Brazilian cave-fauna, 143
remarks on, 145
_Breyeria borinensis_, carboniferous insect, 168
Britain, peculiar species in, 197
British Isles, zoology of, 197
Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, 340
_Brontotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Brontotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Bubo_, European Miocene, 162
_Bulimus_, Eocene, 169
_Bunælurus_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Buprestidium_, Oolitic insect, 167
Butterflies, arrangement of, 103
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of Azores, 207
peculiar to Siberian sub-region, 220
of Japan and North China, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
number of Ethiopian species, 256
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 404
of the Austro-Malay sub-region, 404
of the Moluccas, 419
of Celebes, peculiarities of, 434
of New Zealand, 457
C.
_Cadurcotherium_, European Eocene, 125
_Cælodon_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Cælogenys_, in Brazilian caves, 144
_Cænopithecus_, European Eocene, 124
_Cainotherium_, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
_Calamodon_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Callithrix_ in Brazilian caves, 184
Canaries, birds of, 208
beetles of, 209
_Canidæ_, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134
remarkable S. African, 267
_Canis_, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, 122
birth-place and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
_Camelidæ_, essentially extra-tropical, 112
N. American Tertiary, 138
_Camelopardalis_, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122
_Camelotherium_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and of, 266
Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, 214
Cape-hare, S. African, 267
_Cardiodus_, S. American Pliocene, 147
_Cariama_, Brazilian caves, 164
_Carnivora_ of European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 134
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Carnivora, classification of, 88
antiquity of, 153
of the Palæarctic region, 182
list of Palæarctic genera of, 240
list of Ethiopian genera of, 302
range of Oriental genera of, 373
list of Australian genera of, 476
Caroline Islands, birds of, 444
_Carterodon_ in Brazilian caves, 145
Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, 85 {492}
Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, 88
_Castor_, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120
_Casoryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Cathartes_, Brazilian caves, 164
Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143
_Cavia_, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Cebochoerus_, European Eocene, 126
_Cebus_ in Brazilian caves, 144
Celebes, physical features of, 389
mammalia of, 426
birds of, 428
insects of, 434
origin of fauna of, 436
_Centetidæ_, European Miocene, 118
Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397
_Cercolabes_ in Brazilian caves, 145
_Cercopithecus_ in European Pliocene, 112
_Cervidæ_, European Miocene, 120
birth-place and migrations of, 155
_Cervus_, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Cetacea_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 140
Cetacea, classification of, 89
range of Oriental genus, 374
Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, 327
Ceylonese sub-region, 326
mammalia of, 327
birds of, 327
reptiles of, 327
amphibia of, 327
insects of, 327
past history of, as indicated by its fauna, 328
_Chalicomys_, European Pliocene, 113
_Chalicotherium_, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil in N. China, 123
_Chamæleo_, N. American Eocene, 165
Chamois, figure of, 195
Chatham Islands, birds of, 454
Chelonia, classification of, 100
_Chelydra_, European Pliocene, 165
Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, 336
Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, 63
China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European
Miocene, 362
North, mammalia of, 222
_Chinchillidæ_ in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Chiroptera, classification of, 87
list of Palæarctic genera of, 239
list of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
list of Australian genera of, 475
_Chiroptera_, European Eocene, 125
in Brazilian caves, 144
_Chlamydotherium_ in Brazilian caves, 145
_Choeromorus_, European Miocene, 119
_Choeropotamus_, European Eocene, 126
_Choerotherium_, Indian Miocene, 122
_Choneziphius_, European Pliocene, 112
Chough, Alpine, figure of, 195
Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, 67
Classification as affecting the study of distribution, 83
_Clausilia_, Eocene, 169
Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, 11
gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, 41
Coleoptera, families selected for study, 103
Palæarctic, 188
number of Palæarctic species, 189
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 256
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282, 283
of the Oriental region, 319
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 342
of the Australian region, 405
affinity of Australian and South American, 406, 407
of Celebes, 435
of New Zealand, 457
_Collocalia_, European Miocene, 161
_Colobus_, European Miocene, 117
_Colonoceras_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Colossochelys_ of Indian Miocene, 123, 165
Columbæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485
Comoro islands, zoology of, 281
Continents, distribution of, 37
recent changes of, 38
Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156
_Corvus_, European Miocene, 161
_Coryphodon_, European Eocene, 126
Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175
_Cricetodon_, European Miocene, 120
_Cricetus_, European Pliocene, 113
Crocodiles, Eocene, 165
Crocodilia, classification of, 100
Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456
Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209
Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415
_Cryptornis_, European Eocene, 163
_Ctenomys_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148
_Curculionidium_, Oolitic insect, 167
_Cyclostoma_, Eocene, 169
_Cyllo sepulta_, European Cretaceous, 167
_Cynælurus_, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427
_Cyotherium_, European Eocene, 125
D.
