FOSSIL SHELL-FISH (MOLLUSCA).
=Molluscan Characters.--=
The phylum or sub-kingdom Mollusca is a group of soft-bodied animals
(mollis, soft), which, although having no external skeleton, usually
possess the protective covering of a shell. This shell is secreted
from the outer skin or mantle, and is composed of carbonate of lime
(calcareous) with a varying proportion of organic material.
=Hard Parts.--=
Fossil molluscan remains consist practically of the shells, but the
calcareous apertural lid (operculum) of some kinds is often preserved, as
in _Turbo_ and _Hyolithes_; or the horny lids of others, as _Bithynia_
of the European Pleistocene "brick earths." The cuttle-fishes have hard,
horny beaks and internal bones, and the latter are frequently found fossil
in Australia.
=Characters of Pelecypoda.--=
The class for first consideration is the important one of the Bivalved
Mollusca, the _LAMELLIBRANCHIATA_ ("plate-gills") or _PELECYPODA_
("hatchet foot"). The shells are double, hinged dorsally and placed on
either side of the animal, that is, they are left and right. The height is
measured on a vertical line drawn from the beaks or umbones to the ventral
margin. The length is the greatest distance between the margins parallel
with a line drawn through the mouth and posterior adductor impression. The
thickness is measured by a line at right angles to the line of height. The
shell being placed mouth forward, the valves are thus left and right. The
anterior is usually shorter, excepting in some cases, as in _Donax_ and
_Nucula_.
=Hinge Structure.--=
In the absence of the animal, the character of the hinge-structure is very
important. Some are without teeth (edentulous). The oldest forms have been
grouped as the "Palaeoconcha," and it has been shown that here, although
well-developed teeth were absent, the radial ribs of the surface and
ventral areas were carried over to the dorsal margin and became a fixed
character in the form of crenulations or primitive teeth.
The taxodont type of hinge teeth shows alternating teeth and sockets, as
in _Nucula_.
The schizodont type is seen in the heavy, variable teeth of _Trigonia_ and
_Schizodus_.
The isodont type of hingement is a modification of the taxodont,
represented by two ridges originally divergent below the beak, and
forming an interlocking series of two pairs of teeth and sockets as in
_Spondylus_; or where the primitive hinge disappears as in _Pecten_, the
divergent ridge-teeth (crura) may only partially develop.
The dysodonts have a feeble hinge-structure derived from the external
sculpture impinging on the hinge-line, as in _Crenella_.
The pantodonta are an ancient palaeozoic group which seems allied to the
modern teleodont or long toothed shells, but the laterals may exceed a
pair in a single group, as in _Allodesma_.
The diogenodonta have lateral and cardinal teeth upon a hinge-plate, but
never more than two laterals and three cardinals in any one group, as in
_Crassatellites_.
The cyclodonta have extremely arched teeth, which curve out from under the
beaks, as in _Cardium_.
[Illustration: =Fig. 90--LOWER PALAEOZOIC BIVALVES.=
A--Ambonychia macroptera, Tate. Cambrian. S. Australia
B--Grammysia cuneiformis, Eth. fil. Silurian. Victoria
C--Panenka gippslandica, McCoy sp. Silurian. Victoria
D--Nucula melbournensis, Chapm. Silurian. Victoria
E--Nuculites maccoyianus. Chapm. Silurian. Victoria
F--Palaeoneilo victoriae, Chapm. Silurian. Victoria
]
The teleodonts include the more highly developed types of hinge, with
attenuated teeth and sockets. Common shells of our coast, and from
Cainozoic beds, belonging to this group are _Venus_, _Mactra_ and
_Meretrix_.
The asthenodonta are boring and burrowing molluscs that have lost the
hinge dentition from disuse as _Corbula_ and _Pholas_.
=Cambrian Bivalve.--=
The earliest example of a bivalved shell in Australian rocks is
_Ambonychia macroptera_ (Fig. 90 A), which occurs in the Cambrian
Limestone of Curramulka, S. Australia. It is quite a small form, being
less than a quarter of an inch in length.
=Ordovician Bivalve.--=
In the basal Ordovician mudstone of Heathcote, Victoria, there is
a bivalve which in some respects resembles a _Modiolopsis_ (?_M.
knowsleyensis_), but the exact relationship is still doubtful.
=Silurian Bivalves.--=
The Silurian sandstones, mudstones, slates and limestones of Australia
and New Zealand, unlike the older rocks just mentioned, contain a
rich assemblage of bivalve fossils. In Victoria the lower division or
Melbournian stage contains the following principal genera:--_Orthonota_,
_Grammysia_, _Leptodomus_, _Edmondia_, _Cardiola_, _Ctenodonta_,
_Nuculites_, _Nucula_, _Palaeoneilo_, _Conocardium_, _Modiolopsis_ and
_Paracyclas_. The upper division or Yeringian stage contains other
species of similar genera to those in the Melbournian, as _Grammysia_,
_Palaeoneilo_ and _Conocardium_; whilst _Panenka_, _Mytilarca_,
_Sphenotus_, _Actinodesma_, _Lunulicardium_, _Actinopteria_ and
Cypricardinia are, so far as known, peculiar to this and a still higher
stage. _Cardiola_ is a widely distributed genus, occurring as well in
Tasmania; whilst in Europe it is found both in Bohemia and Great Britain.
Its time-range in the northern hemisphere is very extensive, being found
in beds ranging from Upper Ordovician to Devonian. _Actinopteria_ is found
also in New South Wales and New Zealand, and _Pterinea_ and _Actinodesma_
in New South Wales.
The molluscs with a taxodont hinge-line (beset with numerous little
teeth and sockets) are quite plentiful in the Australian Silurian; such
as _Nucula_, a form common around Melbourne (_N. melbournensis_ (Fig.
90 D)); _Nuculites_, which has an internal radial buttress or clavicle
separating the anterior muscle-scar from the shell-cavity, and which is
found likewise in the Melbourne shales (_N. maccoyianus_ (Fig. 90 E));
_Ctenodonta_, represented in both the Melbournian and Yeringian stages
(_C. portlocki_); and _Palaeoneilo_, a handsome, subrostrate generic
type with concentric lamellae or striae, commonest in the Melbournian,
but occasionally found in the younger stage (_P. victoriae_ Fig. 90 F,
Melbournian;--_P. raricostae_, Yeringian). _Conocardium_ is represented
by two species in Victoria (_C. bellulum_ and _C. costatum_); whilst in
New South Wales _C. davidis_ is found at Oakey Creek. In New Zealand
_Actinopteria_ and _Pterinea_ occur in the Wangapeka series (Silurian).
=Devonian Bivalves.--=
The compact limestone and some shales of Middle Devonian age in the N.E.
Gippsland area in Victoria, contain several as yet undescribed species
belonging to the genera _Sphenotus_, _Actinodesma_ and _Paracyclas_.
[Illustration: =Fig. 91--PALAEOZOIC BIVALVES.=
A--Mytilarca acutirostris, Chapm. Silurian. Victoria
B--Modiolopsis melbournensis, Chapm. Silurian. Victoria
C--Goniophora australis, Chapm. Silurian. Victoria
D--Paracyclas siluricus, Chapm. Silurian. Victoria
E--Actinopteria australis, Dun. Devonian. New South Wales
F--Lyriopecten gracilis, Dun. Devonian. New South Wales
]
The genera _Paracyclas_, _Aviculopecten_ and _Pterinea_ have been recorded
from New South Wales, chiefly from the Yass district. The derived
boulders found in the Upper Cretaceous beds forming the opal-fields at
White Cliffs, New South Wales, have been determined as of Devonian age.
They contain, amongst other genera, examples of _Actinopteria_ (_A.
australis_), _Lyriopecten_ (_L. gracilis_) (Fig. 91 F), and _Leptodesma_
(_L. inflatum_ and _L. obesum_).
[Illustration: =Fig. 92--CARBOPERMIAN BIVALVES.=
A--Stutchburia farleyensis, Eth. fil. Carbopermian. N.S. Wales
B--Deltopecten limaeformis, Morris sp. Carbopermian. N.S. Wales
C--Aviculopecten sprenti, Johnston. Carbopermian. N.S. Wales
D--Chaenomya etheridgei, de Kon. Carbopermian. N.S. Wales
E--Pachydomus globosus J. de C. Sow. Carbopermian. N.S. Wales
]
=Carbopermian Bivalves.--=
One of the most prolific palaeozoic series for bivalved mollusca is the
Carbopermian. To select from the numerous genera and species we may
mention _Stutchburia farleyensis_ (Fig. 92 A) and _Edmondia nobilissima_
from Farley, New South Wales; and _Deltopecten limaeformis_ (Fig. 92
B), found in the Lower Marine Series at Ravensfield, New South Wales,
and in the Upper Marine Series at Burragorang and Pokolbin in the same
State, in Queensland at the Mount Britton Gold-field, and in Maria Id.,
Tasmania. _Deltopecten fittoni_ occurs in both series in New South Wales,
and in the Upper Marine Series associated with "Tasmanite shale" in
Tasmania. _Aviculopecten squamuliferus_ is a handsome species found alike
in Tasmania and New South Wales; whilst _A. tenuicollis_ is common to
W. Australia and New South Wales. Other characteristic bivalves of the
Carbopermian of New South Wales are _Chaenomya etheridgei_ (Fig. 92 D)
and _Pachydomus globosus_ (Fig. 92 E). The gigantic _Eurydesma cordatum_
is especially characteristic of the New South Wales Lower Marine Series,
and is also found in Tasmania. All three species are found in Queensland.
