FOSSIL WORMS, SEA-MATS and LAMP-SHELLS.
The first-named group, the ringed worms, belong to the phylum Annelida,
so-called because of the ring-like structure of their bodies. The
two remaining groups, the Polyzoa or Sea-mats and the Brachiopods or
Lamp-shells, are comprised in the phylum Molluscoidea, or mollusc-like
animals.
_WORMS (Annelida)._
=Annelida and their Fossil Representatives.--=
These animals, owing to the scarcity of hard parts within their bodies,
play a rather insignificant role as a fossil group. Worms are laterally
symmetrical animals, with a dorsal and a ventral surface. They are
segmented, the body being formed of numerous rings. Only those of the
Class Chaetopoda ("bristle-feet") are represented by identifiable fossil
remains. Fossil worms, moreover, chiefly belong to the Order Polychaeta
("many bristles"). The horny jaws of these worms are sometimes found in
the older rocks and are known as conodonts.
=Silurian Conodonts.--=
Conodonts belonging to three genera are known from Australia. They are all
from the Silurian of the Bowning District, near Yass, New South Wales, and
are referred to the genera _Eunicites_, _Oenonites_ and _Arabellites_.
[Illustration: =Fig. 82--FOSSIL WORMS.=
A--Trachyderma crassituba, Chapm, Silurian. South Yarra, Vict.
B--Cornulites tasmanicus, Eth. fil. Silurian. Heazlewood, Tas.
C--Spirorbis ammonius, M. Edwards, var. truncata, Mid. Devonian.
Buchan, Victoria
D--Torlessia mackayi, Bather. ? Trias. Mt. Torlesse, N. Zealand.
]
=Palaeozoic Errant Worms.--=
The wandering Worms (Polychaeta errantia) are also recognised by their
impressions, trails, borings and castings. Burrows formed by these worms
are seen in _Arenicolites_, found in the Silurian sandstone of New
South Wales, near Yass, and in the Carbopermian (Gympie Series) near
Rockhampton, Queensland. The membranous-lined burrows of _Trachyderma_
(_T. crassituba_), occur in some abundance in the Silurian mudstones
in the neighbourhood of Melbourne, Victoria (Fig. 82 A). The genus
_Trachyderma_ is common also to Great Britain and Burmah, in beds of the
same age.
=Worm Tracks.--=
Some of the curious markings on the Carboniferous sandstone of Mansfield,
Victoria, may be due to worm trails and castings, especially since they
are associated with sun-cracks and ripple-marks.
=Sedentary Worms.--=
The sedentary or tube-making Worms (Polychaeta tubicola) are represented
by numerous forms. The long conical tube of _Cornulites tasmanicus_ is
recorded from the Silurian of Zeehan, Tasmania (Fig. 82 B). _Spirorbis_
occurs in the Middle Devonian of Victoria (Fig. 82 C), and W. Australia,
and also in the Carbopermian of W. Australia. _Torlessia_ is found in
the Trias or Lower Jurassic of the province of Canterbury, New Zealand
(Fig. 82 D). The genus _Serpula_ is widely distributed, occurring in the
Carbopermian (Upper Jurassic Series), near East Maitland, New South Wales
(_S. testatrix_), in the Jurassic of W. Australia (_S. conformis_), in the
Lower Cretaceous of Wollumbilla, Queensland (_S. intestinalis_), and the
Darling River, north west of New South Wales, (_S. subtrachinus_), as well
as in Cainozoic deposits in Victoria (_S. ouyenensis_). _Ditrupa_ is very
abundant in some shelly deposits of Janjukian age in Victoria.
MOLLUSCOIDEA.
The Sea-mats (Polyzoa) and the Lamp-shells (Brachiopoda) constitute a
natural group, the MOLLUSCOIDEA, which, although unlike in outward form,
have several physiological structures in common. The respiratory organs
lie in front of the mouth, and are in the form of fleshy tentacles or
spiral appendages. These animals are more nearly allied to the worms than
to the molluscs.
_POLYZOA._
=Characters of Polyzoa.--=
These are almost exclusively marine forms, and are important as fossils.
They form colonies (polypary or zoarium), and by their branching,
foliaceous or tufty growth resemble sea-weeds. The cells in which the
separate zoöids lived have peculiar characters of their own, which serve
to distinguish the different genera.
