CONCLUSION OF THE CAMPAIGN. LOSSES AND RESULTS
The passage of the Berezina practically put an end to the existence as
an organised body of the remains of the _Grande Armée_. Of the 45,000
or 47,000 combatants whom Napoleon had near Studianka on the 26th,
there probably remained on the 29th little more than 25,000, a total
which rapidly diminished through slaughter, fatigue, famine, despair
and, above all, the steadily increasing cold. The 2nd and 9th Corps had
sacrificed themselves heroically to cover the passage, but the double
ordeal of battle and hasty retreat was too heavy for them to bear,
and they began to disband like the rest of the army. They had already
been reduced to a mere handful. In a report on the evening of the 30th
Victor stated that he had only 60 mounted horsemen left. He believed
that he still had 4000 infantry--the surviving half, as he explained,
of the 2 divisions which had fought so gallantly on the 28th--but on
calling the roll he found that they had already dwindled to 3300.
While the battles of the 28th were raging the corps of Davout and
Eugène had defiled on Zembin. The effects of the neglect of Chaplitz to
break down the long wooden bridges over the marshes were now apparent;
the marshes were hardly as yet solid enough to bear vehicles, and had
the bridges been destroyed nothing could have passed. Before daylight
on the 29th Napoleon started with the Guard, followed by Victor and
Ney, but the passage over the long narrow bridges was so slow that at
10 p.m. Ney was only at Zembin, 7 or 8 miles from Studianka. With him
were Eblé and the remnant of his pontonniers, and when the last troops
had passed they fired and blew up sections of the bridges to check the
pursuit of the Russians.
On November 26th Kutuzov, who was then at Staroselie, 12 miles west of
Kopis, seems to have awakened to the probability that Napoleon would
escape. At any rate, he suddenly acted with convulsive energy, and
during the next 2 days the _Corps de Bataille_ marched 42 miles. The
effort, of course, exhausted it, and on the 29th it could only cover
11. In any case it was too late. Napoleon himself was already safe,
and, though only followed by a remnant of his once mighty host, was
able and willing to give endless trouble to Europe.
Miloradovich reached Borisov on the 28th, too late to take part in
the battles. Wittgenstein was retarded by the necessity of bridging
the Berezina at Studianka, for which purpose he had to avail himself
of Chichagov’s pontoons from Borisov. He directed Kutuzov II, who had
just joined him, to pursue Wrede towards Vilna, and Orlov-Denisov,
reinforced by some cavalry and mounted infantry, to follow Napoleon.
Chichagov pushed forward Chaplitz, and prepared himself to follow with
the bulk of his army.
For the relics of the _Grande Armée_ there was now, as De Chambray
says, no resource but in hasty flight. Wrede, after reoccupying
Glubokoië, had moved southward to Dokchitsi, and was directed to cover
the right flank of the retreating army; but his force, at first about
10,000 strong, rapidly dwindled from the ravages of cold and hardships,
and the steady harassing of Kutuzov II. To expect that he could check
Wittgenstein, who crossed the Berezina on the 31st, and began to pursue
by roads roughly parallel to the main highway, was hopeless.
The country between the Berezina and Vilna had not been completely
wasted; the towns still existed; there were small garrisons and
magazines in some of them. But the increasing cold rapidly shattered
every semblance of organisation. It rapidly became so fearful that
all energy was absorbed in fighting it and endeavouring to preserve
existence. The number of men actually with the colours dwindled fast.
On December 1st Ney sent the eagles of the 3rd Corps with their guards
and the regimental officers to take refuge with the head-quarters and
the few thousand troops who still marched with it. When he had sent
them off there remained to escort him only a company of 100 fighting
men! The others, under General Ledru, tramped doggedly on for two days
and three nights, only halting for necessary rest, and joined the
head-quarters at Molodechno.
[Illustration: MARSHAL NEY SUPPORTING THE REAR-GUARD DURING THE RETREAT
FROM MOSCOW
From the painting by Yvon]
The flight to Vilna contains little of military interest. It was
a mere rout of the most pitifully helpless condition, the mass of
fugitives trailing mechanically along the road, followed, surrounded,
and massacred by the Cossacks, while Chichagov’s army and Yermólov’s
division marched steadily in the rear, ready to overwhelm any solid
resistance that might be made. But, in truth, little could be offered.
On November 29th Lanskoi’s cavalry detachment seized Plechenitzi on the
French line of retreat, nearly capturing the wounded Marshal Oudinot,
whose staff heroically defended the house in which he lay. Chaplitz
crossed the Zembin marshes by strengthening the ice with planks and
brushwood, followed up the French rear-guard, and captured 7 guns
and hundreds of stragglers. On the next four days there were further
rear-guard actions, all much alike and all resulting in loss of guns
and prisoners to the unhappy French, whose misery and demoralisation
prevented them from responding to the splendid example still set them
by their heroic leader. The hopeless condition of affairs may be gauged
by the fact that on December 2nd there remained hardly 13,000 men
with the colours (De Chambray says only 8800). With the head-quarters
there were still perhaps 6000 or 7000; Ney had about 2500[10];
Victor perhaps as many; while the 1st, 4th, and 8th Army Corps and the
cavalry could not muster 1000 armed men between them. There was still a
considerable number of armed officers, but they fell sick or broke down
daily. Disorganisation was complete. Disbanded men who had hitherto
kept their weapons now threw them away. Forage could be procured; and
food in quantity sufficient to support life was not lacking. But rest
was now more necessary even than food, and it was impossible to obtain
it. The bulk of the men were already broken by misery and fatigue,
and were forced to continue their weary march amid a cold which grew
ever more severe. On December 3rd it became intense; on the 5th the
thermometer fell to 20° below zero (Réaumur); on the 6th to 24°; on the
7th to 26°; and it is said to have fallen still lower later on. Its
severity struck even men like Löwenstern, accustomed to the winters of
the Baltic provinces.
At Vilna Napoleon might expect his last powerful
reinforcement--Loison’s division of the 11th Corps, which reached
the Lithuanian capital in the last week of November with two cavalry
regiments of D’Estrée’s Neapolitan division in Danzig. There were
besides in Vilna 6000 or 7000 troops of all kinds--_régiments de
marche_ and Polish and Lithuanian levies. Maret, with the best
intentions but disastrous results, ordered Loison’s division forward to
Ochmiana to take position and cover the retreat of the relics of the
army into Vilna. It was composed of young French and German recruits,
and three or four days of the cruel weather nearly destroyed it. How
many men actually died and how many disbanded cannot be ascertained; it
is only certain that on December 7th there remained in the ranks less
than 3000 men!
At Molodechno on the 3rd, just as the cold was becoming deadly,
Napoleon, who already contemplated leaving the army, issued practically
his last direct orders. The remains of the Polish divisions were sent
off south-west towards Warsaw, which they eventually reached in safety
with such guns as they had preserved. Here Napoleon received the
first posts which had reached him for several days, the others having
presumably been intercepted by the Cossacks. Here also he composed and
sent off the 29th Bulletin. It is so well known that little reference
to it is necessary. It is, however, to be observed that it is as
grossly mendacious as any of the Napoleonic series; and the Emperor’s
total lack of appreciation of the often heroic conduct of his troops
throws a very disagreeable light upon his character. Certainly no one,
reading its paragraphs, would conclude that the campaign had been an
annihilating catastrophe. Every post brought shoals of letters to
Maret, enquiring about the food supplies at Vilna, furiously attacking
the Poles for not supporting him, and his own agents for not having
urged them to do so! One most remarkable question is as to whether
Vilna and Kovno are fortified. Surely Napoleon should have given
orders on this point. The fact seems to be that at first he had been
over-confident of success, and later had overlooked the necessity
of protecting his bases--witness the case of Minsk. On the 29th of
November he had ordered the minister to clear all the diplomatic body
away from Vilna, lest they should be witnesses of the awful state of
the army.
On December 3rd, Victor--much against his will--relieved Ney of
rear-guard duty. He was weary of the war, and desired chiefly to save
the relics of his corps. The result was a quarrel between the two
marshals. The survivors of the 9th Corps succeeded in holding off
Chaplitz in an engagement on the 4th, but next day Victor reported that
it was completely used up, and could not receive the lightest attack.
He hurried on to Smorgoni with the few hundred frost-bitten men who
remained to him.
Napoleon himself reached Smorgoni at 8 a.m. on the 5th. There he called
to his presence Murat, Eugène, Berthier, Davout, Ney, Lefebvre, Mortier
and Bessières, and announced to them his intention of proceeding
forthwith to Paris. There can be no doubt that this was his wisest
course of action. His presence at the capital was imperatively
necessary to direct new levies, and to sustain public spirit. The army
practically existed no longer, and could gain nothing by his remaining
with it; finally, any longer delay might render it impossible for him
to reach his own frontier across Germany.
Murat, by virtue of his rank, succeeded to a command which was merely
nominal. It was no doubt wise to leave all the corps commanders with
the army, since the circumstance might impose upon the Russians; but
otherwise it was a measure of doubtful utility. Ney, the hardest
fighter of them all, and apparently the only one who persistently held
firm to his duty, was on bad terms with Davout and Victor, and Davout
and Murat quarrelled whenever they met. As it was, there being hardly
anything to command, their squabbles counted for less than they might
otherwise have done.
Napoleon left in his carriage at 7 p.m., accompanied by Caulaincourt.
Duroc and Lobau followed in a sledge; and on the box of the carriage
were the Mameluke Rustan and Captain Wasowicz of the Polish Lancers of
the Guard, who acted as interpreter. Believing the road to be clear, he
was escorted only by a small detachment of Neapolitan cavalry--and thus
the mighty conqueror stole away from the scene of his ruin, leaving the
survivors of his gigantic host to the climate and the arms of Russia.
As a fact, he had a very narrow escape from capture, since Seslavin
that day made a dash at Ochmiana. Loison’s division, however, or what
remained of it, had reached the town just before; Seslavin was driven
out, and bivouacked for the night a little way to the south, so that
the Emperor arrived in safety. At Medniki, the next stage, he met
Maret, who had come out to meet him. The minister informed him of the
enormous magazines which had gradually collected in Vilna. Presumably,
as De Chambray suggests, Maret’s returns under this heading had failed
to reach the Emperor, for he expressed his great relief, and directed
Maret to tell Murat to halt for eight days in the city, in order to
restore the physique and morale of the army. He arrived at Vilna on the
6th, leaving again, after a brief halt, for Warsaw. There, on the 10th
he had the interview with De Pradt which the latter has so graphically
described. He started again in a few hours _via_ Dresden for Paris,
which he reached on the 18th.
At Vilna, indeed, there were 4,000,000 rations of biscuit and flour
and 3,600,000 of meat, besides an immense quantity of grain; 27,000
spare muskets, 30,000 pairs of boots, and great stores of clothing and
equipment. But little of this was destined to be of use to the unhappy
victims of Napoleon’s overweening ambition. The scenes on the road
between Vilna and the Berezina would pass all belief were there not
trustworthy witnesses, both French and Russian, to bear testimony to
them. The road and its borders were strewn with dead men and horses
and abandoned guns and vehicles, often broken and half-burned, the
fugitives having endeavoured to utilise them as fuel. Along this way of
sorrow trailed an endless stream of human beings of both sexes, falling
at every step to mingle with the corpses upon which they trampled.
Those who fell were quickly stripped of their wretched rags by the
passers-by--themselves doomed to the same fate before long. To dwell
upon the horrors which marked every mile of the flight is useless. They
may be gathered from countless works composed by eyewitnesses. The
sense of humanity had been in many cases extinguished, and there are
well-attested incidents of cannibalism. Langeron vouches for having
seen bodies from which the flesh had been hacked. The intense cold
produced insanity; men took refuge in heated ovens and were roasted
to death, or sprang into the fires. To be taken prisoner brought no
alleviation of the lot of the hapless fugitives. The Cossacks usually
stripped them; often, too, the Russians, exasperated at the destruction
of Moscow and the ravages of the invaders, gave no quarter even to
those who surrendered. Besides, they could do nothing to provide
for them even had they the will. Prisoners died, as before, by the
roadside, stripped, famished, frozen; at Vilna they were packed into
buildings where pestilence raged amid cold, filth, and lack of proper
food.
On towards Vilna, to which they looked forward as a haven of rest, the
wretched horde streamed. The Cossacks hung about the route, dashed
at will into the huddled mass, mixed with the crowd, and killed and
plundered with deadly dexterity. Around the head-quarters still moved
a considerable but steadily diminishing body of fighting men, but
discipline had vanished, and even the Guard marched in confusion, and
paid little heed to orders. Here and there among the piteous crowd that
followed were to be found groups of armed officers and men, often sick
and worn out, but retaining spirit to sell their lives dearly when
attacked, but these were few. Even the rear-guard was not an organised
body--merely a band of desperate warriors held together, usually, by
the personal influence of the one Marshal of France who returned from
Russia with added renown.
