133, 148, 149, 154.

I Bosporiana 116.

V Lucensium et Callaecoram E. 60, 84, 85, 133, 138-48, 148,

149, 154.

I Ulpia Pannoniorum M. E. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.

I Aelia Sagittariorum M. E. 133 (?), 148, 149.

I Thracum C. R. E. 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.

_Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxii. 59.

IV Voluntariorum C. R. 148, 149.

XVIII Voluntariorum C. R. 138, 148, 149, 154.

3,500 cavalry, 875 mounted infantry, 4,125 infantry. Total 8,500.

Legions in the province: I Adiutrix, X Gemina, XIV Gemina Martia

Victrix.

VII. PANNONIA INFERIOR.

Diplomata xxxix (114), lviii (138-46), c (150), lxviii (145-60), lxxiv

(167).

_Alae._

Augusta C. R. 145-60.

Flavia Augusta Britannica 150, 145-60, 167.

M. C. R.

I C. R. Veterana 80, 84, 85, 145-60.

I Flavia Gaetulorum 114, 145-60 (?).[471]

I Augusta Ituraeorum S. 98, 150, 167.

I Thracum Veterana S. 150, 145-60, 167.

_Cohorts._

I Alpinorum Peditata 80, 85, 114, 167.

I Alpinorum E. 80, 85, 114, 154-60.[472]

II Asturum et Callaecorum 80, 85, 145-60, 167.

III Batavorum M. E. 138-46, 145-60.

VII Breucorum C. R. E. 85, 167.

II Augusta Nervia Pacensis 114, 145-60.[473]

Brittonum M.

II Augusta Dacorum P. F. M. E. iii. 10255 probably dates from

the second century.

I Hemesenorum M. E. C. R. S. 138-46.

I Lusitanorum 60, 80, 84, 85, 98, 114,

145-60, 167.

III Lusitanorum E. 114, 145-60, 167.

Maurorum M. E. Several inscriptions; iii. 3545

probably second century.

I Montanorum C. R. 80, 84, 85, 98, 114, 167.

I Noricorum E. 80, 84, 85, 138-46 (?), 167.

Cohors I Thracum E. 145-60.

Cohors I Augusta Thracum E. 167.

Cohors II Augusta Thracum E. 167.

Cohors I Campanorum Voluntariorum Third-century inscription

(iii. 3237).

3,500 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 9,125 infantry. Total 14,500.

Legion in the province: II Adiutrix.

VIII. DALMATIA.

Diploma xxiii (93).

_Cohorts._

III Alpinorum E. 93. Numerous inscriptions;

third-century C. H. (_A. E._

1911. 107); placed by

_Not. Dign. Occ._ xxxii. 53

in Pannonia.

I Belgarum E. Numerous inscriptions, one of

173 (iii. 8484).

VIII Voluntariorum C. R. 93, 197 (iii. 8336).

250 mounted infantry, 1,250 infantry. Total 1,500.

IX. MOESIA SUPERIOR.

Diplomata, ciii (93); _A. E._ 1912. 128 (103).[474]

_Alae._

Claudia Nova 93, 103.

_Cohorts._

I Antiochensium 93, 103.

I Cisipadensium 93, 103, 235-8 (iii. 14429).

I Cretum 93, 103. Mentioned in a Dacian

C. H. (iii. 1163).[475]

V Gallorum 93, 103. Second-century inscription

(iii. 14216⁴).

V Hispanorum E. 93, 103. Inscription probably of

second or early third century

(viii. 4416).[476]

IV Raetorum 93, 103. Existing at time of

Marcomannian War (viii. 17900).

I Thracum Syriaca E. 93, 103. Several inscriptions at

Timacum minus (iii. 8261, 8262,

14575, 14579).

500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 3,250 infantry. Total 4,000.

Legions in the province: IV Flavia, VII Claudia.

X. MOESIA INFERIOR.

Diplomata xiv (82), xxx (99a), xxxi (99b), xxxiii (105), xxxviii

(98-114), xlviii (134), cviii (138).[477]

_Alae._

Atectorigiana A second-century inscription

places the ala in Moesia

Inferior (_Notigia degli Scavi_,

1889. 340). Inscription from

Tomi of 222-35 (iii-6154).[478]

Gallorum Flaviana 99b, 105. Second-century C. H.

(_Eph. Ep._ v. 994).

II Hispanorum et Aravacorum 99b, 138.

Augusta Early inscription at Arlec (iii.

12347), which is still a cavalry

station with the name Augusta in

_Not. Dign. Or._ xiii. 7.

I Vespasiana Dardanorum 99a, 105, 98-114, 134.

_Cohorts._

I Bracaraugustanorum 99b, 98-114, 134.

II Flavia Brittonum E. 99a, 230 (iii. 7473).

II Chalcidenorum 99a, 134.

I Cilicum M. 134.

IV Gallorum 105. _Not. Dign. Or._ xl. 46.

II Lucensium 105, 98-114, 199 (iii. 12337).

I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica E. 99a, 105, 138.

II Mattiacorum 99b, 134, 138.

2,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 4,250 infantry. Total 7,000.

Legions in the province: I Italica, V Macedonica, XI Claudia.

XI. DACIA.[479]

Diplomata, xxxvii (110);[480] for Dacia Inferior xlvi (129); for Dacia

Superior lxvi (157?), lxvii (158); uncertain lxx (145-61).

_Alae._

I Asturum 200 (iii. 1393). Tiles iii.

8074¹ᵃ⋅ᵇ.

I Batavorum M. 158.

Bosporanorum[481] iii. 1197, 1344, 7888. Tiles

8074³.

Gallorum et Bosporanorum 158.

Gallorum et Pannoniorum 145-61.

I Hispanorum 129.

I Hispanorum Campagonum 157, 158.

II Pannoniorum 144 (_A. E._ 1906. 112).

Siliana C. R. torquata iii. 845, 847, 7651.

I Tungrorum Frontoniana In Pannonia Inferior till 114.

In Dacia probably in 145-61,[482]

213 (iii. 795).

Vexillatio equitum Illyricorum 129. (Afterwards became an ala,

and is reckoned as such.)

_Cohorts._

I Alpinorum E. 205 (iii. 1343). Also iii. 1183,

and on tiles 1633²³, 8074⁸.

I Batavorum M. iii. 839, 13760.

II Flavia Bessorum 129.

I Britannica M. C. R.[483] 110. iii. 7634 is not earlier than

Marcus and Verus.

I Brittonum M. E. In Pannonia in 85. In Dacia in 191

(iii. 1193).

I Augusta Nervia Pacensis 145-61.

Brittonum M.[484]

I Ulpia Brittonum M. 145-61.

II Brittonum M. C. R. P. F.[485] In Moesia Superior in 103.

Tiles iii. 8074¹¹.

III Brittonum[485] In Moesia Superior in 103.

Tiles iii. 8074¹².

III Campestris C. R. 110. Inscriptions at Drobetae, iii.

14216⁸, 14216¹⁰.

I Flavia Commagenorum 157. iii. 14216²⁶.

II Flavia Commagenorum E. 119-38 (iii. 1371).

III Commagenorum iii. 7221, 13767.

I Gallorum Dacica 157.

II Gallorum Macedonica E. 110. Described as being in Dacia in

ii. 3230.

III Gallorum 129.

I Flavia Ulpia Hispanorum 110, 145-61.

M. E. C. R.

I Hispanorum Veterana 145-61. (Probably is the Cohors I

Hispanorum of this diploma.)

II Hispanorum Scutata 145-61.

Cyrenaica E.

IV Hispanorum E. 158.

I Augusta Ituraeorum S. 110, 158.

V Lingonum 215 (iii. 7638). But the cohort

existed earlier; _A. E._

1890. 151.

II Flavia Numidarum 129.

I Aelia Gaesatorum M. 145-61.[486]

I Thracum S. 157, 158.

VI Thracum 145-61.

I Ubiorum 157.

I Vindelicorum M. 157.

_Numeri._

Burgariorum et veredariorum 138 (iii. 13795).

Pedites singulares Britannici 110, 157.

Palmyrenorum[487] Some inscriptions (iii. 907,

14216) are probably as early

as this period.

6,000 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 18,175 infantry. Total 25,300.

Legion in the province: XIII Gemina.

XII. MACEDONIA.

A new diploma (_A. E._ 1909. 105) shows that the Cohors I Flavia

Bessorum was stationed in the province in 120. Total 500 infantry.