=Subdivisions of Polyzoa.--=
Polyzoa are divided into the Sub-classes Phylactolaemata, in which the
mouth of the zoöid has a lip, and the series of tentacles is horse-shoe
shaped; and the Gymnolaemata, in which there is no lip to the mouth, and
the tentacles form a complete circle. The first group forms its polypary
of soft or horny material, which is not preserved fossil. The latter
has a calcareous polypary, and is of much importance as a fossil group.
This latter sub-class is further subdivided into the following Orders,
viz.:--Trepostomata ("turned mouths"), Cryptostomata ("hidden mouths"),
Cyclostomata ("round mouths"), and Cheilostomata ("lip mouths" furnished
with a moveable operculum).
=Trepostomata (Palaeozoic).--=
The Order Trepostomata may include some genera as _Monticulipora_ and
_Fistulipora_, previously referred to under the corals. They become
extinct after Permian times. _Fistulipora_ occurs in certain Gippsland
limestones.
[Illustration: =Fig. 83--PALAEOZOIC POLYZOA.=
A--Fenestella margaritifera, Chapm. Silurian. Near Yering, Vict.
B--Polypora australis, Hinde. Carbopermian. Gascoyne River, Western
Australia
C--Rhombopora tenuis, Hinde. Carbopermian. Gascoyne River, Western
Australia
D--Protoretepora ampla, Lonsdale sp. Carbopermian. N.S.W.
]
=Cryptostomata (Palaeozoic).--=
In the order Cryptostomata we have the genus _Rhombopora_ with its long,
slender branches, which occurs in the Silurian of Victoria and the
Carbopermian of Queensland and W. Australia (Fig. 83 C). Of this order a
very important Australian genus is _Fenestella_, the funnel-shaped zoaria
of which are found in the Silurian of Victoria and New South Wales, and
also in the Carboniferous of the latter State. _Fenestella_ also occurs in
the Carbopermian of W. Australia and Tasmania (Fig. 83 A). Accompanying
the remains of _Fenestella_ in the Carbopermian rocks, and closely related
to it, are found the genera _Protoretepora_ and _Polypora_ (Fig. 83 B, D).
Polyzoa have been noticed in Jurassic rocks in W. Australia, but no
species have been described.
[Illustration: =Fig. 84--CAINOZOIC POLYZOA.=
A--Lichenopora australis, MacGillivray. Balcombian. Hamilton, Victoria
B--Heteropora pisiformis, MacGillivray. Janjukian. Moorabool, Victoria
C--Cellaria australis, MacGillivray. Balcombian. Hamilton, Vict.
D--Selenaria cupola, T. Woods sp. Balcombian. Hamilton, Vict.
E--Lepralia elongata, MacGill. Balcombian. Hamilton, Victoria
]
=Cheilostomata (Cretaceous).--=
Species of the genera (?) _Membranipora_ and (?) _Lepralia_, belonging to
the Cheilostomata, have been described from the Lower Cretaceous of the
Darling River, New South Wales, and Wollumbilla, Queensland, respectively.
=Cainozoic Polyzoa.--=
A very large number of genera of the Polyzoa have been described from
the Tertiary strata of South Australia and Victoria. Some of the
principal of these are _Crisia_, _Idmonea_, _Stomatopora_, _Lichenopora_,
_Hornera_, _Entalophora_ and _Heteropora_ of the order Cyclostomata; and
_Catenicella_, _Cellaria_, _Membranipora_, _Lunulites_, _Selenaria_,
_Macropora_, _Tessarodoma_, _Adeona_, _Lepralia_, _Bipora_, _Smittia_,
_Porina_, _Cellepora_ and _Retepora_ of the order Cheilostomata. Many of
these genera, and not a few Australian species, are found also in the
Cainozoic or Tertiary beds of Orakei Bay, New Zealand (Fig. 84).
_BRACHIOPODA (Lamp-shells)._
=Brachiopods: Their Structure.--=
These are marine animals, and are enclosed in a bivalved shell. They
differ, however, from true bivalves (Pelecypoda) in having the shell
on the back and front of the body, instead of on each side as in the
bivalved mollusca. Each valve is equilateral, but the valves differ from
one another in that one is larger and generally serves to attach the
animal to rocks and other objects of support by a stalk or pedicle. Thus
the larger valve is called the pedicle valve and the smaller, on account
of its bearing the calcareous supports for the brachia or arms, the
brachial valve. Generally speaking, the shell of the valve is penetrated
by numerous canals, which give the shell a punctate appearance. Some
brachiopod shells, as _Atrypa_ and _Rhynchonella_, are, however, devoid of
these.