On the heels of the French rear-guard marched Chaplitz’s division,
attacking at every opportunity, picking up abandoned guns and vehicles
mile by mile and disarming prisoners, who were then left to live or
die as they might. After Chaplitz, always between a piteous double
stream of “prisoners” whom it could neither care for nor guard, tramped
the Army of the Danube, everyone from the Admiral downwards marching
on foot to escape frost-bite, and carefully taking every precaution
against it. Sometimes the road was so choked with dead that the
dismounted cavalry in the advance had to clear it before the guns and
trains could be got forward. Langeron says that, despite the weather,
fatal cases of frost-bite were almost unknown among these veterans of
the Turkish War.
It is distressing, amid the stories of the universal misery and
destitution, to read of the waggon-loads of luxuries belonging to
Napoleon, Murat and other generals which were taken by the Russians.
There is a grim humour in learning that the uncouth captors often took
perfumes for spirits and liqueurs, and ate pomade in mistake for butter!
Victor on reaching Ochmiana found, instead of Loison’s strong division,
3000 or 4000 half-frozen recruits who would waste away entirely in a
couple of days. He continued his retreat in all haste, followed and
harassed by Chaplitz and Platov, who picked up prisoners by thousands
and cannon by scores. On the 9th, a little way short of Vilna, Wrede
arrived. His force had dwindled from cold, dispersion, and losses in
skirmishing to a remnant of less than 3000 men, but he still possessed
several guns. Murat and the head-quarters had reached Vilna on the 8th;
but as early as the 6th bands of ragged and destitute fugitives had
begun to enter the city to the consternation of the inhabitants. Even
in Murat’s column there was panic and disorder, which was only checked
for a while by the Chasseurs of the Old Guard, who held together
in the mob and prevented a mad rush. But when they had entered the
crush became terrible, and order impossible. The gates were choked
and, amongst others, Davout and his staff could only enter by a gap
in a wall. The fugitives poured through the streets seeking for food
and shelter--often vainly, for the horrified inhabitants barricaded
themselves in their houses--and when they could not obtain it, dropped
down to die. The Jewish tradesmen sold food to the helpless wretches
literally for its weight in gold; but when the city was evacuated,
unless all accounts lie, they murdered and robbed them wholesale.
To stay in Vilna, even for a few days, was impossible. Seslavin and
his Cossacks actually entered the city on the 9th, but were, of
course, obliged to retreat almost immediately. But the action showed
the absolute recklessness of the Russians, and the French army was
destitute of power to resist. So many of the men dispersed in the city
that on the 10th only 6000 or 7000 at most were under arms. A large
part of the fugitives never left Vilna again. Many were worn out by
sickness and fatigue, and having once lain down to rest had not power
to rise. Many died through drinking spirits, in the hope of resisting
the cold. Many more were frost-bitten, and sudden warmth added to
neglect produced gangrene. Nearly 20,000 helpless creatures were left,
mostly to perish, in the city when the remainder pursued their way to
the Niemen. No news as to the actual state of affairs had been allowed
to reach Vilna, and the consequence was that no preparations had been
made for the reception of the army. Murat simply lost his head; at the
first sound of the cannon at the advance posts he left the palace in
which he had established himself and hurried to the Kovno gate to be
ready to escape. Berthier issued hasty orders to destroy the arms and
ammunition in the arsenal. Eblé, whose noble life was almost spent,
and who had set the crown upon his reputation by his unfailing heroism
and self-sacrifice during the last stages of the retreat, was charged
with this melancholy duty, Lariboissière being even nearer his end.
Directions were given to issue food and clothes to everybody abundantly
and without attention to forms. Orders were sent to Schwarzenberg to
withdraw to Bielostok, while Macdonald was instructed to retreat to
Tilsit. The hopeless task of holding back the Russians was thrown upon
the shoulders of Ney.
Wrede with his frozen and disorganised remnant was driven in upon Vilna
by Platov on the 9th. The Cossacks were already all round the town
skirmishing with the defenders. Apart from the destruction wrought
by the cold the latter suffered considerable loss. The Lithuanian
Tartar Squadrons, destined to form part of the Guard, were completely
annihilated. In the night Murat evacuated Vilna, and next day Ney
abandoned it, the Cossacks following him through the streets.
A few miles from Vilna the road to Kovno leads over a steep hill.
The remains of the army trains and those from Vilna, which were
following the army, found themselves blocked at the foot of the
icebound slope, up which the horses were utterly unable to drag them.
The last remaining guns and most of the waggons had to be abandoned.
The army pay-chests, containing 10,000,000 francs, were abandoned and
partly pillaged by the soldiers. Only Napoleon’s private treasure and
carriages, and a very small proportion of the trains, were by desperate
exertions preserved, 20 horses being necessary to drag a single vehicle
up the hill. In the midst of the disorder and pillage the Cossacks
arrived. Platov opened on the crowd with his light guns, but his wild
horsemen for the most part fell upon the spoil and apparently disdained
to take prisoners. The disaster was due to sheer lack of management,
since the Novi Troki road, which was level and little longer, turned
the hill to the south, and might easily have been used for the retreat.
[Illustration: NAPOLEON’S TRAVELLING KITCHEN
It was taken to Moscow and afterwards captured on the field of Waterloo
Photographed for this work at the Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich]
It was as hopeless to attempt to hold firm at Kovno as at Vilna. There
were 42 guns in the town, partly those of Loison’s division, which
had been left there, great magazines of food and clothing, and about
2,500,000 francs in cash. There was a feeble _tête du pont_, but the
Niemen was frozen and could be crossed anywhere on the ice. On the
12th the main body poured into the town--about 20,000 men, mostly
in the last stage of misery and despair and nearly all disarmed. The
Guard mustered 1600 bayonets and sabres. Ney, who had been fighting
with Platov all the way from Vilna, reached the town in the evening;
with the garrison troops added to the relics of the rear-guard he had
not 2000 men. Efforts were made to distribute the stores and re-arm the
disbanded troops, but the men threw away the muskets. The magazines
were pillaged, the miserable wretches naturally fastening upon the
spirit stores. Men drunken and dying lay in heaps in the snow-covered
streets. Most of the benumbed fugitives lacked even the sense to avail
themselves of the ice on the river; they crowded mechanically over the
bridge, fighting for precedence, stifling and trampling each other
down, as at the Berezina and Vilna. Murat placed some guns in battery
on the left bank of the Niemen, and left for Königsberg on the 13th,
while Ney and the rear-guard occupied the town, which they held until
dark. Platov sent across a detachment on the ice, which captured the
guns on the left bank and barred Ney’s retreat. His men were largely
huddling in the houses; he had only a few hundred armed soldiers. He
turned down the left bank of the river and then diverged to the left
across the Pelwiski forest, eventually making his way by Gumbinnen to
Königsberg. He abandoned in the forest Loison’s 16 guns, almost the
last artillery that the army retained.
The Russians did not immediately cross the political frontier, and
bitterly as the Prussian peasantry hated the French they did not
actively ill-treat them. Many isolated fugitives were disarmed, but
their misery was such as to melt even hearts steeled by hatred and
the memory of recent oppression. De Fezensac says that the happiness
of being fed and lodged prevented them from noticing the hostility of
the people. The bulk of the mob of fugitives reached Königsberg by the
20th, and thence cantonments were spread along the Vistula. On that
day the infantry of the Guard counted about 2500 officers and men, of
whom 1000 were sick. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Corps mustered between
them on January 10th, 1813, some 13,000 men sound and sick, of whom
2500 were officers. As to the condition of the army, nearly all the
troops were disarmed and had to be furnished with new muskets from the
vast magazines at Danzig. On December 23rd Eblé, now in chief command
of the artillery, reported that of all the vast train which had entered
Russia with the Central Army there remained but 9 guns and howitzers,
and 5 caissons!
Two days before Lariboissière had died, and on December 30th Eblé
also passed away. Colonel Pion des Loches, a man who rarely has a
good word to say for his superiors, expresses himself thus concerning
them: “Both were victims of their zeal and devotion. Our army lost in
them its pillars and supports ... and what are all our other generals
worth beside them?” As his comrades in arms laid Eblé to rest in the
Roman Catholic cemetery at Königsberg, Napoleon was signing the decree
which created him First Inspector-General of Artillery. Eblé’s grave
has vanished, for the cemetery has been destroyed, but his glory far
outshines that of thousands of better known men.
Marshal Kutuzov reached Vilna on December 12th to control the hitherto
independent movements of Chichagov and Wittgenstein. His own troops
were following under Tormazov, but they were so shattered by the long
march from Moscow that their offensive power was for the time at an
end, and they were cantoned about Vilna. Chichagov was to follow to
the Niemen to support Platov and the advance-guards which hung on the
heels of the retreating French. Wittgenstein was ordered to intercept
Macdonald on his expected retreat to the Niemen, while Paulucci was to
press him in rear. Sacken’s army, supported by the Mozyr force, now
under Tuchkov II, and a detachment from Bobruisk, was to deal with
Schwarzenberg. The Emperor Alexander reached Vilna on December 22nd,
and at once devoted himself to the task of endeavouring to save the
lives of his captured enemies. The hospitals were choked with the
Russian sick, and the French prisoners, almost all ill and helpless,
were perishing wholesale. Biscuit and bread they received, but there
was no other help for them. Gangrened wounds, frost-bite, and typhus
produced by filth, hunger, and putrefaction, swept them away. In
three weeks 15,000 are said to have died. Alexander and Constantine
made magnificent efforts to cope with the awful mass of human misery.
Reckless of personal danger, they personally superintended the relief
operations; the Grand Duke nearly died of the fever which he caught in
the midst of his labour of humanity. St. Priest was transferred from
the work of collecting the Russian stragglers to that of superintending
the hospitals of the prisoners, for which his French origin especially
fitted him.
Macdonald, before Riga, received his orders to retreat on December
18th, and started next day in two main columns, he himself leading
the way with Grandjean’s division, a Prussian infantry brigade, and
Massenbach’s cavalry; while Yorck followed a day’s march behind the
rest of the Prussians. Wittgenstein himself could hardly intercept
him; but the flying detachments of Kutuzov II and Diebich, thrown
far forward, might hope to impede Macdonald’s march. The Marshal on
reaching Koltiniani divided his own column, taking advantage of two
roads thence to Tilsit, and intending to reunite his whole corps at
Tauroggen. Kutuzov II was too weak to intercept him; but Diebich, with
his 1500 cavalry and a few sledge-guns, got between Macdonald and Yorck
on the 25th, and boldly proposed to the latter a conference in order to
prevent useless bloodshed. After some hesitation Yorck at last made up
his mind, and on the 30th concluded the famous convention of Tauroggen,
by which the Prussians were declared neutral. The results were
incalculably important, but belong rather to the history of the German
War of Liberation. The immediate consequence was that the wreck of the
_Grande Armée_ was weakened by 16,000 or 17,000 excellent soldiers and
60 guns.
Macdonald, meanwhile, was pursuing his retreat, and on the 27th
repulsed Vlastov’s divisions, which had come up to support Kutuzov II,
capturing some prisoners and a gun. But at Tilsit, on the 31st, he
was deserted by Massenbach and was forced to fall back on Königsberg.
He marched rapidly and steadily, and reached the Prussian capital in
safety. On January 3rd, 1813, his rear-guard, under Bachelu, was driven
through Labiau, after a hard fight, by Wittgenstein’s advance-guard
under Chepelev. At Königsberg Macdonald was joined by Heudelet’s
division, but Yorck’s defection ended all hope of being able to make
a stand on the Pregel, and the retreat was continued to Danzig. When
the blockade of Riga was raised, Paulucci sent Lewis with 8000 men to
pursue Macdonald, and himself with 3000 made a dash for Memel, which
he reached on December 15th, after an amazing march of 200 miles in 8
days. The place immediately surrendered.
While Schwarzenberg had been contending with Sacken, General Kosinski
with his Poles had once more invaded Volhynia, but was repulsed after a
little skirmishing by Musin-Pushkin.
Schwarzenberg, turning from his pursuit of Sacken, reached Slonim again
on December 7th; but on learning of the catastrophe of the _Grande
Armée_ he retreated on the 14th to Bielostok, arriving there on the
18th. Reynier drew back behind the Bug. On the advance of Sacken
and Tuchkov, to assist whom Kutuzov also directed a column under
Miloradovich, Schwarzenberg steadily withdrew, there being nothing but
the most insignificant fighting. The Austrians eventually fell back
into their own territory, while Reynier retreated towards Saxony.