=Triassic Bivalves.--=
The Triassic rocks of New South Wales were accumulated under either
terrestrial, lacustrine, or brackish (estuarine) conditions. Hence the
only bivalved mollusca found are referred to the freshwater genera _Unio_
(_U. dunstani_) and _Unionella_ (_U. bowralensis_ and _U. carnei_ (Fig. 93
A)). The latter genus differs from Unio in the structure of the adductor
muscle-impressions.
[Illustration: =Fig. 93--LOWER MESOZOIC BIVALVES.=
A--Unionella carnei, Eth. fil. Triassic. New South Wales
B--Mytilus problematicus, Zittel. Triassic. New Zealand
C--Monotis salinaria, Zittel. Triassic. New Zealand
D--Trigonia moorei, Lycett. Jurassic. W. Australia
E--Astarte cliftoni, Moore. Jurassic. W. Australia
]
The Queensland Trias (Burrum Formation) contains a solitary species of
bivalved mollusca, _Corbicula burrumensis_. This genus is generally found
associated with freshwater or brackish conditions.
In New Zealand marine Triassic beds occur, containing, amongst other
genera, a species of _Leda_. In the succeeding Wairoa Series the
interesting fossil, _Daonella lommeli_ occurs. This shell is typical of
the Norian (Upper Trias) of the Southern Tyrol. Above the _Daonella_ bed
occurs the _Trigonia_ bed, with that genus and _Edmondia_. In the next
younger stage, the Otapiri Series, near Nelson, there are fine-grained
sandstones packed full of the remains of _Mytilus problematicus_ (Fig. 93
B) and _Monotis salinaria_ (Fig. 93 C), the latter also a Norian fossil.
=Jurassic Bivalves.--=
Jurassic bivalved molluscs are plentiful in the W. Australian limestones,
as at Greenough River. Amongst others may be mentioned _Cucullaea
semistriata_, _Ostrea_, _Gryphaea_, _Trigonia moorei_ (Fig. 93 D), _Pecten
cinctus_, _Ctenostreon pectiniforme_ and _Astarte cliftoni_ (Fig. 93 E).
Several of the species found are identical with European Jurassic fossils.
Jurassic strata in Victoria, being of a freshwater and lacustrine nature,
yield only species of _Unio_, as _U. dacombei_, and _U. stirlingi_.
The Jurassic beds of S. Australia contain a species of _Unio_ named _U.
eyrensis_. In the same strata which contains this shell, plant remains
are found, as _Cladophlebis_ and _Thinnfeldia_, two well-known types of
Jurassic ferns.
=Lower Cretaceous Bivalves.--=
In Queensland the Lower Cretaceous limestones and marls contain a large
assemblage of bivalves, the more important of which are _Nucula truncata_
(Fig. 94 A), _Maccoyella reflecta_ (Fig. 94 B), _M. barkleyi_, _Pecten
socialis_ and _Fissilunula clarkei_ (Fig. 94 C), from Wollumbilla; and
_Inoceramus pernoides_, _I. carsoni_ and _Aucella hughendenensis_ from the
Flinders River (the latter also from New South Wales).
In the Lake Eyre District of S. Australia we find _Maccoyella barkleyi_,
which also occurs in Queensland and New South Wales (at White Cliffs),
_Trigonia cinctuta_, _Mytilus rugocostatus_ and _Modiola eyrensis_. The
handsome bivalve, _Pleuromya plana_ occurs near Broome in W. Australia.
[Illustration: =Fig. 94--CRETACEOUS BIVALVES.=
A--Nucula truncata, Moore. L. Cretaceous. South Australia
B--Maccoyella reflecta, Moore sp. Up. and L. Cretaceous. Q'land.
C--Fissilunula clarkei, Moore sp. Up. and L. Cretaceous. Q'land.
D--Inoceramus carsoni, McCoy. L. Cretaceous. Queensland
E--Cyrenopsis opallites, Eth. fil. Up. Cretaceous. New South Wales
F--Conchothyra parasitica, Hutton. Cretaceous. New Zealand
]
=Upper Cretaceous Bivalves.--=
The Upper Cretaceous or Desert Sandstone at Maryborough, Queensland,
has yielded amongst others, the following shells:--(_Nucula gigantea_,
_Maccoyella reflecta_ also found in the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland,
New South Wales and S. Australia), and _Fissilunula clarkei_ (also found
in the L. Cretaceous of New South Wales, Queensland and S. Australia).
Some of these beds, however, which were hitherto believed to belong
to the Upper and Lower Series respectively may yet prove to be on one
horizon--the Lower Cretaceous. _Cyrenopsis opallites_ (Fig. 94 E) of White
Cliffs, New South Wales, appears to be a truly restricted Upper Cretaceous
species.
The Cretaceous of New Zealand (Amuri System) contains _Trigonia sulcata_,
_Inoceramus_ sp. and the curious, contorted shell, _Conchothyra
parasitica_ (Fig. 94 F) which is related to _Pugnellus_, a form usually
considered as a sub-genus of _Strombus_.
From Papua an _Inoceramus_ has been recorded from probable Cretaceous beds.
=Cainozoic Bivalves.--=
In Victoria, South Australia, and the N.W. of Tasmania, as well as in
New Zealand, Cainozoic marine beds are well developed, and contain an
extensive bivalved molluscan fauna. Of these fossils only a few common and
striking examples can here be noticed, on account of the limits of the
present work.
The commonest genera are:--_Ostrea_, _Placunanomia_, _Dimya_, _Spondylus_,
_Lima_, _Pecten_, _Arca_, _Barbatia_, _Plagiarca_, _Cucullaea_,
_Glycimeris_, _Limopsis_, _Nucula_, _Leda_, _Trigonia_, _Cardita_, _Cuna_,
_Crassatellites_, _Cardium_, _Protocardium_, _Chama_, _Meretrix_, _Venus_
(_Chione_), _Dosinea_, _Gari_, _Mactra_, _Corbula_, _Lucina_, _Tellina_,
_Semele_ and _Myodora_.
[Illustration: =Fig. 95--CAINOZOIC BIVALVES.=
A--Dimya dissimilis, Tate. Balcombian. Victoria
B--Spondylus pseudoradula, McCoy. Balcombian. Victoria
C--Pecten polymorphoides, Zittel. Janjukian. South Australia
D--Leda vagans, Tate. Janjukian. South Australia
E--Modiola praerupta, Pritchard. Balcombian. Victoria
]
=Persistent Species.--=
To mention a few species of persistent range, from Balcombian to
Kalimnan, we may cite the following from the Cainozoic of southern
Australia:--_Dimya dissimilis_ (Fig. 95 A), _Spondylus pseudoradula_ (Fig.
95 B), _Lima (Limatula) jeffreysiana_, _Pecten polymorphoides_ (found also
in the Oamaru Series, New Zealand) (Fig. 95 C), _Amusium zitteli_ (found
also in both the Waimangaroa and Oamaru Series of New Zealand), _Barbatia
celleporacea_, _Cucullaea corioensis_, _Limopsis maccoyi_, _Nucula
tenisoni_, _Leda vagans_ (Fig. 95 D), _Corbula ephamilla_ and _Myodora
tenuilirata_.
=Balcombian Bivalves.--=
On the other hand, many species have a restricted range, and these are
invaluable for purposes of stratigraphical correlation. For example,
in the Balcombian we have _Modiola praerupta_ (Fig. 95 E), _Modiolaria
balcombei_, _Cuna regularis_, _Cardium cuculloides_, _Cryptodon
mactraeformis_, _Verticordia pectinata_ and _V. excavata_.
[Illustration: =Fig. 96--CAINOZOIC BIVALVES.=
A--Modiola pueblensis, Pritchard. Janjukian. Victoria
B--Cardita tasmanica, Tate. Janjukian. Tasmania
C--Lucina planatella, Tate. Janjukian. Tasmania
D--Ostrea manubriata, Tate. Kalimnan. Victoria
E--Limopsis beaumariensis, Chap. Kalimnan. Victoria
F--Venus (Chione) subroborata, Tate sp. Kalimnan. Victoria
]
=Janjukian Bivalves.--=
In the Janjukian Series restricted forms of bivalves are exceptionally
numerous, amongst them being:--_Dimya sigillata_, _Plicatula ramulosa_,
_Lima polynema_, _Pecten praecursor_, _P. eyrei_, _P. gambierensis_,
_Pinna cordata_, _Modiola pueblensis_ (Fig. 96 A), _Arca dissimilis_,
_Limopsis multiradiata_, _L. insolita_, _Leda leptorhyncha_, _L.
crebrecostata_, _Cardita maudensis_, _C. tasmanica_ (Fig. 96 B), _Cuna
radiata_, _Lepton crassum_, _Cardium pseudomagnum_, _Venus (Chione)
multitaeniata_, _Solenocurtus legrandi_, _Lucina planatella_ (Fig. 96 C),
_Tellina porrecta_ and _Myodora lamellata_.
In Papua a _Pecten_ (_P. novaeguineae_) has been recorded from the ? Lower
Pliocene of Yule Island.