[Illustration: =Fig. 85--LOWER PALAEOZOIC BRACHIOPODS.=
A--Orthis (?) lenticularis, Wahlenberg. Up. Cambrian. Florentine
Valley, Tasmania
B--Siphonotreta maccoyi, Chapm. Up. Ordovician. Bulla, Vict.
C--Lingula yarraensis, Chapm. Silurian. South Yarra, Victoria
D--Orbiculoidea selwyni, Chapm. Silurian. Merri Creek, Victoria
E--Chonetes melbournensis, Chapm. Silurian. South Yarra, Vict.
F--Stropheodonta alata, Chapm. Silurian. Near Lilydale, Vict.
]
=Cambrian Brachiopods.--=
Brachiopods are very important fossils in Australasian rocks. They first
appear in Cambrian strata, as for example, in the Florentine Valley, in
Tasmania, where we find _Orthis lenticularis_ (Fig. 85 A). In Victoria,
near Mount Wellington, in the mountainous region of N.E. Gippsland,
_Orthis platystrophioides_ is found in a grey limestone. In South
Australia the grey Cambrian limestone of Wirrialpa contains the genus
_Huenella_ (_H. etheridgei_). This genus is also found in the Middle and
Upper Cambrian of N. America.
=Ordovician Brachiopods.--=
Coming to Ordovician rocks, the limestones of the Upper Finke Basin in
South Australia contain _Orthis leviensis_ and _O. dichotomalis_. The
Victorian mudstone at Heathcote may be of Ordovician age or even older; it
has afforded a limited fauna of brachiopods and trilobites, amongst the
former being various species of _Orthis_, _Chonetes_, and _Siphonotreta_.
The latter genus is represented in both the Lower and Upper Ordovician
rocks of slaty character in Victoria (Fig. 85 B).
=Silurian Brachiopods.--=
The Silurian system in Australasia as in Europe, N. America and elsewhere,
is very rich in brachiopod life. It is impossible to enumerate even all
the genera in a limited work like the present, the most typical only being
mentioned.
In New Zealand the palaeozoic fauna is at present imperfectly worked
out, but the following genera from the Wangapekian (Silurian) have been
identified, viz., _Chonetes_, _Stricklandinia_, _Orthis_, _Wilsonia_,
_Atrypa_, and _Spirifer_. The specific identification of these forms with
European types is still open to question, but the species are undoubtedly
closely allied to some of those from Great Britain and Scandinavia.
The Victorian Silurian Brachiopods are represented by the horny-shelled
_Lingula_, the conical _Orbiculoidea_, a large species of _Siphonotreta_,
_Stropheodonta_ (with toothed hinge-line), _Strophonella_, _Chonetes_
(with hollow spines projecting from the ventral valve, one of the species
_C. melbournensis_ being characteristic of the Melbournian division of
Silurian rocks), _Orthis_, _Pentamerus_, _Camarotoechia_, _Rhynchotrema_,
_Wilsonia_, _Atrypa_ (represented by the world-wide _A. reticularis_),
_Spirifer_ and _Nucleospira_ (Figs. 85, 86).
New South Wales has a very similar assemblage of genera; whilst Tasmania
possesses _Camarotoechia_, _Stropheodonta_ and _Orthis_.
=Devonian Brachiopods.--=
The Devonian limestones and associated strata are fairly rich in
Brachiopods. The Victorian rocks of this age at Bindi and Buchan contain
genera such as _Chonetes_ (_C. australis_), _Spirifer_ (_S. yassensis_ and
_S. howitti_) and _Athyris_.
In New South Wales we again meet with _Spirifer yassensis_, veritable
shell-banks of this species occurring in the neighbourhood of Yass,
associated with a species of _Chonetes_ (_C. culleni_) (Fig. 86 D, E).
[Illustration: =Fig. 86--SILURIAN and DEVONIAN BRACHIOPODS.=
A--Camarotoechia decemplicata, Sow. Silurian. Victoria
B--Nucleospira australis, McCoy. Silurian. Victoria
C--Atrypa reticularis, L. sp. Silurian. Victoria
D--Chonetes culleni, Dun. Mid. Devonian. New South Wales
E--Spirifer yassensis, de Koninck. Devonian. New South Wales and
Victoria
]
In the Upper Devonian of New South Wales abundant remains occur of both
_Spirifer disjunctus_ and _Camarotoechia pleurodon_ (var.).