_Daptophilus_, N. American Tertiary, 134
Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous
insects in Madeira, 211
on the relation of flowers and insects, 463
_Dasyprocta_, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144
_Dasypus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Dasyurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, 221, 222
on birds of N. China, 226
Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, 138 {493}
Palæarctic, 182
probable cause of absence of from tropical Africa, 291
_Delphinus_, European Pliocene, 112
_Dendrocygna_, European Miocene, 162
Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219
_Diceratherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Dichobune_, European Eocene, 126
_Dicotyles_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 137
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
birthplace and migrations of, 155
_Dicrocerus_, European Miocene, 120
_Didelphys_, European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
_Dididæ_, 164
_Dinocerata_, N. American Tertiary, 139
_Dinoceras_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Dinornis_, allied form in European Eocene, 163
of New Zealand and Australia, 164
_Dinornithidæ_ of New Zealand, 164
_Dinotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Miocene of Perim Island, 123
_Dinyctis_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Dinylus_, European Miocene, 117
_Diplacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Diprotodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Dispersal of animals, 10
of mammalia, 10
of reptiles and amphibia, 28
Distribution, affected by climate, 5
affected by physical features, 5
contrasts of, in similar climates, 5
similarities of, in diverse climates, 6
barriers as affecting, 6
study of, dependent on a good classification, 83
of animals an adjunct to geology, 8
of animals requires certain preliminary studies, 8
of animals dependent on physical geography, 35
of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, 40
of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, 43
of animals, as affected by organic changes, 44
of animals, hypothetical illustration of, 46
of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, 49
of animals, problems in, 51
of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, 42
Dodo of Mauritius, 282
_Dolichopterus_, European Miocene, 162
_Dommina_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Dorcatherium_, European Miocene, 120
_Dremotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, 193
_Dromatherium_, N. American Triassic, 134
oldest American mammal, 160
Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, 340
_opithecus_, European Miocene, 117
E.
East Africa, geographical features of, 258
wide range of genera and species over, 259
few special types in, 260
East African sub-region, description of, 258
genera and species ranging over the whole of, 259
mammalia of, 260
birds of, 260
reptiles of, 260
amphibia and fishes of, 260
insects of, 260
few peculiar types in, 260
illustration of zoology of, 261
East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440
East Thibet, mammalia of, 222
Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, 211
_Echimyidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Echinogale_, European Miocene, 118
_Ectognathus_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Edentata_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Pliocene, 140
of Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Edentata, classification of, 90
probable birthplace of, 155
range of Ethiopian genera of, 305
range of Oriental genus of, 375
Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123
fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, 130
birthplace and migrations of, 155
Elephant shrews, S. African, 267
_Elephas_, Post-Pliocene, 112
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 138
Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, 415
_Elornis_, European Miocene, 162
_Elotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139
Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204
on true relations of the birds of Central India, 323
_Embasis_, N. American Tertiary, 134
Emu, figure of, 441
_Emys_, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165
_Emydida_, Indian Miocene, 123
_Enhydrion_, Indian Miocene, 121
_Eobasileus_, N. American Eocene, 139
Eocene period, 124
fauna of S. America, 148
_Ephemera_, from the Lias, 167
_Eporeodon_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Equidæ_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Eocene, 125
_Equus_, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
_Ereptodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
_Erinaceus_, European Miocene, 117
_Erythromachus_ of Rodriguez, 164
_Esthonyx_, N. American Eocene, 139
Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, 63
defined, 73
subdivisions of, 73
general features of, 251 {494}
zoological characteristics of, 252
mammalia of, 253
great speciality of, 253
birds of, 253
reptiles of, 254
amphibia of, 255
fresh-water fish of, 255
summary of vertebrates of, 255
insects of, 255
coleoptera of, 256
terrestrial mollusca of, 257
sub-regions of, 258
Atlantic islands of, 269
the probable past history of, 285
tables of distribution of animals of, 293
_Eumys_, N. American Tertiary, 140
_Euphractus_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, 39
Miocene fauna of Central, 117
Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa,
124
European sub-region, description of, 191
forests of, 192
mammalia of, 192
birds of, 193
reptiles and amphibia of, 195
fresh-water fish of, 196
insects of, 196
islands of, 197
Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, 278
_Eurydon_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Eurytherium_, European Eocene, 126
_Eutatus_, S. American Pliocene, 147
_Eutelodon_, European Eocene, 126
_Eutemnodus_, S. American Eocene, 148
Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, 126
mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, 140
mammalia of the Antilles, 148
mammalia of Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, 148
fauna of New Zealand, 459
Extinction of large animals, causes of, 158
F.
Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, 230
of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, 231
extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, 282
Malayan, probable origin of, 359
Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419
Timorese, origin of, 422
of Celebes, origin of, 436
of New Zealand, origin of, 460
_Felis spelæa_, 110
_Felis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
in Brazilian caves, 144
Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29
classification of, 101
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 186
of the European sub-region, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of South Africa, 268
fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, 298
fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
fresh-water, table of Oriental families of, 369
fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397
fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, 400
how the transmission may have taken place, 401
fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457
Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162
Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, 462
fossil, of Australia, 467
Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, 85
classification of carnivora, 87
Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337
Flying Opossum, figure of, 442
Formosa, zoology of, 332
Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, 192
Siberian, greatest extent of, 216
G.
Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463
_Galecynus_, in European Pliocene, 112
_Galera_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
_Galeospalax_, European Miocene, 118
_Galeotherium_, Post-Pliocene, 111
_Galethylax_, European Eocene, 125
_Galictis_, in Brazilian caves, 144
Gallinæ, classification of, 96
range of Palæarctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384
range of Australian genera of, 485
_Gallus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
_Gallus bravardi_, European Pliocene, 161
_Gastornis_, European Eocene, 163
Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, 132
Geological history of Oriental region, 362
Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114
Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, 40
as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones,
since Pliocene times, 151
probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, 151
causing a general subsidence of the ocean, 152
_Glandina_, Eocene, 169
_Glossotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Glyptodon_, S. American Pliocene, 147
_Gnathopsis_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Goats, Palæarctic, 182
Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, 207
Golden Moles, S. African, 267
_Graculavus_, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Grallæ, arrangement of, 97
peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, 249
peculiar Ethiopian genera of, 313
peculiar Oriental genera of, 386 {495}
peculiar Australian genera of, 484
Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, 88
Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115
summary of Miocene fauna of, 116
Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, 446
Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98
his classification of fishes, 101
on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, 289
on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, 329
H.
Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, 460
Habitat, definition of, 4
Hainan, zoology of, 334
_Halcyornis_, European Eocene, 103
_Halitherium_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
_Helladotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Hatteria of New Zealand, 456
Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331
_Helix_, Eocene, 169
_Hemibos_, Indian Miocene, 122
_Hemicyon_, European Miocene, 118
_Herpetotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Hesperomys_, N. American Tertiary, 140
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Hesperornis_, N. American Cretaceous, 164
_Heterodon_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Hexaprotodon_, Indian Miocene, 122
Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, 158
Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, 329, 333
_Hipparion_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
_Hippopotamus_, Post-Pliocene, 112
Europe in Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene, 122
_Hipposyus_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Hippotherium_, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
_Hippotragus_, European Miocene, 120
_Homalodontotherium_, S. American Pliocene, 146
_Homalophus_, European Miocene, 161
_Homocamelus_, N. American Tertiary, 138
Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, 392
Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, 464
_Hoplocetus_, European Pliocene, 112
_Hoplophoneus_, N. American Tertiary, 134
Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121
perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, 136
probable birthplace of, 154
Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, 461
Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59
division of animal kingdom by, 85
_Hyæna_, Post-Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
fossil in N. China, 123
_Hyænarctos_ in European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
S. American Pliocene, 146
_Hyænictis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
_Hyænidæ_, European Miocene, 118
_Hyænodon_, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 134
_Hyænodontidæ_, European Miocene, 118
_Hydrochoerus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
_Hydrornis_, European Miocene, 162
_Hyohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135
_Hyomoschus_, European Miocene, 120
_Hyopotamus_, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 137
_Hyopsodus_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Hyotherium_, European Miocene, 119
_Hypertragulus_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Hypisodus_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Hypsiprymnus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
_Hyrachyus_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Hyracodon_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Hyracoidea_, classification of, 90
Palæarctic, 242
Ethiopian, 304
_Hyracotherium_, supposed, in European Eocene, 125
European Eocene, 126
_Hystrix_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
N. American Tertiary, 140
I.