=Kalimnan Bivalves.--=
The Kalimnan beds contain the following restricted or upward ranging
species:--_Ostrea arenicola_, _O. manubriata_ (Fig. 96 D), _Pecten
antiaustralis_ (also in the Werrikooian Series), _Perna percrassa_,
_Mytilus hamiltonensis_, _Glycimeris halli_, _Limopsis beaumariensis_
(also Werrikooian) (Fig. 96 E), _Leda crassa_ (also living), _Trigonia
howitti_, _Cardita solida_, _C. calva_ (also living), _Erycina micans_,
_Meretrix paucirugata_, _Sunetta gibberula_, _Venus (Chione) subroborata_
(Fig. 96 F), _Donax depressa_, _Corbula scaphoides_ (also living), _Barnea
tiara_, _Lucina affinis_, _Tellina albinelloides_ and _Myodora corrugata_.
=Werrikooian Bivalves.--=
The next stage, the Werrikooian (Upper Pliocene), contains a large
percentage of living species, as _Ostrea angasi_, _Placunanomia ione_
(ranging down into Janjukian), _Glycimeris radians_, _Leda crassa_ (also
a common Kalimnan fossil), various species of _Venus (Chione)_, as _V.
strigosa_ and _V. placida_, and _Barnea australasiae_.
=Pleistocene Bivalves.--=
The bivalved shells of the Pleistocene are similar to those now found
living round the Australian coast, as _Pecten asperrimus_, _Mytilus
latus_, _Leda crassa_, _Soletellina biradiata_ and _Spisula parva_.
Pleistocene shells of bivalved genera occur in the coastal hills of Papua,
including the following:--_Cultellus_, _Corbula_, _Mactra_, _Tellina_,
_Venus (Chione)_, _Dione_, _Dosinea_, _Leda_ and _Arca_.
The _SCAPHOPODS_ ("digger foot") or the "Elephant-tusk shells" are
adapted, by their well-developed foot, to burrow into the mud and sand.
[Illustration: =Fig. 97--FOSSIL SCAPHOPODS and CHITONS.=
A--Dentalium huttoni, Bather. Jurassic. New Zealand
B--Dentalium mantelli, Zittel. Cainozoic. Victoria
C--Chelodes calceoloides, Eth. fil. Silurian. New South Wales
D--Ischnochiton granulosus, Ashby and Torr sp. Cainozoic (Balc).
Victoria
E--Cryptoplax pritchardi, Hall. Cainozoic (Kalimnan). Victoria
]
=Devonian Scaphopods.--=
This group of mollusca makes its first appearance in Australasian
sediments in the Middle Devonian (Murrumbidgee beds) of New South Wales,
represented by _Dentalium tenuissimum_.
=Jurassic Scaphopods.--=
In the Jurassic strata of the Mataura Series of New Zealand, _Dentalium
huttoni_ (Fig. 97 A) occurs at the Kowhai River and Wilberforce.
=Cretaceous Scaphopods.--=
_Dentalium wollumbillensis_ occurs in the drab and dark-coloured
limestones of the Lower Cretaceous of the Lake Eyre Basin in S. Australia,
and the same species is also found in the Lower Cretaceous (Rolling Downs
Formation) of Wollumbilla, Queensland.
=Cainozoic Scaphopods.--=
The Cainozoic beds both of New Zealand and southern Australia yield
many species of _Dentalium_, the commonest and most widely distributed
being the longitudinally ribbed _D. mantelli_ (Fig. 97 B), which ranges
from the Balcombian to the Werrikooian stages in Australia, and is also
typical of the Oamaru Series in New Zealand, where it is accompanied by
the ponderous species, _D. giganteum_, which attained a length of over six
inches. Another form common in our Cainozoics is the smooth-shelled _D.
subfissura_; this also has a wide range, namely Balcombian to Kalimnan.
=Palaeozoic Chitons.--=
The _POLYPLACOPHORA_ or Chitons ("Mail-shells"), first appeared in the
Ordovician. In Australia _Chelodes calceoloides_ (Fig. 97 C) is found in
the Silurian of Derrengullen Creek, Yass, New South Wales; and another
species of the genus is found in beds of the same age at Lilydale,
Victoria. Between that period and the Cainozoic or Tertiary there is a gap
in their history in Australia.
=Cainozoic Chitons.--=
_Ischnochiton granulosus_ (Fig. 97 D) is a Balcombian species of the
modern type of "mail-shell," occurring not infrequently in the clays of
Balcombe's Bay, Port Phillip, Victoria. _Cryptoplax pritchardi_ (Fig. 97
E) is a curious form belonging to the attenuated, worm-like group of the
Cryptoplacidae, until lately unknown in the fossil state; it is found in
the Kalimnan Series near Hamilton, Victoria. Several other genera of the
chitons are found fossil in the Australian Cainozoics which still live
on our coasts, as _Lorica_, _Plaxiphora_ and _Chiton_. The first-named
genus is represented fossil by _Lorica duniana_ from the _Turritella_ bed
(Janjukian) of Table Cape, Tasmania.
=Characters of Gasteropoda.--=
The _GASTEROPODA_ ("belly-foot") or univalve shells possess a muscular
foot placed beneath the stomach and viscera. In the Heteropoda this foot
is modified as a vertical fin, and in the Pteropoda as two wing-like
swimming membranes close to the head. The mantle lobe is elevated along
the back like a hood, and its surfaces and edges secrete the shell
which contains the animal. The shell is typically a cone (example,
_Patella_ or Limpet) which is often spirally coiled either in a plane
(ex. _Planorbis_), conically turbinoid (ex. _Trochus_), or turreted (ex.
_Turritella_). The body and shell are attached by muscles, the spiral
forms being attached to the columella or axial pillar, and the bowl-shaped
forms to the inner surface of the shell.
Gasteropod shells are normally right-handed (dextral), but a few genera
as _Clausilia_, _Bulinus_ and _Physa_, are left-handed (sinistral). The
height or length of the shell is measured from the apex to the lower
margin of the mouth. In coiled shells we may regard them as a more or less
elongated cone wound round a central pillar, the columella, or around a
central tube. A turn or coil of the shell is a whorl, and together, with
the exception of the last, form the spire. The line between two adjacent
whorls is the suture. When the columella is solid the shell is said to
be imperforate, and when a central tube is left by the imperfect fusion
of the whorls, it is perforate. The opening of the tubular columella is
termed the umbilicus, and this is sometimes contracted by the encroachment
of shell matter termed the callus. The aperture is entire when the rim
is uninterrupted; and channelled when there is a basal notch, where the
siphon which conducts water to the gills is lodged.
As a rule the large heavy gasteropods inhabit shallow water. The following
living genera are characteristic of rocky shore-lines; _Risella_,
_Buccinum_, _Purpura_ and _Patella_. Genera typical of sandy shores are
_Nassa_, _Natica_, _Cypraea_, _Turritella_ and _Scala_.
=Cambrian Gasteropods.--=
From the Cambrian of South Australia Prof. Tate described some minute
Gasteropods which he referred to the genera _Stenotheca_ (_S. rugosa_,
var. _paupera_), _Ophileta (O. subangulata)_ (Fig. 98 A), and _Platyceras
(P. etheridgei)_. In these beds at Curramulka the following Pteropods were
found by the same authority, viz., _Salterella planoconvexa_, _Hyolithes
communis_ (Fig. 98 C) and _H. conularioides_.
The Cambrian Limestone of the Kimberley District, W. Australia, contains
the characteristic Pteropod _Salterella hardmani_ (Fig. 98 B). The shell
is a conical tube, straight or slightly curved, and measuring scarcely an
inch in length.
[Illustration: =Fig. 98--LOWER PALAEOZOIC GASTEROPODA.=
A--Ophileta subangulata, Tate. Cambrian. South Australia
B--Salterella hardmani, Foord. Cambrian. West Australia
C--Hyolithes communis, Billings. Cambrian. South Australia
D--Scenella tenuistriata, Chapm. Cambrian. Victoria
E--Raphistoma browni, Eth. fil. Ordovician. South Australia
F--Helicotoma johnstoni, Eth. fil. Silurian. Tasmania
]
The Upper Cambrian of the Mersey River District in Tasmania has afforded
some doubtful examples of the genus _Ophileta_.
In the Upper Cambrian Limestones of the Dolodrook Valley, near Mt.
Wellington, Victoria, a minute limpet shaped Gasteropod occurs, named
_Scenella tenuistriata_ (Fig. 98 D).
=Ordovician Gasteropods.--=
Ordovician limestones with fossil shells occur in the Leigh's Creek
District in South Australia, and also at Tempe Downs and Petermann and
Laurie's Creeks, W. of Alice Springs. The euomphaloid shell _Ophileta
gilesi_ was described from Laurie's Creek, and _Eunema larapinta_ from
the Tempe Downs. A pleurotomarid, _Raphistoma browni_ (Fig. 98) occurs
near Leigh's Creek, and at Laurie's and Petermann Creeks. A Pteropod,
_Hyolithes leptus_, has been described from the Lower Ordovician of Coole
Barghurk Creek, near Meredith, Victoria.