The Upper Devonian Series at Nyrang Creek near Canowindra, New South
Wales, contains a _Lingula_ (_L. gregaria_) associated with the
_Lepidodendron_ plant beds of that locality.
Queensland Devonian rocks contain _Pentamerus_, _Atrypa_ and _Spirifer_.
In Western Australia the Devonian species are _Atrypa reticularis_,
_Spirifer_ cf _verneuili_, _S. musakheylensis_ and _Uncinulus_ cf.
_timorensis_.
=Carboniferous Brachiopods.--=
The Carboniferous Brachiopod fauna is represented in New South Wales at
Clarence Town and other localities by a species which has an extensive
time-range, _Leptaena rhomboidalis_ var. _analoga_, and the following,
a few of which extend upwards into the Carbopermian:--_Chonetes
papilionacea_, _Productus semireticulatus_, _P. punctatus_, _P. cora_,
_Orthothetes crenistria_, _Orthis (Rhipidomella) australis_, _O.
(Schizophoria) resupinata_, _Spirifer striatus_, _S. bisulcatus_, _Cyrtina
carbonaria_ and _Athyris planosulcatus_.
In New Zealand the Matai series, referred to the Jurassic by Hutton, as
formerly regarded by Hector, and latterly by Park, as of Carboniferous
age, on the ground of a supposed discovery of _Spirifer subradiatus_ (_S.
glaber_) and _Productus brachythaerus_ in the Wairoa Gorge. Although these
species may not occur, the genera _Spirifer_ and _Productus_ are present,
which, according to Dr. Thomson, are distinctly of pre-Triassic types.
[Illustration: =Fig. 87--CARBOPERMIAN BRACHIOPODS.=
A--Productus brachythaerus, Sow. Carbopermian. New South Wales, &c.
B--Strophalosia clarkei, Eth. sp. Carbopermian. N.S.W., &c.
C--Spirifer convolutus, Phillips. Carbopermian. N.S.W., &c.
D--Spirifer (Martiniopsis) subradiatus, Sow. Carbopermian. New South
Wales, &c.
]
=Carbopermian Brachiopods.--=
The Brachiopod fauna of Carbopermian age in New South Wales is rich
in species of _Productus_ and _Spirifer_. Amongst the former are _P.
cora_ (also found in Western Australia, Queensland and Tasmania), _P.
brachythaerus_ (also found in Western Australia and Queensland), (Fig. 87
A), _P. semireticulatus_ (also found in Western Australia, Queensland and
the Island of Timor, and a common species in Europe), and _P. undatus_
(also found in Western Australia and Queensland, as well as in Great
Britain and Russia). _Strophalosia_ is an allied genus to _Productus_.
It is a common form in beds of the same age in W. Australia, Tasmania,
and New South Wales. The best known species is _S. clarkei_ (Fig. 87 B).
This type of shell is distinguished from _Productus_ in being cemented by
the umbo of the ventral valve, which valve is also generally less spinose
than the dorsal. When weathered the shells present a peculiar silky or
fibrous appearance. The genus _Spirifer_ is represented in W. Australia
by such forms as _S. vespertilio_, _S. convolutus_, _S. hardmani_, _S.
musakheylensis_, and _S. striatus_; whilst _S. vespertilio_ and _S.
convolutus_ are common also to New South Wales (Fig. 87 C), and the latter
only to Tasmania. _S. vespertilio_ is found in the Gympie beds near
Rockhampton, Queensland; and _S. tasmaniensis_ in Queensland (Bowen River
Coal-field, Marine Series), New South Wales and Tasmania. Of the smoother,
stout forms, referred to the sub-genus _Martiniopsis_, we may mention _S.
(M.) subradiatus_, which occurs in W. Australia, New South Wales, and
Tasmania (Fig. 87 D).
In the Queensland fauna, the Gympie series contains, amongst other
Brachiopods _Productus cora_, _Leptaena rhomboidalis_ var., _analoga_,
_Spirifer vespertilio_ and _S. strzeleckii_.
Other Carbopermian Brachiopod genera found in Australian faunas are
_Cleiothyris_, _Dielasma_, _Hypothyris_, _Reticularia_, _Seminula_,
_Cyrtina_, and _Syringothyris_.