XIII. CAPPADOCIA.

No diplomata: the basis of this section is Arrian’s ‘Order of battle

against the Alani’, which gives the state of the garrison at the end of

the reign of Hadrian.[488]

_Alae._

II Ulpia Auriana Arrian, 1. Full title,

iii. 6743. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 23.

I Augusta Gemina Colonorum Arrian, 1. Full title, viii.

8934. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 21.

II Gallorum Arrian, 9. Cf. _I. G. R. R._ iii.

272; _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 24.

I Ulpia Dacorum Arrian, 8. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 23.

_Cohorts._

Apuleia C. R. Arrian, 7 and 14. _Not. Dign.

Or._ xxxviii. 34.

Bosporiana M. S. Arrian, 3 and 18. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 29.

I Claudia E. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxviii. 36.

Cyrenaica S. E. Arrian, 1 and 14.

I Germanorum M. E. Arrian, 2. Cf. _I. G. R. R._ i.

623; _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 30.

II Hispanorum E. Cf. iii. 6760, ix. 2649; _A. E._

1911. 161.[489]

II Italica C. R. S. M. E. Arrian, 3, 9, and 13. Cf. xi.

6117.[490]

Ituraeorum E. Arrian, 1.

I Lepidiana E. C. R. In Moesia Inferior in 98-114.[491]

_Not. Dign. Or._ xxxviii. 35.

I Flavia Numidarum M. E. S.[492] Arrian, 3 and 18. Cf. D. lxxvi

(178) for Lycia-Pamphylia.

III Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. S. Arrian, 1. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 27.

I Raetorum E. Arrian, 1.

IV Raetorum E. Arrian, 1.

2,000 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 7,125 infantry. Total 11,000.

Legions in the province: XII Fulminata, XV Apollinaris.

XIV. SYRIA.

Diploma cx (157). The cavalry vexillatio described in iii. 600 seems

to have been drawn almost entirely from regiments stationed in the

Eastern provinces.[493] This inscription, therefore, which probably

dates from the end of Trajan’s reign, may be reckoned as a diploma, and

the regiments mentioned in it placed in Syria if they cannot be traced

elsewhere.

_Alae._

II Flavia Agrippiana iii. 600. Cf. _C. I. G._ iii.

3497 for full titles.

Augusta Syriaca iii. 600 (from Egypt).

I Ulpia Dromedariorum M. 157.

I Praetoria C. R. iii. 600. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxviii. 26 (in Armenia).

III Thracum Cf. ii. 4251 (_praefectus alae

III Thracum in Syria_) with vi.

1449, which shows that the

regiment was existing in the

middle of the second century.

Thracum Herculania M. iii. 600, 157.

I Ulpia Singularium iii. 600, 157.

_Cohorts._

I Ascalonitanorum S. E. iii. 600, 157.

I Flavia Chalcidenorum S. E. 157.

V Chalcidenorum E. iii. 600.

II Classica S. 157.

I Ulpia Dacorum 157. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxiii.

33 (Syria).

III Dacorum E. iii. 600.

II Equitum[494] iii. 600.

VII Gallorum 157.

I Lucensium E. iii. 600 (from Dalmatia).

IV Lucensium E. iii. 600.

II Ulpia Paflagonum E. iii. 600, 157.

III Ulpia Paflagonum E. iii. 600, 157.

I Ulpia Petraeorum M. E.[495] iii. 600, 157.

V Ulpia Petraeorum M. E.[495] iii. 600, 157.

I Ulpia Sagittariorum E. iii. 600.

I Claudia Sugambrorum 157.

I Sugambrorum E.[496] iii. 600 (from Moesia).

II Thracum Syriaca E. 157.

III Augusta Thracum E. 157.

III Thracum Syriaca E.[497] _A. E._ 1911. 161.

IV Thracum Syriaca E.[497] Mentioned on a C. H. of the second

century (ii. 1970).

II Ulpia E. C. R. iii. 600, 157.

4,500 cavalry, 2,375 mounted infantry, 9,625 infantry. Total 16,500.

Legions in the province: III Gallica, IV Scythica, XVI Flavia.

XV. SYRIA PALAESTINA.

Diplomata, xix (86), cix (139).

_Alae._

Gallorum et Thracum 139.

Anton … Gallorum 139. Probably the εἴλη

Ἀντωνινιανὴ Γαλική of

_B. G. U._ 614 (dated 217).

VII Phrygum 139.

_Cohorts._

III Bracarum 139.

IV Breucorum 139.

I Damascenorum 139.

I Flavia C. R. E. iii. 600, 139. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxiv. 45.

I Ulpia Galatarum 139.

II Ulpia Galatarum 139. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxxiv. 44.

V Gemina C. R. 139.

I Montanorum 139.

IV Ulpia Petraeorum[498] 139.

VI Ulpia Petraeorum[498] 139.

I Sebastenorum M. 139.

I Thracum M. 139. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxvii. 31 (Arabia).

1,500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 6,875 infantry. Total 8,500.

Legions in the province: VI Ferrata, X Fretensis.

XVI. ARABIA.

Auxilia as yet unknown. Legio III Cyrenaica was stationed in the

province.

XVII. EGYPT.

Diploma xv (83).

_Alae._

Apriana 83, 170 (iii. 49). _Not. Dign. Or._

xxviii. 32.

II Ulpia Afrorum[499] _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 38.

Gallorum Veterana 199 (iii. 6581). Unlikely to be a

late creation. _Not. Dign. Or._

xxviii. 28.

I Thracum Mauretana 154-5 (_B. G. U._ 447), 156

(_Eph. Ep._ vii. p. 457).[500]

Vocontiorum 134 (_B. G. U._ 114).

_Cohorts._

I Ulpia Afrorum E. 177 (_B. G. U._ 241).

I Apamenorum S. E. 145 (_Brit. Mus. Pap._ 178).

_Not. Dign. Or._ xxxi. 60.

I Flavia Cilicum E. 140 (iii. 6025).

III Cilicum 217-18 (_A. E._ 1905. 54), but

it belonged presumably to the

early series.

III Galatarum _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 35, but

belonging probably to the

series raised by Trajan.

II Hispanorum 134 (_B. G. U._ 114).

II Ituraeorum Felix E. 147 (_I. G. R. R._ i. 1348).

_Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 44.

III Ituraeorum 103 (_Pap. Ox._ vii. 1022). A

second-century C. H.

(viii. 17904).

Augusta Praetoria Lusitanorum E. 156 (_Eph. Ep._ vii. p. 456).

_Not. Dign. Or._ xxxi. 58.

I Augusta Pannoniorum 83. _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 41.

Scutata C. R. 143 (_B. G. U._ 141). Cf. iii.

12069 and _Not. Dign. Or._

xxxi. 59.

I Thebaeorum E. 114 (_B. G. U._ 114).

II Thracum 167 (Wilcken, _Ostraka_, 927).

_Numeri._

Palmyreni Hadriani Sagittarii 216 (_I. G. R. R._ i. 1169).

2,500 cavalry, 750 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 9,200.

Legion in the province: II Traiana Fortis.

XVIII. CYRENAICA.

Garrison unknown.

XIX. AFRICA.

_Alae._

Flavia 174 (viii. 21567).

I Augusta Pannoniorum 128. Addressed by Hadrian

(_A. E._ 1900. 33).

_Cohorts._

II Flavia Afrorum 198 (_A. E._ 1909. 104).

I Chalcidenorum E. 164 (viii. 17587).

VI Commagenorum E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian

(viii. 18042).

I Flavia E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian

(viii. 18042).

II Hispanorum E. 128. Addressed by Hadrian

(viii. 18042).

II Maurorum 208 (viii. 4323).

_Numeri._

Palmyrenorum 211-17 (viii. 18007).[501]

1,000 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 2,700 infantry. Total 4,200.

Legion in the province: III Augusta.

XX. MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS

Diploma xxxvi (107).

_Alae._

Brittonum V. Second-century inscription (viii.

9764). Cf. 5936.

Miliaria Several inscriptions (viii. 9389,

21029, 21036, 21568, 21618).

Existed in second century (xii.

672).

I Nerviana Augusta Fidelis M. 107.

I Augusta Parthorum 107, 201 (viii. 9827).

Flavia Gemina Sebastenorum 234 (viii. 21039). A _praefectus_

of the reign of Marcus

(_Eph. Ep._ 699).

II Augusta Thracum P. F. 107, 209-11 (viii. 9370).

_Cohorts._

II Breucorum E. 107, 243 (viii. 21560).

II Brittonum 107.

I Corsorum C. R. 107. Post-Hadrianic C. H.

(ix. 2853).

II Gallorum 107.

I Flavia Hispanorum 107, 201 (viii. 9360).