The Polish troops remained in the Vistula fortresses, and were mostly
captured in the following year. The little field army which Poniatowski
was able to collect was allowed to join Napoleon in Saxony, since its
blockade employed too many troops.
Thus in the last days of December the Russian territory had been freed
from the vast host which had threatened to overwhelm it. The immediate
result of the campaign was the all but complete destruction of an army
nearly 700,000 men strong and its immense material. In all it would
appear that, exclusive of Polish stationary troops and local levies
other than those already mentioned, some 674,000 combatants crossed
the Vistula against Russia, of whom about 640,000 actually took part
in military operations. Of these 640,000 there remained as organised
troops at the end of the campaign only the forces of Schwarzenberg and
Macdonald, perhaps 68,000 combatants in all. All the other corps and
divisions were represented by about 25,000 disorganised and generally
disarmed men--largely officers--without cavalry and with scarcely
any artillery. The number of guns which actually entered Russia is
somewhat doubtful, but appears to have been over 1300, exclusive of
the Riga siege train. Of these some 250 can be accounted for as having
returned. The Russians claimed 929 as captured; the rest were no doubt
abandoned and never recovered. More than 200,000 trained horses were
lost; and it was the want of them which, even more than the deficiency
of trained men, ruined Napoleon’s chances in 1813. The total chasm
in the Napoleonic ranks was over 550,000 fighting men. As prisoners
the Russians claimed 48 generals, 3000 officers, and 190,000 men, but
it is to be feared that half of them were captured only to die. Even
without making allowance for this, more than 350,000 soldiers must have
perished, besides the tens of thousands of camp-followers, refugees,
and other non-combatants.
The Russian losses are extremely difficult to compute. It is impossible
to work upon the number of men successfully put into the field,
and those remaining active at the close of the campaign, since the
deficiency does not, as in the case of the Napoleonic army, represent
absolute loss. There are reasons for believing that the actual loss of
fighting men was nearly 150,000. The number of non-combatants--largely
peaceful inhabitants of the country--who perished must have been
enormous.
The ultimate results of the Russian victory were the general uprising
of northern Germany against Napoleon, the adhesion of Austria--after
considerable hesitation--to the anti-Napoleonic coalition, and the
complete overthrow within little more than a year of the empire of
force which he had built in Europe. Britain had long since destroyed
Napoleon’s efforts at gaining power on the sea, and had struck heavy
blows at his prestige on land. As the Russian army lay at Tarutino it
was gladdened by the news of Wellington’s victories. And the prestige
of Napoleon, shaken in Spain, was now shattered in Russia, and his
material military power so broken that he was never really able again
to face his antagonists on equal terms. It is perhaps true to say that
the enthusiastic uprising of Germany was the chief factor in Napoleon’s
downfall in 1813, but it was Russia who gave the impulse and cleared
the way; and her military aid was of vital importance.
[Illustration:
FIRST BATTLE OF POLOTSK (August 17th and 18th, 1812)]
APPENDIX A
FORCES SUCCESSIVELY EMPLOYED BY NAPOLEON AGAINST RUSSIA IN 1812
-------------------+--------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+-----
|Date of |Battalions.|Squadrons.| Infantry | Cavalry | Total. |Guns.
| Muster | | | and Foot |and Horse | |
| Roll. | | |Artillery.|Artillery.| |
-------------------+--------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+-----
Grand Head-quarters|June 24 | | | 3,075 | 908 | 3,983 | (?)
1st _Corps d Armée_| ” ” | 88 | 16 | 68,627 | 3,424 | 72,051 | 150
2nd ” ” | ” ” | 48 | 16 | 34,299 | 2,840 | 37,139 | 92
3rd ” ” | ” ” | 45 | 24 | 35,755 | 3,587 | 39,342 | 86
4th ” ” | ” 30 | 54 | 20 | 42,430 | 3,368 | 45,798 | 116
5th ” ” | ” 24 | 33 | 20 | 32,159 | 4,152 | 36,311 | 70
6th ” ” |July 1 | 28 | 16 | 23,228 | 1,906 | 25,134 | 58
7th ” ” |June 24 | 18 | 16 | 15,003 | 2,186 | 17,189 | 50
8th ” ” | ” ” | 18 | 12 | 15,885 | 2,050 | 17,935 | 34
9th ” ” |Sept 3 | 43 | 12 | 31,663 | 1,904 | 33,567 | 80
10th ” ” |June 24 | 36 | 16 | 30,023 | 2,474 | 32,497 | 84
Austrian Corps | ” ” | 26 | 44 | 26,830 | 7,318 | 34,148 | 60
Imperial Guard |Estimate| | | | | |
|(except | | | | | |
|Cavalry)| 38 | 28 | 25,000 | 6,279 | 31,279 | 112
1st Cavalry Corps |June 24 | -- | 54 | -- | 12,077 | 12,077 | 30
2nd ” ” | ” ” | -- | 52 | -- | 10,436 | 10,436 | 30
3rd ” ” | ” ” | -- | 50 | -- | 9,676 | 9,676 | 30
4th ” ” | ” ” | -- | 40 | -- | 7,964 | 7,994 | 24
32nd Division |Nov 2 | 18 | -- | 13,592 | -- | 13,592 | 20
34th ” |Nov 18 | 19 | 6 | 13,290 | 700 | 13,299 | 16
Engineers, | | | | | | |
Artillery | | | | | | |
Reserves, etc. | | | | | | 10,000?| 230
+----------+----------+--------+-----
Forward | 410,849 | 83,279 |504,128 |1,372
Forward | 410,849 | 83,279 |504,128 |1,372
Absentees who rejoined | 37,100 | --
Lagrange’s Division (Drafts) | 13,408 | --
Foreign Guard } | |
Battalions } | |
Kosinski’s Polish } | |
Brigade } _circa_ | 70,000 | 18
Austrian Reserve } | |
Brigade } | |
2 German Regiments } | |
Drafts of all kinds} | |
---------
624,636
In Duchy of Warsaw and on } | |
Vistula } | |
5 Foreign Guard Battalions} | |
Heudelet’s Division } | |
(20 Battalions) } | |
Destrée’s Division } | |
(Neapolitans) at Danzig } | 50,000 | 32
New Levies, Drafts, etc. } | |
Garrisons on Vistula } | |
+--------+-----
674,636 1,422
===============
It is extremely difficult to compute the numbers of reinforcements,
etc., since a proportion of them consisted of convalescents and
rejoining stragglers.
No allowance is made for the large number of transport drivers and
other non-combatants.
APPENDIX B
COMPOSITION OF THE NAPOLEONIC GRAND ARMY BY NATIONALITIES
Imp. Guard, Head-quarters, Army Corps 1-10, Austrians, 4 Cavalry Corps,
32nd and 34th Divisions.
Battalions. Squadrons.
French and New French 239 214
Poles 51 69
Italians 22 14
Croats and Dalmatians 7 --
Spaniards 4 --
Portuguese 6 3
Swiss 12 --
Bavarians 30 24
Saxons 22 32
Westphalians 22 20
Württembergers 12 16
Badeners 7 2
Berg Troops 8 4
Mecklenburg Troops 3 --
Hesse-Darmstadt 6 2
Small Rheinbund States 11 --
Austrians 26 44
Prussians 20 24
Various (Mamelukes) 1
APPENDIX C
FORCES SUCCESSIVELY EMPLOYED BY RUSSIA AGAINST NAPOLEON IN 1812
FIRST ARMY OF WEST. APPROXIMATE STRENGTH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|Battalions.
| |Squadrons.
| | |Cossack Regiments.
| | | |Batteries.
| | | | |Infantry and Engineers.
| | | | | |Cavalry.
Force. | | | | | | |Cossacks.
| | | | | | | |Artillery.
| | | | | | | | | Total. |Guns.
-----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+--------+-----
1st Army Corps | 28 | 16 | 1| 8|17,100| 2,250| 880|1,620| 21,850 | 96
2nd ” ” | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,400| 1,120| -- |1,340| 16,860 | 84
3rd ” ” | 26 | 4 | 1| 7|15,360| 600| 550|1,340| 17,850 | 84
4th ” ” | 22 | 8 |--| 6|12,960| 1,120| -- |1,120| 15,200 | 72
5th ” ” | 26 | 20 |--| 6|15,840| 2,880| -- |1,400| 20,120 | 80
6th ” ” | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,400| 1,120| -- |1,340| 16,860 | 84
1st Cavalry Corps|-- | 24 |--| 1| -- | 3,480| -- | 220| 3,700 | 12
2nd ” ” |-- | 24 |--| 1| -- | 3,360| -- | 220| 3,580 | 12
3rd ” ” |-- | 20 |--| 1| -- | 2,800| -- | 220| 3,020 | 12
Cossack Corps |-- | -- |--| 1| -- | -- |6,160| 220| 6,380 | 12
Artillery Reserve|-- | -- |--| 3| -- | -- | -- | 720| 720 | 36
-----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+--------+-----
|95,060|18,730|7,590|9,760|126,140 |584
+------+------+-----+-----+--------+-----
SECOND ARMY OF WEST
7th Army Corps | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,650| 1,120| -- |1,340| 17,110 | 84
8th ” ” | 22 | 20 |--| 5|12,000| 2,800| -- |1,040| 15,840 | 60
4th Cavalry Corp | -- | 24 |--| 1| -- | 3,360| -- | 220| 3,580 | 12
Cossack Division | -- | -- | 9|--| -- | -- |3,960| 220| 4,180 | 12
27th Infantry | | | | | | | | | |
Division | 12 | -- |--|--| 7,200| -- | -- | -- | 7,200 | --
----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+--------+---
|33,850| 7,280|3,960|2,820| 47,910 |168
+------+------+-----+-----+--------+---
THIRD ARMY OF WEST
|Battalions.
| |Squadrons.
| | |Cossack Regiments.
| | | |Batteries.
| | | | |Infantry and Engineers.
| | | | | |Cavalry.
Force. | | | | | | |Cossacks.
| | | | | | | |Artillery.
| | | | | | | | | Total.|Guns.
-----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+-------+-----
Kamenski’s Corps | 17 | 8 |--| 4| 9,970| 1,120| -- | 780| 11,870| 46
Markov’s ” | 24 | 8 |--| 7|14,400| 1,120| -- |1,340| 16,860| 82
Sacken’s Reserve | 12 | 24 |--| 2| 4,000| 2,500| -- | 440| 5,940| 24
Lambert’s Corps | -- | 36 |--|--| -- | 5,040| -- | -- | 6,040| --
Irregulars | -- | -- | 9|--| -- | -- |3,960| -- | 3,960| --
Reserve Artillery| -- | -- |--| 1| -- | -- | -- | 240| 240| 12
+------+------+-----+-----+-------+-----
|28,370| 9,780|3,960|2,800| 44,910| 164
+------+------+-----+-----+-------+-----
ARMY OF THE DANUBE
-----------------+----+----+--+--+------+------+-----+-----+-------+----
Langeron’s | | | | | | | | | |
Division | 12| 8 | 3| 4| 6,000| 1,000|1,000| 700| 8,700| 48
Essen III’s | | | | | | | | | |
Division | 12| 8 | 3| 4| 6,000| 1,000|1,000| 700| 8,700| 48
Voïnov’s | | | | | | | | | |
Division | 11| 12 | 3| 4| 5,500| 1,500|1,000| 700| 8,700| 48
Bulatov’s | | | | | | | | | |
Division | 6| 20 | 1| 4| 3,000| 2,500| 300| 700| 6,500| 48
Sabaniev’s | | | | | | | | | |
Division | 9| 8 | 1| 1| 4,500| 1,000| 300| 200| 6,000| 12
Lüders’ | | | | | | | | | |
Division | 9| 8 | 2| 1| 4,500| 1,000| 600| 150| 6,250| 12
+------+------+-----+-----+-------+----
|29,500| 8,000|4,200|3,150| 44,850| 216
+------+------+-----+-----+-------+----
ARMY OF FINLAND
Steingell’s Corps| | | | | | | | | |
and Field | | | | | | | | | |
Detachments | 22 | 6 | 1|4-1/2|-- | -- | -- | -- | 14,000| 54
Garrison | | | | | | | | | |
Detachments | 4 | -- | 1| -- |-- | -- | -- | -- | 2,500| 12
+-------+----
| 16,500| 66
+-------+----
RESERVES AND GARRISONS IN JUNE
Depôt, Troops, | | | | | | | | | |
etc. | 87 | 54 |--| ? |-- | -- | -- | -- | 35,000| --
CRIMEAN GARRISON
Detachments | 8 | -- |--| 2 |-- | -- | -- | -- | 5,000| 24
Militia, Marines, Recruits, Cossacks, etc. 90,000
-------
Total 410,310
=======
APPENDIX D
STAFF OF NAPOLEON’S GRAND ARMY OF RUSSIA, 1812
Commander-in-Chief:
H.I.M. the Emperor and King Napoleon I.