_Ibidipodia_, European Miocene, 162
Ibidorhynchus, figure of, 331
Iceland, zoology of, 198
_Icthyornis_, N. American Cretaceous, 164
_Icticyon_ in Brazilian caves, 144
_Ictitherium_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
_Ictops_, N. American Tertiary, 133
India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, 123
geological features of, 328
Indian, sub-region, description of, 321
supposed relation to Ethiopian region, 321
mammalia of, 322
birds of, 323
reptiles and amphibia of, 326
Indo-Chinese, sub-region, description of, 329
zoological characteristics of, 330
illustration of, 331
reptiles of, 331
amphibia of, 331
insects of, 332
islands belonging to, 333
Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, 334
mammalia of, 336
illustrations of, 336, 339
birds of, 337
remote geographical relations of, 339
reptiles and amphibia of, 340
fishes of, 341
insects of, 341
coleoptera of, 342
terrestrial mollusca of, 343
zoological relations of islands of, 345
recent geographical changes in, 357
probable origin of fauna of, 359
Insects, means of dispersal of, 32
tenacity of life of, 33 {496}
adapted to special conditions, 33
groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, 102
antiquity of the genera of, 166
fossil of European Miocene, 166
European Cretaceous, 167
European Wealden, 167
Palæozoic, 168
Palæarctic, 187
of Central Europe, 196
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205
of the Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
of the Ethiopian region, 255
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 265
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 282
general remarks on, 284
of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, 291
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 332
of the Oriental region, 318
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay
Archipelago, 343
of the Australian region, 403
of New Guinea, 417
of the Moluccas, 420
of Timor group, 426
of Celebes, 454
of New Zealand, 458
scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462
influence of, on the flora, 463
_Insectivora_, European Miocene, 117
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 133
Insectivora, classification of, 87
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of N. China and E. Thibet, 222
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of Madagascar, 273
range of Ethiopian genera of, 301
of the Oriental region, 315
range of Oriental genera of, 372
range of Australian genera of, 476
_Isacis_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Ischyromys_, N. American Tertiary, 140
Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206
of the West African sub-region, 265
of Ethiopian region, 269
Mascarene, 280
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443
Society and Marquesas, 444
New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445
Sandwich, 446
of New Zealand sub-region, 453
Norfolk, 453
Lord Howe's, 454
Chatham, 454
Auckland, 455
_Issiodromys_, European Pliocene, 113
J.
_Jacchus_, in Brazilian caves, 144
Japan and North China, physical features of, 221
southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, 226
general character of the fauna of, 230
former land-connexions of, 231
Java, mammalia of, 349
productions of, well known, 350
birds of, 351
representative species of birds in, 352
origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, 352
Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological
peculiarities explained, 357
_Junonia_, European Miocene, 167
K.
Kakapoe, of New Zealand, 455
Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, 157
Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, 211 (_note_)
_Kerodon_, in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
King-fisher, racquet tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, 415
Kiwi of New Zealand, 455
Koodoo antelope, figure of, 261
L.
Lacertilia, classification of, 99
Ladrone Islands, birds of, 444
_Lagomys_, European Pliocene, 113
European Miocene, 120
_Lagostomus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Lake Baikal, seals of, 218
Land and water, proportions of, 35
Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, 168
Land-shells, Palæozoic, 169
Palæarctic, 190
of Madeira, 209
of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
of the Ethiopian region, 257
of W. Africa, 265
of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 285
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 344
of the Australian region, 407
of Sandwich Islands, 446
of New Zealand, 459
_Lanius_, European Miocene, 161
_Laopithecus_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Laornis_, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76
_Lamuravidæ_, 133
_Lemuravus_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Lemuridæ_, European Eocene, 124
Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
_Lepictis_, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177
table of Palæarctic families of, 238
S. African, 268
table of Ethiopian families of, 299
of the Oriental region, 318
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 404
table of Australian families of, 472
_Leptarchus_, N. American Tertiary, 135
_Leptauchenia_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Leptochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Leptodon_, Miocene of Greece, 116
_Leptomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Leptoptilus_, European Miocene, 162
_Leptosomus_, allied form in European Eocene, 168 {497}
Leptosomus of Madagascar, 278
figure of, 279
_Leptotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 144
_Lepus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Lestodon_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, 228
_Lebellula_, from the Lias, 167
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, 90
_Limnæa_, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169
_Limnatornis_, European Miocene, 161
_Limnocyon_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Limnohyus_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Limnotheridæ_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Limnotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Listriodon_, European Miocene, 119
_Lithomys_, European Miocene, 120
_Lithornis_, European Eocene, 163
Lizards, classification of, 99
Tertiary, 165
wide range of a species in Polynesia, 448
_Loncheres_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Lonchophorus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Lophiodon_, European Eocene, 125
N. American Tertiary, 136
_Lophiotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 136
Lord Howe's Island, birds of, 453
_Loxomylus_, Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, 143
_Lutra_, European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
_Lycæna_, Miocene of Greece, 115
Lyre bird, figure of, 441
M.