=Triassic Brachiopods.--=
The Kaihiku Series of New Zealand (Hokonui Hills and Nelson) are probably
referable to the Trias. The supposed basal beds contain plants such as
_Taeniopteris_, _Cladophlebis_, _Palissya_ and _Baiera_. Above these
are marine beds containing Brachiopods belonging to _Spiriferina_,
_Rhynchonella_, _Dielasma_ and _Athyris_. The succession of these beds
presents some palaeontological anomalies still to be explained, for the
flora has a decided leaning towards a Jurassic facies.
Next in order of succession the Wairoa Series, in the Hokonui Hills and
Nelson, New Zealand, contains _Dielasma_ and _Athyris wreyi_.
The succeeding series in New Zealand, the Otapiri, or Upper Triassic
contains the Brachiopod genera _Athyris_[3] and _Spiriferina_, found at
Well's Creek, Nelson.
[Footnote 3: Referred by Hector to a new sub-genus _Clavigera_, which
name, however, is preoccupied.]
=Jurassic Brachiopods.--=
[Illustration: =Fig. 88--MESOZOIC BRACHIOPODS.=
A--Rhynchonella variabilis Schloth. sp. Jurassic. W. Australia
B--Terebratella davidsoni, Moore. L. Cretaceous. Queensland
C--Lingula subovalis, Davidson. L. Cretaceous. S. Australia
D--Rhynchonella croydonensis, Eth. fil. Up. Cretaceous. Queensland
]
The marine Jurassic beds of W. Australia, as at Shark Bay and Greenough
River, contain certain _Rhynchonellae_ allied to European species, as _R.
variabilis_ (Fig. 88 A), and _R._ cf. _solitaria_.
=Lower Cretaceous Brachiopods.--=
The Lower Cretaceous or Rolling Downs Formation of Queensland has
yielded a fair number of Brachiopods, principally from Wollumbilla,--as
_Terebratella davidsoni_ (Fig. 88 B), (?) _Argiope wollumbillensis_, (?)
_A. punctata_, _Rhynchonella rustica_, _R. solitaria_, _Discina apicalis_
and _Lingula subovalis_. From beds of similar age in Central South
Australia and the Lake Eyre Basin _Lingula subovalis_ (Fig. 88 C), and
_Rhynchonella eyrei_ have been recorded; the latter has been compared with
a species (_R. walkeri_) from the Middle Neocomian of Tealby in Yorkshire.
=Upper Cretaceous Brachiopod.--=
A solitary species of the Brachiopoda occurs in the Upper Cretaceous of
Australia, namely, _Rhynchonella croydonensis_ (Fig. 88 D) of the Desert
Sandstone of the Croydon Gold-fields and Mount Angas, Queensland.
=Cainozoic Brachiopods.--=
The Brachiopoda of the Cainozoic or Tertiary strata of Australia
and New Zealand are well represented by the genera _Terebratula_,
_Magellania_, _Terebratulina_, _Terebratella_, _Magasella_ and
_Acanthothyris_. In the Balcombian or Oligocene of southern Australia
occur the following:--_Terebratula tateana_, _Magellania corioensis_,
_M. garibaldiana_ and _Magasella compta_ (Figs. 89 A, D); and most of
these range into the next stage, the Janjukian, whilst some extend even
to the Kalimnan. _Terebratulina suessi_, Hutton sp. (= _T. scoulari_,
Tate) ranges through the Balcombian and Janjukian, but is most typical
of the Janjukian beds in Victoria: it also occurs in the Oamaru Series
of New Zealand (= Janjukian). _Acanthothyris squamosa_ (Fig. 89 F) is
typical of the Janjukian of southern Australia, and it occurs also in
the Pareora beds of the Broken River, New Zealand. The latter are green,
sandy, fossiliferous strata immediately succeeding the Oamaru stone of the
Hutchinson Quarry beds. _A. squamosa_ is said to be still living south of
Kerguelen Island. _Magellania insolita_ is a Victorian species which is
also found in the Oamaru Series of New Zealand.