Chief of Staff Marshal Berthier, Prince of Neuchatel
” Cavalry H.M. the King of Naples (Marshal Murat)
” Artillery Général de Division Comte Lariboissière
” Engineers ” ” Comte Chasseloup
” Bridge Trains ” ” Baron Eblé
Intendant General ” ” Comte Mathieu Dumas
CHIEF MINISTERS, COURT OFFICIALS, ETC., ACCOMPANYING THE EMPEROR
Maret, Duke of Bassano Minister of Foreign Affairs
Comte Daru Secretary of State
General Duroc, Duke of Friuli Grand Marshal of the Palace
” Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza Grand Equerry
Baron Ménéval Secretary of the Portfolio
” Fain ” ” Archives
” Mounier ” ” Cabinet
Colonel Baron de Ponton ” ” ”
State-Council Auditor
Lelorgne d’Ideville Chief Interpreter
Baron Bacler d’Albe Director of Topographical
Cabinet
THE GENERAL STAFF
General Officer. Department or Command.
Général de Division Junot, Duc d’Abrantes First Aide-de-Camp
” ” Lebrun, Duc de Placentia Aide-de-Camp
” ” Mouton, Comte Lobau ”
” ” Comte Rapp ”
” ” Comte de Narbonne ”
” ” Comte Durosnel ”
” ” Comte Sokolniki Polish Officer Attached
” ” Comte Sanson Topography and History
” ” Baron de Caulaincourt Grand Head-quarters
” Brigade Comte Bailly de Monthion Chief of Berthier’s Staff
” ” Baron Guilleminot Small Head-quarters
” ” Baron Jomini History
” ” Comte Lauer Gendarmerie
There were in Napoleon’s train a large number of General Officers
“disposable.” Most of these were appointed to commands later, and
mostly appear in the list of Commandants of districts.
GENERAL OFFICERS COMMANDING IN THE DISTRICTS OF THE ARMY (11TH AUGUST)
Government of
General of Division Comte Hogendorp Lithuania
” ” Baron Durutte Berlin
” ” Comte Dutaillis Warsaw
” ” Comte Charpentier Vitebsk
” ” Gomès Freyre Glubokoië
” ” Marquis d’Alorna Mohilev
” ” Baillet-de-la-Tour Elbing
General of Brigade Castella Königsberg
” ” Corsin Pillau
” ” Plauzonne Plock
” ” Ferrière Bielostok
” ” Tarayre Kovno
” ” Voyezinski Thorn
” ” Wedel Wilkowiski
” ” Brun Grodno
” ” Bronikowski Minsk
Corps. Division. Division General.
1st Corps 1st Infantry Morand
(Maréchal Davout, 2nd ” Friant
Prince d’Eckmühl) 3rd ” Gudin
4th ” Dessaix
5th ” Compans
Cavalry Girardin (Sept.)
Artillery Baron Pernety
2nd Corps 6th Infantry Legrand
(Maréchal Oudinot 8th ” Verdier
Duc de Reggio) 9th ” Merle
Artillery Dulauloy
3rd Corps 10th Infantry Ledru
(Maréchal Ney, Duc 11th ” Razout
d’Elchingen) 25th ” Prince Royal of Württemberg
Artillery Foucher
4th Corps 13th Infantry Delzons
(His Imperial 14th ” Broussier
Highness 15th ” Pino
Prince Eugène) Artillery Danthouard
5th Corps 16th Infantry Zayonczek
(General Prince 17th ” Dombrowski
Poniatowski) 18th ” Kamienicki
Artillery Pelletier
6th Corps 19th Infantry Deroy
(General Gouvion 20th ” Wrede
Saint-Cyr)
7th Corps 21st Infantry Lecoq
(General Reynier) 22nd ” De Funck
8th Corps 23rd Infantry Tharreau
(General Vandamne) 24th ” Ochs
(later General
Junot)
9th Corps 12th Infantry Partouneaux
(Maréchal Victor, 26th ” Dändels
Duc de Belluno) 28th ” Gérard
10th Corps 7th ” Grandjean
(Maréchal Prussians (1) Grawert
Macdonald, Duc de (2) Yorck
Taranto) Cavalry Massenbach
11th Corps 30th Infantry D’Heudelet
(Maréchal 31st ” Lagrange
Augereau, Duc de 32nd ” Durutte
Castiglione) 33rd ” Destrées
34th ” Morand
CAVALRY RESERVE
Commander-in-Chief:
The King of Naples.
Chief of the Staff:
General Belliard.
Corps. Division. Division General.
1st Corps 1st Light Cavalry Bruyère
(Nansouty) 1st Heavy Cavalry Saint-Germain
5th ” Valence
2nd Corps 2nd Light Cavalry Sebastiani
(Montbrun) 2nd Heavy Cavalry Wathier
4th ” Defrance
3rd Corps 5th Heavy Cavalry Doumerc
6th ” Lahoussaye
(Grouchy) 3rd Light Cavalry Chastel
4th Corps 4th Light Cavalry Rozniecki
(Latour-Maubourg) 7th Heavy ” Lorge
APPENDIX E
STAFF OF RUSSIAN ARMIES OPPOSED TO NAPOLEON, JULY, 1812
FIRST ARMY OF THE WEST
Commander-in-Chief General of Infantry Baron Barclay de Tolly
Chief of Staff Major-General Yermólov (July)
Quartermaster-General Colonel Baron Toll (July)
General “of Service” Colonel Kikin
Chief of Artillery Major-General Count Kutaïsov
Chief of Engineers Major-General Trusson
------+--------------------+---------------+-------------------------
Army | | | Divisional
Corps.| Corps Commander.| Division. | Commander.
------+--------------------+---------------+-------------------------
I |Lieut.-General Count| |
| Wittgenstein | 5th Infantry |Major-Gen. Berg
| |14th ” |Major-Gen. Sazonov
| | 1st Cavalry |Major-Gen. Khakovski
II |Lieut.-General | |
| Baggohufwudt | 4th Infantry |Major-Gen. Prince Eugen
| | | of
| | | Württemberg
| |17th ” |Major-Gen. Olsuviev
III |Lieut.-General | |
| Tuchkov I | 3rd ” |Lieut.-Gen. Konovnitzin
| | 1st Grenadier |Lieut.-Gen. Strogonov
IV |Lieut.-General Count| |
| Ostermann-Tolstoï |11th Infantry |Major-Gen. Choglokov
| |23rd ” |Major-Gen. Bakhmetiev
V |General H.I.H. Grand| |
| Duke Constantine |Imperial Guard |
| | (Infantry)|Lieut.-Gen. Lavrov (July)
| |Combined |
| | Grenadiers|
| | 1st Cuirassier|Major-Gen. Depreradovich
VI |General of Infantry | |
| Dokhturov | 7th Infantry |Major-Gen. Kapsevich
| |24th ” |Major-Gen. Likbachev
| | 1st Cavalry |
| | Corps |Lieut.-Gen. Uvarov
| | 2nd Cavalry |
| | Corps |Lieut.-Gen. Baron Korff
| | 3rd Cavalry |
| | Corps |Major-Gen. Count
| | | Pahlen II
Cos- |General of Cavalry | |
sacks| Platov | |
------+--------------------+---------------+-------------------------
SECOND ARMY OF THE WEST
Commander-in-Chief General of Infantry Prince Bagration
Chief of Staff Major-General Count de St. Priest
Quartermaster-General ” ” Vistitski II
General of Service Colonel Marin
Chief of Artillery Major-General Baron Löwenstern
Chief of Engineers ” ” Förster
-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------
Army Corps. | Corps Commander. | Division. |Divisional Commander.
-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------
VII |Lieut.-General Raievski |12th Infantry |Major-General Kolubakin
| |26th ” | ” ” Paskievich
VIII |Lieut.-General Borozdin I |2nd Grenadier | ” ” Prince Karl of
| | | Mecklenburg
| |Combined Grenadiers | ” ” Count Voronzov
| |2nd Cuirassier | ” ” Knorring
| |4th Cavalry Corps | ” ” Count Sievers
| |27th Infantry | ” ” Neverovski
| |Cossacks | ” ” Ilovaïski V
-------------+---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------
THIRD ARMY OF THE WEST
Commander-in-Chief General of Cavalry Tormazov
Chief of Staff Major-General Inzov
Quartermaster-General ” ” Renne
Chief of Artillery ” ” Sievers
--------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+----------------------
Army Corps. | Corps Commander. | Division. | Divisional Commander.
--------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+----------------------
|Lieut.-General Count Kamenski| 18th Infantry |Major-General Cherbatov
| | Combined Grenadiers | ?
|Lieut.-General Markov | 9th Infantry | ?
| | 15th ” |Major-General Nazimov
Reserve |Lieut.-General Sacken | Reserve Battalion & | ” ” Sorokin
| | Squadrons (Skeleton) |
Cavalry Corps |Major-General Count Lambert | 4 Brigades | ?
| | Irregulars | ?
--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------
ARMY OF THE DANUBE (JULY 31)
Commander-in-Chief Admiral Chichagov
Chief of Staff Lieutenant-General Sabaniev
Quartermaster-General Major-General Berg
General of Service ” ” Tuchkov II
“Corps” Divisional Commanders
I General of Infantry Count de Langeron
II Lieutenant-General Essen III
III ” ” Voïnov
IV Major-General Bulatov
Reserve Lieutenant-General Sabaniev
Detachment Major-General Lüders
ARMY OF FINLAND
Commander-in-Chief: Lieutenant-General Count Steingell
3 Divisions (about half brought to front in September)
STAFF OF THE MAIN RUSSIAN ARMY, OCTOBER 18, 1812
Commander-in-Chief Marshal Prince Golénischev-Kutuzov
(Commander--in--Chief of all Russian Armies)
Chief of Staff General of Cavalry Baron Bennigsen
General of Service Lieutenant-General Konovnitzin
Intendant-General Privy-Councillor Lanskoï
Chief of Artillery Major-General Baron Löwenstern
Quartermaster-General Colonel Baron Toll
Commander of _Corps de Bataille_ General of Cavalry Count Tormazov
Commander of Advance-Guard General of Infantry Miloradovich
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 10: 2nd Corps 500 infantry; Claparède 200; Dombrowski 800;
5th Corps 323. Cavalry about 500. Artillery perhaps 200.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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[Illustration: THE ADVANCE TO MOSCOW
Napoleonic forces indicated by shaded blocks.
Russian ” ” solid ”
Arabic numerals indicate Napoleonic Corps d’Armée.
Roman numerals indicate Russian Corps d’Armée.
Napoleonic lines of march indicated by solid lines.
Russian ” ” ” broken lines.
The dates are those of the various stages of the French advance or on
which they occupied important points. Each larger block, whether solid
or shaded, indicates approximately 20,000 men.]
[Illustration: THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW
Napoleonic forces indicated by shaded blocks.
Russian ” ” solid ”
Napoleonic lines of march indicated by solid lines.
Russian ” ” ” broken lines.
The dates are those of the various stages of the French retreat or on
which they abandoned or lost important places. Each larger block, solid
or shaded, indicates approximately 20,000 men.]
