CHAPTER XI

THE UNION OF THE PARLIAMENTS

1689-1707

On April 4th, 1689, a Convention of the Estates of Scotland met to

consider the new situation which had been created by the course of

events in England. They had no difficulty in determining their course of

action, nor any scruples about deposing James, who was declared to have

forfeited his right to the crown. A list was drawn up of the king's

misdeeds. They included "erecting schools and societies of Jesuits,

making papists officers of state", taxation and the maintenance of a

standing army without consent of Parliament, illegal imprisonments,

fines, and forfeitures, and interference with the charters of burghs.

The crown was then offered to William and Mary, but upon certain

strictly defined conditions. All the acts of the late king which were

included in the list of his offences must be recognized as illegal: no

Roman Catholic might be King or Queen of Scotland; and the new

sovereigns must agree to the re-establishment of Presbytery as the

national religion. It was obvious that the nation was not unanimous.

"To the Lords of Convention, 'twas Claverhouse spoke,

Ere the King's crown go down there are crowns to be broke."

The opponents of the revolution settlement consisted mainly of the old

Royalist and Episcopalian party, the representatives of those who had

followed Montrose to victory, and the supporters of the Restoration

Government. As the Great Rebellion had made Royalists of the Scottish

Episcopalians, so the Revolution could not but convert them into

Jacobites. Their leader was James Graham of Claverhouse, who retreated

from Edinburgh to the north to prepare for a campaign against the new

government. The discontent was not confined to the Episcopalian party.

Such Roman Catholics as there were in Scotland at the time were prepared

to take up arms for a Stuart king who was a devout adherent of their

religion. Moreover, the Presbyterians themselves were not united. A

party which was to grow in strength, and which now included a

considerable number of extreme Presbyterians, still longed, in spite of

their experience of Charles II, for a covenanted king, and looked with

great distrust upon William and Mary. The triumphant party of moderate

Presbyterians, who probably represented most faithfully the feeling of

the nation, acted throughout with considerable wisdom. The acceptance of

the crown converted the Convention into a Parliament, and the Estates

set themselves to obtain, in the first place, their own freedom from the

tyranny of the committee known as the "Lords of the Articles", through

which James VI and his successors had kept the Parliament in

subjection. William was unwilling to lose entirely this method of

controlling his new subjects, but he had to give way. The Parliament

rescinded the Act of Charles II asserting his majesty's supremacy "over

all persons and in all causes ecclesiastical" as "inconsistent with the

establishment of Church government now desired", but, in the military

crisis which threatened them, they proceeded no further than to bring in

an Act abolishing Prelacy and all superiority of office in the Church of

Scotland.

While William's first Parliament was debating, his enemies were entering

upon a struggle which was destined to be brief. Edinburgh Castle held

out for King James till June 14th, 1689, when its captain, the Duke of

Gordon, capitulated. Graham of Claverhouse, now Viscount Dundee, had

collected an army of Highlanders, against whom William sent General

Mackay, a Scotsman who had served in Holland. Mackay followed Dundee

through the Highlands to Elgin and on to Inverness, and finally, after

many wanderings, the two armies met in the pass of Killiecrankie. Dundee

and his Highlanders were victorious, but Dundee himself was killed in

the battle, and his death proved a fatal blow to the Jacobite cause.

After some delay Mackay was able to attain the object for which the

battle had been fought--the possession of Blair Athole Castle. The

military resistance soon came to an end.

The ecclesiastical settlement followed the suppression of the

rebellion. The deprivation of nonjuring clergymen had been proceeding

since the establishment of the new Government, and in 1690 an act was

passed restoring to their parishes the Presbyterian clergy who had been

ejected under Charles II. A small temporary provision was made for their

successors, who were now, in turn, expelled. On the 26th May, 1690, the

Parliament adopted the Confession of Faith, although it refused to be

committed to the Covenant. The Presbyterian form of Church government

was established; but King William succeeded in maintaining some check on

the General Assembly, and toleration was granted to such Episcopalian

dissenters as were willing to take the oath of allegiance. On the other

hand, acceptance of the Confession of Faith was made a test for

professors in the universities. The changes were carried out with little

disturbance to the peace, there was no blood spilt, and except for some

rough usage of Episcopalians in the west (known as the "rabbling of the

curates"), there was nothing in the way of outrage or insult. The credit

of the settlement belongs to William Carstares, afterwards Principal of

the University of Edinburgh, whose tact and wisdom overcame many

difficulties.

The personal union of Scotland and England had created no special

difficulties while both countries were under the rule of an absolute

monarch. The policy of both was alike, because it was guided by one

supreme ruler. But the accession of a constitutional king, with a

parliamentary title, at once created many problems difficult of

solution, and made a more complete union absolutely necessary. The Union

of 1707 was thus the natural consequence of the Revolution of 1689,

although, at the time of the Revolution, scrupulous care was taken,

alike by the new king and by his English Parliament, to recognize the

existence of Scotland as a separate kingdom. The Scottish Parliament,

which regarded itself as the ruler of the country, found itself hampered

and restricted by William's action. It was allowed no voice on questions

of foreign policy, and its conduct of home affairs met with not

infrequent interference, which roused the indignation of Scottish

politicians, and especially of the section which followed Fletcher of

Saltoun. Several causes combined to add to the unpopularity which

William had acquired through the occasional friction with the

Parliament. Scotland had ceased to have any interest in the war, and its

prolongation constituted a standing grievance, of which the partisans of

the Stuarts were not slow to avail themselves.

There were two events, in particular, which roused widespread resentment

in Scotland. These were the Massacre of Glencoe, and the failure of the

scheme for colonizing the Isthmus of Darien. The story of Glencoe has

been often told. The 31st December, 1691, had been appointed as the

latest day on which the government would receive the submission of the

Highland chiefs. MacDonald of Glencoe delayed till the last moment, and

then proceeded to Fort-William, where a fortress had just been erected,

to take the oath in the presence of its commander, who had no power to

receive it. From Fort-William he had to go to Inverary, to take the oath

before the sheriff of Argyll, and he did so on the 6th January, 1692.

The six days' delay placed him and his clan in the power of men who were

unlikely to show any mercy to the name of MacDonald. Acting under

instructions from King William, the nature of which has been matter of

dispute, Campbell of Glenlyon, acting with the knowledge of Breadalbane

and Sir John Dalrymple of Stair, the Secretary of State, and as their

tool, entered the pass of Glencoe on the 1st February, 1692. The

MacDonalds, trusting in the assurances which had been given by the

Government, seem to have suspected no evil from this armed visit of

their traditional enemies, the Campbells, and received them with

hospitality. While they were living peaceably, all possible retreat was

being cut off from the unfortunate MacDonalds by the closing of the

passes, and on the 13th effect was given to the dastardly scheme. It

failed, however, to achieve its full object--the extirpation of the

clan. Many escaped to the hills; but the chief himself and over thirty

others were murdered in cold blood. The news of the massacre roused a

fierce flame of indignation, not only in the Highlands, but throughout

the Lowlands as well, and the Jacobites did not fail to make use of it.

A commission was appointed to enquire into the circumstances, and it

severely censured Dalrymple, and charged Breadalbane with treason, while

many blamed, possibly unjustly, the king himself.

The other grievance was of a different nature. About 1695, William

Paterson, the founder of the Bank of England, suggested the formation of

a Scottish company to trade to Africa and the Indies. It was originally

known as the African Company, but it was destined to be popularly

remembered by the name of its most notable failure--the Darien Company.

It received very full powers from the Scottish Parliament, powers of

military colonization as well as trading privileges. These powers

aroused great jealousy and indignation in England, and the House of

Commons decided that, as the company had its headquarters in London, the

directors were guilty of high crimes and misdemeanours. There followed a

failure of the English capital on which the promoters had reckoned, but

shares to the value of £400,000 (on which £219,094 was paid up) were

subscribed in Scotland. At first the company was a prosperous trading

concern, but its only attempt at colonization involved it in ruin.

Paterson wished his fellow-countrymen to found a colony in the Isthmus

of Panama, and to attract thither the whole trade of North and South

America. The ports of the colony were to be open to ships of all

nations. In the end of 1698 twelve hundred Scots landed on the shore of

the Gulf of Darien, without organization and without the restraint of

responsibility to any government. They soon had difficulties with their

Spanish neighbours, and the English colonists at New York, Barbadoes,

and Jamaica were warned to render them no assistance. Disease and famine

completed the tale of misery, and the first colonists deserted their

posts. Their successors, who arrived to find empty huts, surrounded by

lonely Scottish graves, were soon in worse plight, and they were driven

out by a band of Spaniards. The unfortunate company lingered on for some

time, but merely as traders. The Scots blamed the king's ill-will for

their failure, and he became more than ever unpopular in Scotland. The

moral of the whole story was that only through the corporate union of

the two countries could trade jealousies and the danger of rival schemes

of colonization be avoided.

In the reign of Charles II the Scots, who felt keenly the loss of the

freedom of trade which they had enjoyed under Cromwell, had themselves

broached the question of union, and William had brought it forward at

the beginning of his reign. It was, however, reserved for his successor

to see it carried. In March, 1702, the king died. The death of "William

II", as his title ran in the kingdom of Scotland, was received with a

feeling amounting almost to satisfaction. The first English Parliament

of Queen Anne agreed to the appointment of commissioners to discuss

terms of union, and the Estates of Scotland chose representatives to

meet them. But the English refused to give freedom of trade, and so the

negotiations broke down. In reply, the Scottish Parliament removed the

restrictions on the import of wines from France, with which country

England was now at war. In the summer of 1703 the Scots passed an Act of

Security, which invested the Parliament with the power of the crown in

case of the queen's dying without heirs, and entrusted to it the choice

of a Protestant sovereign "from the royal line". It refused to such king

or queen, if also sovereign of England, the power of declaring war or

making peace without the consent of Parliament, and it enacted that the

union of the crowns should determine after the queen's death unless

Scotland was admitted to equal trade and navigation privileges with

England. Further, the act provided for the compulsory training of every

Scotsman to bear arms, in order that the country might, if necessary,

defend its independence by the sword. The queen's consent to the Act of

Security was refused, and the bitterness of the national feeling was

accentuated by the suspicion of a Jacobite plot. Parliament had been

adjourned on 16th September, 1703. When it met in 1704 it again passed

the Act of Security, and an important section began to argue that the

royal assent was merely a usual form, and not an indispensable

authentication of an act. For some time, it seemed as if the two

countries were on the brink of war. But, as the union of the crowns had

been rendered possible by the self-restraint of a nation who could

accept their hereditary enemy as their hereditary sovereign, so now

Queen Anne's advisers resolved, with patient wisdom, to secure, at all

hazards, the union of the kingdoms.