[Illustration: =Fig. 89--CAINOZOIC BRACHIOPODS.=
A--Terebratula tateana, T. Woods. Cainozoic. Victoria
B--Magellania corioensis, McCoy, sp. Cainozoic. Victoria
C--Magellania garibaldiana, Dav. sp. Cainozoic. Victoria
D--Magasella compta, Sow. sp. Cainozoic. Victoria
E--Terebratulina catinuliformis, Tate. Cainozoic. S. Australia
F--Acanthothyris squamosa, Hutton sp. Cainozoic. Tasmania
]
Whilst many of the older Tertiary brachiopods range into the next
succeeding stage of the Kalimnan in Victoria, such as _Magellania
insolita_, _Terebratulina_ catinuliformis_ (Fig. 89 E) and _Magasella
compta_, one species, _Terebratella pumila_, is restricted to the
Kalimnan, occurring at the Gippsland Lakes.
The next stage, the Werrikooian, typical in upraised marine beds on the
banks of the Glenelg River in western Victoria, contains _Magellania
flavescens_, a species still living (see _antea_, Fig. 23), and _M.
insolita_, having the extraordinarily wide range of the whole of the
Cainozoic stages in southern Australia.
* * * * *
COMMON OR CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS OF THE FOREGOING CHAPTER.
WORMS.
_Eunicites mitchelli_, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.
_Oenonites hebes_, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.
_Arabellites bowningensis_, Eth. fil. Silurian: New South Wales.
_Arenicolites_ sp. Silurian: New South Wales.
_Trachyderma crassituba_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Cornulites tasmanicus_, Eth. fil. Silurian: Tasmania.
_Spirorbis ammonius_, M. Edw. var. _truncata_, Chapm. Mid. Devonian:
Victoria.
_Spirorbis omphalodes_, Goldfuss. Devonian: W. Australia.
_Serpula testatrix_, Eth. fil. Carbopermian: New South Wales.
_Torlessia mackayi_, Bather. Lower Mesozoic: New Zealand.
_Serpula conformis_, Goldfuss. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Serpula intestinalis_, Phillips. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Serpula subtrachinus_, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: New South Wales.
_Serpula ouyenensis_, Chapm. Cainozoic: Victoria.
_Ditrupa cornea_, L. sp. var. _wormbetiensis_, McCoy. Cainozoic:
Victoria.
POLYZOA.
_Rhombopora gippslandica_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Fenestella australis_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Protoretepora ampla_, Lonsdale. Carbopermian: W. Australia, New South
Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania.
_Polypora australis_, Hinde. Carbopermian: W. Australia.
_Rhombopora tenuis_, Hinde. Carbopermian: W. Australia.
_Rhombopora laxa_, Etheridge sp. Carbopermian: Queensland.
_Membranipora wilsonensis_, Eth. fil. Lower Cretaceous: New South
Wales.
(?) _Lepralia oolitica_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Lichenopora australis_, MacGillivray. Cainozoic: Victoria.
_Heteropora pisiformis_, MacGillivray. Cainozoic: Victoria.
_Cellaria australis_, MacGillivray. Cainozoic: Victoria.
_Membranipora macrostoma_, Reuss. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).
_Selenaria marginata_, T. Woods. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).
_Macropora clarkei_, T. Woods sp. Cainozoic: Victoria.
_Adeona obliqua_, MacGill. Cainozoic: Victoria.
_Lepralia burlingtoniensis_, Waters. Cainozoic: Victoria.
_Bipora philippinensis_, Busk sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).
_Porina gracilis_, M. Edwards sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).
_Cellepora fossa_, Haswell, sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).
_Retepora fissa_, MacGill. sp. Cainozoic: Victoria (also living).
BRACHIOPODA.
_Orthis lenticularis_, Wahlenberg sp. Cambrian: Tasmania.
_Orthis platystrophioides_, Chapm. Cambrian: Victoria.
_Huenella etheridgei_, Walcott. Cambrian: S. Australia.
_Orthis leviensis_, Eth. fil. Ordovician: S. Australia, (?) Victoria.
_Siphonotreta discoidalis_, Chapm. Ordovician: Victoria.
_Siphonotreta maccoyi_, Chapm. Ordovician: Victoria.
_Lingula yarraensis_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Orbiculoidea selwyni_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Chonetes melbournensis_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Stropheodonta alata_, Chapm. Silurian: Victoria.
_Orthis elegantula_, Dalman. Silurian: Victoria.
_Pentamerus australis_, McCoy. Silurian: Victoria and New South Wales.
_Conchidium knightii_, Sow. sp. Silurian: Victoria and New South Wales.
_Camarotoechia decemplicata_, Sow. sp. Silurian: Victoria.
_Rhynchotrema liopleura_, McCoy sp. Silurian: Victoria.
_Atrypa reticularis_, L. sp. Silurian: New South Wales and Victoria.