=Silurian Gasteropods.--=
The Silurian Gasteropods are fairly well represented, especially in
the upper stage, and are widely distributed throughout the Australian
fossiliferous localities. Moreover, some of the species are identical
with those found as far off as North America and Europe. In Victoria
the shales and sandstones of the lower stage (Melbournian) contain the
genera _Bellerophon_, _Cyrtolites_ and _Loxonema_. The Pteropoda include
_Tentaculites_, _Coleolus_, _Hyolithes_ and _Conularia_ (_C. sowerbii_
(Fig. 99 F), a species also found in Great Britain). The Victorian
limestones and mudstones of the upper stage (Yeringian) are somewhat rich
in Gasteropods, such genera occurring as _Pleurotomaria_, _Phanerotrema_
(with cancellated shell and large slit-band), _Murchisonia_, _Gyrodoma_,
_Bellerophon_, _Trematonotus_ (a spiral shell with a large trumpet-shaped
mouth and a dorsal row of perforations in place of a slit-band),
_Euomphalus_, _Cyclonema_, _Trochus (Scalaetrochus)_, _Niso (Vetotuba)_,
_Loxonema_, _Platyceras_ and _Capulus_. The section Pteropoda contains
_Tentaculites_, _Hyolithes_ and _Conularia_.
[Illustration: =Fig. 99--SILURIAN GASTEROPODA.=
A--Hyolithes spryi, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.) Victoria
B--Gyrodoma etheridgei, Cressw. sp. Silurian (Yeringian). Vict.
C--Bellerophon cresswelli. Eth. fil. Silurian (Yeringian). Victoria
D--Euomphalus northi, Eth. fil. sp. Silurian (Yeringian). Victoria
E--Trochonema montgomerii. Eth. fil. sp. Silurian. Tasmania
F--Conularia sowerbii, Defr. Silurian (Yeringian). Victoria
]
In the Silurian of New South Wales the chief Gasteropod genera are
_Bellerophon (B. jukesi)_, _Euomphalus_, _Omphalotrochus_, and _Conularia
(C. sowerbii.)_.
In Tasmania are found _Raphistoma_, _Murchisonia_, _Bellerophon_,
_Helicotoma_, _Trochonema_ and _Tentaculites_.
=Devonian Gasteropods.--=
The derived boulders of the White Cliffs opal field have been referred to
the Devonian system, but of this there is some doubt, as the Gasteropods
noted from these boulders closely resemble those of the Silurian fauna:
they are _Murchisonia Euomphalus_ (_E. culleni_), and _Loxonema_. The
genus _Murchisonia_ has also been recorded from the Baton River, New
Zealand (Wangepeka Series) by MacKay.
The Middle Devonian Gasteropod fauna in Victoria, as found in the Buchan
and Bindi Limestones, comprises _Murchisonia_, _Trochus_, and _Platyceras_.
[Illustration: =Fig. 100--UPPER PALAEOZOIC GASTEROPODA.=
A--Gosseletina australis, Eth. fil. sp. Carboniferous. N.S. Wales
B--Yvania konincki, Eth. fil. Carboniferous. N.S. Wales
C--Loxonema babbindoonensis, Eth. fil. Carboniferous. N.S. Wales
D--Pleurotomaria (Ptychomphalina) morrisiana, McCoy. Carbopermian.
N.S. Wales
E--Platyschisma oculum, Sow. sp. Carbopermian. N.S. Wales
F--Murchisonia carinata, Eth. Carbopermian. Queensland
]
In New South Wales the best known genera are _Pleurotomaria_,
_Murchisonia_, _Bellerophon_, _Euomphalus_ and _Loxonema_. The two latter
genera have also been obtained at Barker Gorge, Western Australia.
=Carboniferous Gasteropods.--=
Carboniferous Gasteropoda have been found in New South Wales, belonging
to the genera _Gosseletina_ (_G. australis_) (Fig. 100 A) and _Yvania_
(_Y. konincki_) (Fig. 100 B), both of which have their countertypes in the
Carboniferous of Belgium. _Y. konincki_ is also found in the Carbopermian
(Gympie beds) of Rockhampton, Queensland, while _Y. levellii_ is found in
the Carbopermian of Western Australia.
=Carbopermian Gasteropods.--=
The Carbopermian gasteropods of New South Wales are _Pleurotomaria_
(_Mourlonia_), _Keeneia platyschismoides_, _Murchisonia_, _Euomphalus_,
_Platyschisma_ (_P. oculum_) (Fig. 100 E), _Loxonema_ and _Macrocheilus_.
Examples of the genus _Conularia_ are sometimes found, probably attaining
a length, when complete, of 40 centimetres.
In Tasmania we find _Conularia tasmanica_, a handsome Pteropod, also
of large dimensions. _Platyschisma_, _Pleurotomaria_ (_Mourlonia_),
_Bellerophon_ and _Porcellia_ are amongst the Carbopermian Gasteropods of
Queensland.
In Western Australia _Pleurotomaria_ (_Mourlonia_), _Bellerophon_,
_Euomphalus_, _Euphemus_, _Platyceras_, and _Loxonema_ occur in the
Carbopermian.
=Jurassic Gasteropods.--=
Jurassic gasteropods are found sparingly in the limestone of the
Geraldton District and other localities in Western Australia. The more
important of these are _Pleurotomaria_ (_P. greenoughiensis_), _Turbo_
(_T. australis_) (Fig. 101 A) and _Rissoina_ (_R. australis_) (Fig. 101 B).
[Illustration: =Fig. 101--MESOZOIC GASTEROPODA.=
A--Turbo australis, Moore. Jurassic. West Australia
B--Rissoina australis, Moore. Jurassic. West Australia
C--Natica ornatissima, Moore. Cretaceous. Queensland
D--Pseudamaura variabilis, Moore sp. Cretaceous. Queensland
E--Rostellaria waiparensis, Hector.--Cretaceous. New Zealand
]
=Cretaceous Gasteropods.--=
The Queensland gasteropod fauna comprises _Cinulia_ a typical Cretaceous
genus, _Actaeon_ and _Natica_. These occur in the Lower Cretaceous or
Rolling Downs Formation. _Cinulia_ is also found in South Australia at
Lake Eyre with _Natica_ (_N. ornatissima_) (Fig. 101 C). _Pseudamaura
variabilis_ (Fig. 101 D) is found in New South Wales, Queensland and South
Australia; whilst _Anchura wilkinsoni_ occurs in Queensland and South
Australia.
In New Zealand the Waipara Greensands (Cretaceous) contain a species of
_Rostellaria_ (_R. waiparensis_) (Fig. 101 E).
=Cainozoic Gasteropods.--=
Cainozoic Gasteropods are exceedingly abundant in beds of that system
in Australasia. The Cainozoic marine fauna in Australia is practically
restricted to the States of Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania;
whilst New Zealand has many species in common with Australia.
=Genera.--=
The commonest genera of the marine Cainozoic or Tertiary deposits
are:--_Haliotis_, _Fissurellidea_, _Emarginula_, _Subemarginula_,
_Astralium_, _Liotia_, _Gibbula_, _Eulima_, _Niso_, _Odostomia_,
_Scala_, _Solarium_, _Crepidula_, _Calyptraea_, _Natica_, _Rissoa_,
_Turritella_, _Siliquaria_, _Cerithium_, _Newtoniella_, _Tylospira_,
_Cypraea_, _Trivia_, _Morio_, _Semicassis_, _Lotorium_, _Murex_, _Typhis_,
_Columbella_, _Phos_, _Nassa_, _Siphonalia_, _Euthria_ (_Dennantia_),
_Fusus_, _Columbarium_, _Fasciolaria_, _Latirus_, _Marginella_, _Mitra_,
_Volutilithes_, _Voluta_, _Harpa_, _Ancilla_, _Cancellaria_, _Terebra_,
_Pleurotoma_, _Drillia_, _Conus_, _Bullinella_ and _Vaginella_.
=Persistent Species.--=
Amongst the Cainozoic Gasteropoda of southern Australia which have a
persistent range through Balcombian to Kalimnan times, we find:--_Niso
psila_, _Crepidula unguiformis_ (also Werrikooian and Recent), _Natica
perspectiva_, _N. hamiltonensis_, _Turritella murrayana_, _Cerithium
apheles_, _Cypraea leptorhyncha_, _Lotorium gibbum_, _Volutilithes
antiscalaris_ (also in Werrikooian), _Marginella propinqua_, _Ancilla
pseudaustralis_, _Conus ligatus_ and _Bullinella exigua_.
=Balcombian Gasteropods.--=
Species restricted to the Balcombian stage include _Scala dolicho_,
_Seguenzia radialis_, _Dissocheilus eburneus_, _Trivia erugata_, _Cypraea
ampullacea_ (Fig. 102 A), _C. gastroplax_, _Colubraria leptoskeles_,
_Murex didymus_ (Fig. 102 B), _Eburnopsis aulacoessa_ (Fig. 102 C),
_Fasciolaria concinna_, _Mitra uniplica_, _Harpa abbreviata_, _Ancilla
lanceolata_, _Cancellaria calvulata_ (Fig. 102 D), _Buchozia oblongula_,
_Pleurotoma optata_, _Terebra leptospira_ and _Vaginella eligmostoma_
(Fig. 102 E), (also found at Gellibrand River).
[Illustration: =Fig. 102--CAINOZOIC GASTEROPODA.=
A--Cypraea ampullacea, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.) Victoria
B--Murex didymus, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.) Victoria
C--Eburnopsis aulacoessa, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.) Victoria
D--Cancellaria calvulata, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.) Victoria
E--Vaginella eligmostoma, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.) Victoria
]
[Illustration: =Fig. 103--CAINOZOIC GASTEROPODA.=
A--Eutrochus fontinalis, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Janjukian). Vict.