_Macacus_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
Indian Miocene, 121
supposed in European Eocene, 125
_Machairodus_, 110, 111
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121
N. American Tertiary, 134
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
_Macrauchenia_, S. American Pliocene, 146
_Macrotherium_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 121
Madagascar, extinct birds of, 164
description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
general remarks on insect fauna of, 284
Madeira, birds of, 208
land shells of, 208
beetles of, 210
wingless insects numerous in, 211
how stocked with animals, 213
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, 353
comparison of mammalia, 354
of birds, 355
Malagasy sub-region, description of, 272
mammalia of, 272
birds of, 274
illustration of zoology of, 278
reptiles of, 279
amphibia of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282, 289
insects of, 282
early history of, 286
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, 345 (_note_)
Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, 263
fauna, probable origin of, 359
resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, 361
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, 114
formerly joined to Africa, 201
fossil elephants of, 201
birds of, 206 (_note_)
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, 10
as limited by climate, 11
as limited by rivers, 12
how far limited by the sea, 13
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, 14
means of dispersal of aquatic, 15
of most importance in determining zoological regions, 57
classification of, 85
birthplace and migrations of some families of, 142, 153
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palæarctic region, 181
of the European sub-region, 192
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 202
of the Siberian sub-region, 217
characteristic of Western Tartary, 218
of the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, 222
Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, 223
peculiar to Japan, 223
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, 226
table of Palæarctic families of, 234
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
of the Ethiopian region, 253
absence of certain important groups, 253
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 262
of S. Africa, 267
of Madagascar, 272
table of Ethiopian families of, 294
table of Ethiopian genera of, 300
of the Oriental region, 315
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, 322
of Ceylon, 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, 336
illustration of characteristic Malayan, 336
of the Philippine Islands, 345
table of Oriental families of, 365
table of Oriental genera of, 371
of Australian region, 390
of the Papuan Islands, 410
of the Moluccas, 417
of Timor group, 422
of Celebes, 427
of Australia, 439
illustration of, 439
of New Zealand, 450
table of families of Australian, 470
table of genera of Australian, 475
_Mammal_, the most ancient American, 134
_Mammalia_, extinct, of Old World, 107
extinct, of historic period, 110
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, 127
extinct, of the New World, 129 {498}
extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, 141
original birth-place of some families and genera, 142, 153
of the secondary period, 160
_Manatus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Manchurian sub-region, description of, 220
mammalia of, 222
birds of, 223
reptiles and amphibia of, 227
fresh-water fish of, 227
insects of, 227
coleoptera of, 228
Marquesas Islands, birds of, 443
Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, 200
on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, 200
Marsupials, classification of, 91
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
European Miocene, 121
first migration to America, 155
diversified forms of, 391
of America prove no connexion with Australia, 399
list of Australian genera of, 476
_Martes_, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mascarene Islands, zoology of, 280
extinct fauna of, 282
gigantic land-tortoises of, 289
_Mastodon_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
in Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
Indian Miocene, 123
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
Mauritius, zoology of, 280
reptiles of, 281
McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, 466
Mediterranean, recent changes in, 39
sub-region, description of, 199
mammalia of, 202
birds of, 203
reptiles and amphibia of, 204
fresh-water fish of, 205
insects of, 205
islands of, 206
sea not separating distinct faunas, 201
_Megacerops_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Megalomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Megalocnus_, fossil in Cuba, 148
_Megalonyx_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Megalostoma_, Eocene, 169
_Megamys_, S. American Eocene, 148
_Megaspira_, European Tertiary, 169
_Megatheridæ_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Megatherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Melania_, European secondary, 169
_Meleagris_, N. American Miocene, 163
_Mellivora_, Indian Miocene, 121
_Melolonthidium_, Oolitic insect, 167
_Meniscotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Menotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Mephitis_, in Brazilian caves, 144
_Merychus_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Merychippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135
_Merychochoerus_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Merycodus_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Merycopotamus_, Indian Miocene, 122
_Merycotherium_ of Siberian drift, 112
_Mesacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Mesohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135
_Mesonyx_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Mesopithecus_, Miocene of Greece, 115
Meyer, Dr. A. B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, 415
_Microlestes_, oldest European mammal, 160