It was not an easy task, even in England, for there could be no union

without complete freedom of trade, and many Englishmen were most

unwilling to yield on this point. In Scotland the difficulties to be

overcome were much greater. The whole nation, irrespective of politics

and religion, felt bitterly the indignity of surrendering the

independent existence for which Scotland had fought for four hundred

years. It could not but be difficult to reconcile an ancient and

high-spirited people to incorporation with a larger and more powerful

neighbour, and the whole population mourned the approaching loss of

their Parliament and their autonomy. Almost every section had special

reasons for opposing the measure. For the Jacobites an Act of Union

meant that Scotland was irretrievably committed to the Hanoverian

succession, and whatever force the Jacobites might be able to raise

after the queen's death must take action in the shape of a rebellion

against the _de facto_ government. It deprived them of all hope of

seizing the reins of power, and of using the machinery of government in

Scotland for the good of their cause--a _coup d'état_ of which the Act

of Security gave considerable chance. On this very account the

triumphant Presbyterians were anxious to carry the union scheme, and the

correspondence of the Electress Sophia proves that the negotiations for

union were looked upon at Hanover as solely an important factor in the

succession controversy. But the recently re-established Presbyterian

Church of Scotland regarded with great anxiety a union with an

Episcopalian country, and hesitated to place their dearly won freedom at

the mercy of a Parliament the large majority of whom were Episcopalians.

The more extreme Presbyterians, and especially the Cameronians of the

west, were bitterly opposed to the project. They protested against

becoming subject to a Parliament in whose deliberations the English

bishops had an important voice, and against accepting a king who had

been educated as a Lutheran, and they clamoured for covenanted

uniformity and a covenanted monarch. By a curious irony of fate, the

Scottish Episcopalians were forced by their Jacobite leanings to act

with the extreme Presbyterians, and to oppose the scheme of amalgamation

with an Episcopalian country. The legal interest was strongly against a

proposal that might reduce the importance of Scots law and of Scottish

lawyers, while the populace of Edinburgh were furious at the suggestion

of a union, whose result must be to remove at once one of the glories of

their city and a valuable source of income. There was still another body

of opponents. The reign of William had been remarkable for the rise of

political parties. The two main factions were known as Williamites and

Cavaliers, and in addition to these there had grown up a Patriot or

Country party. It was brought into existence by the enthusiasm of

Fletcher of Saltoun, and it was based upon an antiquarian revival which

may be compared with the mediæval attempts to revive the Republic of

Rome. The aim of the patriots was to maintain the independence of

Scotland, and they attempted to show that the Scottish crown had never

been under feudal obligations to England, and that the Scottish

Parliament had always possessed sovereign rights, and could govern

independently of the will of the monarch. They were neither Jacobites

nor Hanoverians; but they held that if the foreign domination, of which

they had complained under William, were to continue, it mattered little

whether it emanated from St. Germains or from the Court of St. James's,

and they had combined with the Jacobites to pass the Act of Security.

Such was the complicated situation with which the English Government had

to deal. Their first step was to advise Queen Anne to assent to the Act

of Security, and so to conserve the dignity and _amour propre_ of the

Scottish Parliament. Commissioners were then appointed to negotiate for

a union. No attempt was made to conciliate the Jacobites, for no attempt

could have met with any kind of success. Nor did the commissioners make

any effort to satisfy the more extreme Presbyterians, who sullenly

refused to acknowledge the union when it became an accomplished fact,

and who remained to hamper the Government when the Jacobite troubles

commenced. An assurance that there would be no interference with the

Church of Scotland as by law established, and a guarantee that the

universities would be maintained in their _status quo_, satisfied the

moderate Presbyterians, and removed their scruples. Unlike James VI and

Cromwell, the advisers of Queen Anne declared their intention of

preserving the independent Scots law and the independent Scottish courts

of justice, and these guarantees weakened the arguments of the Patriot

party. But above all the English proposals won the support of the

ever-increasing commercial interest in Scotland by conceding freedom of

trade in a complete form. They agreed that "all parts of the United

Kingdom of Great Britain be under the same regulations, prohibitions,

and restrictions, and liable to equal impositions and duties for export

and import". The adjustment of financial obligations was admitted to

involve some injustice to Scotland, and an "equivalent" was allowed, to

compensate for the responsibility now accruing to Scotland in connection

with the English National Debt. It remained to adjust the representation

of Scotland in the united Parliament. It was at first proposed to allow

only thirty-eight members, but the number was finally raised to

forty-five. Thirty of these represented the shires. Each shire was to

elect one representative, except the three groups of Bute and Caithness,

Clackmannan and Kinross, and Nairn and Cromarty. In each group the

election was made alternately by the two counties. Thus Bute,

Clackmannan, and Nairn each sent a member in 1708, and Caithness,

Kinross, and Cromarty in 1710. The device is sufficiently unusual to

deserve mention. The burghs were divided into fifteen groups, each of

which was given one member. In this form, after considerable difficulty,

the act was carried both in Scotland and in England. It was a union much

less extensive than that which had been planned by James VI or that

which had been in actual force under Cromwell. The existence of a

separate Church, governed differently from the English Establishment,

and the maintenance of a separate legal code and a separate judicature

have helped to preserve some of the national characteristics of the

Scots. Not for many years did the union become popular in Scotland, and

not for many years did the two nations become really united. It might,

in fact, be said that the force of steam has accomplished what law has

failed to do, and that the real incorporation of Scotland with England

dates from the introduction of railways.

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES TO THE HIGHLANDERS IN MEDIÆVAL LITERATURE

~I. AELRED (12th Century)~

_Account of the Battle of the Standard_

"Rex interim, coactis in unum comitibus, optimisque regni sui

proceribus, coepit cum eis de belli ratione tractare, placuitque

plurimis, ut quotquot aderant armati milites et sagittarii cunctum

praeirent exercitum, quatenus armati armatos impeterent, milites

congrederentur militibus, sagittae sagittis obviarent. Restitere

Galwenses, dicentes sui esse juris primam construere aciem.... Cum

rex militum magis consiliis acquiescere videretur, Malisse comes

Stradarniae plurimum indignatus: 'Quid est,' inquit, 'o rex, quod

Gallorum te magis committis voluntati, cum nullus eorum cum armis

suis me inermem sit hodie praecessurus in bello?' ... Tunc rex ...

ne tumultus hac altercatione subitus nasceretur, Galwensium cessit

voluntati. Alteram aciem filius regis et milites sagittariique cum

eo, adjunctis sibi Cumbrensibus et Tevidalensibus cum magna

sagacitate constituit.... Conjunxerat se ei ejusque interfuit aciei

Eustacius filius Joannis de magnis proceribus Angliae ... qui a

rege Anglorum ideo recesserat.... Tertium cuneum Laodonenses cum

Insulanis et Lavernanis fecerunt. Rex in sua acie Scotos et

Muranenses retinuit, nonnullos etiam de militibus Anglis et Francis

ad sui corporis custodiam deputavit."--Aelred, _De Bello

Standardii_, Migne, _Patrologia Latina_, vol. cxcv, col. 702-712.

~2. JOHN OF FORDUN (d. 1394?)~

(_a_) _Description of the Highlanders_

"Mores autem Scotorum secundum diversitatem linguarum variantur;

duabus enim utuntur linguis, Scotica videlicet, et Teutonica; cujus

linguae gens maritimas possidet et planas regiones: linguae vero

gens Scoticae montanas inhabitat, et insulas ulteriores. Maritima

quoque domestica gens est, et culta, fida, patiens, et urbana;

vestitu siquidem honesta, civilis atque pacifica; circa cultum

divinum devota, sed et obviandis hostium injuriis semper prona.

Insulana vero, sive montana, ferma gens est et indomita, rudis et

immorigerata, raptu capax, otium diligens, ingenio docilis et

callida; forma spectabilis, sed amictu deformis; populo quidem

Anglorum et linguae, sed et propriae nationi, propter linguarum

diversitatem, infesta jugiter et crudelis. Regi tamen et regno

fidelis et obediens, nec non faciliter legibus subdita, si

regatur.... Scotica gens ea ab initio est quae quondam in Hibernia

fuit, et ei similis per omnia, lingua, moribus, et

natura."--_Scoti-chronicon_, Bk. ii, ch. ix.

This contrast between the Highlanders and the civilized Scots must

be read in the light of Fordun's general view of the work of the

descendants of Malcolm Canmore. He describes how David I changed

the Lowlanders into civilized men, but never hints that he did so

by introducing Englishmen. He represents the whole nation (outside

the old Northumbrian kingdom) as Picts and Scots, on whose

antiquity he lays stress, and merely mentions that Malcolm Canmore

welcomed English refugees. The following extracts show that he

looked upon the Lowlanders, not as a separate race from the

Highlanders, but simply as men of the same barbarian race who had

been civilized by David:--

"Unde tota illa gentis illius barbaries mansuefacta, tanta se mox

benevolentia et humilitate substravit, ut naturalis oblita

saevitiae, legibus quas regia mansuetudo dictabat, colla

submitteret, et pacem quam eatenus nesciebat, gratanter

acciperet."--Bk. v, ch. xxxvii.

"Ipse vero pretiosis vestibus pallia tua pilosa mutavit et antiquam

nuditatem byssa et purpura texit. Ipse barbaros mores tuos

Christiana religione composuit...."--Bk. v, ch. xliii.

(_b_) _Coronation of Alexander III as a king of Scots_

"Ipso quoque rege super cathedram regalem, scilicet, lapidem,

sedente, sub cujus pedibus comites ceterique nobiles sua vestimenta

coram lapide curvatis genibus sternebant. Qui lapis in eodem

monasterio reverenter ob regum Albaniae consecrationem servatur.

Nec uspiam aliquis regum in Scocia regnare solebat,[92] nisi super

eundem lapidem regium in accipiendum nomen prius sederet in Scona,

sede vero superiori, videlicet Albaniae constituta regibus ab

antiquis. Et ecce, peractus singulis, quidam Scotus montanus ante

thronum subito genuflectens materna lingua regem inclinato capite

salutavit hiis Scoticis verbis, dicens:--'Benach de Re Albanne

Alexander, mac Alexander, mac Vleyham, mac Henri, mac David', et

sic pronunciando regum Scotorum genealogiam usque in finem legebat.

Quod ita Latine sonat:--'Salve rex Albanorum Alexander, filii

Alexandri ... filii Mane, filii Fergusii, primi Scotorum regis in

Albania'. Qui quoque Fergusius fuit filius Feredach, quamvis a

quibusdam dicitur filius Ferechere, parum tamen discrepant in sono.

Haec discrepantia forte scriptoris constat vitio propter

difficultatem loquelae. Deinde dictam genealogiam dictus Scotus ab

homine in hominem continuando perlegit donec ad primum Scotum,

videlicet, Iber Scot. pervenit."--_Annals_, xlviii.

~3. BOOK OF PLUSCARDEN (written in the latter half of the 15th

century)~

_Account of Harlaw_

"Item anno Domini M°CCCCXI fuit conflictus de Harlaw, in

Le Gariach, per Donaldum de Insulis contra Alexandrum comitem de

Mar et vicecomitem Angusiae, ubi multi nobiles ceciderunt in bello.

Eodem anno combusta est villa de Cupro casualiter."--Bk. x, ch.

xxii.

~4. WALTER BOWER (d. 1449)~

_Account of Harlaw_

"Anno Dom. millesimo quadringentesimo undecimo, in vigilia sancti

Jacobi Apostoli, conflictus de Harlaw in Marria, ubi Dovenaldus de

Insulis cum decem millibus de insulanis et hominibus suis de Ross

hostiliter intravit terram cis montes, omnia conculcans et

depopulans, ac in vastitatem redigens; sperens in illa expeditione

villam regiam de Abirdene spoliare, et consequenter usque ad aquam

de Thya suae subjicere ditioni. Et quia in tanta multitudine ferali

occupaverunt terram sicut locustae, conturbati sunt omnes de

dominica terra qui videbant eos, et timuit omnis homo. Cui occurrit

Alexander Stewart, comes de Marr, cum Alexandro Ogilby vicecomite

de Angus, qui semper et ubique justitiam dilexit, cum potestate de

Mar et Garioch, Angus et Mernis, et facto acerrimo congressu,

occisi sunt ex parte comitis de Mar Jacobus Scrymgeour

constabularius de Dundé, Alexander de Irevin, Robertus de Malvile

et Thomas Murrave milites, Willelmus de Abirnethy ... et alii

valentes armigeri, necnon Robertus David consul de Abirdene, cum

multis burgensibus. De parte insulanorum cecidit campidoctor.

Maclane nomine, et dominus Dovenaldus capitaneus fugatus, et ex

parte ejus occisi nongenti et ultra, ex parte nostra quingenti, et

fere omnes generosi de Buchane."--Lib. xv, ch. xxi.

~5. JOHN MAJOR OR MAIR (1469-1550)~

_(a) References to the Scottish nation, and description of the

Gaelic-speaking population_

"Cum enim Aquitaniam, Andegaviam, Normanniam, Hiberniam, Valliamque

Angli haberent, adhuc sine bellis in Scotia civilibus, nihil in ea

profecerunt, et jam mille octingentos et quinquaginta annos in

Britannia Scoti steterunt, hodierno die non minus potentes et ad

bellum propensi quam unquam fuerint...."--_Greater Britain_, Bk. i.

ch. vii.

"Praeterea, sicut Scotorum, uti diximus, duplex est lingua, ita

mores gemini sunt. Nam in nemoribus Septentrionalibus et montibus

aliqui nati sunt, hos altae terrae, reliquos imae terrae viros

vocamus. Apud exteros priores Scoti sylvestri, posteriores

domestici vocantur, lingua Hibernica priores communiter utuntur,

Anglicana posteriores. Una Scotiae medietas Hibernice loquitur, et

nos omnes cum Insulanis in sylvestrium societate deputamus. In

veste, cultu et moribus, reliquis puta domesticis minus honesti

sunt, non tamen minus ad bellum praecipites, sed multo magis, tum

quia magis boreales, tum quia in montibus nati et sylvicolae,

pugnatiores suapte natura sunt. Penes tamen domitos est totius

regni pondus et regimen, quia melius vel minus male quam alii

politizant."--Bk. i, ch. viii.

"Adhuc Scotiae ferme medietas Hibernice loquitur, et a paucis

retroactis diebus plures Hibernice loquuti sunt."--Bk. i, ch. ix.

_(b) Account of Harlaw_

"Anno 1411, praelium Harlaw apud Scotos famigeratum commissum est.

Donaldus insularum comes decies mille viris clarissimis

sylvestribus Scotis munitus, Aberdoniam urbem insignam et alia loca

spoliare proposuit; contra quem Alexander Steuartus comes Marrae,

et Alexander Ogilvyus Angusiae vice-comes suos congregant et

Donaldo Insularum apud Harlaw occurrunt. Fit atrox et acerrima

pugna; nec cum exteris praelium periculosius in tanto numero unquam

habitum est; sic quod in schola grammaticali juvenculi ludentes, ad

partes oppositas nos solemus retrahere, dicentes nos praelium de

Harlaw struere velle. Licet communius a vulgo dicatur quod

sylvestres Scoti erant victi, ab annalibus tamen oppositum invenio:

solum Insularum comes coactus est retrocedere, et plures occisos

habuit quam Scoti domiti...."--Bk. vi, ch. x.

~6. HECTOR BOECE (1465?-1536)~

_(a) Account of the differences between Highlanders and Lowlanders_

"Nos vero qui in confinio Angliae sedes habemus, sicut Saxonum

linguam per multa commercia bellaque ab illis didicimus nostramque

deseruimus; ita priscos omnes mores reliquimus, priscusque nobis

scribendi mos ut et sermo incognitus est. At qui montana incolunt

ut linguam ita et caetera prope omnia arctissime tuentur....

Labentibus autem seculis idque maxime circa Malcolmi Canmoir

tempora mutari cuncta coeperunt. Vicinis enim Britannis primum a

Romanis subactis ocioque enervatis, ac postea a Saxonibus expulsis

commilitii eorum commercio nonnihil, mox Pictis quoque deletis ubi

affinitate Anglis coniungi coepimus, expanso, ut ita dicam, gremio

mores quoque eorum amplexi imbibimus. Minus enim prisca patrum

virtus in pretio esse coeperat, permanente nihilominus vetere

gloriae cupiditate. Verum haud recta insistentes via umbras

germanae gloriae non veram sectabantur, cognomina sibi nobilitatis

imponentes, eaque Anglorum more ostentantes atque iactantes, quum

antea is haberi esseque nobilissimus soleret, qui virtute non

opibus, qui egregiis a se factis non maiorum suorum clarus erat.

Hinc illae natae sunt Ducum, Comitum, ac reliquorum id genus ad

ostentationem confictae appellationes. Quum antea eiusdem

potestatis esse solerent, qui Thani id est quaestores regii

dicebantur illis muneribus ob fidem virtutemque donari."--_Scotorum

Regni Descriptio_, prefixed to his History.

_(b) Account of Harlaw_

"Exortum est subinde ex Hebridibus bellum duce Donaldo Hebridiano

injuria a gubernatore affecto. Nam Wilhelmus comes Rossensis filius

Hugonis, is quem praelio ad Halidounhil periisse supra memoratum

est,[93] duas habuit filias, quarum natu maiorem Waltero Leslie

viro nobilissimo coniugem dedit una cum Rossiae comitatu. Walterus

susceptis ex ea filio Alexandro nomine, quem comitem Rossiae fecit,

et filia, quam Donaldo Hebridiano uxorem dedit, defunctus est.

Alexander ex filia Roberti gubernatoris, quam duxerat, unam

duntaxat filiam reliquit, Eufemiam nomine, quae admodum adhuc

adolescentula erat, dum pater decederet, parumque rerum perita. Eam

gubernator [Albany], blanditiis an minis incertum, persuasam

induxit, ut resignato in ipsum comitatu Rossensi, ab eo rursum

reciperet his legibus, ut si ipsa sine liberis decederet, ad filium

eius secundo natum rediret. Quod si neque ille masculam prolem

reliquisset, tum Robertus eius frater succederet, ac si in illo

quoque defecisset soboles, tum ad regem rediret Rossia. Quibus

astute callideque peractis haud multo post Eufemia adhuc virgo

moritur, ut ferebatur, opera gubernatoris sublata, ut ad filium

comitatus veniret. Ita Ioannes, quum antea Buthquhaniae comes

fuisset Rossiae comitatum acquisivit, et unicam tantum filiam

reliquit, quam Willelmus à Setoun eques auratus in coniugem

accepit; unde factum est ut eius familiae principes ius sibi

Buthquhaniae vendicent. At Donaldus qui amitam Eufemiae Alexandri

Leslie sororem, uxorem habebat, ubi Eufemiam defunctam audivit, à

gubernatore postulavit ex haereditate Rossiae comitatum; ubi quum

ille nihil aequi respondisset, collecta ex Hebridibus ingenti manu,

partim vi, partim benevolentia, secum ducens Rossiam invadit, nee

magno negotio in ditionem suam redegit, Rossianis verum recipere

haeredem haud quaquam recusantibus. Verum eo successu non

contentus, nec se in eorum quae iure petiverat, finibus continens,

Moraviam. Bogaevallem iisque vicinas regiones hostiliter

depopulando in Gareotham pervenit, Aberdoniam, uti minitabatur,

direpturus. Caeterum in tempore obvians temeritati eius Alexander

Stuart Alexandri filii Roberti regis secundi comitis Buthquhaniae

nothus, Marriae comes ad Hairlau (vicus est pugna mox ibi gesta

cruentissima insignis) haud expectatis reliquis auxiliis cum eo

congressus est. Qua re factum est, ut dum auxilia sine ordinibus

(nihil tale suspicantes) cum magna neglegentia advenirent, permulti

eorum caesi sint, adeoque ambigua fuerit victoria, ut utrique se in

proximos montes desertis castris victoria cedentes receperint.

Nongenti ex Hebridianis et iis qui Donaldo adhaeserant cecidere cum

Makgillane et Maktothe praecipuis post Donaldum ducibus. Ex Scotis

adversae partis vir nobilis Alexander Ogilvy Angusiae vice-comes

singulari iustitia ac probitate praeditus, Jacobus Strimger

Comestabulis Deidoni magno animo vir ac insigni virtute, et ad

posteros clarus, Alexander Irrvein à Drum ob praecipuum robur

conspicuus, Robertus Maul à Pammoir, Thomas Moravus, Wilhelmus

Abernethi à Salthon, Alexander Strathon à Loucenstoun, Robertus

Davidstoun Aberdoniae praefectus; hi omnes equites aurati cum

multis aliis nobilibus eo praelio occubere. Donaldus victoriam

hostibus prorsus concedens, tota nocte quanta potuit celeritate ad

Rossiam contendit, ac inde qua proxime dabatur, in Hebrides se

recepit. Gubernator in sequenti anno cum valido exercitu Hebrides

oppugnare parans, Donaldum veniam supplicantem, ac omnia

praestiturum damna illata pollicentem, nec deinceps iniuriam ullam

illaturum iurantem in gratiam recepit."--_Scotorum Historiae_, Lib.

xvi.

~7. JOHN LESLEY (1527-1596)~

_Contrast between Highlanders and Lowlanders_

"Angli etenim sicut et politiores Scoti antiqua illa Saxonum

lingua, quae nunc Anglica dicitur promiscue, alia tamen atque alia

dialecto loquuntur. Scotorum autem reliqui quos exteri (quod

majorum suorum instituta, ac antiquam illam simplicemque amiciendi

ac vivendi formam mordicus adhuc teneant) feros et sylvestres,

montanos dicimus, prisca sua Hibernica lingua utuntur."--_De Gestis

Scotorum_, Lib. i. (_De Populis Regnis et Linguis_.)

~8. GEORGE BUCHANAN (1506-1582)~

_Account of Harlaw_

"Altero vero post anno, qui fuit a Christo 1411, Donaldus Insulanus

OEbudarum dominus cum Rossiam iuris calumnia per Gubernatorem

sibi ablatam, velut proximus haeres (uti erat) repeteret, ac nihil

aequi impetraret, collectis insulanorum decem millibus in

continentem descendit; ac Rossiam facile occupavit, cunctis

libenter ad iusti domini imperium redeuntibus. Sed ea Rossianorum

parendi facilitas animum praedae avidum ad maiora audenda impulit.

In Moraviam transgressus eam praesidio destitutam statim in suam

potestatem redegit. Deinde Bogiam praedabundus transivit; et iam

Abredoniae imminebat. Adversus hunc subitum et inexpectatum hostem

Gubernator copias parabat; sed cum magnitudo et propinquitas

periculi auxilia longinqua expectare non sineret, Alexander Marriae

Comes ex Alexandro Gubernatoris fratre genitus cum tota ferme

nobilitate trans Taum ad Harlaum vicum ei se objecit. Fit praelium

inter pauca cruentum et memorabile: nobilium hominum virtute de

omnibus fortunis, deque gloria adversus immanem feritatem

decertante. Nox eos diremit magis pugnando lassos, quam in alteram

partem re inclinata adeoque incertus fuit eius pugnae exitus, ut

utrique cum recensuissent, quos viros amisissent, sese pro victis

gesserint. Hoc enim praelio tot homines genere, factisque clari

desiderati sunt, quot vix ullus adversus exteros conflictus per

multos annos absumpsisse memoratur. Itaque vicus ante obscurus ex

eo ad posteritatem nobilitatus est."--_Rerum Scotorum Historia_,

Lib. x.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 92: This was written after the stone had been carried to

England.]

[Footnote 93: He had fallen in the front rank of the Scottish army at

Halidon Hill.]

APPENDIX B

THE FEUDALIZATION OF SCOTLAND

The object of this Appendix is to give a summary of the process by which

Anglo-Norman feudalism came to supersede the earlier Scottish

civilization. For a more detailed account, the reader is referred to

Skene's _Celtic Scotland_, Robertson's _Scotland under her Early Kings_,

and Mr. Lang's _History of Scotland_.

The kingdom[94] of which Malcolm Canmore became the ruler in 1058 was

not inhabited by clans. It had been, from of old, divided into seven

provinces, each of which was inhabited by tribes. The tribe or tuath was

governed by its own chief or king (Ri or Toisech); each province or Mor

Tuath was governed by Ri Mor Tuath or Mormaer,[95] and these seven

Mormaers seem (in theory, at all events) to have elected the national

king, and to have acted as his advisers. The tribe was divided into

freemen and slaves, and freemen and slaves alike were subdivided into

various classes--noble and simple; serfs attached to land, and personal

bondmen. The land was held, not by the tribe in general, but by the

_ciniod_ or near kin of the _flath_ or senior of each family within the

tribe. On the death of a senior, the new senior was chosen (generally

with strict regard to primogeniture) from among the nearest in blood,

and all who were within three degrees of kin to him, shared in the

joint-proprietary of the proceeds of the land. The senior had special

privileges and was the representative and surety of the _ciniod_, and

the guardian of their common interests. After the third generation, a

man ceased to be reckoned among the _ciniod_, and probably received a

small personal allotment. Most of his descendants would thus be

landless, or, if they held land, would do so by what soon amounted to

servile tenure. Thus the majority of the tribe had little or nothing to

lose by the feudalization that was approaching.

The changes of Malcolm's reign are concerned with the Church, not with

land-tenure. But the territorialization of the Church, and the abolition

of the ecclesiastical system of the tribe, foreshadowed the innovations

that Malcolm's son was to introduce. We have seen that an anti-English

reaction followed the deaths of Malcolm and Margaret. This is important

because it involved an expulsion of the English from Scotland, which may

be compared with the expulsion of the Normans from England after the

return of Godwin. Our knowledge of the circumstances is derived from the

following statement of Symeon of Durham:--

"Qua [Margerita] mortua, Dufenaldum regis Malcolmi fratrem Scotti

sibi in regem elegerunt, et omnes Anglos qui de curia regis

extiterunt, de Scotia expulerunt. Quibus auditis, filius regis

Malcolmi Dunechan regem Willelmum, cui tune militavit, ut ei regnum

sui patris concederet, petiit, et impetravit, illique fidelitatem

juravit. Et sic ad Scotiam cum multitudine Anglorum et Normannorum

properavit, et patruum suum Dufenaldum de regno expulit, et in loco

ejus regnavit. Deinde nonnulli Scottorum in unum congregati,

homines illius pene omnes peremerunt. Ipse vero vix cum paucis

evasit. Veruntamen post haec illum regnare permiserunt, ea ratione,

ut amplius in Scotiam nec Anglos nec Normannos introduceret,

sibique militare permitteret."-_Rolls Series edn._, vol. ii, p.

222.

It was not till the reign of Alexander I (1107-1124) that the new

influences made any serious modification of ancient custom. The peaceful

Edgar had surrounded himself with English favourites, and had granted

Saxon charters to Saxon landholders in the Lothians. His brother,

Alexander, made the first efforts to abolish the old Celtic tenure. In

1114, he gave a charter to the monastery of Scone, and not only did the

charter contemplate the direct holding of land from the king, but the

signatories or witnesses described themselves as Earls, not as Mormaers.

The monastery was founded to commemorate the suppression of a revolt of

the Celts of Moray, and the earls who witnessed the charter bore Celtic

names. This policy of taking advantage of rebellions to introduce

English civilization became a characteristic method of the kings of

Scotland. Alexander's successor, David I, set himself definitely to

carry on the work which his brother had begun. He found his opportunity

in the rising of Malcolm MacHeth, Earl of Moray. To this rising we have

already referred in the Introduction. It was the greatest effort made

against the innovations of the anti-national sons of Malcolm Canmore,

and its leader, Malcolm MacHeth, was the representative of a rival line

of kings. David had to obtain the assistance, not only of the

Anglo-Normans by whom he himself was surrounded, but also of some of the

barons of Northumberland and Yorkshire, with whom he had a connection as

Earl of Huntingdon, for the descendant of the Celtic kings of Scotland

was himself an English baron. We have seen that David captured MacHeth

and forfeited the lands of Moray, which he regranted, on feudal terms,

to Anglo-Normans or to native Scots who supported the king's new policy.

The war with England interrupted David's work, as a long struggle with

the Church had prevented his brother, Alexander, from giving full scope

to the principles that both had learned in the English Court; but, by

the end of David's reign, the lines of future development had been quite

clearly laid down. The Celtic Church had almost disappeared. The bishops

of St. Andrews, Dunkeld, Moray, Glasgow, Ross, Caithness, Aberdeen,

Dunblane, Brechin, and Galloway were great royal officers, who

inculcated upon the people the necessity of adopting the new political

and ecclesiastical system. The Culdee monasteries were dying out; north

of the Forth, Scone had been founded by Alexander I as a pioneer of the

new civilization, and, after the defeat of Malcolm MacHeth and the

settlement of Moray, David, in 1150, founded the Abbey of Kinloss. The

Celtic official terms were replaced by English names; the Mormaer had

become the Earl, the Toisech was now the Thane, and Earl and Thane alike

were losing their position as the royal representative, as David

gradually introduced the Anglo-Norman _vice-comes_ or sheriff, who

represented the royal Exchequer and the royal system of justice. David's

police regulations tended still further to strengthen the nascent

Feudalism; like the kings of England, he would have none of the

"lordless man, of whom no law can be got", and commendation was added to

the forces which produced the disintegration of the tribal system. Not

less important was the introduction of written charters. Alexander had

given a written charter to the monastery of Scone; David gave private

charters to individual land-owners, and made the possession of a charter

the test of a freeholder. Finally, it is from David's reign that

Scottish burghs take their origin. He encouraged the rise of towns as

part of the feudal system. The burgesses were tenants-in-chief of the

king, held of him by charter, and stood in the same relation to him as

other tenants-in-chief. So firmly grounded was this idea that, up to

1832, the only Scottish burgesses who attended Parliament were

representatives of the ancient Royal Burghs, and their right depended,

historically, not on any gift of the franchise, but on their position as

tenants-in-chief. That there were strangers among the new burgesses

cannot be doubted; Saxons and Normans mingled with Danes and Flemish

merchants in the humble streets of the villages that were protected by

the royal castle and that grew into Scottish towns; but their numbers

were too few to give us any ground for believing that they were, in any

sense, foreign colonies, or that they seriously modified the ethnic

character of the land. Men from the country would, for reasons of

protection, or from the impulse of commerce, find their way into the

towns; it is certain that the population of the towns did not migrate

into the country. The real importance of the towns lies in the part they

played in the spread of the English tongue. To the influence of Court

and King, of land tenure, of law and police, of parish priest and monk,

and Abbot and Bishop, was added the persuasive force of commercial

interest.

The death of David I, in 1153, was immediately followed by Celtic

revolts against Anglo-Norman order. The province of Moray made a final

effort on behalf of Donald Mac Malcolm MacHeth, the son of the Malcolm

MacHeth of the previous reign, and of a sister of Somerled of Argyll,

the ancestor of the Lord of the Isles. The new king, Malcolm IV, the

grandson of David, easily subdued this rising, and it is in connection

with its suppression that Fordun makes the statement, quoted in the

Introduction, about the displacement of the population of Moray. There

is no earlier authority for it than the fourteenth century, and the

inherent probability in its favour is so very slight that but little

weight can reasonably be assigned to it. David had already granted Moray

to Anglo-Normans who were now in possession of the Lowland portion and

who ruled the Celtic population. We should expect to hear something

definite of any further change in the Lowlands, and a repopulation of

the Highlands of Moray was beyond the limits of possibility. The king,

too, had little time to carry out such a measure, for he had immediately

to face a new rebellion in Galloway; he reigned for twelve years in all,

and was only twenty-four years of age when he died. The only truth in

Fordun's statement is probably that Malcolm IV carried on the policy of

David I in regard to the land-owners of Moray, and forfeited the

possessions of those who had taken part in MacHeth's rising. In

Galloway, a similar policy was pursued. Some of the old nobility,

offended perhaps by Malcolm's attendance on Henry II at Toulouse, in his

capacity as an English baron, joined the defeated Donald MacHeth in an

attempt upon Malcolm, at Perth, in 1160. MacHeth took refuge in

Galloway, which the king had to invade three times before bringing it

into subjection. Before his death, in 1165, Galloway was part of the

feudal kingdom of Scotland.

Only once again was the security of the Anglo-Celtic dynasty seriously

threatened by the supporters of the older civilization. When William the

Lion, brother and successor of Malcolm IV, was the prisoner of Henry II,

risings took place both in Galloway and in Moray. A Galloway chieftain,

by name Gilbert, maintained an independent rule to his death in 1185,

when William came to terms with his nephew and successor, Roland. In the

north, Donald Bane Mac William, a great-grandson of Malcolm Canmore,

raised the standard of revolt in 1181, and it was not till 1187 that the

rebellion was finally suppressed, and Donald Bane killed. There were

further risings, in Moray in 1214 (on the accession of Alexander II),

and in Galloway in 1235. The chronicler, Walter of Coventry, tells us

that these revolts were occasioned by the fact that recent Scottish

kings had proved themselves Frenchmen rather than Scots, and had

surrounded themselves solely with Frenchmen. This is the real

explanation of the support given to the Celtic pretenders. A new

civilization is not easily imposed upon a people. Elsewhere in Scotland,

the process was more gradual and less violent. In the eastern Lowlands

there were no pretenders and no rebellions, and traces of the earlier

civilization remained longer than in Galloway and in Moray. "In Fife

alone", says Mr. Robertson, "the Earl continued in the thirteenth

century to exercise the prerogatives of a royal Maor, and, in the reign

of David I, we find in Fife what is practically the clan MacDuff."[96]

Neither in the eastern Lowlands, nor in the more disturbed districts of

Moray and Galloway, is there any evidence of a radical change in the

population. The changes were imposed from above. Mr. Lang has pointed

out that we do not hear "of feuds consequent on the eviction of prior

holders.... The juries, from Angus to Clyde, are full of Celtic names of

the gentry. The Steward (FitzAlan) got Renfrew, but the _probi

homines_, or gentry, remain Celtic after the reigns of David and

William."[97] The contemporary chronicler, Aelred, gives no hint that

David replaced his Scottish subjects by an Anglo-Norman population; he

admits that he was terrible to the men of Galloway, but insists that he

was beloved of the Scots. It must not be forgotten that the new system

brought Anglo-Norman justice and order with it, and must soon have

commended itself by its practical results. The grants of land did not

mean dispossession. The small owners of land and the serfs acquiesced in

the new rule and began to take new names, and the Anglo-Norman strangers

were in actual possession, not of the land itself, but of the

_privilegia_ owed by the land. Even with regard to the great lords, the

statements have been slightly exaggerated; Alexander II was aided in

crushing the rebellion of 1214-15 by Celtic earls, and in 1235 he

subdued Galloway by the aid of a Celtic Earl of Ross.

* * * * *

We have attempted to explain the Anglicization of Scotland, south and

east of "the Highland line", by the combined forces of the Church, the

Court, Feudalism, and Commerce, and it is unnecessary to lay further

stress upon the importance of these elements in twelfth century life. It

may be interesting to compare with this the process by which the

Scottish Highlands have been Anglicized within the last century and a

half. It must, in the first place, be fully understood that the interval

between the twelfth century and the suppression of the last Jacobite

rising was not void of development even in the Highlands. "It is in the

reign of David the First", says Mr. Skene,[98] "that the sept or clan

first appears as a distinct and prominent feature in the social

organization of the Gaelic population", and it is not till the reign of

Robert III that he finds "the first appearance of a distinct clan".

Between the end of the fourteenth century and the middle of the

eighteenth, the clan had developed a complete organization, consisting

of the chief and his kinsmen, the common people of the same blood, and

the dependants of the clan. Each clan contained several septs, founded

by such descendants of chiefs as had obtained a definite possession in

land. The writer of _Letters from a Gentleman in the North of Scotland

in 1726_, mentions that the Highland clans were "subdivided into smaller

branches of fifty or sixty men, who deduce their original from their

particular chieftains, and rely upon them as their more immediate

protectors and defenders".

The Hanoverian government had thus to face, in 1746, a problem in some

respects more difficult than that which the descendants of Malcolm

Canmore had solved. The clan organization was complete, and clan loyalty

had assumed the form of an extravagant devotion; a hostile feeling had

arisen between Highlands and Lowlands, and all feeling of common

nationality had been lost. There was no such important factor as the

Church to help the change; religion was, on the whole, perhaps rather

adverse than favourable to the process of Anglicization. On the other

hand, the task was, in other aspects, very much easier. The Highlands

had been affected by the events of the seventeenth century, and the

chiefs were no longer mere freebooters and raiders. The Jacobite rising

had weakened the Highlands, and the clans had been divided among

themselves. It was not a united opposition that confronted the

Government. Above all, the methods of land-tenure had already been

rendered subject to very considerable modification. Since the reign of

James VI, the law had been successful in attempting to ignore "all

Celtic usages inconsistent with its principles", and it "regarded all

persons possessing a feudal title as absolute proprietors of the land,

and all occupants of the land who could not show a right derived from

the proprietor, as simple tenants".[99] Thus the strongest support of

the clan system had been removed before the suppression of the clans.

The Government of George II placed the Highlands under military

occupation, and began to root out every tendency towards the persistence

of a clan organization. The clan, as a military unit, ceased to exist

when the Highlanders were disarmed, and as a unit for administrative

purposes when the heritable jurisdictions were abolished, and it could

no longer claim to be a political force of any kind, for every vestige

of independence was removed. The only individual characteristic left to

the clan or to the Highlander was the tartan and the Celtic garb, and

its use was prohibited under very severe penalties. These were measures

which were not possible in the days of David as they were in those of

George. But a further step was common to both centuries--the forfeiture

of lands, and although a later Government restored many of these to

descendants of the attainted chiefs, the magic spell had been broken,

and the proprietor was no longer the head of the clan. Such measures,

and the introduction of sheep-farming, had, within sixty years, changed

the whole face of the Highlands.

Another century has been added to Sir Walter's _Sixty Years Since_, and

it may be argued that all the resources of modern civilisation have

failed to accomplish, in that period, what the descendants of Malcolm

Canmore effected in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This is true

as far as language is concerned, but only with regard to language. The

Highlanders have not forgotten the Gaelic tongue as the Lowlanders had

forgotten it by the outbreak of the War of Independence.[100] Various

facts account for this. One of the features of recent days is an

antiquarian revival, which has tended to preserve for Highland children

the great intellectual advantage of a bi-lingual education. The very

severance of the bond between chieftain and clan has helped to

perpetuate the ancient language, for the people no longer adopt the

speech of their chief, as, in earlier days, the Celt of Moray or of Fife

adopted the tongue spoken by his Anglo-Norman lord, or learned by the

great men of his own race at the court of David or of William the Lion.

The Bible has been translated into Gaelic, and Gaelic has become the

language of Highland religion. In the Lowlands of the twelfth century,

the whole influence of the Church was directed to the extermination of

the Culdee religion, associated with the Celtic language and with Celtic

civilization. Above all, the difference lies in the rise of burghs in

the Lowlands. Speech follows trade. Every small town on the east coast

was a school of English language. Should commerce ever reach the

Highlands, should the abomination of desolation overtake the waterfalls

and the valleys, and other temples of nature share the degradation of

the Falls of Foyers, we may then look for the disappearance of the

Gaelic tongue.

Be all this as it may, it is undeniable that there has been in the

Highlands, since 1745, a change of civilization without a displacement

of race. We venture to think that there is some ground for the view that

a similar change of civilization occurred in the Lowlands between 1066

and 1286, and, similarly, without a racial dispossession. We do not deny

that there was some infusion of Anglo-Saxon blood between the Forth and

the Moray Firth in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries; but there is no

evidence that it was a repopulation.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 94: In this discussion the province of Lothian is not

included.]

[Footnote 95: Ri Mortuath is an Irish term. We find, more usually, in

Scotland, the Mormaer.]

[Footnote 96: _Op. cit._, vol. i, p. 254.]

[Footnote 97: _History of Scotland_, vol. i, pp. 135-6.]

[Footnote 98: _Celtic Scotland_, vol. iii, pp. 303, 309.]

[Footnote 99: _Celtic Scotland_, vol. iii, p. 368.]

[Footnote 100: It should of course be recollected that the Gaelic tongue

must have persisted in the vernacular speech of the Lowlands long after

we lose all traces of it as a literary language.]

APPENDIX C

TABLE OF THE COMPETITORS OF 1290

(_Names of the thirteen Competitors are in bold type_)

Duncan I

(1034-1040)

|

+---------------------------+-------------------------------------+

| |

Malcolm III (Canmore) Donald Bane

(1057-8-1093) (1093-1097)

| |

David I (1134-1753) |

| |

Prince Henry |

| |

+------------------------------------+-------------+------+ |

| | | | |

| | | | |

William the Lion David Ada | |

(1165-1214) Earl of m. the Count | |

| Huntingdon of Holland | |

| | | | |

| | | Marjorie |

| | | m. John |

| | | Lindesay |

| | | | |

+-------------+------+------+------+------+ +--------+------+ | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

Alexander II Isabella | Margaret | Henry | Isabella m. | | | |

(1214-1249) m. Robert | m. Eustace | Galithly | Robert | | | |

| Ros | Vesci | | | Bruce | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | |

| | Ada | Aufricá m. | Margaret m. | Ada | | |

| | m. Patrick, | William Say | Alan of | m. Henry | | |

| | Earl of | | | Galloway | Hastynges | | |

| | Dunbar | | | | | | | | |

+-------+ | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Alexander III | | | | | | | | | | | |

(1249-1285-6) | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

| Marjorie | | | | | Devorguilla | Henry | | |

| | | | | | | m. John | Hastynges | | |

| | | | | | | Balliol | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | |

Margaret m. | ~William~ | ~William~ | ~Patrick~ | ~Robert~ | ~Florent~, | ~John Comyn~

~Eric II~ | ~Ros~ | ~Vesci~ | ~Galithly~ | ~Bruce~ | Count | m. a sister of

~of Norway~ | | | | | | of Holland | John Balliol

| | | | | | | | |

| ~Nicolas~ ~Patrick~ ~Roger~ ~John Balliol~ | ~John~ ~Robert~ |

| ~Sovles~ ~of Dunbar~ ~Mandeville~ (1292-1296) | ~Hastynges~ ~Pinkeny~ |

| | | |

| | Robert |

Margaret, the | Earl of Carrick |

Maid of Norway | | John Comyn

(1285-6-1290) | | (stabbed

| | by Bruce in

| | 1305-6)

Edward Balliol |

|

Robert I

(1306-1329)

INDEX

Abbey Craig, 42.

Aberdeen, xv, xxiii, xxvii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, 40, 68, 70, 87, 162, 163,

164, 169, 170, 202.

---- Assembly at, 154, 155.

---- Bishop of, 206.

---- University of, xxxi, 105.

Aberdeenshire, xvii, xxxiv, 51, 87, 163, 169.

Abernethy, 12.

Abirdene, Robert of, 198.

Aboyne, Earl of, 163.

_Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, xxi.

Ada, daughter of Earl David, 35.

Aelred of Rivaulx, 21, 195.

Aethelstan, 5.

Aird's Moss, rising at, 178.

Airlie, Earl of, 169.

Albany, 201.

---- Alexander, Duke of, 96, 97.

---- Duke of, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89.

---- 3rd Duke of, 109, 110, 111, 112.

Alcester, 168.

Alexander I, 17, 205, 207.

---- II, 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 47, 209, 210.

---- III, 29, 30, 31, 36, 101, 197.

---- Earl of Mar, 198, 199.

---- son of Alexander III, 31.

---- of Lorn, 51, 53.

---- of Ross, 201.

Alford, victory at, 170.

Alnwick, 13, 26.

---- sacking of, 92.

Alyth, 174.

Ancrum Moor, battle of, 120.

Angus, 198, 209.

Angus, Earl Archibald, 99.

---- grandson of Earl Archibald, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119,

120, 133.

Angus Og, 53, 56, 85.

Annan, 67.

Annandale, 32, 47, 48, 50.

Anne, Queen, 188, 189, 192.

---- of Cleves, 113.

"Answer to ane Helandmanis Invective", xxxiv.

_Antiquité de la Nation et de la Langue

des Celtes autrement appellez Gaulois_, 2.

Antony, Bishop of Durham, 44.

Argyll, Bishop of, xxxiv.

---- Earl of, 178.

---- Highlanders of, 52, 55, 85, 106.

---- Marquis and Earl of, 161, 164, 166, 169, 172, 176.

Argyllshire, xxiii, 3, 23, 25, 185.

Armada, 145.

Arran, 83.

---- Earl of (Chatelherault), 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 119, 120,

122, 123.

---- Earl of, son of Chatelherault, 127, 128, 130.

Arthur, Prince, 99.

_Auchinleck Chronicle_, xxxiv.

Auldearn, victory at, 170.

Auxerre, 90.

Ayr, xvii.

Ayrshire, xxix, xxxiv, 51, 52, 178.

Aytoun, Peace of, 100.

Badenach, Celts of, 41, 53.

Bailleul, estate of, 39.

Bakewell, 5.

Balliol, Edward, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75.

---- John, 27, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 45, 48, 50, 65, 79.

Banff, 40.

Bannockburn, battle of, xiv, xxiv, 55, 58, 61, 63, 66, 68, 74, 85, 88,

90, 93, 108.

Barbadoes, 187.

Barbour's _Bruce_, xxvi, xxvii.

Barton, Sir Andrew, 98, 103.

Baugé, battle of, 88, 89.

Beaton, Cardinal, 112, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121.

Beaufort, Joan, 89.

Becket, Thomas, 26.

Berwick, 3, 39, 43, 51, 57, 58, 73, 76, 83, 91, 94, 96, 163, 173.

---- county of, 69, 73, 82.

---- pacification of, 163.

---- siege of, 67, 68.

---- Treaty of, 164.

Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, 44.

Biland Abbey, 58.

Birnam Wood, 9.

Bishops' War, 164.

"Black Agnes", 71.

Blair Athole, 169.

---- Castle, 182.

Blind Harry's _Wallace_, xxvii, xxxiii.

Boece, Hector, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, xxxi, 9, 200.

Boniface VIII, 45.

"Book of the Howlat", the, xxxiii.

"Book of Pluscarden", the, xxx, 198.

Borough-Muir of Edinburgh, 69.

Bosworth, battle of, 97.

Bothwell, 67, 70.

---- Earl of, 136, 137, 138.

---- Bridge, battle of, 178.

Boulogne, 69.

Bower, Walter, xxx, 198.

Braemar, 87.

Brankston ridge, 106.

Breadalbane, Marquis of, 185, 186.

Brechin, 39.

---- Bishop of, 206.

Breda, Conference at, 173.

Bridge of Dee, battle of, 163.

Brigham, Treaty of, 33.

Brittany, 1.

Brockburn, 173.

Brown, Mr. Hume, x.

Bruce, Alexander, 51,

---- Edward, 51, 55, 57.

---- Marjory, 51, 59, 69.

---- Nigel, 51.

---- Robert I, xxiv, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,

59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72, 85, 86.

---- Robert of Annandale, 32, 34, 35, 47.

---- Sir Thomas, 51.

Bruces, the, 13, 18, 24, 48.

Bruges, 68.

Buchan, Countess of, 50, 51.

---- earldom of, 53.

---- Earl of, 88, 90.

---- men of, 198.

Buchanan, George, xxxii, 203.

Bull, Stephen, 98.

Burgh, Elizabeth de, 51.

---- Hubert de, 28, 35.

Burghead, xvii.

Burgh-on-Sands, 52.

Burgundy, Duchess of, 98.

---- Duke of, 95.

"Burned Candlemas", 73.

Burton, Mr. Hill, xiii, xxiv, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, xxxii.

Bute, 193.

Cæsar, Julius, 1, 2.

Caithness, xxiii, 87, 193.

---- Bishop of, 206.

Calderwood's _History of the Kirk_, 147.

Cambuskenneth, Abbey of, 43.

---- Bridge, battle of, 42.

---- Parliament at, 59.

Camden's _Britannia_, xxxiii.

Campbell, Sir Nigel, 53.

Campbell of Glenlyon, 185.

Canute, 8.

Carberry Hill, 137.

Carbisdale, defeat at, 172.

Cardross, castle of, 64.

Carham, battle of, 8.

Carlisle, 52, 67, 94, 168.

Carrick, xxiv, 47, 51.

---- earldom of, 45.

---- men of, 56, 85.

Carrickfergus, 57.

Carstares, William, 183.

Casket Letters, 138, 141.

Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of, 124.

Cecil, Lord Burleigh, 125, 127, 133.

Cecilia, d. of Edward IV, 96.

Charles I, 157, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170,

171, 176.

---- II, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183, 187.

Chatelherault, Duke of, 123.

Chester, 7.

Chevy Chase, battle of, 78.

Clackmannan, 193.

Clarence, Lionel of, 74, 80.

Clement III, 27.

Clitheroe, victory at, 20.

Clyde, river, 64, 84, 209.

Colvin of Culross, 152.

Comyn, John, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 85.

Comyns, the, 48.

Conventicle Act, 177, 179.

Cowton Moor, 200.

Crawford, defeat of, 107.

Creçy, battle of, 70, 72.

Cressingham, Hugh of, 40, 41.

Crevant, battle of, 90.

Cromarty, 193.

Cromwell, Oliver, 172, 173, 174, 187, 192, 193.

Cullen, 40.

Cumberland, 13, 23, 25, 151

---- ravaged, 78.

Cumbria, 6, 12, 17, 195.

Cupar, xxx, 198.

Dacre, Lord, 108, 111.

Dalkeith, 163.

Dalriada, kingdom of, 3, 4.

Dalry, defeat at, 51.

Dalrymple, Father James, xxix.

---- Sir John, of Stair, 185, 186.

"Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins", xxxv.

Darc, Joan, 90.

Darien Scheme, 184, 186, 187.

Darnley, 90.

---- Lord, 110, 119, 129, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143.

David I, xix, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxvii, xxviii, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,

24, 25, 26, 34, 85, 196, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213.

---- II, 59, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75.

---- Earl of Huntingdon, 24, 28, 34, 35, 206.

---- son of Alexander III, 31.

Davidstone, Robert, 202.

Davison, Secretary, 145.

Declaration of Indulgence, 179.

De Coucy, Enguerand, 29.

---- Marie, 29.

Dee, river, 7.

_De Northynbrorum Comitibus_, 7.

Derbyshire, 5.

Dingwall, defeat near, 87.

Don Carlos, 132.

Donald, Clan of, 87.

Donald Bane, 16, 48, 209.

---- of the Isles, xiv, xxv, xxx, 86, 87, 148, 199, 201, 202, 203.

Doon Hill, 173.

Douglas, David, 91.

---- Earl of, 78, 81, 82, 92.

---- 6th Earl William, 91.

---- 8th Earl William, 92, 95, 96, 97.

---- Gavin, xxvii.

---- House of, xxx, xxxiii, 83, 116.

---- Lord James, 51, 53, 57, 59, 67.

---- Lord James the Good, 92.

---- Lord James the Gross, 92.

---- Sir Archibald, 67.

Douglas, Sir George, 119.

---- Sir James, 55.

Douglases, the, xxiii, xxv, 82, 92, 93.

Drumclog, battle of, 178.

Dryburgh, Abbey of, 57, 58, 77.

Dumbarton, 119, 162.

Dumfries, 92, 168.

---- convent of, 48.

---- county of, 69.

Dunbar, 4, 136.

---- battle of (1296), 39.

---- battle of (1650), 173, 174.

---- burning of, 92.

---- castle of, 70, 71.

---- earldom of, 12.

---- William, xxxiv, xxxv, 102.

Dunbarton Castle, 139.

Dunblane, Bishop of, 206.

Duncan I, 8, 9.

Duncan, son of Malcolm III, 16.

---- of Lorne, xxxv.

Dundalk, defeat at, 57.

Dundee, xxiii, 170, 198.

---- castle of, 42.

---- meeting at, 54.

Dunkeld, Bishop of, 206.

Dunottar, castle of, 179.

Dunsinane, 9.

Dupplin Moor, battle of, 21, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 82, 108.

Durham, city of, 19, 72, 165.

---- Treaty of, 23.

Eadred, 6.

Earn, river, 66.

Edderton, xvii.

Edgar, 7, 205.

Edgar, son of Malcolm III, 16, 17, 18.