INDEX
A
Aa, River, 171, 172, 173, 294
Abo, Treaty of, 286
Achard, Colonel of French 108th, 96
Adamovskoë, 301, 308
Alexander I, Tzar of Russia, 1-15, 18, 72, 74, 75-80, 108, 123, 144,
145, 158, 160, 186-188, 235, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 258, 387
Alexiev, Russian Major-General, 299
Alorna, Pedro d’Almeida, Marquis d’, Portuguese General in French
Service, 116, 357
Amey, French Général de Brigade, 302
Andréossy, General, French Ambassador at Constantinople, 11, 287
Antopol, 163
Arakcheiev, Count Alexei Andréievich, 3, 84, 124, 187
Aubry, Claude Charles, French Général de Brigade, 359
Augereau, Pierre François Charles, Duc de Castiglione, Marshal of
France, 261
Augereau, French Général de Brigade, 325
Augustowo, 67, 69, 80
B
Babinovichi, 102
Bachelu, French Général de Brigade, 388
Badajoz, 12
Baggohufwudt, Karol Feodorovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 69, 74, 78,
138, 149, 153, 154, 193, 203, 208, 216, 217, 258
Bagration, Prince Peter Ivanovich, Russian General, 15, 16, 19, 51, 57,
58, 63, 65-69, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83-86, 93-98, 100, 108, 117-121,
123-125, 129-158, 145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 192, 193, 194, 201-211,
246, 247
Bakhmetiev, Russian Major-General, 102, 104, 215
Balashov, Alexander Dmitrievich, Russian Lieut.-General, 75
Balk, Russian Major-General, 305
Balla, Russian Major-General, 141
Banco, Italian Colonel, 113
Baraguay d’Hilliers, Comte, French Général de division, 252, 260, 273,
315, 325, 332
Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail Bogdanovich, Baron, Russian General and
War Minister, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 19, 50, 57, 58, 63, 65-70, 73,
74, 78-80, 81, 82, 98-107, 108, 117-121, 123-125, 129-158, 169, 187,
192, 193, 194, 201-219, 226-229, 238, 245, 246, 247, 248
Baste, French Rear-Admiral, 59, 73
Battles and Engagements--
Vilkomirz, 74
Davigelishki, 80
Mir, 84, 85
Romanovo, 86
Saltanovka, 94-97
Drissa, 100
Ostrovno, 102-104
Vitebsk, 105
Velizh, 113
Inkovo, 121
Krasnoï, 126-128
Smolensk, 129-143
Gedeonovo, 147, 148
Lubino, 148-155
Kobrin, 162, 163
Pruzhani, 164
Gorodeczna, 164-168
Eckau, 1st, 172
Schlock, 1st, 172
Jakubovo, 173, 174
Oboiarzina, 175, 176
Svolna, 177
Polotsk, 177-182
Slavkovo, 194
Gridnevo, 197
Kolotskoï, 197
Borodino, 197-219
Mozhaïsk, 222, 223
Krymskoië, 224
The Pakhra, 239
Czerikovo, 239
Voronovo, 239
Spaskuplia, 239
Vinkovo, 255, 259
Vereia, 1st, 245
Vereia, 2nd, 272
Maloyaroslavetz, 274-285
Kreminskoië, 284
Biala, 292
Slonim, 292
Dahlenkirchen, 293
Eckau, 2nd, 294, 295
Sivokhino, 295
Polotsk, 2nd, 299-305
Viasma, 315-319
Dorogobuzh, 324
Vop, 325, 326
Solovievo, 327
Chasniki, 328
Volkovisk, 329, 330
Liakhova, 325
Krasnoï (Battles), 334-343
Smoliani, 346, 347
Dahlenkirchen, 2nd, 347
Novi-Swergen, 348, 349
Borisov, 350, 351
Lochnitza, 355
Berezina, 339-373
Plechenitzi, 376
Vilna, 384
Kovno, 385
Koltiniani, 388
Labiau, 388
Bausk, 171, 294, 295
Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph, King of, 9
Bechenkowiczi, 61, 102, 114, 304, 305, 327, 328
Beguichev, Russian Major-General, 299, 300
Belliard, Austin Daniel, French Général de Division, 122
Benkendorff, Alexander, Colonel, Russian, 81
Bennigsen, Levin August Gottlieb, Baron, Russian General (Hanoverian),
19, 52, 57, 72, 129, 144, 145, 188, 199, 203, 217, 226-228, 238, 245,
255, 256, 258, 259, 308
Berezina, 6, 56, 61, 84, 85, 89, 90, 92, 98, 287, 292, 306, 348-373,
374, 375, 385
Berezino, 90, 92, 349
Berg, Russian Major-General, 173, 175, 178, 182, 299, 300, 346, 366,
370, 371
Bernadotte (Crown Prince Karl Johann of Sweden), 13, 286
Berthier, Alexandre, Prince de Neufchâtel, Marshal of France, 34, 180,
195, 242, 279, 290, 309, 379, 383
Bessières, Jean Baptiste, Duc d’Istria, Marshal of France, 38, 238,
279, 282, 370, 379
Beurmann, Paris Ernest, French Général de Brigade, 121, 122, 320
Bezdizh, 161
Biala, 292
Bianchi, Austrian Lieut.-General, 165, 166, 168
Bibikov, Russian Privy Councillor, 305
Bielostok, 62, 63, 84, 163, 260, 291, 329, 383, 388
Bielsk, 62, 80
Bielovezhi, 329, 330
Billard, 356, 366
Bobr, 61, 89, 328, 356, 359
Bobruisk, 6, 61, 62, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 108, 122, 159, 160, 262,
293, 358, 386
Bogdanovich, quoted, 200, 219, 256, 292
Boghorodsk, 244
Bolshoï-Stakhov, 365, 367, 368
Bonami, 209, 210
Bordesoulle, Etienne Tardif de Pommereaux, Comte de, French Général
de Brigade, 89, 90, 98
Borisov, 6, 61, 89, 90, 189, 260, 306, 348, 353, 355-356, 358, 359,
361, 364, 365, 366, 367, 372, 375
Borodino, 57, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200-207, 220, 221, 223, 241, 248,
249, 310
Borovsk, 269, 272, 273, 274, 280, 284
Borozdin I, Mikhail, Russian Lieut.-General, 84, 86, 90, 93, 94, 97,
136, 137, 203, 205, 209, 216, 279
Borozdin II, Nikolai Mikhailovich, Russian Major-General, 212
Bourgogne, Sargent, quoted, 231, 264
Bug, 59, 108, 161, 163, 291, 388
Bulatov, Russian Major-General, 287, 289, 330
Buturlin, Dmitri Petrovich, Count, Russian military author, quoted,
219, 232, 275, 304
Bukharest, 11, 168, 287, 289
Brazhino, 193
Brest-Litovsk, 19, 59, 62, 63, 84, 159, 161, 162, 291, 292, 306, 329, 330
Bridzievo, 99
Brilova, 358, 367
Bronikowski (Pole), French Governor of Minsk, 260, 348-350, 352
Broussier, Jean Baptiste, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 105,
207, 209, 214, 239, 240, 270, 276, 278, 285, 318, 326
Bruyère, French Général de Division, 38, 74, 102, 105, 148, 149, 152
C
Castex, Bertrand Pierre, French Général de Brigade, 74, 180, 299
Caulaincourt, Comte Auguste, French Général de Division, 214, 215
Caulaincourt, Armand Marquis de, Duc de Vicenza, 10, 379
Cavaignac, French Général de Brigade, 261
Chabachevichi, 358-362
Chaplitz, Russian Major-General, 162, 164, 165, 168, 292, 328, 348,
349, 358, 361, 363, 367, 368, 374, 375, 376, 378, 381, 382
Chambray, Georges, Marquis de, French soldier and author, 139, 172,
205, 242, 267, 268, 325, 346, 364, 375, 376, 380
Charpentier, French Général de Division, 116, 123, 252
Charrier, French Général de Brigade, 270
Chasniki, 305, 327, 328
Chasseloup-Laubat, François, Comte, French Engineer-General, 356, 359
Chastel, Pierre Louis Aimé, Baron, French Général de Division, 127
Chelkanovo, 325, 333
Chepelev, Russian Major-General, 388
Cherbatov, Alexei Grigorievich, Prince, Russian Major-General, 165-167,
292, 368
Cherechev, 164, 165, 166
Chereia, 328, 345, 347, 356
Chernishev, Colonel Alexander Ivanovich, 10, 291, 292, 348, 353
Chernishnia, 239, 240, 244, 258
Chichagov, Pavel Vasilievich, Russian Admiral, 11, 53, 168, 169, 262,
286-292, 296, 306, 328, 329, 331, 345, 348-368, 372, 375, 376, 381,
382, 386
Chilova, 333, 334
Choglokov, Pavel Nikolaievich, Russian Major-General, 102, 150, 152,
319, 333, 340
Ciudad Rodrigo, 12
Claparède, Michel, Comte, French Général de Division, 39, 90, 92, 97,
104, 148, 224, 231, 238, 240, 256, 259, 280, 281, 284, 334, 337, 357,
362, 364
Clausewitz, General, quoted, 80, 98, 105, 145, 170, 188, 192, 193,
197, 199, 200, 213, 224, 227, 245, 254, 255, 356
Colbert, French Général de Brigade, 83, 88, 90, 104, 238
Compans, Jean Dominique, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 83,
92, 94, 97, 140, 191, 202, 205, 206, 279
Constantine Pavlovich, H.I.H. Grand Duke, brother of Alexander I, 119,
136, 137, 144, 146, 248, 353, 387
Continental System, 15
Corbineau, Jean Baptiste Juvenal, French Général de Brigade, 173, 178,
181, 182, 299, 302, 305, 327, 347, 353, 360
Coutard, French Général de Brigade, 251, 296, 347
Czerikovo, 239
D
Dahlenkirchen, 293, 294
Dändels, Hermann Willem, Dutch General, 305, 327, 328, 366
Danilevski, quoted, 75
Danzig, 3, 15, 16, 19, 61, 67, 261, 377, 386, 388
Daru, Comte, French Minister, 254
Dashkova, 94, 96, 97
D’Auvray (Dauvray), Saxon Major-General in Russian service, 170, 177
Davidov, Russian Colonel (Cossacks), 250, 325
Davout, Louis Nicholas, Prince d’Eckmühl and Marshal of France, 13, 15,
16, 18, 35, 70, 71, 73, 78, 79, 81-84, 86, 88, 89-98, 112, 113, 114,
115, 117, 122, 126, 132, 134, 138, 140-144, 145, 147, 148-156, 159,
191, 195, 197, 204-218, 221, 222, 224, 270, 272, 278, 280, 281, 282,
284, 307, 308, 310, 312, 314, 315-319, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337-340,
344, 354, 356, 359, 362, 364, 366, 374, 379, 382
Delaître, French Général de Brigade, 366
Delzons, Alexis Joseph, Baron, French Général de Division, 103, 207,
213, 216, 271, 272, 276, 285
Delzons, Captain, 276
Deroy, Bernard Erasmus, Bavarian General, 178, 180, 181, 182
Desaix, Joseph Marie, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 83, 92,
94, 97, 114, 140, 205, 206
Desna, 61, 298, 300, 302, 304
D’Estrées, French Général de Division, 261, 377
Diebich, Russian Major-General (Prussian), 170, 180, 370, 387
Dmitrov, 244
Dnieper, 6, 11, 60, 61, 84, 90, 97, 98, 109, 117, 121, 122, 123, 125,
126, 132, 136, 139, 144, 148, 327, 342
Dniester, 287
Dode, French General of Engineers, 357
Dokhturov, Dmitri Sergievich, Russian General, 55, 68, 70, 78, 79,
80, 81, 106, 132, 137-143, 145, 147, 155, 202, 203, 207, 213, 216,
226, 227, 247, 271, 272, 273, 274-279, 284, 352
Dolgoruki, Prince, Russian Lieut.-General, 336
Dombrowski, Jan Henryk, Polish General, 122, 123, 260, 293, 348-351,
355, 361, 364, 368
Doronimo, 202
Dorogobuzh, 155, 192, 193, 194, 196, 320, 321, 324, 325
Dorogomilov Suburb (Moscow), 230, 231
Dorokhov, Ivan Semenovich, Russian Major-General, 73, 78, 82, 83, 84,
97, 105, 237, 239, 244, 250, 270, 271, 272, 274, 284, 285
Dorsenne, General, 122
Doumerc, Jean Pierre, Baron, French Général de Division, 78, 173, 174,
180, 182, 260, 296, 299, 305, 368
Drissa, 7, 61, 80, 87, 88, 98-100, 101, 104, 109, 169, 173, 174, 176,
177, 295
Druia, 80, 173, 297, 298, 299
Dubno, 289, 290
Dubrovna, 98, 335
Duka, Russian Major-General, 203, 340
Dukhovchina, 324, 326
Dumas, Mathieu, Comte, French Général de Division, 116
Düna, 2, 6, 11, 60, 61, 79, 80, 84, 99, 100, 102, 105, 109, 114, 123,
170, 172, 173, 176, 178, 179, 180, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302,
303, 304, 305, 306, 347
Dünaburg, 6, 7, 60, 61, 62, 80, 89, 100, 109, 169, 170, 172, 173,
176, 295, 304
Dufour, French Général de Brigade, 222, 224, 240, 256, 259
Duroc, General; Napoleon’s Grand Marshal of Palace, 379