B--Morio wilsoni, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian). Victoria
C--Scala lampra, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian). South Australia
D--Natica gibbosa, Hutton. Cainozoic (Janjukian). South Australia
E--Volutilithes anticingulatus, McCoy sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian).
Victoria
F--Struthiolaria sulcata, Hutton. Cainozoic (Awatere series). New
Zealand
]
=Janjukian Gasteropods.--=
Species of Gasteropods restricted to the Janjukian stage
include:--_Pleurotomaria tertiaria_, _Haliotis mooraboolensis_, _Liotia
lamellosa_, _Thalotia alternata_, _Eutrochus fontinalis_ (Fig. 103 A),
_Astralium hudsonianum_, _Turbo atkinsoni_, _Odostomia polita_, _Scala
lampra_ (Fig. 103 C), _Natica gibbosa_ (Fig. 103 D) (also found in the
Pareora Series of the Oamaru system and in the Wanganui beds of New
Zealand), _Calyptraea subtabulata_, _Turritella aldingae_, _Cerithiopsis
mulderi_, _Cerithium flemingtonense_, _Cypraea platyrhyncha_, _C.
consobrina_, _Morio wilsoni_ (Fig. 103 B), _Lotorium abbotti_, _Murex
otwayensis_, _Eburnopsis tesselatus_, _Tudicla costata_, _Latirus
semiundulatus_, _Fusus meredithae_, _Columbarium spiniferum_, _Voluta
pueblensis_, _V. heptagonalis_, _V. macroptera_ (also recorded from
Hall's Sound, Papua) (Fig. 103 E), _Volutilithes anticingulatus_ (also
from Papua), _Harpa clathrata_, _Bela woodsi_, _Bathytoma paracantha_ and
_Volvulella inflatior_.
_Dolium costatum_, allied to the "Fig-Shell" has been noted from the
Cainozoic clays (? Lower Pliocene), Yule Island, Papua.
[Illustration: =Fig. 104--LATE CAINOZOIC and PLEISTOCENE GASTEROPODA=
A--Bankivia howitti, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Kal.) Victoria
B--Eglisia triplicata, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.) Victoria
C--Voluta masoni, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.) Victoria
D--Ancilla papillata. Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.) Victoria
E--Terebra geniculata, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.) Victoria
F--Helix simsoniana, Johnston. Pleistocene. Tasmania
]
=Kalimnan Gasteropods.--=
Species of Gasteropods restricted to the Kalimnan Stage, or only
passing upwards include:--_Bankivia howitti_ (Fig. 104 A), _Liopyrga
quadricingulata_, _Calyptraea corrugata_, _Natica subvarians_,
_Turritella pagodula_, _Eglisia triplicata_ (Fig. 104 B), _Tylospira
clathrata_, _Cypraea jonesiana_, _Lotorium ovoideum_, _Sistrum
subreticulatum_, _Voluta masoni_ (Fig. 104 C), _Ancilla papillata_ (Fig.
104 D), _Cancellaria wannonensis_, _Drillia wanganuiensis_ (also in the
Petane Series of New Zealand), _Terebra catenifera_, _T. geniculata_ (Fig.
104 E) and _Ringicula tatei_.
=New Zealand Cainozoic Gasteropods.--=
Characteristic Gasteropoda of the Oamaru Series in New Zealand are
_Pleurotomaria tertiaria_ (also in the Australian Janjukian), _Scala
lyrata_, _Natica darwinii_, _Turritella cavershamensis_, _Ancilla hebera_
(also in the Australian Balcombian and Janjukian) and _Pleurotoma
hamiltoni_. Gasteropods of the Awatere Series in New Zealand are _Natica
ovata_, _Struthiolaria sulcata_ (Fig. 103 F), and _Scaphella corrugata_
(found also in the Oamaru Series). The Putiki beds of the Petane Series in
New Zealand contain _Trophon expansus_, _Pisania drewi_ and _Pleurotoma
wanganuiensis_.
=Werrikooian Gasteropods.--=
The marine gasteropods of the Werrikooian of southern Australia, as found
at Limestone Creek, Glenelg River, Western Victoria, and the Moorabool
Viaduct near Geelong, are nearly all living at the present time, with
the exception of a few older Cainozoic species. Amongst these latter are
_Conus ralphi_, _Pleurotoma murndaliana_, _Volutilithes antiscalaris_ and
_Columbarium craspedotum_.
=Pleistocene Gasteropoda.--=
The Pleistocene land mollusca, and especially the gasteropods of
Australia, present some striking points of interest, for whilst most of
the species are still living, some appear to be extinct. The travertine
deposits of Geilston, near Hobart, Tasmania contain _Helix geilstonensis_
and _H. stanleyana_, the latter still living. The calcareous _Helix_
sandstone of the islands in Bass Strait are largely composed of shells
of that genus and generally represent consolidated sand-dunes which have
undergone a certain amount of elevation. One of the prevalent species is
_Helix simsoniana_ (Fig. 104 F), a handsome keeled form, somewhat related
to the living _H. launcestonensis_. It is found in some abundance in the
Kent's Group and in the adjacent islands.
The large ovoid land-shells, _Panda atomata_, although still existing,
are found associated with extinct marsupials, as _Thylacoleo_, in the
stalagmitic floor of the Buchan Caves, Gippsland.
The _Diprotodon_-breccias of Queensland have afforded several species
of _Helix_ and other land-shells, as well as the brackish-water genus
_Melania_. The Raised Beaches of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria,
and Tasmania all contain species of land and freshwater shells identical
with those now found living in the same localities.
The Raised Beaches of New Zealand contain numerous marine shells all
having living representatives. Some of these elevated beaches occur as
high as 150 feet above sea-level at Taranaki, and at 200 feet near Cape
Palliser in Cook Strait.
Many species of Pleistocene Mollusca identical with those now living
in Torres Strait, the China Sea and the Philippine Islands are
found in Papua. They occur in the greenish sandy clay of the hills
near the present coast line and comprise the following genera of
Gasteropods:--_Ranella_, _Nassa_, _Mitra_, _Oliva_, _Terebra_, _Conus_,
_Strombus_, _Bulla_ and _Atys_.
=Characters of Cephalopoda.--=
The highest class of the mollusca is the _CEPHALOPODA_ ("head-feet").
In these shell-fish the extremity of the body or foot is modified, and
furnished with eyes, a funnel and tentacles. It has also strong horny
beaks or jaws which make it a formidable enemy to the surrounding life in
the sea. In the chambered forms of this group the animal partitions off
its shell at regular intervals, like the Pearly Nautilus and the Ammonite,
inhabiting only the last chamber cavity, but still communicating with the
earlier series by a continuous spiral tube (siphuncle). In some forms like
the living squid and the extinct Belemnite, the shell is internal and
either spoon-shaped, or dart-shaped, that is, subcylindrical and pointed.
=Characters of Cephalopod Shells.--Nautiloidea.--=
In geological times the nautiloid forms were the first to appear (in the
Ordovician), and they were either straight shells, as _Orthoceras_, or
only slightly curved, as _Cyrtoceras_. Later on they became more closely
coiled, and as they were thus less likely to be damaged, they gradually
replaced the straight forms.
The Ammonites have the siphuncle close to the outside of the shell, whilst
in the Nautilus it is more or less median. The sutures or edges of the
septa in _Nautilus_ and its allies are curved or wavy, but not so sharply
flexed or foliaceous as in _Ammonites_. The Nautiloidea range from the
Ordovician and are still found living.
=Ammonoidea.--=
The Ammonoidea appear in Devonian times and die out in the Cretaceous.
They were very abundant in Jurassic times, especially in Europe.
=Belemnoidea.--=
The Belemnoidea, ranging from the Trias to Eocene, comprise the extinct
_Belemnites_, the interesting genus _Spirulirostra_ of Miocene times, and
the living _Spirula_.
=Sepioidea.--=
The Sepioidea or true Cuttle-fishes ("pen-and-ink fish") range from the
Trias to the present day.
=Octopoda.--=
The Octopoda, with _Octopus_ and _Argonauta_ (the paper "Nautilus") are
present-day modifications. The male of the latter is without a shell, the
female only being provided with a delicate boat-shaped shell secreted by
the mantle and the two fin-like expansions of the dorsal arms.
=Ordovician Cephalopods.--=
The Ordovician cephalopods of Australasia are not numerous, and are,
so far as known, practically restricted to the limestones of the
Larapintine series at Laurie's Creek and Tempe Downs, in Central South
Australia. Amongst them may be mentioned _Endoceras warburtoni_ (Fig.
105 A), (a straight form in which the siphuncle is partially filled with
organic deposits); _Orthoceras gossei_; _O. ibiciforme_; _Trochoceras
reticostatum_ (a coiled form); and _Actinoceras tatei_ (a genus
characterised by swollen siphuncular beads between the septa).
[Illustration: =Fig. 105--PALAEOZOIC CEPHALOPODA.=
A--Endoceras warburtoni, Eth. fil. Ordovician. South Australia
B--Orthoceras lineare, Münster sp. Silurian (Yer.) Victoria
C--Cycloceras ibex, Sow. sp. Silurian (Melb.) Victoria
D--Phragmoceras subtrigorium, McCoy. Mid Devonian. Victoria
E--Gastrioceras jacksoni, Eth. fil. Carbopermian. W. Australia
F--Agathiceras micromphalum, Morris sp. Carbopermian. N.S.W.
