+Potentia+, +potentatus+, and +potestas+ (#potnios#) denote an exterior
power, which acts by means of men, and upon men; whereas +vis+ and
+robur+ denote an interior power and strength, independent of the
co-operation and good-will of others. +Potentia+ denotes a merely
factitious power, which can be exerted at will, like #dunamis#;
+potentatus+, the exterior rank of the ruler, which is acknowledged by
those who are subject to him, like #dunasteia#; +potestas+, a just and
lawful power, with which a person is entrusted, like #exousia#. Tac.
Ann. xiii. 19. Nihil tam fluxum est quam fama _potentiæ_ non sua _vi_
nixæ. +Vis+ (#is#) is the strength which shows itself in moving and
attacking, as an ability to constrain others, like #kratos#; +robur+
(from #errhôsthai#) the strength which shows itself in remaining quiet,
as an ability to resist attack, and remain firm, like #rhômê#. (v. 83.)
POTESTAS, see _Occasio_.
PRÆBERE; EXHIBERE; PRÆSTARE; REPRESENTARE. +Præbere+ and +exhibere+
denote a voluntary act of the giver, by which a want or wish of the
receiver is satisfied; the _præbens_ (præhibens) is considered in
relation to the receiver, to whom he gives up what he himself before
possessed; the _exhibens_, in relation to the world at large, and
generally gives to him who has the best claim, what he himself before
possessed; whereas +præstare+ and +repræsentare+ denote an involuntary
act of the giver, who only fulfils a duty, as to perform or discharge;
the _præstans_ releases himself from an obligation by discharging it, in
opp. to being longer in a state of liability; the _repræsentans_ fulfils
a promise, in opp. to longer putting off. (iv. 132.)
PRÆCEPTOR, see _Doctor_.
PRÆCIPERE, see _Jubere_.
PRÆCLARUS, see _Eminens_.
PRÆDA; MANUBIÆ; SPOLIA; EXUVIÆ; RAPINA. 1. +Prædia+ and +manubiæ+ denote
booty only as a possession and gain that has been made by conquest;
whereas +spolia+ and +exuviæ+, at the same time, as signs of victory and
of honor. 2. +Præda+ denotes any sort of booty; whereas +manubiæ+ only
the honorable booty of the soldier, taken in war; and +rapina+, the
dishonorable booty of the _prædo_, who violates the peace of the
country, robbery. (iv. 337.) 3. +Prædo+ is the robber in general, in as
far as he commits the robbery with his own hands, like #lêstês#, as a
species of _latro_ (from #oletêr#) the highwayman, who lays wait for
travellers, like #sinis#, and _pirata_ (#peiratês#) the sea-robber;
whereas +raptor+ means the robber of some particular person or thing,
like #harpaktêr#.
PRÆDICERE, see _Divinare_.
PRÆDITUS; INSTRUCTUS; EXSTRUCTUS; ORNATUS. 1. +Præditus+ (præ-#thetos#)
refers to a distinction which sheds lustre; +instructus+ and
+exstructus+ to a qualification which attests usefulness; +ornatus+
refers to both, for _ornamentum_ is not, on the one side, that which is
merely of use, like _instrumentum_, nor, on the other, that which is
merely for show, like _decus_, but that which is of such eminent utility
as to be prized even as an ornament. +Instructus+ paints the
qualification, etc., as a perfection which protects and secures;
+ornatus+, as an accomplishment of an imposing nature. It is only in a
higher point of view, and with reference to ideal claims, that _ornatus_
is considered as a want; but, according to ordinary pretensions, it
passes for a distinction of life. Cic. Phil. x. 4. Græcia copiis non
_instructa_ solum, sed etiam _ornata_. Sen. Tranq. 9. Sicut plerisque
libri non studiorum _instrumenta_, sed coenationum _ornamenta_ sunt.