Durosnel, Comte, French Général de Division, 230
Durutte, Joseph François, French Général de Division, 261, 329, 330
Duverger, Paymaster, quoted, 236
E
Eblé, Jean Baptiste, Baron, French Général de Division (Artillery), 71,
122, 148, 334, 344, 345, 356, 359-362, 371-373, 375, 383, 386
Eckau, 171, 172, 294
Ekeln, Russian Colonel, 294, 296
Engelhart, Russian Major-General, 351
Ertel, Feodor Feodorovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 262-287, 293, 328
Essen I, Ivan Ivanovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 170, 172, 262, 293,
294, 295, 347
Essen III, Peter Kirillovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 287, 289, 292,
328, 330
Eugen of Württemberg, Prince, Russian Major-General, 13, 18, 36, 56,
141, 142, 143, 147, 148, 154, 208, 216, 318, 319, 234
Eugène de Beauharnais, Prince, Viceroy of Italy, 13, 16, 63, 64, 66,
68, 69, 80, 100-105, 114, 119, 121, 122, 126, 132, 148, 192, 193, 197,
205, 207, 223, 230, 244, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276-279, 280, 284, 314,
315, 316-319, 320, 324, 325, 326, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 345, 354,
362, 364, 366, 374, 379
Evers, French Général de Brigade (Dutch), 259, 262, 284, 314
F
French Army, Organisation, Armament, Discipline, Clothing, Equipment,
etc., 17, 21, 22, 23-29, 30, 31-33, 39, 63-76, 77, 109-116, 261-269,
309-314, 321-324, 331-333, 344-345, 364, 365, 375, 376, 380, 384-386
French Army Corps--
1st Corps, 13, 15, 17, 18, 64, 68, 71, 72, 73, 83, 89, 90, 92, 94-97,
114, 122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 315-320, 332, 333,
334-343, 364
2nd Corps, 13, 16, 18, 64, 68, 73, 75, 100, 114, 173-182, 295, 296,
298-306, 345-347, 353-373, 374
3rd Corps, 13, 16, 17, 18, 64, 68, 73, 100, 114, 121, 122, 126, 127,
132-143, 147-155, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 315-321, 324, 327, 334-343,
364
4th Corps, 16, 18, 63, 64, 69, 76, 78, 88, 100, 102-106, 114, 122, 126,
132-143, 193-225, 273-282, 284, 307, 314, 315-320, 325-327, 332,
334-343, 364
5th Corps (Poles), 15, 16, 18, 63, 64, 67, 81, 84, 91, 92, 114, 122,
126, 132-143, 193-225, 238-240, 255-259, 284, 307, 314, 315-320, 334
6th Corps (Bavarians), 18, 63, 64, 69, 76, 88, 100, 114, 176-182,
295, 296, 298-306, 347, 375, 382-384
7th Corps (Saxons), 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 63, 64, 67, 80, 81, 91, 92,
114, 159, 169, 292, 328-331
8th Corps, 13, 16, 18, 19, 63, 64, 67, 80, 81, 84, 87, 91, 92, 114,
122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 333, 364
9th Corps, 14, 114, 251, 252, 260, 296, 297, 305, 325, 327, 328,
345-347, 356-373, 374-378
10th Corps, 63, 64, 68, 73, 114, 171-173, 293, 295, 347, 348
11th Corps, 14, 114, 261, 373
Imperial Guard, 13, 16, 18, 22-23, 25, 63, 64, 68, 73, 88, 114, 115,
122, 126, 132-143, 193-225, 284, 307, 314, 332, 334-343, 364
Reserve Cavalry, 13, 16, 18, 29, 63, 64, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 86,
90, 91, 100, 121, 122, 126, 127-129, 132-143, 148, 152,
193-225, 238-240, 255, 259, 284, 307, 314, 332, 334-343, 364
Artillery, 13, 75, 241, 265, 268, 332, 334-343, 364
Fain, Baron, Napoleon’s Private Secretary, 242
Fatova, 94, 96
Federovskoië, 316, 318
Ferrier, French Général de Brigade, 239
Fezensac, Raymond de Montesquiou, Duc de, French Colonel, 88, 112, 234,
244, 312, 320, 364, 385
Figner, Russian Captain, 250, 253, 325
Fili, 226
Fock, Alexander, Russian Major-General (Holsteiner), 346, 366, 371
Fominskoië, 269, 271, 272, 280
Fournier, French Général de Brigade, 368, 371
Foy, Maximilien, French Général de Division, 13
François, Captain, quoted, 142, 209, 221
Frankfort-on-Oder, 16
Friant, Louis, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 78, 115, 122,
140, 205, 208, 209
Friederichs, French Général de Brigade, 94, 96, 238, 240, 340
Frimont, Austrian Lieut.-General, 166, 330
Froelich, Austrian Cavalry Brigadier, 166
G
Gablenz, Saxon Cavalry Brigadier, 166
Gaszinski, Polish poet, 9
Gedeonovo, 147, 149, 153
Gérard, Etienne Maurice, French Général de Brigade, 152-155, 205,
207, 214, 279, 316, 338
Gérard, Jean Baptiste, French Général de Division, 366, 368
Girod, General Baron, quoted, 197
Glogau, 13, 15, 16
Glubokoië, 61, 88, 100, 116, 305, 347, 375
Golénischev-Kutuzov, Mikhail Hilarionovich, Prince, Russian Marshal
and Commander-in-Chief, 52, 57, 188, 194, 203-219, 221, 222, 223, 224,
225-229, 243, 245, 247-251, 255, 256, 258, 259, 261, 270, 271, 274,
276, 279-284, 291, 307, 308, 314, 316, 318, 333-342, 351, 352, 363,
375, 386
Golénischev-Kutuzov, Major-General (Russian), 326, 375, 387, 388
Golitzin I, Dmitri Vladimirovich, Prince, Russian Lieut.-General, 249,
250, 276, 318, 337-340
Gomès, Freyre, Portuguese General in French service, 116
Gonsherevo, 307
Gorbunovo, 131, 146, 147, 148
Gorchakov, Alexei, Prince, Russian Lieut.-General, 57, 201, 202, 203
Gorki, 198, 200, 202, 216
Gorodnia, 279, 281, 282
Gorodeczna, 164-168, 169, 185, 289
Gouvion, St. Cyr, Laurent, Comte, Marshal of France, 36, 50, 114, 176,
177, 178, 179-182, 185, 260, 286, 287, 295-304
Grant, U.S. General, example, cited, 245
Grandjean, Charles Louis Dieudonné, Baron, French Général de Division,
89, 171, 172, 294, 295, 387
Grawert, Prussian General, 171, 172, 293, 294
Gridnevo, 197, 201
Grodno, 59, 62, 64, 69, 78, 80, 81, 82
Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marquis de, French Général de Division, 27, 78,
90, 92, 100, 126, 127, 148, 205, 207, 215, 345
Gudin, Charles Etienne César, Comte, French Général de Division, 38,
78, 122, 134, 140, 149, 150, 152
Guilleminot, Baron, French Général de Brigade, 276, 278, 318
Guyon, French Général de Brigade, 123, 189
Gzhatsk, 194, 196, 197, 200, 201, 252, 259, 269, 284, 314
H
Hamen, Russian Major-General, 176, 177, 182, 305
Hardenberg, Baron, Prussian Prime Minister, 297
Harpe, Russian Major-General, 328
Haxo, French Général de Division, 70, 71
Helfreich, Russian Major-General, 175, 177, 178
Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince Emil of, 115
Hesse-Homburg, Prince of, Austrian Major-General, 165, 166
Heudelet, French Général de Division, 261, 388
Hogendorp, Dirk van, Dutch Lieut.-General, 296
Hohenlohe, Prince, Württemberg Colonel, 80
Horodetz, 163
Huard, French Général de Brigade, 103, 104
Hügel, Württemberg Brigadier-General, 145
Hunerbein, Prussian Major-General, 294, 295
I
Iachvil, Lev Mikhailovich, Prince, Russian Major-General, 175, 178,
299, 300, 303, 346, 366
Ielnia, 130, 269, 273, 315, 320, 325
Ignatiev, Russian Major-General, 93
Igumen, 61, 90, 91, 349
Illuxt, 295
Ilovaïski IV, Cossack General, 315
Ilovaïski V, Cossack Major-General, 65
Ilovaïski IX, Cossack Colonel, 284, 306
Inkovo, 121, 122
Insterburg, 61
J
Jakobstädt, 61, 173
Jakubovo, 173, 174
Jassy, 289
Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, 18, 63, 64, 69, 77, 78,
80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 91
Jomini, French Général de Brigade (Swiss), 116, 184, 255, 308, 334, 357
Junot, Andoche, Duc d’Abrantes, French Général de Division, 116, 126,
139, 146, 148, 149, 152, 155, 223, 259, 263, 270, 281, 284, 309, 310,
324, 325, 332, 333, 334, 335, 354, 364
Jurovo, 333
K
Kaisarov, 250
Kakhovski, Russian Major-General, 173, 178
Kalisch, 15, 16
Kaluga, 117, 118, 227, 237, 238, 254, 255, 269, 307
Kamenetz-Podolski, 289
Kamenski, Sergei Mikhailovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 161, 164, 165
Kapsevich, Russian Major-General, 128
Karpenko, Russian Colonel, 207
Karpov, Russian Major-General (Cossacks) 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 147,
148, 152, 250
Kasplia (Lake), 124, 136
Katan, 121, 124, 125, 132, 134, 136
Keidani, 68, 73, 74
Khovanski, Prince, Russian Major-General, 164, 165, 168
Kiev, 6, 61, 62, 66, 160, 348
Kleist, Prussian Major-General, 294
Klengel, Saxon Major-General, 159, 161-163
Kliastitzi, 173
Kniaziewicz, Karol, Polish General of Division, 140, 368
Kobrin, 62, 159, 161-163, 164, 168
Koidanow, 349
Kolomna, 228, 237
Kolopenichi, 359
Kolotskoï, 196, 197, 201, 209, 213, 220, 223, 310
Kolotza, 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 207
Koltiniani, 387
Kolubakin, Russian Major-General, 96, 131, 209, 210
Königsberg, 15-16, 18, 19, 67, 76, 163, 261, 385, 386, 388
Konopka, Polish General, 260
Konovnitzin, Peter Ivanovich, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 56, 57,
103, 104, 137, 138, 140, 143, 150-153, 187, 194, 195, 197, 201, 206,
209, 211, 227, 239, 248, 259
Kopis, 342, 352, 375
Korff, Feodor Karolovich, Baron, Russian Lieut.-General, 64, 80, 136,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 203, 249, 258, 276, 315, 319, 337
Korythnia, 127, 128, 129, 337
Kosinski, Polish General, 164, 169, 388
Kossecki, Polish General of Brigade, 348, 349
Kotschubey, Count, 187
Kovel, 168
Kovno, 59, 61, 62-64, 67, 68, 70-73, 80, 260, 383, 384
Kozakovski, Russian Major-General, 175, 182
Krasnoï, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 333, 334, 335-343, 351
Kreminskoië, 284
“Kremlin,” The (Russ. _Kreml_), 230, 231, 234, 235, 236, 241, 270, 273
Kreutz, Russian Major-General, 79, 203, 210
Kruchov, Russian Major-General, 161, 163
Krupki, 354, 359
Krymniki, 289
Krymskoië, 224
Kubinskoi, 224
Kudachev, Prince, Russian Colonel, 244, 250
Kulnev, Yakov Petrovich, Russian Major-General, 74, 75, 100, 173-175
Kurland, 108, 170, 171, 260
Kurakin, Prince Alexander Borisovich,
Russian Ambassador to Paris, 10, 11
Kutaïsov, Alexander Ivanovich, Count, Russian Major-General, 57, 153, 210
L
Labiau, 388
Laborde, Comte, French Général de Division, 225, 243, 270, 337, 370
La Houssaye, Armand Lebrun, Comte de, French Général de Division, 127
Lambert, Comte Charles (French), Russian Major-General, 160, 161, 162,
164-168, 290, 328, 348-351
Lanchantin, French Général de Brigade, 341
Langeron, Alexandre Andrault, Comte de, French General in Russian Army,
251, 287, 289, 328, 349, 350, 351, 358, 359, 363, 372, 381, 382
Lanskoï I, Russian Privy Councillor, 237
Lanskoï II, Russian Major-General, 376
Lariboissière, Jean Ambroise Baston, Comte de, French General in
Artillery, 241, 383, 386
Larionovo, 337
Larrey, Surgeon-General, Baron, 116
Latour-Maubourg, Marie Victor Nicolas Fay, Marquis de, French Général
de Division, 38, 80, 86, 91, 98, 113, 114, 126, 139, 159, 191, 205, 210,