]
=Silurian Cephalopods.--=
Silurian cephalopods are more generally distributed, and in Victoria
constitute an important factor in the molluscan fauna of that system.
_Orthoceras_ and _Cycloceras_ are the best known genera, represented by
_Orthoceras capillosum_, found near Kilmore, Victoria; _O. lineare_ (Fig.
105 B), from the Upper Yarra; _Cycloceras bullatum_, from the Melbournian
of Collingwood and Whittlesea; and _C. ibex_ (Fig. 105 C) from South
Yarra and Flemington, in both Melbournian shale and sandstone. The latter
species occurs also at Rock Flat Greek, New South Wales. Other Victorian
species are _Kionoceras striatopunctatum_, a well-known European fossil
with a reticulated and beaded ornament, found near Warburton and at
McMahon's Creek, Upper Yarra.
_Orthoceras_ is also recorded from Tasmania and from the Wangapeka beds of
Baton River, New Zealand. _Cyclolituites_, a partially coiled nautilian
is recorded from Bowning, near Yass, New South Wales; whilst the closely
related _Lituites_ is noted from the Silurian of Tasmania.
=Devonian Cephalopods.--=
The only genus of cephalopoda at present recorded from the Devonian of
Victoria is _Phragmoceras_ (_P. subtrigonum_) (Fig. 105 D), which occurs
in the Middle Devonian Limestone of Buchan, E. Gippsland. From beds of
similar age in New South Wales _Orthoceras_, _Cyrtoceras_ and _Goniatites_
have been noted; whilst the latter genus also occurs near Kimberley,
Western Australia. In Queensland _Gyroceras philpi_ is a characteristic
shell, found in the Fanning and Reid Gap Limestones of the Burdekin
Formation (Middle Devonian).
=Carbopermian Cephalopods.--=
The Carbopermian rocks of New South Wales have yielded _Orthoceras
striatum_, _Cameroceras_, _Nautilus_ and _Agathiceras micromphalum_
(Fig. 105 F). In Queensland the Gympie Formation contains _Orthoceras_,
_Gyroceras_, _Nautilus_, _Agathiceras micromphalum_ and _A.
planorbiforme_. In Western Australia the Kimberley rocks contain
_Orthoceras_, _Glyphioceras sphaericum_ and _Agathiceras micromphalum_;
whilst the largest known Australian goniatite, _Gastrioceras jacksoni_
(Fig. 105 E) is found in the Irwin River District. _Actinoceras hardmani_
is an interesting fossil from the Carbopermian of Lennard River, N.W.
Australia. In Tasmania the genera _Orthoceras_ and _Goniatites_ have been
recorded from beds of similar age.
=Triassic Cephalopods.--=
For Triassic cephalopoda we look to New Zealand, where, in the Mount Potts
_Spiriferina_ Beds of the Kaihiku Series a species of _Orthoceras_ has
been recorded. The Wairoa Series next in succession contains _Orthoceras_
and an Ammonite.
=Jurassic Cephalopods.--=
[Illustration: =Fig. 106--MESOZOIC and CAINOZOIC CEPHALOPODA.=
A--Perisphinctes championensis, Crick. Jurassic. West Australia
B--Nautilus hendersoni, Eth. fil. L. Cretaceous. Queensland
C--Haploceras daintreei, Eth. sp. L. Cretaceous. Queensland
D--Crioceras australe, Moore. L. Cretaceous. Queensland
E--Aturia australis, McCoy. Cainozoic. Victoria
F--Spirulirostra curta, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian). Victoria
]
The Jurassic of Western Australia yields a rich cephalopod fauna, from
which may be selected as typical examples the _Nautilus_, _N. perornatus_
and the following Ammonites: _Dorsetensia clarkei_; _Normanites
australis_; and _Perisphinctes championensis_ (Fig. 106 A). These all
occur in the Greenough River District, and at several other Jurassic
localities in Western Australia.
The Jurassic system of New Zealand (Putataka Series) contains _Ammonites
aucklandicus_ and _Belemnites aucklandicus_, both from the upper marine
horizon of that series.
Upper Jurassic Ammonites belonging to the genera _Macrocephalites_ (_M._
cf. _calloviensis_) and _Erymnoceras_ (_E._ cf. _coronatum_) have been
recorded from Papua.
=Lower Cretaceous Cephalopods.--=
Remains of Cephalopoda are fairly abundant in the Lower Cretaceous of
Australasia. From amongst them may be selected the following--_Nautilus
hendersoni_ (Fig. 106 B) (Q.); _Haploceras daintreei_ (Fig. 106 C) (Q. and
N.S.W.); _Desmoceras flindersi_ (Q. and N.S.W.); _Schloenbachia inflatus_
(Q.); _Scaphites cruciformis_ (N. Terr.); _Ancyloceras flindersi_ (Q.
and N.S.W.); _Crioceras australe_ (Fig. 106 D) (Q. and S.A.); _Belemites
australis_ (Q.); _B. oxys_ (Q., N.S.W., and S.A.); _B. sellheimi_ (Q. and
S.A.); _B. diptycha_, = _canhami_, Tate, (Q., N.S.W., and S.A.); and _B.
eremos_ (Centr. S.A.).
=Upper Cretaceous Cephalopods.--=
In the Upper Cretaceous (Desert Sandstone) of Queensland there occurs
a Belemnite somewhat resembling _Belemnites diptycha_, but with a very
pointed apex.
=Cretaceous Cephalopods, New Zealand.--=
In New Zealand the Amuri System (Cretaceous) contains fossils which
have been referred to the genera _Ammonites_, _Baculites_, _Hamites_,
_Ancyloceras_ and _Belemnites_, but probably these determinations require
some further revision. A species of Belemnite has also been noted from
probable Cretaceous beds in Papua.
The Cainozoic System in Victoria contains a true _Nautilus, N.
geelongensis_; and _Aturia australis_ (Fig. 106 E), a nautiloid shell
having zig-zag suture lines and septal necks enclosing the siphuncle.
_A. australis_ is also found in the Oamaru Series of New Zealand; in
Victoria it has an extensive vertical range, from Balcombian to Kalimnan
(Oligocene to Lower Pliocene). Species of _Nautilus_ are also found in the
Janjukian of the Murray River Cliffs; where, in some cases the shell has
been infilled with clear gypsum or selenite, through which can be seen the
tubular siphuncle in its original position. _Spirulirostra curta_ (Fig.
106 F) is an interesting cuttle-bone of rare occurrence. The genus is
represented by two other species only, occurring in the Miocene of Italy
and Germany. In Victoria it is occasionally found in the Janjukian marly
limestone at Bird Rock near Torquay.
COMMON OR CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF THE FOREGOING CHAPTER.
PELECYPODA.
_Ambonychia, macroptera_, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia. (?)
_Modiolopsis knowsleyensis_, Chapm. L. Ordovician: Victoria.
_Orthonota australis_, Chapm. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
_Grammysia cuneiformis_, Eth. fil. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
_Leptodomus maccoyianus_, Chapm. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
_Edmondia perobliqua_, Chapm. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
_Cardiola cornucopiae_, Goldfuss sp. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
_Panenka gippslandica_, McCoy sp. Silurian (Tanjilian): Victoria.
_Ctenodonta portlocki_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Nuculites maccoyianus_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Nucula melbournensis_, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Palaeoneilo victoriae_, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Pterinea lineata_, Goldfuss. Silurian (Yeringian): Victoria.
_Lunulicardium antistriatum_, Chapm. Silurian (Tanj.): Victoria.
_Conocardium costatum_, Cressw. sp. Silurian: Victoria.
_Conocardium davidis_, Dun. Silurian: New South Wales.
_Actinopteria boydi_, Conrad sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Aviculopecten spryi_, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Modiolopsis complanata_, Sowerby sp. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Goniophora australis_, Chapm. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Cypricardinia contexta_, Barrande. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Paracyclas siluricus_, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Actinopteria australis_, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
_Lyriopecten gracilis_, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
_Leptodesma inflatum_, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
_Stutchburia farleyensis_, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
_Edmondia nobilissima_, de Koninck. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
_Deltopecten limaeformis_, Morris sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales,
Queensland and Tasmania.
_Aviculopecten squamuliferus_, Morris sp. Carbopermian: New South
Wales and Tasmania.
_Aviculopecten tenuicollis_, Dana sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales
and W. Australia.
_Chaenomya etheridgei_, de Koninck sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales
and Queensland.
_Maeonia elongata_, Dana. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
_Pachydomus globosus_, J. de C. Sow. sp. Carbopermian: New South
Wales, Tasmania and Queensland.
_Eurydesma cordatum_, Morris. Carbopermian: New South Wales and
Queensland.
_Unio dunstani_, Eth. fil. Trias: New South Wales.
_Unionella carnei_, Eth. fil. Trias: New South Wales.
_Corbicula burrumensis_, Eth. fil. Trias: Queensland.
_Daonella lommeli_, Wissm. sp. Trias: New Zealand.
_Mytilus problematicus_, Zittel. Trias: New Zealand.
_Monotis salinaria_, Zittel. Trias: New Zealand.