I Flavia Musulamiorum 107.

I Augusta Nerviana Velox 107.

I Nurritanorum 107. Later inscriptions (xi. 6010;

viii. 4292).

I Pannoniorum E. 107, 201 (viii. 22602).

II Sardorum 208 (viii. 21721). Also

first-century inscriptions.

I Aelia Singularium 260 (viii. 9047). Cf. 20753.

IV Sugambrorum 107, 255 (viii. 9045).

_Numeri._

Gaesatorum 150 (viii. 2728).

4,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 10,200.

Third-century inscriptions also show the existence of a large force of

Moorish irregular cavalry, perhaps a sort of territorial militia. It is

impossible, however, to estimate their number, or to ascertain whether

they were already in existence in the second century. Cf. Cagnat,

_L’armée romaine d’Afrique_, pp. 261-73.

XXI. MAURETANIA TINGITANA.

_Alae._

Hamiorum A second-century inscription

(viii. 21814 a). Cf. _A. E._

1906. 119.

_Cohorts._

I Asturum et Callaecorum M.[502] C. H. of reign of Trajan

(ii. 4211). Cf. viii. 21820;

vi. 3654.

III Asturum C. R. E. Late second-century C. H. (xi.

4371). Placed in Mauretania by

a Greek inscription (Waddington,

104) and _Not. Dign. Occ._ xxvi.

19.

500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 1,375 infantry. Total 2,000.

XXII. HISPANIA TARRACONENSIS.

_Alae._

II Flavia Hispanorum C. R. 184 (cf. _A. E._ 1910. 5;

ii. 2600).

I Lemavorum 161-7 or later (ii. 2103).[503]

_Cohorts._

I Celtiberorum Baetica E. 163 (ii. 2552; cf. _A. E._

1910. 3).

III Celtiberorum 167 (_A. E._ 1910. 4).

I Gallica E. _A. E._ 1910. 4. _Not. Dign.

Occ._ xlii. 32.

II Gallica _Not. Dign. Occ._ xlii. 28. It

is stationed at ‘Cohors

Gallica.’

III Lucensium Inscriptions ii. 2584, 4132.

Cf. _Not. Dign. Occ._

xlii. 29.

1,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 2,250 infantry. Total 3,500.

Legion in the province: VII Gemina.

To this list we may add the following regiments, which can be shown to

have existed in the second century, although they cannot be assigned to

any particular province:

_Alae._

III Asturum xi. 3007 (the name Ulpius occurs).

I Flavia Gallorum Tauriana viii. 2394, 2395 (Trajan at

earliest).

_Cohorts._

Aelia Expedita viii. 9358.

II Bracarum vi. 1838 (Trajan).

III Breucorum ix. 4753 (Trajan); x. 3847

(probably middle of second

century).

VI Brittonum ii. 2424 (Trajan).

III Augusta Cyrenaica _Römische Mitteilungen_, iii.

77 (Marcus).

VI Gallorum vi. 1449. The career of the

Praefectus Praetorio Macrinius

Vindex, who was killed in 172.

He probably commanded this

cohort about 150.

VI Hispanorum xi. 4376 (Trajan).

III Lingonum E. xi. 5959 (Trajan or later).

Pannoniorum et Dalmatarum x. 5829 (Trajan).

II Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. xi. 5669 (Trajan or Hadrian).

V Raetorum viii. 8934 (Trajan to Hadrian).

1,000 cavalry, 375 mounted infantry, 5,125 infantry. Total 6,500.

These calculations show that during the period in question the

auxiliary troops amounted to 47,500 cavalry, 15,375 mounted infantry,

and 129,925 infantry, giving a total establishment of 191,800 men. It

is probable, however, that this puts the proportion of mounted men

too low. Arrian’s _Ectaxis_ shows that nearly every cohort of the

Cappadocian garrison was _equitata_, and although the proportion of

mounted men was doubtless higher on the eastern frontier than on the

Rhine or in Britain, it is probable that if we possessed more documents

similar to the _Ectaxis_ dealing with the other garrisons we should

find a higher proportion of _cohortes equitatae_ than our present

evidence suggests. It is equally probable that the total figure arrived

at falls below the reality. For no province is it likely that the list

is complete; in some cases, such as Mauretania Tingitana and Africa,

the garrison is obviously put far below its real establishment, while

for Arabia and Cyrenaica we have no evidence at all. The deficiency is

certainly too great to be made good by the few regiments of uncertain

habitation which conclude the list. Probably we may reckon on a total

figure of about 220,000 men, of whom at least 80,000 would be mounted.

The twenty-eight legions in existence at this time, if we follow

Suetonius in assigning 5,600 men to a legion,[504] would only have a

total establishment of 156,800, so that clearly in dealing with the

army at this period we must disregard Tacitus’s statement that the

auxilia were approximately equal in number to the legionaries.

The total military establishment of the Empire at the accession

of Marcus including the Household Troops, that is to say the ten

Praetorian and six Urban[505] cohorts and the Equites Singulares, and

the complement of the fleets in the Mediterranean and the Channel and

on the Rhine, Danube, and Euphrates, must thus have amounted to some

420,000 men. This total, however, was to be still further increased

before the decline began. At the beginning of the third century when

additions had been made to the Household Troops, when the legions had

been increased to thirty-three[506] and scores of _numeri_ added to the

frontier guards, there may have been nearly half a million men serving

with the colours, a larger disciplined force than was at the disposal

of any one state before the nineteenth century, and the largest

professional army which the world has ever seen.

Footnotes:

[446] See above, pp. 53-5.

[447] Any one desirous of further information on any particular

regiment will find a summary of the evidence, in so far as it was then

available, in Cichorius’s articles in Pauly-Wissowa., s.v. _ala_ and

_cohors_, to which I am deeply indebted.

[448] A date without an epigraphical reference refers to a ‘diploma’.

The following abbreviations have been used: E(quitata), M(iliaria),

C(ivium) R(omanorum), V(eteranorum), S(agittariorum), P(ia) F(idelis).

C. H. means that the inscription referred to gives the _cursus honorum_

of an officer.

[449] The inscription cannot be accurately dated, but the regiment was

presumably raised at an early date like others with similar titles.

[450] Inscriptions thus referred to come from the area in Scotland only

effectively occupied between these dates.

[451] The inscription comes from Newstead, which was probably also

occupied from 80 to 100, but the soldier’s name, Aelius, suggests a

later date.

[452] A C. H. mentioning a _praefectus cohortis I Astyrum provinciae

Britanniae_. The regiment is hardly likely to be a third-century

creation.

[453] The _Notitia_ mentions the first cohort, but inscriptions suggest

that it was the second which apparently garrisoned the station referred

to. The reference shows, at any rate, that one of the two survived.

[454] Epigraphical evidence suggests that the Cohors I Frixagorum of

the _Notitia_ is identical with this regiment.

[455] The inscriptions come from Birrens, which was apparently occupied

in the Antonine period. See Professor Haverfield’s note in _Ephemeris

Epigraphica_, ix. p. 613.

[456] Assuming that this is the title represented by the III P … of the

‘diploma’.

[457] The name of the cohort on this inscription is, however, only due

to an emendation of Cichorius, s.v.

[458] Presumably C(ivium) L(atinorum), a unique distinction.

[459] The name is M. Traianius.

[460] Both this and the preceding cohort belong, of course, to early

series.

[461] Regiments which are last mentioned in the diploma of 116 are

included if they cannot be traced in another province.

[462] The regiment is hardly likely to have been raised between 167 and

191.

[463] It can hardly be doubted, however, that several more of the

Numeri Brittonum mentioned on later inscriptions belong to the same

series. See above, p. 86.

[464] In this diploma, of course, the ala has not yet acquired the

title ‘Flavia’. The titles of the Raetian alae are somewhat puzzling,

but it seems possible to distinguish four alae Flaviae.

[465] The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been

restored.

[466] Possibly, however, this is identical with the Cohors I C. R.,

stationed in Germania Superior.

[467] The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been

restored.

[468] The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been

restored.

[469] The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been

restored.

[470] The regiment is not mentioned, but there is a cavalry station

‘Commagena’ in Pannonia Prima.

[471] Included by an emendation of Cichorius.

[472] One of these two cohorts is also mentioned on the D. for 60, 84,

138-46.

[473] The ‘Cohors II Aug….’ of the diploma is either this or II

Augusta Thracum.

[474] Most of the regiments mentioned in this diploma can be traced in

other provinces during the second century, the others probably remained

in Moesia.

[475] There is some evidence for placing this cohort in Dacia.