212, 256, 332, 334, 335, 337
Lauriston, Comte, French Général de Division, 10, 243, 251
Lavrov, Russian Lieut.-General, 203
Lecoq, Karl Christian Erdmann Edler, Saxon Lieut.-General, 166
Lecchi, Theodoro, Italian General of Brigade, 216
Ledru des Essarts, François Roch, French Général de Division, 38, 112,
134, 140-143, 150, 153, 205, 206, 280, 318, 376
Lefebvre, François Joseph, Duc de Danzig, Marshal of France, 38, 236, 379
Legrand, Claude Juste Alexandre, Count, French Général de Division, 38,
100, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178-182, 300, 303, 304, 327, 328, 368
Lejeune, Louis François, Baron, French Général de Brigade, 212, 215, 354
Lepel, 61, 90, 91, 305, 327, 365
Lesseps, M., 230
Lewis, Russian Lieut.-General, 171, 172, 173, 293, 294, 347, 388
Liadi, 126, 132, 334, 338, 340
Lida, 64, 65, 68, 73, 78, 79
Lieven, Count Christopher, Russian Diplomatist, 99, 249
Lieven, Count, Russian Major-General, 328, 330
Likhachev, Russian Major-General, 138, 141-143, 210, 214, 215
Lilienberg, Austrian Major-General, 166
Liozna, 114, 122
Lithuania (Modern Western Russia), 60, 76, 116, 190, 191
Lobau, Comte (General Mouton), 100, 101, 102, 104, 379
Lochnitza, 350, 352, 355
Loison, Louis Henri, Comte, French Général de Division, 163, 261, 377,
379, 382, 384
Lopuklin, Prince, 187
Lossmina, 2, 126-128, 334, 335, 337, 338, 341
Löw, Saxon Major-General, 296, 368
Löwenstern, Colonel Baron, 118, 153, 187, 204, 214, 215, 216, 226,
239, 251, 253, 256, 276, 278, 327
Löwenstern, Baron, Major-General of Artillery, Russian, 256
Lubino, 131, 146-155, 183
Lublin, 64, 67, 69, 160
Lubra, 335
Luchizza, R., 104, 105
Lüders, Russian Major-General, 262, 288, 348
Lukoml, 346
Lukomlia, R., 327, 328, 346
Lukovkin, Cossack Colonel, 350, 351, 358
Lutsk, 15, 16, 19, 62, 159, 160, 168
Luzha, R., 275, 279, 282
M
Macdonald, Jacques Etienne Joseph Alexandre, Duke de Taranto, Marshal
of France, 37, 64, 171, 172, 176, 260, 287, 293, 347, 348, 386-388, 389
Maison, French Général de Division, 300, 303
Malakova Gate of Smolensk, 130, 140, 141, 145
Maliavka, 359
Maloyaroslavetz, 269-285, 307, 309
Marchand, Jean Gabriel, Comte, French Général de Division, 81, 116
Maret, Hugues Bernard, Duc de Bassano, French Minister for Foreign
Affairs, 146, 269, 296, 331, 377, 378, 380
Maria Louisa, Empress of the French, 2, 18
Markov I, Russian Lieut.-General, 161, 164, 165, 166, 168
Markov II, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 200
Marthod, French Major, 244
Massenbach, Prussian Lieut.-General, 347, 387, 388
Maximovo, 316
Meade, U.S. General, example cited, 245
Mecklenburg, Prince Karl of, Russian Major-General, 85, 93, 202
Medyn, 269, 280, 307, 308
Melissino, Russian Major-General, 161, 162-164, 165, 330
Memel, 388
Merle, Pierre Hugues Victor, Comte, French Général de Division, 38,
173, 174, 178, 179-182, 299, 300, 303, 304
Merlino, 336
Metternich, Prince, Austrian Prime Minister, 3, 8, 116, 297
Michino, 199, 202
Mikalevka, 321, 334, 345
Miloradovich, Mikhail Andreïevich, Russian General, 55, 57, 194, 200,
203, 224, 225, 229, 230, 237, 238, 239, 240, 247, 250, 256, 258, 259,
270, 271, 274, 289, 307, 308, 309, 314-320, 324, 333, 334-341, 352,
375, 388
Minsk, 61, 62, 64, 65, 69, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89, 91, 115, 159,
189, 190, 260, 269, 286, 292, 306, 328, 329, 345, 348, 349, 351, 353,
362
Mir, 81, 83, 84, 85
Mitau, 59, 61, 63, 89, 171, 172, 293, 294, 295
Mogelnitza-on-Bug, 91
Mohilev, 61, 84, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 104, 108, 109, 113, 122, 123,
130, 260, 293, 357
Molodechno, 357, 376, 377
Momonovo, 225
Montbrun, Louis Pierre, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 78, 102,
104, 105, 122, 123, 126, 127, 152, 206, 214
Montholon, Comte, quoted, 263
Morand, Louis Charles Antoine Alexis, Comte, French Général de Division,
38, 71, 78, 140, 149, 154, 204, 205, 207, 209, 214
Mordvinov, Chamberlain, 305
Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, Duc de Treviso, Marshal of
France, 38, 88, 223, 224, 230, 231, 270, 273, 274, 281, 284, 309, 315,
338, 340, 379
Moscow (Moskva), 62, 65, 185, 186, 194, 218, 219, 225-240, 242-244, 259,
261, 263-270, 271, 273, 289, 306, 315
Moskva, R, 198-200, 237
Mourier, French Général de Brigade, 139
Mozhaïsk, 197, 198, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 237, 259, 281, 283,
284, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311
Mozyr, 62, 93, 161, 262, 287, 293, 328, 349, 386
Mstislavl, 97, 106, 130
Müller, Rear-Admiral von, Russian, 293
Müller Zakomelski, Peter Ivanovich, Russian Major-General, 249, 250,
256, 258
Murat, Joachim Napoleon, King of Naples, Marshal of France, 14, 37,
73, 78, 101, 102-104, 106, 113, 121, 122, 126, 127-129, 132, 134, 138,
140, 141, 152, 191, 195, 210-216, 222, 223, 224, 229, 230, 231, 238,
239, 240, 244, 255, 256, 258, 259, 271, 279, 282, 309, 379, 380, 382,
383, 385
Musin Pushkin, Russian Major-General, 328, 388
N
Nadva, 124
Nansouty, Etienne Marie Champion de, Comte, French Général de Division,
37, 38, 79, 100, 102, 103, 104, 122, 126, 127, 148, 152, 189, 206, 209,
256
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1-16, 18, 19, 33, 34, 37, 63, 67-73,
75, 77, 78, 81, 83, 87, 88, 89, 100-102, 104-107, 108, 113-117, 120,
122, 123, 134-144, 146, 148, 149, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 171,
172, 176, 177, 183-186, 188-192, 193-197, 201, 202, 204-219, 220-223,
225, 229-231, 235-240, 241-244, 254, 255, 259, 263-271, 273, 279-283,
306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 321, 324, 325, 333-340, 342, 343, 344, 345,
351-362, 364, 365, 368-373, 374, 377-380, 386, 389, 390
Nara, 245, 256
Narbonne, Comte, 11
Narew, R., 81
Nelson, Admiral, example of, quoted, 212
Nesvizh, 62, 81, 84, 85, 86
Nevel, 296
Neverovski, Dmitri Petrovich, Russian Major-General, 56, 65, 98, 120,
125, 126-129, 131, 132, 202, 206
Ney, Michel, Duc d’Elchingen, Marshal of France, 13, 17, 35, 73, 100,
101, 102, 104, 105, 112, 114, 116, 121-123, 126-129, 132-135, 139-143,
145, 147, 155, 191, 205-218, 220, 224, 234, 244, 270, 271, 272, 274,
280, 307, 314, 316-320, 321, 324, 327, 332, 333, 334, 336, 337, 341,
342, 354, 357, 362, 364, 367-373, 374-381, 384, 385
Niemen, R., 18, 19, 59-61, 63-70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 80, 82, 89, 108, 191,
348, 384, 385, 386
Nikolaev, 82
Nitcha, R., 174
Nizhnii Novgorod, 227
Norway, 13
Novi Bykhov, 97, 106
Novi Dvor, 65
Novi Svergen, 62, 348
Novi Troki, 77, 80, 88
Novigrodek, 62, 82, 84
Novosilki, 96, 97
O
Oboiarzina, 174, 175
Ochmiana, 61, 79, 81, 377, 379, 382
Ochs, Westphalian General of Division, 152
Oder, R., 3, 261
Okunev, General, quoted, 66, 158
Oldenburg, 2, 3
Olsuviev, Zacharii Dmitrievich, Russian Major-General, 154, 208
Orani, 73, 78
Orders (Russian)--
St. George, 247
St. Andrew, 192
St. Vladimir, 247
St. Alexander Nevski, 247
Orlov-Denisov, Vasilii Vasilievich, Russian Major-General, 150, 152, 250,
256, 258, 325, 375
Ornano, Polish General of Division, 207
O’Rourke, Russian Major-General, 358
Orsha, 60, 61, 90, 91, 92, 94, 104, 114, 156, 189, 260, 305, 334, 336,
342, 343, 344, 350, 351, 353, 354
Ostermann-Tolstoï, Alexander Ivanovich, Count, Russian Lieut.-General,
102-104, 138, 203, 207, 215, 216, 227, 247, 258, 337
Ostrog, 62, 286, 289
Ostrovno, 102, 104, 105
Oudinot, Charles Nicolas, Duc de Reggio, Marshal of France, 13, 35, 74,
75, 78, 100, 101, 114, 172, 173-179, 182, 345, 346, 353, 355, 357-359,
361, 362, 364, 365, 367, 368, 372, 376
Ozharovski, Count, Russian Major-General, 250, 272, 334, 336, 338
P
Pahlen I, Peter Petrovich von der, Count, Russian Major-General, 79,
105, 106, 136, 147, 203
Pahlen II, Pavel Petrovich, Count, Russian Major-General, 353, 355,
358, 359, 363, 367
Pajol, Claude Pierre, French Général de Brigade, 72, 78, 79, 90, 92,
123, 189, 196
Pakhra, R., 237, 238, 239, 240
Panki, 229
Paris, 380
Partouneaux, Louis, Comte, French Général de Division, 346, 356, 366,
367
Paskievich, Ivan Feodorovich, Russian Major-General, 57, 93, 96, 97,
120, 129, 131, 158, 209, 210, 307, 308, 310, 316, 318, 319, 336, 341
Paulucci, the Marchese di, Russian Lieut.-General (Italian), 99, 101,
347, 388
Pelletier, French Général de Brigade, 319
Perebrod, 100
Petrovski Palace, 236
Phillipon, Baron, French Général de Division, 336
Phull, Baron Karl, German Lieut.-General in Russian Service, 7, 54, 66,
80, 98, 99, 100
Pilwiski, 67, 68, 385
Pino, Dominico, Comte, Italian General, 38, 189, 205, 217, 223, 242,
278, 285, 336
Pinsk, 91, 162, 286, 293
Pinsk Marshes, 16, 19, 41, 60, 62, 86, 161, 163
Pion des Loches, Colonel, quoted, 386
Pire, French Général de Brigade, 102
Platov, Matvei Ivanovich, Russian General of Cossack, 53, 65, 66, 73,
78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 93, 97, 105, 121, 138, 193, 194, 203, 213,
216, 222, 223, 224, 227, 249, 250, 270, 274, 282, 307, 308, 314, 316,
318, 319, 320, 324, 325, 326, 333, 337, 342, 352, 354, 364, 367,
382-384, 385, 386
Plauzonne, French Général de Brigade, 207
Plechenitzi, 376
Plock, 15
Poddubno, 165, 166
Poland, 2, 8, 60
Polonka, 163
Polota, R., 177, 178, 299, 300
Polotsk, 61, 100, 101, 102, 104, 169, 173, 176, 177-182, 185, 254, 260,
261, 287, 295, 296, 298-304, 305, 306, 347
Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Polish Prince and General, 36, 80, 81, 92,
98, 135, 140, 141, 148, 193, 204, 207, 208, 216, 223, 224, 256, 271,
272, 281, 307, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 326, 389
Poniemon, 70, 71
Population of Russian Towns, 63
Poriechie, 106, 109, 114, 118, 121, 124, 132, 156, 157
Posen, 16
Potemkin, Russian Colonel, 216, 224
Pouget, Baron, French Général de Brigade, 328
Pradt, Dufour de, Archbishop of Malines, 9, 191
Praga, 291, 368
Pregel, R., 388
Preising, Graf von, Bavarian Major-General, 116, 207, 331
Prenn, 80
Prikaz Vidra, 121, 123, 136
Prizmenitza, 180, 181
Propoïsk, 106
Prudichevo, 131, 137, 148, 152
Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of, 10, 297
Prussia, 4, 7, 8, 10, 19, 66
Prussian Army, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19
Pruzhani, 19, 91, 162, 163, 164, 291, 328
Pskov, 169
Pushnitzki, Russian Colonel, 141
Putna, R., 289
R
Radziwil, Prince, Polish General of Brigade, 172
Raievski, Nikolai Nikolaievich, Russian Lieut.-General, 55, 84, 85,