_Micromeryx_, European Miocene, 120
_Microsyops_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Microtherium_, European Miocene, 120
Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, 219
Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, 185
Migration of animals, 10
general phenomena of, 18
of birds, 19
of birds in Europe, 19
probable origin of, 22
of birds in India and China, 23
of birds in N. America, 23
changes in extent of, 24
of birds in S. Temperate America, 25
general remarks on, 25
_Milvus_, European Miocene, 162
Miocene fauna of the Old World, 114
fauna of Greece, 115
fauna of Greece, summary of, 116
fauna of Central Europe, 117
deposits of Siwalik Hills, 121
faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, 123
_Miohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135
Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, 86
on classification of insectivora, 87
on classification of amphibia, 101
Moles almost wholly Palæarctic, 181
Mole-rat, of W. Tartary, 218
Mollusca, means of dispersal of, 30
classification of, 104
groups selected for study, 104
Moluccas, zoology of, 417
birds of, 419
reptiles of, 420
insects of, 420
peculiarities of fauna of, 421
Monkeys on the high Himalayas, 12
fossil in N. American Miocene
in E. Thibet, 222
abundance of in the Oriental region, 315
Monotremata, classification of, 91
list of Australian genera of, 477
"More-pork" of Australia, figure of, 442
_Morotherium_, N. American Pliocene, 140
_Motacilla_, European Miocene, 161
Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, 393
Moupin, position and zoology of, 221
_Muridæ_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, 60
_Mustela_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
S. American Pliocene, 146
_Mustelidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 144
_Mylodon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Myogale_, European Miocene, 118
_Myomorphus_, fossil in Cuba
_Myopotamus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Myoxus_, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
_Mysarachne_, European Miocene, 118
_Mysops_, N. American Eocene, 140
_Myxophagus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. {499}
_Nanohyus_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Nasua_, in Brazilian caves, 144
Nearctic region, defined, 79
subdivisions of, 80
distinct from Palæarctic, 79
_Necrornis_, European Miocene, 161
Neotropical region, defined, 78
subdivisions of, 78
relations of W. African sub-region with, 265
_Nesodon_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Newton, Professor, on position of _Menuridæ_ and _Atrichiidæ_, 95
on birds of Iceland, 198
New Caledonia, birds of, 444
New Guinea, zoology of, 409
mammalia of, 410
birds of, 411
peculiarities of its ornithology, 413
illustration of ornithology of, 414
reptiles and amphibia of, 415
insects of, 416
New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, 62
extinct birds of, 164
sub-region, description of, 449
compared with British Isles, 449
mammalia of, 451
islets of, 453
illustration of ornithology of, 455
reptiles of, 456
amphibia of, 457
fresh-water fish of, 457
insects of, 458
Longicorns of, 458
Myriapoda of, 458
land-shells of, 459
ancient fauna of, 460
origin of fauna of, 460
poverty of insects in, 462
relations of insect-fauna and flora, 472
Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, 332
Nightingale, migration of the, 21
Norfolk Island, birds of, 453
North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene fauna of, 130
Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, 131
extinct birds of, 163
North Africa, zoological relations of, 202
_Notharctos_, N. American Tertiary, 133
Notornis of New Zealand, 455
_Nototherium_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
O.
_Ochotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Octodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Ophidia, classification of, 99
_Opisthocomus_, Brazilian caves, 164
_Opossum_, extinct, in European Miocene, 121
_Oreodon_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Oreodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 138
Oriental region, defined, 75
subdivisions of, 75
description of, 314
zoological features of, 315
mammalia of, 315
birds of, 316
reptiles of, 317
amphibia of, 317
fresh-water fishes of, 318
summary of vertebrata, 318
insects of, 318
sub-regions of, 321
concluding remarks on, 362
tables of distribution of animals of, 364
Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, 265
Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, 362
Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, 363
_Orohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Ostrich_, Miocene of N. India, 162
_Otaria_, European Miocene, 118
_Ovibos_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Oxen, birthplace and migrations of, 155
Palæarctic, 182
_Oxyæna_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Oxygomphus_, European Miocene, 118
_Oxymycterus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
P.
_Pachyæna_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Pachynolophus_, European Eocene, 126
_Pachytherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145
Palæarctic region, defined, 71
subdivisions of, 71
general features of, 180
zoological characteristics of, 181
has few peculiar families, 181
mammalia of, 181
birds of, 182
high degree of speciality of, 184
reptiles and amphibia of, 186
fresh-water fish of, 186
summary of vertebrata of, 186
insects of, 186
coleoptera of, 187
number of coleoptera of, 189
land-shells of, 190
sub-regions of, 190
general conclusions on the fauna of, 231
tables of distribution of animals of, 233
_Palæacodon_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Palæetus_, European Miocene, 162
_Palægithalus_, European Eocene, 162
_Palælodus_, European Miocene, 162
_Palæocastor_, N. American Tertiary, 140
_Palæocercus_, European Miocene, 162
_Palæochoeus_, European Miocene, 119
_Palæohierax_, European Miocene, 162
_Palæolagus_, N. American Tertiary, 140
_Palæolama_, S. American Pliocene, 147