[476] ‘Aurelio Marco dec(urioni) [coh(ortis)] V Hisp(anorum) provinciae

Moesiae sup(erioris), desiderato in acie, Aur(elio) Suruelio

dup(licario) fratri bene merenti.’ The names suggest the date.

[477] Several regiments (i.e. Cohorts I Claudia Sugambrorum, I

Chalcidenorum, IV Gallorum, VII Gallorum) appear in Syria in 157 after

appearing in the second-century Moesian diplomata. Probably they were

transferred during the Jewish rebellion at the end of Hadrian’s reign.

All are reckoned under Syria except IV Gallorum, which seems to have

returned.

[478] For an early inscription of this regiment see Mommsen in

_Hermes_, xxii. 547.

[479] Any regiment which has left several inscriptions in the province,

and does not appear to be a late formation, is included.

[480] This ‘diploma’ contains several regiments which were only

temporarily in the province.

[481] Was possibly incorporated later in the succeeding.

[482] The name is probably to be restored from ONT of the ‘diploma’.

[483] The British regiments are very confusing, but it appears possible

to distinguish the following. The titles ‘Britannica’ and ‘Brittonum’

seem to be used indifferently.

[484] Restored from the ‘Cohors I Augusta Nervia’ … of the diploma on

the analogy of the Cohors II Augusta Nervia Pacensis M. Brittonum on

the diploma of 114 for Pannonia Inferior.

[485] As these cohorts are only mentioned on tiles it is possible that

they returned to Moesia soon after the war.

[486] So Cichorius, comparing AESA∞ of the diploma with tiles from

Sebesvaralja marked CꟼGST and ⅁ƎAIHↃ (iii. 8074¹⁶, 8074²⁶.)

[487] The distribution of these and other inscriptions suggests that

there were at least two numeri in the province.

[488] In identifying the various regiments mentioned by Arrian I have

made use of the excellent article by Ritterling in _Wiener Studien_,

xxiv. Cf. also ‘Arrian as Legate of Cappadocia’ in Pelham’s _Essays on

Roman History_.

[489] The second inscription mentions a Spanish cohort in Cappadocia,

which is probably identical with the Cohors II Hispanorum E. commanded

by the _praefectus_ mentioned in the third, whose career seems to have

lain entirely in the Eastern provinces. He would have commanded it

about 120.

[490] Mentions the regiment as stationed in Syria, whither it had been

transferred before 157. Cf. D. cx.

[491] D. xxxviii.

[492] Arrian certainly mentions a Numidian cohort; it is, however,

merely a conjecture to identify it with the regiment stationed later in

Lycia-Pamphylia.

[493] Of the nineteen regiments mentioned (taking ‘Augusta Syriaca’

as the title of one ala, not two), eight are mentioned on the Syrian

diploma of 157, two on the Palestine diplomata of 86 and 139, and

one on the Egyptian diploma of 83. Of the remainder two have left

inscriptions in the East, two seem to have come from the Danube, and

only four are otherwise unknown.

[494] Should probably be _equestris_, the regiment belonging to the

same series as the Cohors VI Equestris which formed part of the

garrison of Bithynia when Pliny was governor. Cf. Pliny, _Ep._ x.

106. The meaning of the title is obscure, unless _equestris_ simply =

_equitata_.

[495] Numbers II and III in this series were certainly _miliariae_, as

probably all were.

[496] I agree with Cichorius in distinguishing the Cohors I Sugambrorum

V. E. from the Cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum. The first is probably

identical with the regiment mentioned by Tacitus as being in Moesia

in A.D. 26 (Tac. _Ann._ iv. 47), the second a later creation

distinguished as such by its secondary title.

[497] Mentioned in the _cursus honorum_ of a _praefectus_ whose service

lay almost entirely in the Eastern provinces. On this ground and

because Cohorts I and II of this series were certainly in the East the

regiment has been assigned to Syria. This second argument applies to

Cohort IV. Both regiments were in any case in existence at this period.

[498] The title Ulpia is not given in these cases but presumably

belonged to the whole series.

[499] Or is this a cohort converted into an ala with the increase of

cavalry in the fourth century? In this case it may be identical with

the Cohors II Ulpia Equitata mentioned below.

[500] Curiously enough the regiment appears in the Syrian diploma for

157.

[501] Cagnat, however, considers that the regiment was in the province

as early as 150, relying on viii. 3917, p. 955.

[502] In the first inscription the regiment is commanded by a

_tribunus_.

[503] This inscription does not, however, prove conclusively that the

regiment was stationed in Spain.

[504] Suet. Fr. 278 (_Reiffer._) ‘Legio dicitur virorum electio fortium

vel certus militum numerus, id est V̅ DC.’

[505] Four were at Rome, one at Lugudunum, and one at Carthage.

[506] Marcus added II and III Italica to garrison Raetia and Noricum;

Septimius Severus the three legiones Parthicae, of which I and III were

stationed in Mesopotamia and II at Alba in Italy.

APPENDIX II

This appendix is mainly designed to supplement the table on p. 60,

by giving a list of the auxiliary regiments grouped according to the

provinces in which they were raised. I have also added for the sake

of completeness a further section dealing with the _cohortes civium

Romanorum_, and a few regiments of which we do not know the place of

origin. The list thus contains, or is intended to contain, the names

of all the auxiliary regiments known to us, and includes far more than

existed at any one time. The greater part of this list is, of course,

merely a repetition of that drawn up by Cichorius in his articles on

_ala_ and _cohors_ contributed to Pauly-Wissowa, and in view of the

admirable summary of the evidence there given I have restricted myself

to appending to the title of each regiment the name of the province

in which it was stationed, or, when this is unknown, a reference to

a single inscription mentioning it. Only in cases where I have been

able to add to the list a regiment unknown when Cichorius wrote have I

added a note on the evidence. The whole may, in fact, be described as

a summary of Cichorius’s articles, with a supplement bringing them up

to date, and as such may, I hope, be of some value to students of this

subject.

As in the list on p. 60, regiments raised before 70 and those of later

date are divided into two groups, distinguished by the letters A and B.

BRITAIN.

_Alae._

A. I Flavia Augusta Germania Superior—Pannonia

Britannica M. C. R.[507] Inferior.

Brittonum V. Mauretania Caesariensis.

_Cohorts._

A. I Britannica M. C. R.[508] Pannonia—Dacia.

I Brittonum M. E. Pannonia—Dacia.

II Brittonum M. C. R. P. F. Dacia.

II Brittonum Mauretania Caesariensis.

III Britannorum Raetia.

III Brittonum Dacia.

III Brittonum V. E. xi. 393.

IV and V Brittonum supposed because of the existence of

VI Brittonum ii. 2424.

B. I Flavia Brittonum Dalmatia—Noricum.

I Ulpia Brittonum M. Dacia.

I Aelia Brittonum M. Noricum.

I Augusta Nervia Pacensis Dacia.

Brittonum M.[509]

I Aurelia Brittonum M. Dacia.

II Flavia Brittonum Moesia Inferior.

II Augusta Nervia Pacensis Pannonia Inferior.

Brittonum M.

BELGICA.

_Alae._

A. Batavorum Germania Inferior.

I Canninefatium C. R. Germania Superior—Pannonia

Superior.

Treverorum Germania Inferior.

Tungrorum Frontoniana Dalmatia—Pannonia—Dacia.

I Tungrorum Britain.

B. I Batavorum M. Dacia.

_Cohorts._

A. I Batavorum C. R. Britain.

I-VIII Batavorum M. The regiments which joined the

rebellion of Civilis and were

presumably disbanded.

IX Batavorum M. E. Raetia.

I Belgarum E. Dalmatia.

I Belgica Germania Superior.

Cohortes Canninefatium Joined the rebellion of Civilis

and were presumably disbanded

in consequence. Cf. Tac.

_Hist._ iv. 19.

I Frisiavonum Britain.

I Germanorum C. R. Germania Superior.

I Germanorum M. E. Cappadocia.

I Lingonum E. Britain.

II Lingonum E. Britain.

III Lingonum E. xi. 5959.

IV Lingonum E. Britain.

V Lingonum Dacia.

I Menapiorum Britain.

I Morinorum Britain.

Nemetum Germania Superior.

I Nerviorum Britain.

II Nerviorum Britain.

III Nerviorum C. R. Britain.

IV and V Nerviorum C. R. supposed on account

of the existence of

VI Nerviorum C. R. Britain.

I Sequanorum et Rauracorum E. Germania Superior.

I Sugambrorum V. E. Moesia Inferior—Syria.