2. +Instructus+ refers to persons and things, which act either
offensively or defensively; +exstructus+ to things which are for the
most part only destined to be acted upon; for example, we say,
_instructæ naves_ but _exstructæ mensæ_. The _exstructa_ are absolutely
ready; the _instructa_ are only relatively so, only fully prepared to be
employed according to their destination. (iii. 260.) 3. +Instructus+
refers to the possession of the means; +paratus+ to the readiness of the
possessor to employ them. (vi. 175.)
PRÆDIUM, see _Villa_.
PRÆGNANS; GRAVIDUS; FOETUS; FORDUS; INCIENS. +Prægnans+ (from
#genesthai#, gnasci) denotes pregnancy quite in a general sense;
+gravidus+, that of human beings; +foetus+, +fordus+, +inciens+, that of
animals, as with young; +foetus+ (from #phuô#) that of all animals;
+fordus+ or +hordus+ (#phoras#) that of cows; +inciens+ (#enkuos#) that
of small animals, and particularly of swine. Varro, R. R. ii. 5. Quæ
sterilis est vacca, taura appellatur; Quæ _prægnans, horda_. _Gravida
mulier_ is the physical and medical expression, like #enkuos#;
_prægnans_, the more select and decorous expression, something like 'in
a family way.' (v. 226.)
PRÆMIUM; PRETIUM; MERCES. +Præmium+ is a prize of honor, that confers
distinction on the receiver, as a reward, in opp. to _poena_; Tac. Ann.
i. 26. Cic. Rep. iii. 16. Rabir perd. 11. Liv. xxxvi. 40, like #athlon#,
#geras#; whereas +pretium+ and +merces+ are only a price, for the
discharge of a debt, as a payment; +pretium+, as a price for an article
of merchandise, in opp. to _gratia_, Cic. Verr. ii. 36. Suet. Galb. 15.
Appul. Apol. p. 296, like #ônos#; +merces+ denotes wages for personal
services of some duration, or hire for something hired, like #misthos#.
(iv. 139.)
PRÆS, see _Sponsor_.
PRÆSAGIRE, see _Divinare_.
PRÆSENTEM ESSE, see _Adesse_.
PRÆSENTIRE, see _Divinare_.
PRÆSTANS, s. _Eminens_.
PRÆSTOLARI, see _Manere_.
PRÆTEREA; INSUPER; ULTRO. +Præterea+ intimates something that completes
what is gone before, as #pros toutois#; +insuper+, something in addition
to what is gone before, like #proseti#; lastly, +ultro+, something that
exceeds what has gone before, so striking as to cast it into the
back-ground. (iii. 108.)
PRÆVIDERE, see _Divinare_.
PRAVITAS, see _Malitia_.
PRECARI, see _Rogare_.
PREHENDERE, s. _Sumere_.
PRETUM, see _Præmium_.
PRIDEM; DIU; DUDUM; DIUTURNUS; DIUTINUS. 1. +Pridem+ (#prin dê#) denotes
a point of time, as long before; +diu+ and +dudum+, a space of time as
long since; +diu+ denotes many days, months, years ago; +dudum+
(#daron#?) several minutes or hours since. _Jam pridem mortuus est_
means, he died long ago, as an aorist; _jam diu mortuus est_, he has
already long been in his grave as a perfect. Cic. Cat. i. 1. Ad mortem
te duci _jam pridem_ oportebat; in te conferri pestem illam quam tu in
nos omnes _jamdiu_ machinaris. Tac. Ann. xv. 64. Seneca Annæum _diu_
sibi amicitiæ fide et arte medicinæ probatum orat, proviram _pridem_
venenum promeret. 2. +Diutunus+ denotes long duration indifferently, as
something long in a general sense, or with praise, as something lasting
and possessing durability, in opp. to that which quickly passes away,
like #chronios#; whereas +diutinus+, with blame, something protracted
and wearisome, like #aianos#. Cic. Senect. 19. Nihil mihi _diuturnum_
videtur, in quo est aliquid extremum: comp. with Fam. xi. 8: Libertatis
desiderio et odio _diutinæ_ servitutis.