Devonian: New South Wales, W. Australia and Queensland.
_Spirifer sulcatus_, Hisinger sp. Silurian: Victoria.
_Nucleospira australis_, McCoy. Silurian: Victoria.
_Chonetes australis_, McCoy. Mid. Devonian: Victoria.
_Chonetes culleni_, Dun. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales.
_Spirifer yassensis_, de Koninck. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales and
Victoria.
_Spirifer_ cf. _verneuili_, de Kon. Mid. Devonian: New South Wales and
W. Australia.
_Lingula gregaria_, Eth. fil. Upper Devonian: New South Wales.
_Spirifer disjunctus_, Sow. Up. Devonian: New South Wales.
_Productus cora_, d'Orb. Carboniferous: New South Wales and Queensland.
_Orthothetes crenistria_, Sow. sp. Carboniferous: New South Wales.
_Spirifer striatus_, Sow. Carboniferous: New South Wales.
_Productus brachythaerus_, Sow. Carbopermian: New South Wales,
Queensland, W. Australia.
_Strophalosia clarkei_, Eth. sp. Carbopermian: New South Wales,
Tasmania and W. Australia.
_Spirifer (Martiniopsis) subradiatus_, Sow. Carbopermian: New South
Wales, Tasmania and W. Australia.
_Spirifer convolutus_, Phillips. Carbopermian: New South Wales,
Tasmania and W. Australia.
_Cleiothyris macleayana_, Eth. fil. sp. Carbopermian: W. Australia.
_Dielasma elongata_, Schlotheim sp. Trias (Kaihiku Series): New
Zealand.
_Athyris wreyi_, Suess sp. Trias (Wairoa Series): New Zealand.
_Athyris_ sp. Trias (Otapiri Series): New Zealand.
_Rhynchonella variabilis_, Schlotheim sp. Jurassic: W. Australia.
_Terebratella davidsoni_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Rhynchonella solitaria_, Moore. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Lingula subovalis_, Davidson. Lower Cretaceous: Queensland and S.
Australia.
_Rhynchonella croydonensis_, Eth. fil. Upper Cretaceous: Queensland.
_Terebratula tateana_, T. Woods. Cainozoic (Balcombian and Janjukian):
Victoria and S. Australia.
_Magellania corioensis_, McCoy, sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian and
Janjukian): Victoria and S. Australia.
_Magellania garibaldiana_, Davidson sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian and
Janjukian): Victoria and S. Australia.
_Magasella compta_, Sow. sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian to Kalimnan):
Victoria and S. Australia.
_Terebratula suessi_, Hutton sp. Cainozoic (Balcombian and Janjukian):
Victoria, S. Australia, and New Zealand (Oamaru Series.)
_Acanthothyris squamosa_, Hutton sp. Cainozoic (Janjukian): Victoria
and S. Australia, New Zealand (Oamaru Series) (also living).
_Terebratella pumila_, Tate. Cainozoic (Kalimnan): Victoria.
_Magellania flavescens_, Lam. sp. Pleistocene: Victoria (also living).
* * * * *
LITERATURE.
WORMS.
Silurian.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890,
pp. 339, 340. Idem, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. (for 1896), 1897, p. 37.
Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XXII. (N.S.), pt. II. 1910,
pp. 102-105.
Devonian.--Hinde, G. J. Geol. Mag., Dec. II. vol. VII. 1890, p. 199.
Chapman, F. Rec. Geol. Surv. Vict., vol. III. pt. 2, 1912, p. 220.
Carboniferous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Bull. Geol. Surv. W. Australia, No.
10, 1903, p. 10.
Carbopermian.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales.
Pal. No. 5, 1892, pp. 119-121.
Lower Mesozoic.--Bather, F. A. Geol. Mag., Dec. V. vol. II. 1905, pp.
532-541.
Lower Cretaceous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. Soc. Geol. Surv. New South
Wales, Pal. No. 11. 1902, pp. 12, 13.
Cainozoic.--Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XXVI. (N.S.) pt. I.
1913, pp. 182-184.
POLYZOA.
Silurian.--Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVI. (N.S.), pt. I.
1903, pp. 61-63. Idem, Rec. Geol. Surv. Vic., vol. II., pt. 1,
1907, p. 78.
Carboniferous.--Hinde, G. J. Geol. Mag. Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp.
199-203.
Carbopermian.--De Koninck Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No.