I Claudia Sugambrorum Moesia Inferior—Syria.[510]

II and III Sugambrorum supposed on account

of the existence of

IV Sugambrorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Sunucorum Britain.

I Tungrorum M. Germania Inferior—Britain.

II Tungrorum M. E. C. L. Germania Inferior—Britain.

Cohortes Ubiorum Germania Inferior, cf. Tac.

_Hist._ iv. 28.

I Ubiorum Moesia Inferior—Dacia.

Usiporum Tac. _Agr._ 28.

I Vangionum M. E. Germania Superior—Britain.

B. I Batavorum M. Pannonia—Dacia.

I Batavorum Britain.

II Batavorum M. Pannonia.

III Batavorum M. Pannonia Inferior.[511]

I Septimia Belgarum Germania Superior.

I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum Britain.

I Nervana Germanorum M. Britain.

I Mattiacorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Mattiacorum Moesia Inferior.

I Treverorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Treverorum Germania Superior.[512]

LUGDUNENSIS.

_Alae._

A. Gallorum Flaviana Moesia Inferior.

Gallorum Indiana Germania Inferior—Britain

—Germania Superior.

Augusta Gallorum Petriana M. Germania Superior—Britain.

Augusta Gallorum Proculeiana Britain.

Gallorum V. Egypt.

I Flavia Gallorum Gaul.

Tauriana[513]

I Claudia Gallorum Moesia Inferior.

I Gallorum et Bosporanorum Dacia.

I Gallorum et Pannoniorum Moesia Inferior.

II Gallorum Sebosiana Germania Superior—Britain.

II Gallorum Cappadocia.

The majority of the following regiments, which bear titles derived from

personal names, can be shown to have received recruits from the Gallic

provinces, where it is probable that all were originally raised.

Agrippiana Germania Superior—Britain.

II Flavia Agrippiana[514] Syria.

Apriana Egypt.

Atectorigiana Moesia Inferior.

Classiana Germania Inferior—Britain.

Longiniana Germania Inferior.

Patrui ix. 733.

Picentiana Germania Superior.

Pomponiani Germania Inferior.

Rusonis Germania Superior.

Sabiniana Britain.

Scaevae x. 6011.

Siliana C. R. Africa—Pannonia.

Sulpicia Germania Inferior.

_Cohorts._

A. I Gallica C. R. E. Tarraconensis.

II Gallica Tarraconensis.

I Gallorum Aquitania.

I Gallorum Dacica Dacia.

II Gallorum Moesia Inferior.

II Gallorum Macedonica E. Moesia Superior—Dacia.

II Gallorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

II Gallorum E. Britain.

III Gallorum Germania Superior—Moesia Inferior.

III Gallorum Spain.

IV Gallorum Moesia Inferior.

IV Gallorum Raetia.

IV Gallorum Britain.

V Gallorum Pannonia—Moesia Superior.

V Gallorum Britain.

VI Gallorum vi. 1449.

VII Gallorum Moesia Inferior.

VIII, IX, and X Gallorum supposed on account of the existence of

XI Gallorum[515] Dalmatia.

AQUITANIA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Aquitanorum V. E. Germania Superior.

I Aquitanorum Germania Superior—Britain.

II Aquitanorum E. Germania Superior—Raetia.

III Aquitanorum E. C. R. Germania Superior.

IV Aquitanorum E. C. R. Germania Superior.

I Biturigum Germania Superior.

II Biturigum xiii. 6812.

NARBONENSIS.

_Alae._

A. Augusta Vocontiorum Germania Inferior—Britain.

Vocontiorum Egypt.

_Cohorts._

None.

ALPES. (All the little Alpine provinces.)

_Alae._

A. Vallensium. Germania Superior.

_Cohorts._

A. I Alpinorum Pannonia Inferior.

I Alpinorum E. Pannonia Inferior.

I Alpinorum E. Dacia.

I Alpinorum Britain.

II Alpinorum E. Pannonia Superior.

III Alpinorum E. Dalmatia.

I Ligurum[516] Alpes Maritimae—Germania

Superior.

II Gemina Ligurum et Corsorum Sardinia.

I Montanorum Noricum—Pannonia—Dacia.

I Montanorum C. R. Pannonia Inferior.

I Montanorum Palestine.

Trumplinorum v. 4910.

RAETIA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Helvetiorum Germania Superior.

I Raetorum Raetia.

I Raetorum E. Cappadocia.

II Raetorum C. R. Germania Superior.

II Raetorum Raetia.

Two cohorts III Raetorum supposed on account of the existence of

IV Raetorum E. Cappadocia.

IV Raetorum Moesia Superior.

V Raetorum viii. 8934.

VI Raetorum Germania Superior.

VII Raetorum E. Germania Superior.

VIII Raetorum C. R. Pannonia—Dacia.

Raetorum et Vindelicorum Germania Superior.

I Vindelicorum M. Dacia.

II and III Vindelicorum supposed on account of the existence of

IV Vindelicorum Germania Superior.

B. I Aelia Gaesatorum M. Dacia.

NORICUM.

_Alae._

A. Noricorum Germania Superior.

_Cohorts._

A. I Noricorum Pannonia Inferior.

PANNONIA.

_Alae._

A. I Pannoniorum Africa.

I Pannoniorum Moesia Inferior.

I Pannoniorum Tampiana Britain.

II Pannoniorum Dacia.

Pannoniorum Pannonia Superior.

B. I Illyricorum[517] Dacia.

Flavia Pannoniorum[518] Pannonia Inferior.

Sarmatarum[519] Britain.

_Cohorts._

A. I Breucorum Raetia.

II Breucorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

III Breucorum ix. 4753.

IV Breucorum Britain.

V Breucorum Noricum.

VI Breucorum[520] Moesia Superior.

VII Breucorum Pannonia Inferior.

VIII Breucorum xiii. 7801.

I Pannoniorum Germania Superior—Britain.

I Pannoniorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Augusta Pannoniorum Egypt.

I Pannoniorum et Dalmatarum x. 5829.

II Pannoniorum Britain.

III Pannoniorum Britain.

IV Pannoniorum iii. 12631, ix. 3924.

I Varcianorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Varcianorum Germania Inferior.

B. I Ulpia Pannoniorum M. E. Pannonia Superior.

DALMATIA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Dalmatarum Britain.

II Dalmatarum Britain.

III Dalmatarum Germania Superior.

IV Dalmatarum Germania Superior.

V Dalmatarum Germania Superior.

VI Dalmatarum E. Mauretania Caesariensis.

VII Dalmatarum E. Mauretania Caesariensis.

B. I Dalmatarum M.[521] Dalmatia.

II Dalmatarum M. Dalmatia.

III Dalmatarum M. E. C. R. Dacia.

IV Dalmatarum M. iii. 1474.

MOESIA.

_Alae._

A. Bosporanorum[522] Syria—Dacia.

B. I Vespasiana Dardanorum Moesia Inferior.

_Cohorts._

A. Bosporanorum M. Cappadocia.

I Bosporiana Pannonia Superior

II Bosporanorum x. 270.[523]

B. I Aurelia Dardanorum Moesia Superior.

II Aurelia Dardanorum Moesia Superior.

M. E.[524]

DACIA.

_Alae._

B. I Ulpia Dacorum Cappadocia.

_Cohorts._

B. I Ulpia Dacorum Syria.

I Aelia Dacorum M. Britain.

II Augusta Dacorum Pannonia.

Dacorum Syria.

I Aurelia Dacorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Aurelia Dacorum Pannonia Superior.[525]

THRACE.

_Alae._

A. Thracum Herculania Syria.

I Augusta Thracum Raetia.

I Thracum Germania Inferior—Britain.

I Thracum Mauretana Egypt.

I Thracum V. S. Pannonia Inferior.

I Thracum Victrix Pannonia Superior.

II Augusta Thracum[526] Mauretania Caesariensis.

III Augusta Thracum S. Pannonia Superior.

III Thracum Syria.

_Cohorts._

A. I Augusta Thracum E. Pannonia Inferior.

I Thracum Germanica C. R. E. Germania Superior—Pannonia

Superior.

I Thracum M. Palestine.

I Thracum S. Dacia.

I Thracum E. Pannonia Inferior.

I Thracum Syriaca Palestine—Moesia Superior.

I Thracum Germania Inferior—Britain.

II Augusta Thracum Pannonia Inferior.

II Gemella Thracum Africa.

II Thracum Syriaca Syria.

II Thracum E. Egypt.

II Thracum E. Britain.

III Thracum V. Raetia.

III Thracum C. R. Raetia.

III Augusta Thracum E. Syria.

III Thracum Syriaca[527] Syria.