PRIMORDIUM, see _Initium_.
PRIMORES; PRINCIPES; PROCERES; OPTIMATES. +Primores+ and +principes+
denote the most eminent persons in a state, as a class of the most
influential and respectable citizens, in opp. to insignificant persons;
+primores+, so far as they are so by their connections, birth, power,
and credit; +principes+, so far as they have raised themselves by their
intellect, commanding talent, and activity to take the lead in debates,
to be at the head of parties, to be the first men even among the
_primores_, and in the whole state; whereas +proceres+, as far as they
are so from their natural position, as the nobility, in opp. to the
commonalty; +optimates+, as a political class, as the aristocracy, in
opp. to the democracy. Accius apud Non. _Primores procerum_ provocaret
nomine. (v. 346.)
PRIMUS; PRINCEPS; IMPERATOR; CÆSAR. 1. +Primus+ is the first, so far as,
in space of time, he makes his appearance first, and others follow him;
+princeps+, so far as he acts first, and others follow his example.
(v. 344.) 2. +Princeps+ means the Roman emperor, as holder of the
highest civil power, which gradually devolved to him as _princeps
senatus_; whereas +imperator+, as holder of the highest military power,
inasmuch as, except him and the members of his family, no one had any
longer a claim to the title of _imperator_; lastly, +Cæsar+ means the
Roman emperor, as a member, and from the time of Galba, as a mere
successor, of the imperial family and dynasty.
PRINCIPIUM, see _Initium_.
PRISCUS, PRISTINUS, see _Antiquus_.
PRIVUS; PROPRIUS; PECULIARIS. +Privus+ means one's own, in opp. to
_alienus_, that which belongs to another, like #oikeios#; +proprius+,
that which is exclusively one's own, in opp. to _communis_, that which
is common, like #idios#; lastly, +peculiaris+, that which is especially
one's own, in opp. to _universalis_, that to which all are entitled.
(iv. 344.)
PROBRUM, see _Ignominia_ and _Maledictum_.
PROBUS, see _Bonus_.
PROCAX, see _Petulans_.
PROCELLA, see _Ventus_.
PROCERES, see _Primores_.
PROCERUS, see _Altus_.
PROCLIVIS, see _Pronus_.
PROCRASTINARE, see _Differre_.
PROCUL; LONGE; EMINUS; E LONGINQUO. 1. +Procul+ means at a considerable
distance, but yet generally within sight, in opp. to _juxta_, Tac. H.
ii. 74, like #apothen#; whereas +longe+, at a great distance, generally
out of sight, in opp. to _prope_, Plin. Ep. vii. 27, like #têle#.
2. +Eminus+ means at such a distance as to be in reach only of missile
weapons, in opp. to _cominus_, like #porrhôthen#; whereas +e longinquo+,
from afar, means from a great distance, in opp. to _e propinquo_, like
#têlothen#.
PRODIGIA, see _Auguria_.
PRODIGUS; PROFUSUS; HELLUO; NEPOS. +Prodigus+ and +profusus+ denote
prodigality, as a single feature in a man's character; +prodigus+ (from
#dechô#?) inasmuch as he regards not the value of money, and neither can
nor will carefully put it out to interest, from a genial disposition, as
the squanderer; +profusus+, inasmuch as he thinks nothing too dear, that
can minister to his pleasures, from levity of character, as the
spendthrift; whereas +helluo+ and +nepos+ denote prodigality as
pervading the whole character, which shows itself fully in the quality
of prodigality; +helluo+ (from #chlidê#) the habitual gourmand and
glutton; +nepos+ (#anapotês#) a young and harebrained prodigal, who runs
through his own property and that of his parents. (vi. 286.)
PROELIUM, see _Pugna_.
PROFERRE, see _Differre_.