86, 92, 94, 96, 97, 109, 125, 129, 131-137, 138, 143, 202, 216, 227,
237, 238, 247, 276, 278, 279, 336
Rapp, Jean Baptiste, French Général de Division, 206, 242, 282, 368
Rasasna, 122, 123, 126
Razitzi, 173, 176, 177
Razout, Jean Nicolas, Baron, French Général de Division, 134, 140,
142, 150, 152, 205, 280, 318, 324, 341
Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer, Comte, French Général de Division, 36,
69, 80, 81, 84, 87, 92, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164-168, 292, 329,
330, 388, 389
Riazan, 228
Ricard, French Général de Division, 340, 341
Riga, 6, 60, 61, 62, 89, 109, 170, 171, 172, 260, 287, 293, 294, 295,
297, 347, 387
Rochechouart, Comte de, French Officer in Russian Service, 352
Rogachev, 113, 123
Roguet, François, Comte, French Général de Division, 284, 336, 337,
338, 340
Romanovo, 85, 86
Romoeuf, French Général de Brigade, 209
Rosen, Grigorii Vladimirovich, Baron, Russian Major-General, 121, 340
Rossi, Russian Major-General, 141, 142
Rossi, R., 329, 330
Rossieni, 64, 68, 73, 171
Rostopchin, Feodor Vasilievich, Comte, Governor-General of Moscow, 186,
225, 226, 232, 233
Rosniecki, Alexander, Polish Cavalry General, 84, 86
Roussel, 103
Royal Citadel of Smolensk, 130, 131, 135, 138
Rüdiger, Russian Colonel, 304
Rudnia, 106, 121, 122
Rumiantzev, Count Nikolai Petrovich, Grand Chancellor of Russia, 45, 248
Rurikovich Tzars of Russia, 117
Rusa, 223
Russian Army, 43-50, 63, 65, 66, 68, 108-109, 245-256, 287, 289, 298,
333, 382
Russian roads, 6, 59, 61, 67, 79, 80
Rustan, Napoleon’s Mameluke attendant, 379
S
Sabaniev, Russian Lieut.-General, 287, 289, 328, 348, 349, 358, 363, 368
Sacken, Fabien von der Osten, Baron, Russian Lieut.-General (German), 56,
66, 160, 161, 168, 292, 328-331, 348-386, 388
Sahr, Saxon Brigadier, 166
St. Genies, French Général de Brigade, 100
St. Germain, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 102, 256
St. Petersburg, 144
St. Priest, Emmanuel, Comte de, Russian Major-General (French), 119,
147, 202, 387
Saltanovka, 92, 109
Saltikov, Nikolai Ivanovich, Count, Russian Field-Marshal, 72
Salza, Baron, Russian Staff Officer, 153
Saumarez, Sir James de, British Admiral, 12
Sazonov, Russian Major-General, 173, 175, 178, 179, 304
Scharnhörst, Prussian General, 99
Scheler, Württemberg Lieut.-General, 116, 134, 140, 142, 150, 153,
205, 230
Schlock, 172, 293, 294
Schwarzenberg, Karl Philip, Fürst von, Austrian General, 19, 60,
66, 69, 81, 87, 91, 92, 159, 160, 163-169, 251, 260, 287, 290-292,
296, 306, 328-331, 348, 351, 383, 387, 388, 389
Sebastiani, Francesco Horatio Bastien, Comte, French Général de
Division (Corsican), 38, 80, 114, 121, 122, 123, 230, 239, 256,
258, 259
Sebezh, 169, 173, 174, 295
Selets, 94, 96
Semenovskoï, 198-200, 203, 206-216
Semlevo, 194, 315, 320
Semlino, 223
Sereth, R., 289
Seslavin, Captain, Russian, 250, 272, 325, 379, 383
Shakovski, Ivan, Russian Major-General, 216
Shavli, 16
Sheïn Ostrog, 138, 148
Shevardino, 201, 206
Shevich, Russian Major-General, 106
Shuvalov, Pavel Andreïevich, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 69, 102
Siberia, 186
Siberia, Prince of, Russian Major-General, 305
Sieben, Bavarian Major-General, 181, 182
Siegenthal, Austrian Lieut.-General, 165, 166
Sienno, 328
Sievers I, Count, Russian Major-General, 93, 94, 97, 125, 203, 206
Sievers II, Count, Russian Colonel of Engineers, 298, 299, 300
Sigismund III, King of Poland, 130
Sissoiev, Cossack Colonel, 93, 94, 96
Sivokhino, 173, 174, 176, 182, 286, 295, 298
Skalon, Russian Major-General, 141
Sklov, 114
Slavkovo, 194, 308
Slonim, 16, 62, 64, 81, 84, 91, 159, 260, 292, 329, 330, 348
Slutsk, 62, 85, 86, 90
Smolensk, 61, 62, 70, 97, 99, 106, 108, 116-121, 123-127, 128, 129,
144, 145-148, 156-158, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 193, 194, 251, 252,
254, 259, 260, 269, 305, 306, 308, 310, 315, 324, 325, 326, 327,
331-335, 337, 340, 341
Smoliani, 346, 347
Smorgoni, 64, 73, 83, 378, 379
Sokal, 59
Sokolnicki, General (Polish), 135
Solovievo, 131, 137, 146, 154, 155, 158, 192
Soltyk, Comte, Polish Officer, quoted, 71
Sorbier, Jean Barthelemy, Comte, French Général de Division, 215, 216
Sparrow Hills, 229, 230
Spas, 178-181
Spas Kuplia, 239, 250, 258
Staroi Borisov, 364, 366
Staroi Bykhov, 61, 93-97
Staroï Konstantinov, 160, 289
Staroi Selie, 375
Stavidzki, Russian Colonel, 131
Steingell, Thaddeus, Count, Russian Lieut.-General, 58, 171, 262,
286, 287, 291, 295, 297, 298-304, 327, 366, 370
Stragan, R., 149, 150, 153
Strogonov, Pavel Alexandrovich, Russian Major-General, 104, 138,
207, 208, 250
Struria, 299, 300
Studianka, 353, 357, 358-362, 364-372, 374, 375
Styr, R., 168, 286, 289, 290, 291
Subervie, French General of the Brigade, 80
Surazh, 106, 113, 114, 118
Suvorov (Field-Marshal Prince), mentioned, 188
Sventsiani, 61, 64, 66, 68, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79
Sver, 78, 79
Svislocz, on Berezina, 85
Svislozh, 330
Svolna, 177
Sweden, 12, 13
T
Tarutino, 239, 240, 245, 248, 269, 250, 251, 256, 258, 261, 269,
270, 272, 274, 276
Tauroggen, 387
Teveli, 168
Tharreau, Jean Victor, Baron, French Général de Division, 38, 91,
92, 139, 208
Thorn, 15
Tilsit, 5, 11, 59, 61, 63, 64, 68, 73, 387, 388
Tilsit, Treaty of, 5
Toll, Karl, Baron, Quartermaster-General of 1st Russian Army, 54,
101, 119, 148, 192, 196, 227, 228, 255
Tolochin, 334, 353
Tormazov, Alexander Petrovich, Count, Russian General, 19, 52, 58,
66, 69, 91, 159, 161-169, 250, 286, 287, 289-291, 296, 337-340, 386
Tornov, Russian Colonel, 149
Torres Vedras, 7
Tuchkov I, Nikolai Alexeivich, Russian Lieut.-General, 69, 104, 136,
137, 149, 152, 202, 203, 207, 208, 213
Tuchkov II, Peter Alexeivich, Russian Major-General, 349, 386, 388
Tuchkov III, Pavel Alexeivich, Russian Major-General, 147, 148-154
Tuchkov IV, Alexander Alexeivich, Russian Major-General, 101, 104,
206, 208, 209
Turno, Polish Brigadier-General, 84, 85
Turshaninov, Russian Colonel, 303
Tutulmin, Director of Moscow Foundling Hospital, 233, 243
Tyskiewicz, Polish Cavalry General, 85, 86, 284
Tzarévo, 198, 203, 211, 212
U
Uchach, 104, 302, 305
Ula, R., 327, 346
Uspenskoïe, 198
Usveia, 346
Utitza, 198, 199, 202, 206, 207, 208, 216
Uvarova, 334, 338
Uvarov, Feodor Petrovich, Russian Lieut.-General, 64, 74, 75,
101, 103, 118, 136, 147, 150, 193, 213, 214, 224, 227, 318, 336
Uzha, R., 192
V
Valence, Cyrus Marie Alexandre, Comte de, French Général de
Division, 78, 83, 92, 94
Valentin, French Général de Brigade, 181
Vandamme, Comte, French Général de Division, 87
Vassilchikov, Hilarion Vasilievich, Russian Major-General, 85,
96, 97, 125, 137, 249, 258, 276, 315, 318, 337
Vaudoncourt quoted, 354
Veliaminov, 293
Velikii Luki, 254
Velikii Novgorod, 169
Velizh, 113, 114
Verdier, Jean Antoine, Comte, French Général de Division, 38, 174,
175, 176, 178-182
Vereia, 245, 269, 271, 272, 274, 281, 284, 307, 309, 310
Verkalobovo, 97
Veselovo, 350
Viasma, 2, 194, 196, 262, 284, 309, 310, 314-320
Viazema, 224, 225
Victor (Claude Victor Perrin), Duc de Belluno, Marshal of France,
14, 37, 251, 252, 260, 296, 297, 305, 315, 325, 328, 345-347, 356,
359, 363, 364, 366-373, 374, 377, 382, 387
Vileika, 88
Vilia, 2, 67, 72, 73, 74
Vilkomirz, 64, 74, 75, 78, 79
Villata, Italian Brigadier-General, 113
Villeblanche, M. de, French Intendant of Smolensk, 252
Vilna, 15, 16, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67-80, 108, 115, 116, 146, 188,
190, 191, 251, 269, 287, 305, 347, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 383,
384, 385, 386, 387
Vinkovo, 239, 256, 259, 262, 274
Virgin of Smolensk, the, 202
Vistitski II, Russian Major-General, 196
Vistula, 2, 15, 16, 61
Vitebsk, 60-62, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 113, 114,
115, 116, 120, 173, 182, 260, 283, 305, 308, 328, 351
Vladimir, 227, 231, 244, 246
Vladimir Monomakh, King of Russia, 231
Vlastov, Russian Major-General, 178, 295, 304, 327, 356, 370
Voïkov, Russian Artillery Colonel, 154
Voïnov, Russian Lieut.-General, 287, 289, 291 328, 348, 349, 350,
355, 358, 363
Volkhonski, Peter Mikhailovich, Prince, Alexander’s Adjutant-General, 65
Volkovisk, 19, 62, 65, 66, 69, 77, 81, 329, 385
Vologin, 82
Volokovaia, 124, 125, 136
Vop, R., 325, 326
Voronovo, 232, 239, 258, 271, 272
Voronzov, Mikhail Semenovich, Count, Russian Major-General, 56, 85,
97, 202, 203, 206
W
Warsaw, 8, 15, 16, 62, 63, 67, 159, 160, 164, 191, 291, 329, 378
Warsaw (Grand Duchy), 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 59, 61, 62, 64,
67, 92, 292
Wasowicz, Captain, Polish, 379
Wellesley, Lord, British Minister, 12
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 7, 199, 390
Wengrow, 260, 291
Witte, Russian Colonel, 329
Wittgenstein, Peter, Count, Russian Lieut.-General (German), 55, 58,
66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 100, 101, 104, 105, 114, 169-182,
245, 261, 262, 286, 287, 295, 296, 297-304, 305, 306, 325, 327, 328,
331, 345-347, 352, 353, 356, 358, 359, 363, 364-371, 375, 386
Wilson, Sir Robert, British Major-General, 120, 141, 144, 219, 225,
232, 239, 246, 251, 275, 280, 281, 288, 311, 354
Winzingerode, Ferdinand, Baron, Russian Lieut.-General (Hessian), 117,
118, 122, 230, 244, 250, 270, 273, 315, 326
Wollzogen, Colonel von, German Officer on Russian Staff, 98, 118
Wrede, Karl Philip, Comte, Bavarian General, 178-182, 295, 299, 300,
304, 347, 375, 382, 384
Württemberg, Prince Alexander of, 99, 153
Württemberg, Friedrich Wilhelm, King of, 3
Wylie, Doctor Sir James, 211
Y
Yefremov, Russian Colonel, 250
Yermólov, Alexei Petrovich, Russian Major-General, 54, 101, 119, 124,
125, 147, 150, 210, 227, 246, 256, 272, 352, 359, 364
Yorck, Prussian Lieut.-General, 294, 295, 387, 388
Yukhnov, 269, 284
Yurí “Dolgorúki,” Founder of Moskow, 231
Yurkovski, Russian Major-General, 324, 327
Z
Zamosc, 164, 169
Zapolski, Russian Major-General, 93
Zaslavl, 160, 289
Zayonczek, Joseph, Polish General, 140, 326, 332, 335, 354, 368
Zea Bermudez, Spanish envoy, 12
Zechmeister, Austrian Major-General, 166
Zembin, 349, 350, 356, 361, 362, 376
Zvenigorod, 223
TRANSCRIBERS NOTE:
Original spelling has been retained.
No attempt to resolve differences in spelling of place or family names
has been made.
WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.
PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH