HUNTING
Scarcity of animal life—Bush-burning—Game in ancient times—No
bush-burning on Upper Congo—Scarcity of game—Absence of prairie
lands—Large forests—Division of an animal—Mode of preserving
meat—Omen of success or failure—Taboo on trap makers—Fetishing
hunting-dog—Spears used for some animals—String nets for others.
Those parts of the Congo with which I am acquainted are not teeming with
animal life, so far as my experience goes. I cannot claim the rôle of an
ardent sportsman, yet I carried my gun many a weary mile in search of
supplies for my table, nor did I often return unsuccessful.
The natives, both on the Upper and Lower Congo, give much time to
hunting, and are fairly successful when there is game about. Undoubtedly
the annual grass-burning on the Lower Congo has gradually and surely
reduced the game, so that a party of hunters does not now bring home an
antelope once in two months, although they might be out almost every
day. In August, September, and early October hundreds of miles of bush
are burnt to the ground. Every town has its own “bush,” and after
burning a circle round their town to secure it against fire when the
“bush” is blazing before a rushing wind, the town-folk arrange to fire
one “patch of bush” after another, until the whole country is black with
charred grass stumps. When a patch is burnt it is surrounded by the
chief and his men owning it, and they shoot down the antelopes,
bush-pigs, palm-rats, gazelles, etc., as they rush by in terror from the
oncoming flames. This annual bush-burning has been going on for
generations, and accounts for the scarcity of animal life on the Lower
Congo.
In a book[31] I have before me there are evidences that animal life was
very prolific at the time of the narrator’s visit to the Kingdom of
Congo. He gives various accounts of the mode of hunting then followed on
the Lower Congo, but does not mention any bush-burning, so apparently
this mode of hunting came into vogue at a later date. He also speaks of
the lion and zebra as being plentiful; these now, however, are never
seen on the Lower Congo. He mentions the tiger (?) as being very
numerous and fierce; but as he gives the native name—_engoi_—we know
that he is speaking of the leopard, which is regarded still as a royal
beast, and is always spoken of as _mfumu_ (lord).
Footnote 31:
“A Report of the Kingdom of Congo from the writings etc. of Duarte
Lopez by Filippo Pigafetta, in Rome 1591.”
On the Upper Congo are many hippopotami—in a quiet side channel in 1890
we counted over one hundred of these huge beasts on a single sandbank;
and as we passed the noise of our steamer frightened them. They took to
the water, churned it in their alarm, and thumped the bottom of our
steamer repeatedly. Crocodiles are very numerous, and are frequently
killed from the decks of steamers passing up and down the river. They
are more cautious than formerly, and make for the river on the slightest
alarm. Many water-birds are to be seen along the banks, and in the
quieter creeks and channels monkeys of various species sit chattering in
the trees. The numerous steamers that now run up and down the river and
its larger tributaries have frightened the hippo, the crocodile, and
monkeys from the main channels to the smaller ones, and the hunter must
now go by canoe, boat, or small launch up these unfrequented water
bypaths if he is in search of sport.
There is no bush-burning on the Upper Congo, for the greater part of it
is forest land, with here and there an open glade of forty or fifty
acres in extent. Animal life, however, is not prolific, and this may be
accounted for, perhaps, by these reasons: There are no great prairie or
bush-lands where animals can breed in comparative security, and the
Equatorial district for hundreds of miles is periodically flooded. About
every ten or eleven years the banks are under water. I have had to go
about my own station in a boat, and I have eaten antelopes and bush-pigs
that were caught and killed just off our station in the over-swollen
river. In August, 1890, the river at Monsembe was eleven feet below the
bank, but every year its highest rise was higher than the previous year,
until in November, 1896, and again in 1897, the river was running under
our houses. Then for a few years its highest watermark was lower than
the preceding year; and in 1903 it took the turn, and the country was
flooded again in 1908. During the 1896 flood we learned from the natives
that the river “was flooded like this when So-and-so was a boy that
height.” We judged that to be about ten years before.
These floods have undoubtedly helped to keep down the animal life of the
Equatorial district, and, in addition, it is probable that forest lands
are not such good breeding-places as the open veldt lands of South
Africa, where the enemy cannot so easily take an animal by surprise.
There are in every Boloki town two or three men who are the recognized
hunters, either because of their success, their swiftness of movement,
their accuracy of aim, or their daring courage. These men are the
leaders in the hunt, and always receive a larger share of the spoil than
the ordinary man.