6, 1898, pp. 128-140.
Cainozoic.--Stolicka, F. Novara Exped., Geol. Theil., vol. I. pt. 2,
pp. 87-158. Waters, A. W. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXXVII.
1881, pp. 309-347; ibid., vol. XXXVIII. 1882, pp. 257-276 and pp.
502-513; ibid., vol. XXXIX. 1883, pp. 423-443; ibid., vol. XL.
1884, pp. 674-697; ibid., vol. XLI. 1885, pp. 279-310; ibid.,
vol. XLIII. 1887, pp. 40-72 and 337-350. MacGillivray, P. H.
Mon. Tert. Polyzoa Vict., Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., Vol. IV. 1895.
Maplestone, C. M. "Further Descr. Polyzoa Vict.," Proc. Roy. Soc.
Vict., vol. XI. (N.S.), pt. I. 1898, pp. 14-21, et seqq.
BRACHIOPODA.
Cambrian.--Tate, R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. XV. 1892, pp. 185,
186. Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. V. pt. 2, 1904, p.
101. Walcott, C. D. Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. LIII. 1908, p. 109.
Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vic., vol. XXIII. (N.S.), pt. I. 1911,
pp. 310-313.
Ordovician.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Parl. Papers, S. Aust., No. 158, 1891,
pp. 13, 14. Tate, R. Rep. Horn Exped., pt. 3, 1896, pp. 110, 111.
Chapman, F. Rec. Geol. Surv. Vict., vol. I. pt. 3, 1904, pp.
222-224.
Silurian.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vic. Dec. V. 1877, pp. 19-29. Eth., R.
jnr. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. 3, pt. 2, 1892, pp.
49-60 (Silurian and Devonian _Pentameridae_). Idem, Proc. Roy.
Soc., Tas., (for 1896), 1897, pp. 38-41. De Koninck, L. G. Mem.
Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No. 6, 1898, pp. 20-29. Dun,
W. S. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. VII. pt. 4, 1904,
pp. 318-325 (Silurian to Carboniferous). Ibid., vol. VIII. pt.
3, 1907, pp. 265-269. Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVI.
(N.S.), pt. 1, 1903, pp. 64-79. Ibid., vol. XXI. (N.S.), pt. 1,
1908, pp. 222, 223. Ibid., vol. XXVI. (N.S.) pt. 1. 1913, pp.
99-113.
Devonian.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vict., Dec. IV., 1876, pp. 16-18.
Foord, A. H. Geol. Mag., Dec. III. vol. VII. 1890, pp. 100-102.
Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp. 64-68.
De Koninck, L. G. Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal., No. 6,
1898, pp. 64-85. Chapman, F. Proc. R. Soc. Vict., vol. XVIII.
(N.S.), pt. 1, 1905, pp. 16-19.
Carboniferous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. IV. No. 3,
1901, pp. 119, 120. Idem, Geol. Surv. W. Austr., Bull. No. 10,
1903, pp. 12-23. Dun, W. S. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales,
vol. VII., pt. 2, 1902, pp. 72-88 and 91-93.
Carbopermian.--Sowerby, G. B., in Strzelecki's Phys. Descr. of New
South Wales, etc., 1845, pp. 275-285. McCoy, F. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., vol. XX. 1847, pp. 231-236. Foord, A. H. Geol. Mag. Dec.
III. vol. VII. 1890, pp. 105 and 145-154. Etheridge, R. jnr.
Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892, pp. 225-264. De Koninck, L. G.
Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal., No. 6, 1898, pp. 140-203.
Dun, W. S. Rec. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, vol. VIII. pt. 4,
1909, pp. 293-304.
Lower Cretaceous.--Moore, C. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. XXVI.
1870, pp. 243-245. Etheridge, R. jnr. Mem. R. Soc. S. Austr.,
vol. II. pt. 1, 1902, pp. 8, 9.
Upper Cretaceous.--Etheridge, R. jnr. Geol. and Pal. Queensland, 1892,
p. 560.
Cainozoic.--McCoy, F. Prod. Pal. Vict., Dec. V. 1877, pp. 11-13. Tate,
R. Trans. R. Soc. S. Austr., vol. III. 1880, pp. 140-170. Idem,
ibid., vol. XXIII. 1899, pp. 250-259. Hutton, F. W. Trans. N.Z.
Inst., vol. XXXVII. 1905, pp. 474-481 (Revn. Tert. Brach.).