_Palæomephitis_, European Miocene, 118
_Palæomeryx_, European Miocene, 120
_Palæomys_, European Miocene, 121
_Palæontina oolitica_, Oolitic insect, 167
Palæontology, 107
how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, 168
as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution,
concluding remarks on, 169
_Palæonyctis_, European Eocene, 125
_Palæoperdix_, European Miocene, 161
_Palæophrynus_, European Miocene, 166
_Palæoreas_, Miocene of Greece, 116
_Palæortyx_, European Miocene, 161
_Palæoryx_, Miocene of Greece, 116
_Palæospalax_, 111
European Miocene, 117
_Palæosyops_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Palæotheridæ_, European Eocene, 125
_Palæotherium_, European Eocene, 125
S. American Eocene, 148
_Palæotragus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
_Palæotringa_, N. American Cretaceous, 164
_Palapterygidæ_ of New Zealand, 164 {500}
Palestine, birds of, 203
_Paloplotherium_, European Miocene, 119
European Eocene, 125
_Paludina_, Eocene, 169
European Secondary, 169
Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, 146
Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, 222
Himalayan, figure of, 331
_Panolax_, N. American Tertiary, 140
Papuan Islands, zoology of, 409
Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, 414
_Parahippus_, N. American Tertiary, 136
_Paramys_, N. American Eocene, 140
Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, 415
Parrots, classification of, 96
Passeres, arrangement of, 94
range of Palæarctic genera of, 243
range of Ethiopian genera of, 306
range of Oriental genera of, 375
range of Australian genera of, 478
_Patriofelis_, N. American Tertiary, 134
Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, 184
_Pelagornis_, European Miocene, 162
_Pelonax_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Peratherium_, European Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 126
_Perchoerus_, N. American Tertiary, 137
Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, 122
probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, 362
_Perissodactyla_, N. American Tertiary, 135
Persia, birds of, 204
_Phascolomys_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
_Phasianus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Post-Pliocene, 161
Pheasants, in European Miocene, 161
golden, of N. China, 226
eared, of Mongolia, 226
_Phenacodus_, N. American Tertiary, 138
Philippine Islands, mammals of, 345
birds of, 346
origin of peculiar fauna of, 348
_Phocidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 140
_Phyllomys_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Phyllostomidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 144
Physical changes affecting distribution, 7
_Physeter_, European Pliocene, 112
Picariæ, arrangement of, 95
range of Palæarctic genera of, 247
range of Ethiopian genera of, 309
range of Oriental genera of, 381
range of Australian genera of, 482
_Picus_, European Miocene, 161
Pigeons, classification of, 96
remarkable development of, in the Australian region, 395
crested, of Australia, figure of, 441
Pigs, power of swimming, 13
Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, 115
Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, 355
_Plagiolophus_, European Eocene, 126
_Planorbis_, European Secondary, 169
Eocene, 169
_Platycercidæ_, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, 394
_Platygonus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
_Plesiarctomys_, European Eocene, 126
_Plesiomeryx_, European Eocene, 126
_Plesiosorex_, European Miocene, 118
Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, 112
Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas, of Europe, general conclusions from,
113
of N. America, 132
of S. America, 146
of Australia, 157
_Pliohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135
_Pliolophus_, European Eocene, 126
_Pliopithecus_, European Miocene, 117
_Poebrotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 138
Polynesian sub-region, description of, 442
birds of, 443
reptiles of, 447
Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, 110
remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, 111
fauna of N. America, 129
fauna of N. America, remarks on, 130
Potamogale of West Africa, figure of, 264
_Potamotherium_, European Miocene, 118
Potto of West Africa, figure of, 264
_Praotherium_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Primates, classification of, 86
probable birthplace of, 153
range of Palæarctic genera of, 239
range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
range of Australian genera of, 475
_Primates_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 124
N. American Tertiary, 132
of Brazilian caves, 144
Prince's Island, birds of, 266
_Prionidium_, Oolitic insects, 167
_Pristiphoca_, in European Pliocene, 112
Proboscidea, classification of, 90
range of Ethiopian genus, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374
_Proboscidea_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Indian Miocene, 122
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Procamelus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
_Procyon_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
_Procyonidæ_, in Brazilian caves, 144
_Promephitis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
Promerops of East Africa, figure of, 261
_Propalæotherium_, European Eocene, 126
_Protemnodon_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
_Protohippus_, N. American Tertiary, 135
_Protomeryx_, N. American Tertiary, 138
_Protopithecus_, in Brazilian caves, 144
_Prototomus_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Protornis_, European Eocene, 162
_Pseudælurus_, European Miocene, 118
_Pseudocyon_, European Miocene, 118
Psittaci, classification of, 96
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 383
range of Australian genera of, 484
_Psittacus_, European Miocene, 161
_Pterocles_, European Miocene, 161
_Pterodon_, European Eocene, 125
_Pupa_, Eocene, 169
_Pupa vetusta_, Palæozoic, 169
_Pythonidæ_, European Miocene, 165
R.