_Cucullaea semistriata_, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Trigonia moorei_, Lycett. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Ctenostreon pectiniforme_, Schlotheim sp. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Astarte cliftoni_, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Unio dacombei_, McCoy. Jurassic: Victoria.
_Unio eyrensis_, Tate. Jurassic: S. Australia.
_Nucula truncata_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S.
Australia.
_Maccoyella reflecta_, Moore sp. L. Cretaceous: New South Wales,
Queensland (also U. Cretaceous), and S. Australia.
_Maccoyella barkleyi_, Moore sp. L. Cretaceous: New South Wales,
Queensland and S. Australia.
_Fissilunula clarkei_, Moore sp. L. Cretaceous: New South Wales,
Queensland, and S. Australia; also Up. Cret. in Queensland and
South Australia.
_Inoceramus carsoni_, McCoy. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Trigonia cinctuta_, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: S. Australia.
_Mytilus rugocostatus_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S.
Australia.
_Cyrenopsis opallites_, Eth. fil. Upper Cretaceous: New South Wales.
_Conchothyra parasitica_, Hutton. Cretaceous: New Zealand.
_Dimya dissimilis_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South
Australia.
_Spondylus pseudoradula_, McCoy. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and
South Australia.
_Pecten polymorphoides_, Zittel. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and
South Australia; also New Zealand.
_Cucullaea corioensis_, McCoy. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and
South Australia.
_Leda vagans_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South
Australia.
_Corbula ephamilla_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and South
Australia.
_Modiola praerupta_, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
_Pecten praecursor_, Chapm. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
_Modiola pueblensis_, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
_Limopsis insolita_, Sow. sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria and S.
Australia. Also Oamaru Ser., N.Z.
_Cardita tasmanica_, Tate. Cainozoic (Janj.): Tasmania.
_Lucina planatella_, Tate. Cainozoic (Janj.): Victoria and Tasmania.
_Pecten novaeguineae_, T. Woods. Cainozoic (?Lower Pliocene), Yule
Island, Papua.
_Ostrea manubriata_, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Glycimeris halli_, Pritch. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Limopsis beaumariensis_, Chapm. Cainozoic (Kalimnan and Werrikooian):
Victoria.
_Trigonia howitti_, McCoy. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Meretrix paucirugata_, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Venus (Chione) subroborata_, Tate, sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria and
South Australia.
SCAPHOPODA.
_Dentalium tenuissimum_, de Koninck. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales.
_Dentalium huttoni_, Bather. Jurassic: New Zealand.
_Dentalium wollumbillensis_, Eth. fil. L. Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Dentalium, mantelli_, Zittel. Cainozoic: Victoria, S. Australia and
New Zealand.
POLYPLACOPHORA.
_Chelodes calceoloides_, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.
_Ischnochiton granulosus_, Ashby and Torr sp. Cainozoic (Balc.):
Victoria.
_Lorica duniana_, Hull. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Tasmania.
_Cryptoplax pritchardi_, Hall. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
GASTEROPODA.
_Ophileta subangulata_, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia.
_Platyceras etheridgei_, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia.
_Salterella planoconvexa_, Tate. Cambrian: S. Australia.
_Salterella hardmani_, Foord. Cambrian: W. Australia.
_Hyolithes communis_, Billings. Cambrian: S. Australia.
_Scenella tenuistriata_, Chapm. Cambrian (Upper): Victoria.
_Ophileta gilesi_, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
_Raphistoma browni_, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
_Hyolithes leptus_, Chapm. Lower Ordovician: Victoria.
_Helicotoma johnstoni_, Eth. fil. Ordovician: Tasmania.
_Coleolus (?) aciculum_, J. Hall. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Hyolithes spryi_, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Conularia ornatissima_, Chapm. Silurian (Melb.): Victoria.
_Phanerotrema australis_, Eth. fil. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Gyrodoma etheridgei_, Cressw. sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Trematonotus pritchardi_, Cressw. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Bellerophon cresswelli_, Eth. fil. sp. Silurian (Yer.) Victoria.
_Euomphalus northi_, Eth. fil. sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Cyclonema australis_, Eth. fil. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Trochonema montgomerii_, Eth. fil. sp. Silurian: Tasmania.
_Bellerophon jukesii_, de Koninck. Silurian: New South Wales.
_Conularia sowerbii_, Defrance. Silurian: Victoria and New South Wales.
_Euomphalus culleni_, Dun. Devonian: New South Wales.
_Gosseletina australis_, Eth. fil. Carboniferous: New South Wales.
_Yvania konincki_, Eth. fil. Carboniferous: New South Wales; and
Carbopermian: Queensland.
_Bellerophon costatus_, Sow. Carbopermian: W. Australia.
_Mourlonia humilis_, de Koninck. Carbopermian: West Australia and New
South Wales.
_Pleurotomaria (Ptychomphalina) morrisiana_, McCoy. Carbopermian: New
South Wales.
_Keeneia platyschismoides_, Eth. fil. Carbopermian (Lower Marine): New
South Wales.
_Platyschisma oculum_, Sow. sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales and
Queensland.
_Macrocheilus filosus_, Sow. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
_Loxonema babbindonensis_, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
_Conularia tenuistriata_, McCoy. Carbopermian: New South Wales and
Queensland.
_Conularia tasmanica_, Carbopermian: Tasmania.
_Murchisonia carinata_, Etheridge. Carbopermian: Queensland.
_Pleurotomaria greenoughiensis_, Eth. fil. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Turbo australis_, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Rissoina australis_, Moore. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Cinulia hochstetteri_, Moore. Cretaceous: Queensland and S. Australia.
_Natica ornatissima_, Moore. Cretaceous: S. Australia.
_Pseudamaura variabilis_, Moore sp. Cretaceous: New South Wales,
Queensland and S. Australia.
_Anchura wilkinsoni_, Eth. fil. Cretaceous: Queensland and S.
Australia.
_Rostellaria waiparensis_, Hector. Cretaceous: New Zealand.
_Niso psila_, T. Woods. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria and S.
Australia.
_Crepidula unguiformis_, Lam. Cainozoic (Balc.-Recent): Victoria and
Tasmania.
_Natica hamiltonensis_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Recent): Victoria and
South Australia.
_Turritella murrayana_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria, S.
Australia and Tasmania.
_Cerithium apheles_, T. Woods. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria.
_Volutilithes antiscalaris_, McCoy sp. Cainozoic (Balc.-Werrikooian):
Victoria.
_Ancilla pseudaustralis_, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria,
S. Australia and Tasmania.
_Cypraea ampullacea_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
_Murex didyma_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
_Eburnopsis aulacoessa_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
_Cancellaria calvulata_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
_Vaginella eligmostoma_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.): Victoria.
_Eutrochus fontinalis_, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
_Turbo atkinsoni_, Pritchard. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Tasmania and
Victoria.
_Scala lampra_, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian): S. Australia.
_Natica gibbosa_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria. Also Oamaru
and Wanganui Series: New Zealand.
_Morio wilsoni_, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
_Voluta heptagonalis_, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian): S. Australia.
_Volutilithes anticingulatus_, McCoy sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian):
Victoria and Tasmania. Also Papua.
_Bathytoma paracantha_, T. Woods sp. Cainozoic (Janj.): Victoria and
Tasmania. Also Papua.
_Dolium costatum_, Deshayes. Cainozoic. (? Lower Pliocene): Yule
Island, Papua.
_Bankivia howitti_, Pritch. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Eglisia triplicata_, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Voluta masoni_, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Ancilla papillata_, Tate sp. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Drillia wanganuiensis_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria. Also
Petane Series: New Zealand.
_Terebra geniculata_, Tate. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria.
_Pleurotomaria tertiaria_, McCoy. Cainozoic (Kal.): Victoria. Also
Oamaru Series: New Zealand.
_Scala lyrata_, Zittel sp. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
_Natica darwinii_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
_Turritella cavershamensis_, Harris. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
_Ancilla hebera_, Hutton sp. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand. Also
(Balc. and Janj.): Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.
_Pleurotoma hamiltoni_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Oamaru): New Zealand.
_Natica ovata_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Awatere Series): New Zealand.
_Struthiolaria sulcata_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Awatere Series): New
Zealand.
_Trophon expansus_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Petane Series): New Zealand.
_Pisania drewi_, Hutton. Cainozoic (Petane Series): New Zealand.
_Bankivia fasciata_, Menke. Cainozoic (Werrikooian-Recent): Victoria.
_Astralium aureum_, Jonas sp. Cainozoic (Werrikooian-Recent): Victoria.
_Natica subinfundibulum_, Tate. Cainozoic (Balc.-Werr.): Victoria and
S. Australia.
_Nassa pauperata_, Lam. Cainozoic (Werr.-Rec.): Victoria.
_Helix tasmaniensis_, Sow. Cainozoic (Pleistocene): Tasmania.
_Helix geilstonensis_, Johnston. Cainozoic (Pleistocene): Tasmania.
_Panda atomata_, Gray sp. Cainozoic (Pleist.-Rec.): Victoria and New
South Wales.
CEPHALOPODA.
_Endoceras warburtoni_, Eth. fil. Ordovician: S. Australia.
_Orthoceras gossei_, Eth. fil. Ordovician: S. Australia.
_Orthoceras ibiciforme_, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
_Trochoceras reticostatum_, Tate. Ordovician: S. Australia.