PROFICISCI; ITER FACERE; PEREGRINARI. 1. +Proficisci+ (from facere,
facessere,) denotes only the starting-point of a journey, as to set out,
#poreuesthai#; whereas +iter facere+ and +peregrinari+, the duration, as
to travel, #hodoiporein#. 2. +Iter facere+ applies to an inland journey,
as well as to travelling abroad; but +peregrinari+, #ekdêmein#, supposes
that one travels beyond the bounds of one's own country; in which case
the _peregrinatio_ lasts, even when the point of destination is arrived
at, and the _iter_ ended. (ii. 133. iv. 69.)
PROFITERI, see _Fateri_.
PROFUGUS, see _Perfuga_.
PROFUSUS, see _Prodigus_.
PROGENIES, see _Stirps_.
PROHIBERE, see _Arcere_.
PROLES, see _Stirps_.
PROLIXI, see _Passi_.
PROLOQUI, see _Eloqui_.
PROMITTERE, s. _Polliceri_.
PRONUNTIARE, s. _Eloqui_.
PRONUS; PROCLIVIS; PROPENSUS. +Pronus+ (from #prôn#, #prênês#,) in its
moral meaning denotes inclination in general; +proclivis+, oftener the
inclination to something good; +propensus+, to something bad. (vi. 287.)
PROPALAM, see _Aperire_.
PROPE, see _Pæne_.
PROPENSUS, see _Pronus_.
PROPERUS, see _Citus_.
PROPINQUUS, s. _Necessarius_.
PROPRIUS, s. _Privus_.
PROROGARE, see _Differre_.
PRORSUS, see _Plane_.
PROSAPIA, see _Stirps_.
PROSEQUI, s. _Comitari_.
PROSPER, see _Felix_.
PROTERVUS, s. _Petulans_.
PROTINUS, see _Repente_.
PRUDENS, see _Sapiens_.
PSALLERE, see _Canere_.
PUDENS; PUDIBUNDUS; PUDICUS, see _Castus_.
PUELLA, see _Virgo_.
PUER; INFANS; ADOLESCENS; JUVENIS; VIR; VETUS; SENEX. +Puer+ (from
parere, #païs#,) in a wider sense, is the man in his dependent years, so
long as he neither can be, nor is, the father of a family, as a young
person, in three periods, as +infans+, #nêpios#, #paidion#, from his
first years till he is seven; as +puer+, in a narrower sense, #pais#,
from his seventh year till he is sixteen; as commencing +adolescens+
(from #althein#) a youngster, #meirakion#, #neanias#, from his sixteenth
year. +Juvenis+, in a wider sense, is as long as he remains in his years
of greatest strength, from about the time of his being of age to the
first appearances of advanced age, as the young man #neos#, which also
may be divided into three periods;--as ceasing to be +adolescens+, from
his eighteenth year; as +juvenis+ (from #zeô#) in a narrower sense,
#neanias#, from his four-and-twentieth year; as beginning to be +vir+,
#anêr#, from his thirtieth year. +Maturus+ is the man in his ripest
years, when the wild fire of youth has evaporated, and may be divided
into three periods;--as ceasing to be +vir+, #anêr#, from his fortieth
year; as +vetus+, #gerôn#, from his fiftieth year; as +senex+, (#anax#)
#presbutês#, from his sixtieth year. (v. 45.)
PUGIO, see _Gladius_.