Edgar the Atheling, 11, 13.

Edinburgh, 4, 27, 45, 59, 76, 77, 113, 119, 125, 137, 151, 157, 161, 162,

165, 166, 172, 173, 175, 181.

---- Bishop of, 158.

---- castle of, 39, 54, 71, 81, 126, 136, 143, 182.

---- Convention at, 167.

---- county of, 69.

---- Presbytery of, 147.

---- riots in, 160.

---- Treaty of, 126, 127, 129.

---- University of, 183.

Edmund the Magnificent, 6, 16.

Edward I, x, xi, xii, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,

42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66,

70, 74, 179.

---- II, 32, 33, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59.

---- III, 59, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75.

---- IV, 61, 94, 95, 96, 97.

---- VI, 118, 131.

---- the Black Prince, 75.

---- the Elder, 5.

Edwin, 4.

Egfrith, 12.

Elgin, 40, 45, 70, 182.

Elizabeth, Queen, x, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,

136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146.

Elphinstone, Bishop, xxix, 105.

"English Wooing", the, 119.

Eric of Norway, 32, 34.

Esk, river, 115.

Eugenia, 201.

Eure, Sir Ralph, 120.

Eustace of Boulogne, 17.

Eustacius, 195.

Evandale, Lord, 113.

_Fair Maid of Perth_, 81.

Fairfax, Lord, 168.

Falaise, castle of, 26.

---- Treaty of, 27, 28.

Falkirk, battle of, xvii, 44, 55, 56, 66.

Falkland, 81.

Falls of Foyers, 213.

Fast Castle, 84.

Fénélon, La Mothe, 141.

Ferdinand of Spain, 99.

Feredach, 197.

Fergus, 197.

Fife, xi, xiii, xv, xvii, xviii, xix, xxiii, xxxiv, 103.

---- Celts of, 213.

---- Earl of, 78.

Fifeshire, 160.

Firth, Mr. C., 173.

FitzAlan, or Steward, 210.

Fitzalans, the, 18.

Fitzpatrick, Sir Roger, 49.

Five Mile Act, 177.

Flamborough Head, 83.

Fletcher of Saltoun, 184, 191.

Flodden, battle of, xxiv, 21, 72, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111.

Florence of Worcester, 7, 9.

_Flower_, the, 98.

"Flyting", xxxiv.

Fordun, John of, xxii, xxvii, xxx, 196, 208.

Forfar, xvii, xix.

Fort-William, 185.

Forth, Firth of, xii, 3, 5, 12, 21, 22, 42, 69, 84, 96, 98, 213.

Fotheringay Castle, 144.

"Foul Raid", the, 88.

Francis I, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114.

---- II, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128.

Fraser, Bishop, 34, 35.

Frasers, the, 87.

Frederick II, the Emperor, 35.

Freeman, Edward, x, xii, xv, xxiv, 6, 7, 85, 88.

Froude, Mr., 138.

Fyvie Castle, 169.

Galloway, xiii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 22, 25, 208, 209, 210.

---- Bishop of, 206.

Gascony, 75.

Gaul, 1.

Gaveston, Piers, 54.

Geddes, Jennie, 159.

Geneva, 123, 150.

George II, 212.

Gilbert of Galloway, 209.

Giraldus Cambrensis, xxvi, xxxii.

Glasgow, 51, 170.

---- Assembly at, 154, 161.

---- Bishop of, 206.

---- University of, xxxiv.

Glencoe, Massacre of, 184, 185.

Gloucester, Duke of, 96.

---- meeting at, 13.

Godwin, Earl, 205.

Gordon, Duke of, 182.

---- Lady Katharine, 99.

Gordons, the, xxiii, 168, 170.

Gospatric of Northumberland, 12.

Graham, John, of Claverhouse, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182.

_Great Michael_, the, 103.

Green, J.R., x, xi, xiii.

Gregory IX, 35.

Greyfriars, church of, 161, 178.

Gruoch, wife of Mormaor, 8.

Gueldres, Duke of, 102.

Guise, Mary of, 114, 116, 117, 124, 125, 126.

Gunpowder Plot, 150.

Gustavus Adolphus, 162.

Guthrie, James, 176.

Haddington, xxxi, 3.

---- county of, 69.

Hakon of Norway, 29.

Halidon Hill, battle of, 21, 68, 72, 90, 201.

Hall, the chronicler, 104.

Hamburg, 43.

Hamilton, Duke and Marquis of, 161, 163, 166, 171, 172.

Hamiltons, the, 133.

Hapsburgs, the, 129.

Harlaw, battle of, xiii, xxiv, xxv, xxix, xxxi, xxxii, 87, 88, 198, 199,

200, 201, 202, 203.

Hastings, John, 35.

Hebrides, xxix, 8.

Henderson, Alexander, 160, 161, 170.

Henry I, 17, 19.

Henry II, 23, 25, 26, 27, 208, 209.

---- III, 28, 29, 35, 36.

---- IV, xxv, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86.

---- V, 88, 89.

---- VI, 93, 94, 95.

---- VII, 61, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103.

---- VIII, x, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117,

118, 119, 120, 121, 131.

---- II of France, 122, 124, 125.

---- Prince of Scotland, 20, 23, 24.

Hereford, Earl of, 44.

---- siege of, 168, 170.

Herrings, battle of, 90.

Hertford, Earl of, 119, 120, 121.

Hexham Chronicle, 21.

---- monastery of, 43.

Holland, Richard, xxxiii.

Holyrood, 102, 133, 138, 155, 157.

Homildon Hill, battle of, 72, 82, 83, 90.

Hotspur, Sir Harry, 78, 82.

Howard, Sir Edmund, 106.

Hugo of Ross, 201.

Humber, river, xii.

Hume, the historian, 138.

Huntingdon, earldom of, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 35.

Huntly, Earl of, 99, 131.

---- Marquis of, 162, 163, 164, 169, 172.

Ida, 3.

Inchmahome priory, 122.

Ingibjorg, 16.

"Instrument" of Government, 175.

Inverary, 185.

---- Castle, 169.

Inverlochy, 169.

Inverness, 182.

Inverurie, defeat at, 53.

Irevin, Alexander, 198.

Irvine, submission of, 42.

Isabella, daughter of Earl David, 35.

---- of Spain, 99.

Italy, 18.

Jamaica, 187.

James I, 83, 84, 89, 90, 91, 93.

---- II, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 109.

---- III, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101.

---- IV, xxiv, xxvii, xxviii, xxxv, 62, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,

104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 117, 120.

---- V, xxvii, 97, 108, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 127.

---- VI, x, xxxiv, 19, 60, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,

153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 177, 181, 192, 193, 211.

---- VII, 178, 179, 180, 182.

---- Lord Hamilton, 109.

Janville, 90.

Jedburgh, 84.

Joanna, daughter of Edward II, 60.

---- daughter of John, 28.

John, 28, 35, 79, 195.

---- XXII, the Pope, 58.

---- of Brittany, 47.

---- of Carrick, 78.

---- of France, 79.

---- of Gaunt, 76, 89.

---- of the Isles, 95, 96.

---- of Wallingford, 7.

Johnson, Dr., 86.

Johnston, J.B., xvi, 4.

Johnston of Warriston, 170.

Julius II, 103, 104.

Keith, Sir Robert, 56.

Kennedy, Bishop, 95.

---- Walter, xxxiv, xxxv.

Kenneth Macalpine, 4.

Kenneth of Scotland, 7.

Ker of Faudonside, 135.

Kilblain, victory at, 69.

Kildrummie Castle, 51.

Killiecrankie, battle of, 182.

Kilsyth, victory at, 170.

Kinghorn, 66.

_Kings Quair_, 89.

Kinloss, Abbey of, 207.

Kinross, 193.

Kirkaldy of Grange, 142.

Kirkcudbright, xvii.

Knox, John, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 133, 146.

_Lady of the Lake_, the, xi, xxxvii, 86.

Lanark, 42.

Lanarkshire, 179.

Lang, Mr. Andrew, x, xi, 7, 41, 65, 92, 121, 204.

Langside, battle of, 139.

Largs, battle of, 29, 30.

Laud, Archbishop, 158, 159, 162.

Laurencekirk, xvii.

Leicester, Earl of, 132.

Leith, 119.

---- besieged, 126.

Lennox, Earl of, 106, 108, 109, 119, 133, 142, 143.

Lesley, John, xxix, 203.

Leslie, Alexander, 201.

---- Alexander, Earl of Leven, 162, 163, 166, 168, 170, 173, 174.

---- David, 170, 173.

---- family of, 86.

---- Walter, 201.

Leuchars, church of, 160.

Lincoln, battle of (1216), 28.

---- victory at, 23.

Linlithgow, 54, 137, 142.

---- Convention at, 154.

---- county of, 69.

Lochleven Castle, 137, 138, 139.

Lochmaben, 76.

---- battle of, 97.

---- Stone, battle of, 92.

Loch Ness, 169.

London, xxxvi, 46, 73, 78, 102, 166, 174, 176.

Longueville, Duc de, 114.

Lords of the Articles, 153, 181.

Lords Ordainers, 54.

Lothians, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, xvii, xix, xxxiv, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17, 22,

23, 77, 119, 170, 206.

Loudon Hill, battle of, 51.

Louis IX, 35.

Louis XI, 95.

Lubeck, 43.

MacAlexander, 197.

Macbeth, 8, 9.

MacDavid, 197.

MacDonald of Glencoe, 185.

MacDuff, Clan of, 209.

Macfadyane, xxxv.

MacGregor, Red Duncan, 4.

MacHenry, 197.

MacHeth, xxi, 206, 207, 208.

Mackay, General, 182.

Mackays, the, 87.

Mackenzies, the, 87.

MacLane, 198.

Madeline, daughter of Francis I, 113, 114.

Madoc of Wales, 38.

Mahomet, xxxv.

Maitland of Lethington, 130, 133, 142.

Major, John, xxvi, xxviii, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, 199.

Malcolm I, 6.

---- II, xii, 7, 8, 9.

---- III (Canmore), xvii, xix, xx, xxi, xxix, xxxvii, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,

16, 17, 48, 85, 196, 200, 204, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212.

---- IV, xxii, 24, 25, 26, 27, 208.

Malvile, Robert de, 198.

Man, Isle of, 55.

Mansfield, town of, 168.

Manton, Ralph de, 45.

Mar, Alexander, 203.

---- 10th Earl of, 50.

---- 11th Earl of, 65, 66, 67.

---- 12th Earl of, 87.

---- Earls of, xxx, 143, 202.

---- Isabella of, 50.

March, Edmund, Earl of, 80.

---- George, Earl of, 71, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88.