_Actinoceras tatei_, Eth. fil. sp. Ordovician: S. Australia.
_Orthoceras capillosum_, Barrande. Silurian: Victoria.
_Orthoceras lineare_, Münster sp. Silurian (Yer.): Victoria.
_Cycloceras bullatum_, Sow. sp. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
_Cycloceras ibex_, Sow. sp. Silurian (Melbournian): Victoria.
_Kionoceras striatopunctatum_, Münster sp. Silurian (Tanjilian):
Victoria.
_Phragmoceras subtrigonum_, McCoy. Mid. Devonian: Victoria.
_Gyroceras philpi_, Eth. fil. Mid. Devonian: Queensland.
_Orthoceras striatum_, Sow. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
_Agathiceras micromphalum_, Morris sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales
and W. Australia.
_Gastrioceras jacksoni_, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: W. Australia.
_Actinoceras hardmani_, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: N.W. Australia.
_Nautilus perornatus_, Crick. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Dorsetensia clarkei_, Crick. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Normanites australis_, Crick sp. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Perisphinctes championensis_, Crick. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Ammonites aucklandicus_, Hector. Jurassic: New Zealand.
_Belemnites aucklandicus_, Hector. Jurassic: New Zealand.
_Nautilus hendersoni_, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Haploceras daintreei_, Etheridge sp. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and
New South Wales.
_Ancyloceras flindersi_, McCoy. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and New
South Wales.
_Crioceras australe_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S.
Australia.
_Scaphites eruciformis_, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: Northern
Territory.
_Belemnites diptycha_, McCoy. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland, New South
Wales, and S. Australia.
_Belemnites eremos_, Tate. Lower Cretaceous: S. Australia.
_Nautilus geelongensis_, Foord. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
_Aturia australis_, McCoy. Cainozoic (Balc.-Kal.): Victoria. Oamaru
Series: New Zealand.
_Spirulirostra curta_, Tate. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria.
* * * * *
LITERATURE.
MOLLUSCA.
Cambrian.--Foord, A. H. Geol. Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp.
98, 99 (Pteropoda). Tate, R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XV.
1892, pp. 183-185 (Pelec. and Gastr.), pp. 186, 187 (Pteropoda).
Etheridge, R. jnr. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XXIX. 1905, p.
251 (Pteropoda). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XXIII. pt.
II. 1910, pp. 313, 314 (Gastr.).
Ordovician.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Parl. Papers, Leg. Assemb., S. Austr.,
No. 158, 1891, pp. 9, 10 (Gastr. and Ceph.). Tate, R. Rep. Horn.
Sci. Exped., pt. 3, 1896, pp. 98-110. Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc.
Vic., vol. XV. pt. II. 1903, pp. 119, 120 (_Hyolithes_).
Silurian.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vic., Dec. VI. 1879, pp. 23-29.
Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. I. No. 3, 1890, pp.
62-67 (Gastr.). Idem, ibid., vol. I. No. 7, 1891, pp. 126-130
(Pelec. and Gastr.). Cresswell, A. W. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol.
V. 1893, pp. 41-44. Etheridge, R. jun. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol.
III. No. 4, 1898, pp. 71-77 (Gastr.). Idem, Rec. Geol. Surv. New
South Wales, vol. V. pt. 2, 1898, pp. 67-70 (_Chelodes_). De
Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geo. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 6, 1898,
pp. 29-35. Etheridge, R. jnr. Prog. Rep. Geol. Surv. Vict., No.
XI. 1899, pp. 34, 35 (Pelec.). Idem, Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. V.
No. 2, 1904, pp. 75-77 (Ceph.). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc., Vict.,
vol. XVI. pt. 11. 1904, pp. 336-341 (Pteropoda). Idem, Mem. Nat.
Mus. Melbourne, No. 2, 1908 (Pelecypoda).
Devonian.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal., Vict., Dec. IV. 1876, pp. 18, 19
(Ceph.). Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, p.
69 (_Gyroceras_). De Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South
Wales, Pal. No. 6, 1898, pp. 85-105.
Carboniferous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. III. No. 1,
1897, pp. 7-9 (_Actinoceras_). Idem, Geol. Surv. W.A., Bull. No.
27, 1907, pp. 32-37.
Carbopermian.--Morris, J., in Strzelecki's Phys. Descr. of New South
Wales, etc., 1845, pp. 270-278 and 285-291. Foord, A. H. Geol.
Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp. 103, 104. Etheridge, R.
jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp. 264-296. Idem., Proc.
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. IX. 1895, pp. 530-537 (Pelec.
and Gastr.). De Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales,
Pal. No. 6, 1898, pp. 203-274. Etheridge, R. jnr. and Dun, W.
S. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 5, vol. II. pt.
I. 1906 (_Palaeopecten_). Idem, ibid., vol. II., pt. 2, 1910
(_Eurydesma_).
Trias.--Zittel, K. Novara Exped., vol. I. Abth. II. Geol. Theil.,
1864, pp. 26-29. Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South
Wales, Pal. No. 1, 1888, pp. 8-14.
Jurassic.--Zittel, K. Novara Exped., vol. I., Abth. II. Geol. Theil.,
1864, pp. 20-34. Moore, C. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXVI.
pp. 245-260 (Jurassic and Cretaceous Moll.). Etheridge, R. jnr.
ibid., vol. XXVIII. 1872, pp. 317-359 (Palaeozoic, Jur. and Cret.
Moll.). Crick, G. C. Geol. Mag., Dec. IV. vol. I. 1894, pp.
385 393 and 433-441 (Ceph.). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict.,
vol. XVI. pt. II. 1904, pp. 327-332. Marshall, P. Trans. New
Zealand Inst., vol. XLI. 1909, pp. 143-145 (New Zealand Ceph.).
Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. Surv. W.A. Bull. No. 36, 1910, pp. 30-40.
Cretaceous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp.
445-503 and 561-574. Idem, Geol. Surv. Queensland, Bull. No. 13,
1901, pp. 13-35. Idem, Mem. Roy. Soc. S. Aust., vol. II. pt. 1,
1902 (S.A. Moll.). Idem, Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal.
No. 11, 1902, pp. 16-49 (New South Wales Moll.).
Cainozoic.--Zittel, K. Novara Exped. Geol. Theil., vol. I. Abth. II.
1864, pp. 34-55 (Pelec. and Gastr. New Zealand). McCoy, F. Prod.,
Pal. Vict., Dec. I. 1874; Dec. II. 1875; Dec. III. 1876; Dec. V.
1877; Dec. VI. 1879. Woods, J. E. T. Proc. R. Soc. Tas. (1875),
1876, pp. 13-26 (Table Cape Moll.). Idem, Proc. Linn. Soc. New
South Wales, vol. III. 1879, pp. 222-240 (Muddy Creek Moll.).
Idem, ibid., vol. IV. 1880, pp. 1-24. Hutton, F. W. Trans. New
Zealand Inst. vol. IX. 1877, pp. 593-598. Ibid., vol. XVII.
1885, pp. 313-332 (New Zealand Pelec. and Gastr.). Idem, Proc.
Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. I. 2nd ser. (1886), 1887, pp.
205-237, (distr. lists, Pareora and Oamaru). Idem, Macleay, Mem.
Vol. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1893, pp. 35-92 (Pliocene Moll.
New Zealand). Tate, R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. VII. 1886,
pp. 96-158, and vol. IX., 1887, pp. 142-189 (Pelec.); ibid., pp.
190-194 (Scaphopoda); ibid., 194-196 (Pteropoda). Idem, ibid.,
vol. X. 1888, pp. 91-176; vol. XI. 1889, pp. 116-174; vol. XIII.
1890, pp. 185-235; and vol. XVII. 1893, pp. 316-345 (Gastr.).
Idem, Journ. R. Soc., New South Wales, vol. XXVII. 1893, pp.
169-191. Idem, ibid., vol. XXXI. 1897, pp. 392-410 (Gastr. and
Pelec.). Idem, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XXIII. 1899, pp.
260-277 (Revision of Moll.). Pritchard, G. B. Proc. Roy. Soc.
Vic., vol. VII. 1895, pp. 225-231 (Pelec.). Idem, ibid., vol.
VIII. 1896, pp. 79-141 (Moll. of T. Cape). Idem, ibid., vol. XI.
pt. I. 1898, pp. 96-111 (Gastr.). Idem, ibid., vol. XIV. pt. I.
1901, pp. 22-31 (Pelec.). Idem, ibid., vol. XVI. pt. II. 1903,
pp. 87-103 (Pelec.). Idem, ibid., vol. XVI. pt. I. 1903, pp.
83-91 (_Pleurotomaria_). Idem, ibid., vol. XVII. pt. I. 1904, pp.
320-337 (Gastr.) Idem, ibid., vol. XXVI. (N.S.) pt. I. 1913, pp.
192-201 (Volutes). Hall, T. S. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVII.
pt. II. 1905, pp. 391-393 (Chitons). Ashby, E. and Torr. W. G.
Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XXV. 1901, pp. 136-144 (Chitons).
Thomson, J. A. Trans. New Zealand Inst., Vol. XL. 1908, pp. 102,
103 (N.Z. Moll.). Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict. vol. XX. pt.
II. 1908, pp. 218-220 (Chiton). Idem, ibid., vol. XXV. pt. I.
1912, pp. 186-192 (Gastr.).