IV Thracum Syriaca Syria.

IV Thracum E. Germania Superior.

V Thracum supposed on account of the existence of

VI Thracum Germania Superior—Britain—

Pannonia—Dacia.

B. I Flavia Bessorum[528] Macedonia.

II Flavia Bessorum Moesia Inferior.

MACEDONIA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. Macedonum E.[529] _A. E._ 1908. 58.

I Cyrrhesticorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Cyrrhesticorum[530] Dalmatia.

GALATIA.

_Alae._

A. VII Phrygum[531] Syria.

_Cohorts._

B. I Ulpia Galatarum Palestine.

II Ulpia Galatarum Palestine.

III Ulpia Galatarum[532] Egypt.

I Ulpia Paflagonum supposed on account of the existence of

II Ulpia Paflagonum Syria.

III Ulpia Paflagonum Syria.

CILICIA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Cilicum Moesia Inferior.

II Cilicum supposed on account of the existence of

III Cilicum[533] Egypt.

B. I Flavia Cilicum E. Egypt.

CYPRUS.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I, II, and III Cypria[534] supposed on account of the existence of

IV Cypria Dacia.

CRETE AND CYRENAICA.[535]

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Cretum Moesia Superior.

I Cyrenaica Germania Superior.

II Augusta Cyrenaica Germania Superior.

III Cyrenaica S. _A. E._ 1896. 10.

III Augusta Cyrenaica _Römische Mitteilungen_,

iii. 77.[536]

SYRIA.

_Alae._

A. Hamiorum[537] Mauretania Tingitana.

I Augusta Parthorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

Parthorum V. xiii. 10024³⁵.

B. I Commagenorum Egypt—Noricum.

_Cohorts._

A. I Antiochensium Moesia Superior.

I Apamenorum S. E. Egypt.

I Chalcidenorum E. Africa.

II Chalcidenorum Moesia Inferior.

III and IV Chalcidenorum supposed on account of the existence of

V Chalcidenorum Syria.

I Damascenorum Palestine.

I Hamiorum Britain.

II Hamiorum viii. 10654.

I Hemesenorum M. S. E. C. R. Pannonia Inferior.

I Sagittariorum Germania Superior—Dacia (?).

II Sagittariorum supposed on account of the existence of

III Sagittariorum[538] iii. 335, xiv. 3935.

I Tyriorum[539] Moesia Inferior.

B. I Flavia Canathenorum M. Raetia.

I Flavia Chalcidenorum S. E. Syria.

I Flavia Commagenorum Dacia.

II Flavia Commagenorum Dacia.

III, IV, and V Commagenorum supposed on account of the existence

of

VI Commagenorum Africa.

I Flavia Damascenorum M. E. Germania Superior.

I Ulpia Sagittariorum E. Syria.

I Aelia Sagittariorum M. E. Pannonia Superior.

I Nova Surorum M. S. Pannonia Inferior.

PALESTINE.

_Alae._

A. I Augusta Ituraeorum Pannonia Inferior.

Sebastenorum Palestine—Mauretania Caesariensis.

_Cohorts._

A. I Ascalonitanorum Felix E. Syria.

I Augusta Ituraeorum S. Pannonia—Dacia.

I Ituraeorum Germania Superior—Dacia.

II Ituraeorum E. Egypt.

III Ituraeorum Egypt.

IV, V, and VI[540] Ituraeorum supposed on account of the

existence of

VII Ituraeorum Egypt.

I Sebastenorum M. Palestine.

ARABIA.

_Alae._

B. I Ulpia Dromedariorum M.[541] Syria.

_Cohorts._

B. I Ulpia Petraeorum M. E.[542] Syria.

II Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. xi. 5669.

III Ulpia Petraeorum M. E. Cappadocia.

IV Ulpia Petraeorum[543] Palestine.

V Ulpia Petraeorum E. Syria.

VI Ulpia Petraeorum[543] Palestine.

EGYPT.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Thebaeorum E. Egypt.

II Thebaeorum Egypt.

AFRICA.

_Alae._

A. Afrorum Germania Inferior.

Gaetulorum V. Palestine.

B. I Ulpia Afrorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Ulpia Afrorum Egypt.

I Flavia Gaetulorum Moesia Inferior.

_Cohorts._

A. I Afrorum C. R. E.[544] x. 5841.

I Cirtensium supposed on account of the existence of

II Cirtensium Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Cisipadensium Moesia Superior.

I Gaetulorum viii. 7039.

B. I Flavia Afrorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Flavia Afrorum[545] Africa.

I Ulpia Afrorum E. Egypt.

I Flavia Musulamiorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Flavia Numidarum Lycia.

II Flavia Numidarum Dacia.

MAURETANIA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._[546]

B. Maurorum M. Africa.

Maurorum M. Pannonia Inferior.

Maurorum Quingenaria Pannonia Inferior.

TARRACONENSIS.[547]

_Alae._

A. I Arvacorum Pannonia Superior.

II Arvacorum Moesia Inferior.

I Asturum Britain.

I Asturum Moesia Inferior.

II Asturum Britain.

III Asturum xi. 3007.

I Hispanorum Campagonum Dacia.

I Hispanorum Germania Superior—Dacia.

I Hispanorum Auriana Noricum.

I Lemavorum Tarraconensis.

I Hispanorum Vettonum C. R. Britain.

B. II Flavia Hispanorum Spain.

_Cohorts._

A. I Asturum Germania Superior—Britain.

I Asturum Noricum.

II Asturum Germania Inferior—Britain.

III Asturum Mauretania Tingitana.

IV Asturum supposed on account of the existence of

V Asturum Germania Inferior.

VI Asturum ii. 2637.

I Asturum et Callaecorum[548] Mauretania Tingitana.

II Asturum et Callaecorum Pannonia Inferior.

I Ausetanorum ii. 1181.

I Bracaraugustanorum Moesia Inferior.

II Bracaraugustanorum vi. 1838.

III Bracaraugustanorum Britain.

III Bracaraugustanorum Raetia.

III Bracaraugustanorum[549] Palestine.

IV Bracaraugustanorum Palestine.

V Bracaraugustanorum Raetia.

I Cantabrorum supposed on account of the existence of

II Cantabrorum Palestine.

Carietum et Veniaesum v. 4373.

I Celtiberorum Spain.

I Celtiberorum Britain.

II Celtiberorum supposed on account of the existence of

III Celtiberorum Spain.

I Hispanorum Dacia.

I Hispanorum V. E. Moesia Inferior.

I Hispanorum E. Britain.

I Hispanorum E. Egypt.

II Hispanorum Germania Superior.

II Hispanorum Scutata Dacia.

Cyrenaica

II Hispanorum E. Africa.

II Hispanorum E. Cappadocia.

III Hispanorum Germania Superior.

IV Hispanorum Dacia.

V Hispanorum Germania Superior—Moesia Superior.

VI Hispanorum xi. 4376.

I Lucensium E. Dalmatia—Syria.

I Lucensium Hispanorum Germania Inferior.

II Lucensium Moesia Inferior.

III Lucensium Spain.

IV Lucensium Syria.

V Lucensium et Callaecorum Pannonia Superior.

I Fida Vardullorum M. E. C. R. Britain.

I Vasconum supposed on account of the existence of

II Hispanorum Vasconum Britain.

C. R. E.

B. I Flavia Hispanorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Flavia Hispanorum M. E. Moesia Superior.

I Flavia Ulpia Hispanorum

M. E. C. R.[550] Dacia.

I Aelia Hispanorum M. E. Britain.

LUSITANIA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Augusta Praetoria Egypt.

Lusitanorum E.

I Lusitanorum Pannonia Inferior.

I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica Moesia Inferior.

II Lusitanorum E. Egypt.

III Lusitanorum E. Germania Inferior—Pannonia

Inferior.

IV and V Lusitanorum supposed on account of the existence of

VI Lusitanorum[551] Raetia.

VII Lusitanorum E. Africa—Raetia.

SARDINIA AND CORSICA.

_Alae._

None.

_Cohorts._

A. I Corsorum C. R. Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Corsorum Sardinia.

I Sardorum Sardinia.

II Sardorum E. Mauretania Caesariensis.

B. I Gemina Sardorum et Corsorum Sardinia.

II Gemina Ligurum et Corsorum Sardinia.

These last two regiments seem to have been formed by amalgamating the

cohorts I Corsorum, I Sardorum, and I Ligurum, which appear in Sardinia

in the pre-Flavian period, but not later.

COHORTES VOLUNTARIORUM AND OTHER REGIMENTS OF ROMAN CITIZENS.

The character of these regiments has already been discussed on pp.

65-7, where the origin of the greater number, at any rate, was traced

to the exceptional levies made during the Pannonian revolt of 6-9, and

after the defeat of Varus in the latter year. This levy included not

only free-born Roman citizens, _ingenui_, but also freedmen enrolled

in _cohortes voluntariorum_. The latter form a series numbered up to

thirty-two, which may have included the _cohortes ingenuorum_. The

latter may, however, have been numbered separately, and it must be

admitted that the presence of a Cohors IV Voluntariorum is rather

against the hypothesis, previously advanced, that the first six

numbers of the series were reserved for the _ingenui_. It is impossible

to argue from the fact that a _cohors voluntariorum_ and a _cohors

ingenuorum_ never appear bearing the same numbers, since the series has

many gaps, and only the following regiments can be traced:

I Ingenuorum C. R.[552] v. 3936.

IV Voluntariorum C. R. Pannonia Superior.

VI Ingenuorum C. R. Germania Inferior.

VIII Voluntariorum C. R. Dalmatia.

XIII Voluntariorum C. R. iii. 6321.

XV Voluntariorum C. R. Germania Inferior.

XVIII Voluntariorum C. R. Pannonia Superior.

XIX Voluntariorum C. R. vii. 383.

XXIII Voluntariorum C. R. Pannonia Superior.

XXIV Voluntariorum C. R. Germania Superior.

XXVI Voluntariorum C. R.[553] Germania Superior.

XXX Voluntariorum C. R. Germania Superior.

XXXII Voluntariorum C. R. Germania Superior.

The following regiments seem to have a similar character, although we

know nothing concerning the occasion of their creation:

I Italica Voluntariorum C. R. xiv. 171.

II Italica Voluntariorum C. R. M. Cappadocia.

I Campanorum Voluntariorum Dalmatia—Pannonia Inferior.

C. R.[554]

Lastly, a series of at least seven regiments bearing the inexplicable

title of Campestris, of which only the following have left traces:

III Campestris Dacia.

VII Campestris Syria.

The following three regiments should perhaps be included in the same

category:

Ala I C. R. Pannonia Inferior.

Cohors Apuleia C. R. Cappadocia.

Cohors I Lepidiana C. R. Moesia Inferior.

In a final section I have grouped together regiments which bear

non-ethnical titles, and a few cases of ethnical titles which are at

present inexplicable, owing to our ignorance of the situation of the

tribes referred to. In the former case it must, however, be remembered

that many of these regiments may have had ethnical titles which are not

mentioned in the only references to them which we possess.

_Alae._

Augusta Noricum.

Augusta[555] Moesia Inferior.

Augusta[556] Egypt.

Augusta C. R. Pannonia Inferior.

Augusta Germanica Pisidia.[557]

Augusta Moesica Germania Inferior.

Augusta Syriaca Syria.

Augusta ob virtutem appellata[558] Britain.

Claudia Nova Dalmatia—Germania Superior—Moesia

Inferior.

I Augusta Gemina Colonorum Cappadocia.

Constantium[559] _A. E._ 1911. 107.

I Ulpia Contariorum M. C. R. Pannonia Superior.

Flavia Africa.

I Flavia Fidelis M. Raetia.

I Flavia Gemelliana Raetia.

I Flavia Gemina Germania Superior.

I Flavia Singularium C. R. Raetia.

II Flavia M. Raetia.

Miliaria Mauretania Caesariensis.

Miliaria Dacia.

I Augusta Nerviana M. Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Praetoria C. R. Syria.

Scubulorum Germania Superior.

I Ulpia Singularium Syria.

Tautorum Victrix Tarraconensis.

II Ulpia Auriana[560] Cappadocia.

_Cohorts._

Aelia Expedita viii. 9358.

I Augusta Syria.

II Augusta supposed on account of the existence of

III Augusta[561] vi. 3508.

Baetica v. 5127.

I Classica Germania Inferior.

I Aelia Classica Britain.

II Classica Syria.

Claudia E. Cappadocia.

III Coll… Moesia Inferior.

I Dongonum supposed on account of the existence of

II Dongonum Britain.

The Lollianus inscription (iii. 600) mentions a mysteriously named

Cohors II Equitum, which seems also to be referred to on an Italian

inscription (v. 2841) as Cohors II Equitatum. The Cohors VI Equestris

mentioned by Pliny (_Ep. ad Tra._ 106) may belong to the same series.

The best explanation of these curious titles is to suppose that they

are all varieties of _equitata_.

I Flavia E. Africa.

I Flavia E. Germania Inferior.

Flaviana[562] _C. I. G._ 3615.

V Gemina Palestine.

I Latabiensium Germania Inferior.

Maritima ii. 2224.

Miliaria Syria.

Naut… Alpes Maritimae.

I Augusta Nerviana Velox Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Nurritanorum Mauretania Caesariensis.

Scutata C. R. Egypt.

I Aelia Singularium Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Ulpia supposed on account of the existence of

II Ulpia E. C. R. Syria.

This last section completes our survey of the auxiliary forces of the

Empire so far as they are known to us, and it is some satisfaction to

feel that so far as the mere names of the regiments go our knowledge is

now approaching completion. The recently discovered diploma for Moesia

Superior (_A. E._ 1912. 128), which gave the names of twenty-four

regiments which were stationed in the province in 103, did not mention

one previously unknown to us, and a glance at the _Année Épigraphique_

for the past ten years will show how rarely a fresh name appears among

the numerous inscriptions dealing with the auxilia. This knowledge

does not, of course, carry us very far; while so many regiments are

merely known to us by name from one or two casual inscriptions, we can

tell neither the total number of auxilia maintained at any one time

nor the relative strength of the frontier garrisons, and a host of

minor problems are even further from solution. The very fact, however,

that new evidence is now so slow to accumulate seemed to justify the

attempt to utilize the available material and state summarily such

conclusions as are at present attainable on a subject of some interest

and importance to all students of the Roman Empire.

Footnotes:

[507] Seems to be identical with the regiment mentioned in Tac. _Hist._

iii. 41, and was therefore in existence before the Flavian period.

[508] It does not seem possible to make any distinction, chronological

or otherwise, between the titles Britannica, Britannorum, and Brittonum.

[509] Not recognized by Cichorius, but see above, p. 158, n. 1. The

meaning of the title is obscure, but such an elaborate form is not

likely to be early.

[510] On the reason for distinguishing between these two regiments see

above, p. 162, n. 2.

[511] See above, p. 60, n. 2.

[512] Apparently a late creation, possibly raised by Severus Antoninus.

Cf. xiii. 7616, and Cichorius s.v.

[513] Was in existence before the Flavian period. Cf. Tac. _Hist._ i.

59.

[514] Assuming, as seems most probable, that this regiment was raised,

like the others, at an early date and only acquired the title Flavia as

an honorary distinction.

[515] As four Gallic cohorts bear the number II, we may add two others

bearing the number I in addition to the two known to us, and also

another Cohors III to correspond with the third Cohors IV. The total

number of Gallic cohorts raised, including the Cohortes Gallicae, must

have been twenty-four.

[516] Seems to be identical with the Cohors Ligurum E. which appears in

Sardinia and afterwards formed part of the amalgamated Cohors I Ligurum

et Hispanorum in Germania Superior.

[517] Developed out of a _vexillatio equitum Illyricorum_. Cf. p. 157.

[518] Cichorius identifies this with the last ala Pannoniorum,

supposing the title Flavia to have been added as an honorary

distinction. But iii. 3252, which is clearly of second-century date,

mentions an ala Pannoniorum without any additional title.

[519] Developed out of a _numerus Sarmatarum_ organized from the

Sarmatae deported to Britain by Marcus. Cf. vii. 218 and 229.

[520] Not included by Cichorius, but now known from _A. E._ 1905. 162.

[521] See p. 61, n. 3.

[522] See above, p. 157, n. 3.

[523] This inscription is certainly interpolated, but Cichorius

believes in the authenticity of this title.

[524] See _A. E._ 1903. 288. Not mentioned by Cichorius.

[525] Not mentioned by Cichorius and only known from iii. 15184.

[526] Another Ala II Thracum may be assumed to have been sometime in

existence, as two regiments bear the number III.

[527] The only certain mention with full title is in _A. E._ 1911. 161.

For the ascription of this and the following cohort to the garrison of

Syria see above, p. 162, n. 3.

[528] Not included by Cichorius and only mentioned on the Macedonian

diploma for 124, _A. E._ 1909. 105.

[529] Not included by Cichorius and only known from this inscription.