The owner of the slain animal is he whose spear first enters a vital
part, and though the others have a share according to their importance,
yet he takes the largest portion for himself. Various relatives,
head-men, and chiefs have rights over certain parts of an animal killed
by a relative or a member of the town. These portions vary considerably
with the different families and towns. A child takes a leg or a shoulder
of the animal slain by his father, a mother receives the belly-piece or
the neck from her successful son. These bespoke portions that belong to
the family are called _bilelo_. The head-man of the town receives the
head or a leg, and his portion is called _motando_. After the fortunate
hunter has met these claims, and has given his companions in the hunt a
piece each, there is often not much left for himself. There is no close
season for hunting.
The boundaries of the town are well defined, and the islands belonging
to a town are well known to all the other towns in the neighbourhood. If
an animal is killed on ground owned by a town other than that to which
the huntsman belongs, he has to send a portion of it—generally the
head—to the chief who claims the land.
The only mode I observed among them for preserving the meat is that of
thoroughly drying it, or smoking it, over a fire. As a rule not much
meat is preserved in this way, as the animal is usually eaten all up in
three or four days. Those who have more than they can eat are always
willing to sell some of it to the less fortunate, and buyers are
numerous.
Men going to hunt carry their special charms with them, either on their
person or on their spears. These charms are almost as numerous as there
are huntsmen; you will scarcely find two men in a party who have faith
in the same kind of charm. But there are certain ceremonies performed in
which all the huntsmen take part.
In the case of a special hunt, say for killing elephants, a medicine man
was called who took two or three days to perform an elaborate ritual and
“make medicine.” This only occurred once during my residence at
Monsembe, and then the hunt was not successful. Although I inquired
about what the medicine man did, the people were too suspicious of me to
inform me about his proceedings. I found later that the natives thought
that the spirits of the deceased who inhabited the forests had power to
turn the animals aside from the traps and thus render them ineffective,
so the first thing to be done when arranging a hunt was to call the
medicine man of the mat. This medicine man brought his mats, charms,
some saucepans and calabashes. He set up his mat, and entering the
enclosed space he went through secret rites that lasted from one to
three days. During these secret ceremonies he caught the spirits of the
locality where the trap was set (or was to be set), and shut them up in
a saucepan, or secured them safely in a calabash.
Again, all those concerned in the hunt had to chew red pepper and the
pulp of the _nsafu_ fruit, and if anyone refused to eat this mixture or
could not spit it out properly it was taken as an adverse omen and the
hunt abandoned. When the medicine man had secured the spirits in his
saucepan or calabash, and the omen was satisfactory, the man who started
the proceedings and two or three friends went and put up the spear-trap.
From the time of setting the trap until an animal was killed in it and
eaten, these men abstained from all intercourse with women, otherwise
the luck would be bad and their trap unsuccessful. The same prohibition
was enforced on hunters who made traps (_motambu_ = noose-traps) for
bush-pigs and burrowing animals.
The natives are not good trackers. I very often hunted with them, and
after a short time I was able to track the game as quickly as they. They
relied more on the animal running into a trap, or into a noose, than
tracking them down and spearing them. They never went tracking for long
distances like the North American Indians, but simply for a mile or two
round their own towns. Undoubtedly the various chiefs owning the ground
and demanding certain parts of the animals killed on their land
restricted the tracking and hunting to small areas for setting traps
only, and consequently their tracking instincts were not developed.
The medicine man of the mat takes the dog selected for hunting purposes
and puts into its mouth and nose the juice pressed from a crushed shrub
called _mumpongo_, and this makes the dog keen of scent and courageous
in the hunt. When such a dog dies it is not eaten like other dogs, but
is buried in a mat like a child, for it is a fetish dog, and hence it is
supposed to have a kind of spirit which, if not properly treated, can
bring bad luck on its former owner.
For hippopotami, elephants, and antelopes spring traps were placed
across their tracks. These traps are made by putting two stout uprights
about four feet apart, one on either side of the track; then a stout
cross-piece is tied at about twelve feet from the ground. To the middle
of this cross-piece and right over the track is fixed a heavy log of
wood; and into the downward end of the log is placed a strong, sharp,
heavy spear or prong. The log is so arranged that when the string which
stretches across the path is touched by the passing animal, down comes
the log, and four times out of six the spear enters the body of the
beast. I once saw the body of a man who, while running in the forest,
had inadvertently touched the spring of one of these traps. The spear
caught him in the back of the neck, passed through his body, and came
out between his legs. Such traps were called _mbonga_. Occasionally
pit-traps are made, but it is seldom that anything is found in them.
In hunting the larger bush animals, and also crocodiles, the spear is
the most common weapon, and this is hurled with great precision and
swiftness. But in hunting smaller game, as the small antelopes, coypus,
or palm-rats, bush-pigs, and gazelle-like animals, long string nets are
employed. These nets are placed in a semicircle near where the animal is
supposed to be, and then the hunters carefully beat the bush, driving
the game before them into the net. Most of the hunting-spears are light,
with a small blade and thin shaft, and some have barbs along either side
of the blade.
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