Margaret, daughter of Alexander III, 31.

---- daughter of Angus, 110, 119, 129, 133.

---- daughter of Christian I, 97.

---- daughter of David, 34.

---- daughter of Henry III, 31.

---- daughter of Henry VII, 99, 101, 102, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,

113, 114, 116, 124, 133.

---- daughter of James I, 90, 91.

---- daughter of William the Lion, 28.

---- grand-daughter of Alexander III, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36.

---- Saint, xix, xxvii, 27, 85.

---- wife of Canmore, xiv, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 205.

---- of Anjou, 94.

Marston Moor, battle of, 168.

Mary, Queen of Scots, xxix, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130,

131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141,

142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 165.

---- II, 180, 181.

---- daughter of Henry VIII, 113, 123, 124.

---- daughter of James II, 109.

---- wife of Eustace, 17.

---- of Gueldres, 95.

Matilda, the Empress, 19, 20, 23.

---- wife of Henry I, 17.

Maximilian the Emperor, 99.

Mearns, Earl of, 16.

---- the, xvii, 198.

Medici, Catherine de, 128.

Melrose Abbey, 77, 120.

Melun, siege of, 89.

Melville, Andrew, 147, 148.

Menteith, Lake of, 122.

---- Sir John, 46.

Methven, 50.

---- Lord, 113.

Midlothian, 3.

Millenary Petition, the, 148.

Mitton-on-Swale, battle of, 57, 72.

Monk, General, 174, 176.

Monmouth, Duke of, 179.

Montgomerie, Alexander, xxxiv, xxxvi.

Montrose, Marquis of, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172,

173, 176, 181.

Moors, the, 64.

Mor Tuath, 204.

Moray, Andrew of, 43.

---- Bishop of, 206.

---- Celts, 206, 208, 213.

---- earldom of, xxi, xxii, 8.

---- Firth, xii, xvii, 4, 84, 213.

---- Sir Andrew, 67, 70.

---- Thomas, 198, 202.

Morayshire, xxi, 25.

Mormaers, the, 204, 206.

Mortimers, the, 64, 65.

Morton, Earl of, 137, 138, 143.

Musselburgh, 65.

Namur, Guy de, 70.

Napoleon, 46.

National Covenant, 160, 162, 166, 178.

Navigation Act, 176.

Nectansmere, battle of, 12.

Nesbit, skirmish at, 82.

---- victory at, 73.

Neville, Archbishop, 72.

Neville's Cross, battle of, 72.

Newark, 168.

Newbattle Abbey, 77.

Newburn, battle of, 165.

Newcastle, 13, 165.

---- Propositions of, 170.

Newport, 171.

New York, 187.

Norfolk, Duke of, 143.

Norham Castle, 100, 105.

Normandy, 26, 40.

Northallerton, xxiv, 20, 21, 24, 72, 93.

Northampton, battle of, 93.

---- Treaty of, 59, 64, 65, 101.

Northumberland, xxii, 11, 12, 18, 19, 25, 67, 88, 93, 151, 206.

---- earldom of, 23, 26, 28.

---- Earl of, 78, 82, 83, 142.

Northumbria, xii, xxxiii, 4, 5.

Northumbria, Earl of, 7, 8, 9.

Nottingham, Earl of, 77.

Nova Scotia, 156.

Ogilby, Alexander, 198, 199, 202.

Ogilvie, John, 150.

Oman, Mr., xii, 21, 44.

Orkneys, 8, 97.

Orleans, siege of, 90.

Ormsby, William, 40, 41.

Otterburn, battle of, 78.

Owen of Strathclyde, 8.

Owre, Donald, xxxv.

Oxford, xxxiv.

Palestine, 18, 64.

Panama, Isthmus of, 187.

Paterson, William, 186, 187.

Pathay, victory of, 90.

Pavia, battle of, 112.

Peasants' Revolt, 76.

Pedro de Ayala, xxxii.

Peebles, 48.

---- county of, 69.

Pembroke, Earl of, 50, 51.

Pentland, battle of, 177.

---- Firth of, 5.

Percies, the, 77, 78, 82, 83, 92.

Percy, Henry, 72.

Perron, Cardinal, 150.

Perth, xxxi, 50, 54, 66, 91, 168, 169, 174, 208.

---- Five Articles of, 155, 162.

---- riots in, 124, 125.

---- surrender of, 71.

Pezron, Paul Ives, 2.

Philip IV, 38, 45.

Philiphaugh, defeat at, 170.

Pinkerton's suggestion, 56.

Pinkie, battle of, 21, 63, 122.

Piperden, victory of, 91.

Pitscottie, 94, 115.

_Post-nati_ case, 152.

Preston, battle of, 172.

Randolph, Earl of Moray, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 64, 65, 67, 71, 85.

---- Earl of Moray, the younger, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73.

---- the ambassador, 134.

Rathlin, island of, 51.

Ratisbon, xxix.

Regnold, King, 5.

Renfrew, 10.

Rhys, Dr., 3.

Richard I, 27, 35.

---- II, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82.

---- III, 97.

Richard of Hexham, 22.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 164.

Rizzio, David, 134, 135, 136, 138.

Robert II, the Steward, 59, 69, 72, 73, 75, 78, 86.

---- III, 78, 80, 81, 84, 210.

---- the High Steward, 59.

---- of Normandy, 13.

Robertson, E.W., xxi, xxii, xxxvii, 5, 209.

Rokeby, 72.

Ross, Bishop of, xxix, 206.

---- county of, xxiii, xxxi.

---- Duke of, 110.

---- earldom of, 86.

---- Earl of, 201, 202, 203, 210.

Rosslyn, defeat at, 45.

Rothesay, Duke of, 80, 81.

Rothiemurchus, 169.

Roxburgh, 39, 54, 91, 93.

---- castle of, 94.

---- county of, 69, 76, 115, 120.

---- skirmish at, 67.

Rudolfi, 143.

Rullion Green, battle of, 177.

Ruthven, Earl of, 135.

St. Abb's Head, 84.

St. Albans, 1st battle of, 93.

---- 2nd battle of, 94.

St. Andrews, 34, 118, 120, 121, 125, 177.

---- Archbishop of, 176, 206.

---- castle of, 95.

St. Duthac, 51.

St. Germains, 191.

St. Giles' Collegiate Church, 158, 159.

St. James's, 191.

Salisbury, Earl of, 70.

---- meeting at, 32.

Sark, battle of, 92.

Scone, 32, 40, 42, 66, 174.

_Scoti-chronicon_, xxx.

Scott, Sir Walter, xviii, 81, 212.

Scrymgeour, James, 198.

Seaforth, Earl of, 169.

Segrave, Sir John, 45.

Selkirk, county of, 69.

Seymour, Jane, 114.

Shakespeare, 9.

Sharpe, James, 176, 177.

Shetlands, 8, 97.

Shrewsbury, battle of, 83.

Siward of Northumbria, 9, 18, 20.

Skene's _Celtic Scotland_, 204, 210.

Skye, xviii, xxvii, 86.

Slains, rout at, 53.

Smith, Mr. G. Gregory, 98, 104.

Solemn League and Covenant, 167, 172, 173, 178.

Solway, the, 139.

---- Moss, battle of, 115, 117.

Somerled of Argyll, 25, 41, 208.

Somerset, Earl of, 88.

Sophia of Hanover, 190.

Spain, 46, 64, 104, 128, 131, 132, 146.

Spey, river, 173.

Standard, battle of, 20, 21, 24, 85, 195.

Stanley, 106.

Stephen, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25.

Stewart, Henry, 113.

---- Lord James, 127, 130, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142.

---- Murdoch, 82.

---- Sir John, 90.

Stirling, 113, 173, 174.

---- battle of, 42, 44.

---- castle of, 34, 45, 55, 71.

Stracathro, 39.

Stradarniae comes, 195.

Strathclyde, 5, 6, 8, 9, 23.

Strathern, Earl of, 22.

Strathon, Alexander, 202.

Strickland, Miss, 145.

Stuart, Alexander, 202.

Stuarts, the, xx, 18, 100.

Suffolk, Earl of, 78.

Surrey, Earl of, 100, 106, 107, 108, 112.

Sybilla, daughter of Henry I, 17.

Symeon of Durham, 7, 205.

Tables, the, 160.

Tain, xvii, 51.

_Tales of a Grandfather_, xviii.

Tay, xi, xii, xiii, xxx.

Tees, 23, 165.

Test Act, 178, 179.

Teviotdale, 23.

"The Incident", 166.

Thirty Years' War, 162.

Throckmorton, 126.

Till, river, 106.

Tippermuir, victory at, 168.

Tomintoul, 87.

Toulouse, 25, 208.

Touraine, Duke of, 90.

Towton, battle of, 94.

Tudors, the, 63.

Turnberry, xvii.

Turriff, battle of, 163.

Tweed, 13, 69, 158, 165, 168, 173.

Tweeddale, 53.

"Tyneman the Unlucky", 67.

Ulster, Plantation of, 150, 156.

Uxbridge, Proposals of, 168.

Vendome, Duc de, 113.

Verneuil, battle of, 90.

Vienne, John de, 77.

Virgil, Polydore, xxxii, 101.

Wales, 1, 81.

Wallace, William, xxxiii, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 54, 55, 62.

Walter l'Espec, 20.

---- of Coventry, 209.

Waltheof, 18.

Warbeck, Perkin, 61, 99, 100.

Warenne, John of, 40, 43.

Wark, attack on, 112.

---- capture of, 94.

Warkworth, castle of, 92.

_Waverley_, xviii, xxxvii.

Wentworth, Lord Strafford, 161.

Wessex, 5.

Westminster, 36.

---- Abbey, 36, 40, 52, 60.

---- Assembly, 167.

Westmoreland, 25, 78.

---- Earl of, 142.

Wigtown, martyrs of, 178.

Winchester, Bishop of, 148.

---- Chronicle, 5.

---- defeat at, 23.

Wishart, George, 120.

William I, xiv, xv, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17.

---- III, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188, 191.

William the Lion, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 205, 209, 210, 213.

---- Earl of Ross, 201.

---- of Albemarle, 20.

---- of Newburgh, xix.

---- Rufus, 13, 16.

Wood, Sir Andrew, 98.

Woodstock, homage at, 25.

Woodville, Elizabeth, 97.

Worcester, battle of, 174, 175.

Wyntoun, 84.

_Yellow Carvel_, 98.

York, 168.

York, Archbishop of, 57.

---- Duke of, 98.

---- meeting at, 114.

---- reconciliation of, 93.

---- siege of, 168.

---- Treaty of, 29.

Yorkshire, xv, xxii, 57, 58, 206.