[530] Not included by Cichorius and only known from one inscription,

_A. E._ 1900. 48. The Syrian Cyrrhestis might, of course, be meant, and

the soldier’s birthplace, Beroea, is equally ambiguous, but the fact

that the regiment was in Dalmatia suggests a Macedonian origin.

[531] For this regiment see above, p. 61, n. 7.

[532] Only mentioned in _Not. Dign. Or._ xxviii. 35, without the title

Ulpia, but presumably belongs to the same series as cohorts I and II.

[533] Not included by Cichorius and only known from _A. E._ 1905. 54.

[534] One of these may be the Cohors Cypria mentioned in _A. E._ 1904.

163, and on an inscription from the Crimea, Latyschew ii. 293.

[535] See above, p. 62, n. 6.

[536] One of these two regiments is probably referred to in Arrian,

_Ectaxis_, 1.

[537] Not included by Cichorius. Cf. viii. 21814 a, _A. E._ 1906. 19.

[538] Inscriptions of the first of these cohorts (xiii. 7512, 7513)

show that it was recruited in the East, as probably all were.

[539] If the emendation suggested above, on p. 69, n. 3, be correct, we

should also include a Cohors Seleuciensium.

[540] Arrian, _Ectaxis_, 18, mentions an Ituraean cohort which may be

identical with one of these.

[541] This, at least, seems the most likely province for it to have

been raised in. This regiment, not included by Cichorius, is only

mentioned in the Syrian diploma for 157.

[542] It is not mentioned as _miliaria_, but is conjectured to have

been so on the analogy of cohorts II and III.

[543] The title Ulpia is not given in these two cases, but the

regiments obviously belonged to the same series and were probably also

_equitatae_.

[544] Probably identical with the ‘Cohors Afrorum in Dacia’ mentioned

in vi. 3529.

[545] Not included by Cichorius, and only mentioned in _A. E._ 1909.

104, an inscription dating from the end of the second century.

[546] There is no reason why these regiments should not have been

raised between 40 and 70, but they do not appear on inscriptions until

much later.

[547] Some of the cohorts and alae of Hispani may, of course, have been

raised in Baetica.

[548] On some difficult points connected with this regiment see Cagnat,

_L’armée romaine d’Afrique_, p. 258 (2nd edition).

[549] From the existence of three cohorts bearing the number III, we

may assume two more with the number I, and two with the number II, of

which as yet no evidence exists.

[550] This regiment is, however, possibly identical with the preceding.

[551] Not included by Cichorius, and only mentioned on a Greek

inscription, which is probably of second-century date, _I. G. R. R._

iii. 56.

[552] Probably identical with the Cohors I C. R., which appears in

Germania Superior. The Cohors II C. R. which formed part of the

garrison of the same province according to ix. 2958 probably also

belongs to this series.

[553] xiii. 6306 may refer to Cohors XXV, but it is probable that the

final stroke is omitted, and that Cohors XXVI was meant.

[554] On this regiment see above, p. 65, n. 6.

[555] Possibly identical with the Ala Augusta Moesica.

[556] Possibly identical with the Ala Augusta Syriaca.

[557] See _J. R. S._ ii. (1912), p. 99.

[558] This regiment has no early inscriptions, and is probably

identical with one of the other British alae, possibly the Ala

Petriana, which renounced its original title in favour of this

honorific appellation.

[559] Not included by Cichorius. This regiment is probably either a

late formation, or possessed also an ethnical title omitted on this

inscription.

[560] The title is probably connected in some way with that of the Ala

I Hispanorum Auriana which was stationed in Raetia.

[561] Here again, however, an ethnical title may well have been omitted.

[562] Possibly a Gallic regiment on the analogy of the Ala Gallorum

Flaviana.

INDEX

_Actarius_,

in an ala, 41;

in a cohort, 43.

_Aeneatores_, 43, n. 11.

African officers, 96.

Ala,

origin of term, 22-5;

titles of, 24, 45;

size of, 26;

officers of, 40.

Archers, 84, 103, 128.

_Augusta_, used as title of auxiliary regiments, 47.

Augustus, military reforms, 13 et seqq.

Balearic slingers, 10, 131.

Barbarization of Roman army, 99, 138.

Barr Hill, fort at, 106.

Batavians, 16, 19, 35, 49, 57, 72.

_Beneficiarius_,

in an ala, 41;

in a cohort, 43.

Breastplates, 124.

Britain, frontier defences, 109, 112, 141.

British regiments, recruiting, 85.

_Bucinator_,

in an ala, 42;

in a cohort, 43.

_Canabae_, 117.

_Capsarius_, 43, n. 8.

_Catafractarii_, 128.

Cavalry,

use of, 104;

superior pay of, 35.

Celtic officers, 96.

Centurions, 37.

Chain armour, 126, 130.

Civilis, 20.

_Civitas_, granted to auxiliaries, 31 et seqq.

_Civitates foederatae_, 57.

_Civium Romanorum_, used as a title of auxiliary regiments, 46.

_Cohortes equitatae_, 28, 29.

„ _miliariae_, 28.

„ _quingenariae_, 28.

„ _voluntariorum_, 65 et seqq., 187.

Cohorts,

size of, 27;

officers of, 43;

titles of, 46 et seqq.

_Constitutio Antoniniana_, 122.

_Contarii_, 104.

_Cornicen_, 43.

_Cornicularius_,

in an ala, 41;

in a cohort, 43.

Cretans, 9, 62.

_Curator turmae_, 41.

„ _alae_ or _cohortis_, 37.

_Custos armorum_, 41.

Dacia, recruiting of garrison, 77.

Decurio,

in an ala, 37;

in a cohort, 38.

Diocletian, military reforms, 136.

_Diplomata militaria_, 31 et seqq.

_Dromedarii_, 30.

_Duplicarius_, 41.

_Equites Singulares Imperatoris_, 41 et seqq., 135;

recruiting, 81.

Face-masks, 127.

Frontier defences, 107 et seqq.

Gaesati, 86.

Gallic regiments, importance of, 64, 81.

_Gemina_, used as a title of auxiliary regiments, 47.

German frontier, 108.

Greek officers, 97.

Hadrian,

military reforms, 90, 107;

speech to army in Africa, 29, 35, 132.

Haltern, fort at, 105.

Helmets, 125.

Hofheim, fort at, 105.

Housesteads, fort at, 27, 118.

_Imaginifer_,

in an ala, 41;

in a cohort, 42.

_Immunes_, 39 et seqq.

Isaurians, 144.

Italian officers, 95.

Josephus, value of, 102.

Legionaries serving as officers in auxilia, 38.

Legions,

recruiting of, 78, 80;

connexion of, with auxilia, 49-51.

_Librarius_,

in an ala, 41;

in a cohort, 43.

Married soldiers, position of, 119.

Mauri, 89, 128, 135.

_Medicus_,

in an ala, 42;

in a cohort, 43.

_Medicus ordinarius_, 43.

_Mensor_, 43.

Mounted Infantry, 29.

Newstead, fort at, 27, 106, 127.

_Notitia Dignitatum_, 138.

_Numeri_, 85 et seqq., 128, 131.

Numidians, 10.

_Optio_,

in an ala, 41;

in a cohort, 42.

Oriental regiments, recruiting of, 82 et seqq.

Osroeni, 135.

Palmyreni, 88.

Pannonia, recruiting of garrison, 71, 75 et seqq.

Pay, 35.

_Praefecti_, 91 et seqq.

_Praefectus alae_, 36.

„ _cohortis_, 36.

„ _equitum_, 23, 24.

„ _numeri_, 87.

_Praepositus_, 37.

Praetorians, 34, 135.

_Principales_, 39 et seqq.

Roman citizens serving auxilia, 33.

Romanization, 117.

Saalburg, fort at, 117.

_Salluitana turma_, 11, 23.

Scale-armour, 124, 127.

_Sesquiplicarius_, 41.

Shields, 125, 126, 129.

Signalling, 111.

_Signifer_,

in an ala, 39, 41;

in a cohort, 42.

_Singulares_, 41.

Slingers, 132.

Spears, 126, 129.

_Stator_, 41.

_Strator_, 41.

_Subpraefectus_,

in an ala, 36;

in a cohort, 36.

Sugambrians, 48, 116.

Swords, 126, 129.

Tacitus, value of, 102.

_Tesserarius_, 42.

_Tribunus cohortis_, 36, 94.

_Tubicen_, 42.

_Velites_, 10.

_Veteranorum cohortes_, 48.

_Vexillarius_,

in an ala, 10;

in a cohort, 42.

_Vexillationes_, 113.

Oxford: Horace Hart M.A. Printer to the University