PUGNA; ACIES; PROELIUM. +Pugna+ (#puknê#, #pux#,) denotes in a general
sense, any conflict, from a single combat to the bloodiest pitched
battle, like #machê#; +acies+, the conflict of two contending armies
drawn up in battle array with tactical skill, the pitched battle;
+proelium+ (from #prulees#) the occasional rencounter of separate
divisions of the armies, as an engagement, action, skirmish, like
#sumbolê#. (v. 189.) [No: _proelium_ is frequently used of _general_
engagements: e.g. illustrissimum est _proelium_ apud Platæas. _Nep._]
PUGNARE; CONFLIGERE; DIMICARE; DIGLADIARI. 1. +Pugnare+ and +confligere+
mean, to decide a quarrel by force, generally in a mass, in a battle;
+dimicare+ and +digladiari+, to decide a quarrel by arms, and generally
in a single combat. 2. +Pugnare+ denotes a battle, more with reference
to its form, and on its brightest side, as requiring skill and courage;
+confligere+, as a mere engagement, in consequence of an occasional
collision, on its rough side as aiming at slaughter and carnage. Cic.
Balb. 9. Qui cum hoste nostro cominus sæpe in acie _pugnavit_: comp.
with Off. i. 23. Tenere in acie versari et manu cum hoste _confligere_,
immane quiddam et belluarum simile est. Or, Nep. Eum. 4. and 8.
3. +Dimicare+ denotes a fight with weapons agreed upon by the parties,
such as swords, spears, lances, clubs, and gives the harmless image of a
man who fights in his own defence; whereas +digladiari+ denotes a fight
with sword or poniard, and gives the hateful image of a practised
gladiator, whose calling and art consist in nothing but fighting and
assassinating. Cic. Tusc. iv. 19. Convenit _dimicare_ pro legibus, pro
libertate, pro patria: comp. with Leg. iii. 9. Iis sicis, quas ipse se
projecisse dicit in forum, quibus inter se _digladientur_ cives.
(v. 187.)
PULCHER, see _Formosus_.
PULLUS, see _Ater_.
PULPA, see _Caro_.
PULSARE, see _Verberare_.
PULVINAR, PULVINUS, see _Culcita_.
PUNGERE; STIMULARE. +Pungere+ means to thrust at with any pointed
instrument, in order to inflict a wound or occasion pain; whereas
+stimulare+, with a sharp-pointed or penetrating instrument, in order,
by inflicting pain, to rouse to watchfulness and activity. (vi. 292.)
PUNIRE, see _Vindicta_.
PURGATIO; EXCUSATIO; SATISFACTIO. +Purgatio+ consists, like
justification, in clearing one's self of a suspicion or accusation by
proving it groundless; +excusatio+, like making an excuse, is
acknowledging something wrong, but with the assertion of, or reference
to, subjective innocence; +satisfactio+, like atonement, is the
satisfaction made to the suffering, or injured party, in case of
innocence, by _purgatio_ or _excusatio_,--in case of guilt, by _veniæ
petitio_ or by _poena_ (vi. 293.)
PURUS; MUNDUS; MERUS; PUTUS; MERACUS. 1. +Purus+ (#psôros#) denotes
purity, as a synonyme of _integer_, and in opp. to _contaminatus_, like
#katharos#, Suet. Vesp. 9; whereas +mundus+, as a synonyme of _nitidus_,
and in opp. to _spurcus_ or _sordidus_, like #kompsos#; Senec. Ep. 70.
Sall. Jug. 85. Hor. Sat. ii. 1, 65; lastly, +merus+ (from #meirô#) as a
synonyme of _simplex_, and in opp. to _mixtus_, like #akêratos#,
#akeraios#. Colum. iii. 21. 2. +Purus+ is the general and popular,
+putus+, or usually +purus putus+, +purus ac putus+, the technical
expression for the purity of gold and silver, that are solid and without
alloy. 3. +Merus+ denotes anything unmixed, indifferently, or with
praise, as a mixture may be an adulteration; whereas +meracus+ refers
especially to unmixed wine, and, figuratively, it is transferred to
other objects, and means unmixed in a bad sense, as that which is
without its proper ingredients, like the old German word, eitel, thin
and poor in quality, in opp. to _temperatus_. Cic. Rep. i. 43.
(iii. 204.)
PUS, see _Sanies_.
PUSILLUS, see _Parvus_.
PUTARE, see _Censere_.
PUTUS, see _Purus_.