Racoon-dog of N. China, 226
_Rana_, European Miocene, 166
Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, 68 {501}
Arctic, why not adopted, 69
Palæarctic, defined, 71
Palæarctic, subdivisions of, 71
Ethiopian, defined, 73
Ethiopian, subdivisions of, 73
Oriental, defined, 75
Oriental, subdivisions of, 75
Australian, defined, 77
Australian, subdivisions of, 77
Neotropical, defined, 78
Neotropical, subdivisions of, 78
Nearctic, defined, 79
Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, 79
Nearctic, subdivisions of, 80
Regions, zoological, 50
zoological, how they should be formed, 53
zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, 54
zoological, by what class of animals best determined, 56
for each class of animals, not advisable, 58
zoological, proposed since 1857, 58
zoological, Mr. Sclater's, 59
zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, 61
zoological, proportionate richness of, 64
temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, 65
and zones, table of, 66
comparative richness of, 81
and sub-regions, table of, 81
order of succession of the, 173
Representative species, 4
Reptiles, means of dispersal of, 28
classification of, 98
Miocene of Greece, 116
of Indian Miocene deposits, 123
extinct Tertiary, 165
cosmopolitan groups of, 176
peculiar to Palæarctic region, 186
of Central Europe, 195
of the Mediterranean sub-region, 204
of Siberian sub-region, 220
of the Manchurian sub-region, 227
table of Palæarctic families of, 236
of the Ethiopian region, 254
of the East African sub-region, 260
of West Africa, 264
S. African, 268
of Madagascar, 279
table of Ethiopian families of, 297
of the Oriental region, 317
of the Indian sub-region, 326
of Ceylon, 327
of Indo-Chinese sub-region, 331
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 340
table of Oriental families of, 368
of the Australian region, 396
of New Guinea, 415
of the Moluccas, 420
of the Polynesian sub-region, 447
of New Zealand, 456
table of Australian families of, 472
_Rhea_, in Brazilian caves, 164
_Rhinoceros_, Post-Pliocene, 112
European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 122
fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, 122
fossil in N. China, 123
N. American Tertiary, 136
Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, 339
_Rhinocerotidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 136
River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, 264
of Madagascar, figure of, 278
Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, 12
limiting the range of birds, 17
River-scene, in West Africa, 264
Rodentia, classification of, 90
range of Palæarctic genera of, 242
range of Ethiopian genera of, 304
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476
_Rodentia_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 139
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 147
of S. American Eocene, 148
Ruff, figure of, 195
S.
Sahara, a debatable land, 251
Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, 218
Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Sandwich Islands, birds of, 445
probable past history of, 446
mountain plants of, 446
depth of ocean around, 447
Sand grouse, Pallas, of Mongolia, 226
_Satyrites Reynesii_, European Cretaceous insect, 167
Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, 229
_Scelidotherium_, in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
_Schistopleurum_, S. American Pliocene, 147
Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, 252
on limits of W. African sub-region, 262 (_note_)
_Sciurus_, European Miocene, 120
European Eocene, 126
_Sciuravus_, N. American Eocene, 140
Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, 59
why his six regions are adopted, 63
on birds of Sandwich Islands, 445
Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, 13
Seals, fossil in European Miocene, 118
of Lake Baikal, 218
Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, 159
Secretary-bird of Africa, figure of, 261
_Semnopithecus_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 117
Indian Miocene, 121
Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, 345
_Serpentarius_, European Miocene, 162
Seychelle Islands, zoology of, 281
amphibia of, 281
Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, 229
Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, 97
on birds of Cape Verd Islands, 215
Sheep, Palæarctic, 182
Siberia, climate of, 217
Siberian sub-region, description of, 216
mammalia of, 217
birds of, 219
reptiles and amphibia of, 220
insects of, 220
_Simocyon_, Miocene of Greece, 115
_Sinopa_, N. American Tertiary, 134 {502}
Sirenia, classification of, 89
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genus, 374
range of Australian genus of, 476
_Sirenia_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119
_Sivatherium_, Indian Miocene, 122
Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, 121
Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, 230
Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, 220
Snakes, classification of, 99
Eocene, 165
large proportion of venomous species in Australia, 396
of New Zealand, 457
Society Islands, birds of, 443
_Soricictis_, European Miocene, 118
_Soricidæ_, European Miocene, 118
South African sub-region, description of, 266
mammalia of, 267
birds of, 267
reptiles of, 268
amphibia of, 268
fresh-water fish of, 268
butterflies of, 268
coleoptera of, 268
summary of its zoology, 269
South America, fossil fauna of, 143
Pliocene deposits of, 146
supposed land connection with Australia, 398
South Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Species, representative, 4
_Speothos_, in Brazilian caves, 144
_Spermophilus_, European Miocene, 120
_Sphenodon_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Sphinx_, in European Oolite, 167
St. Helena, zoological features of, 269
coleoptera of, 270
landshells of, 271
St. Thomas' Island, birds of, 266
Stations, definition of, 4
_Steneofiber_, European Miocene, 120
_Sthenurus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
_Strix_, European Miocene, 162
Struthiones, arrangement of, 98
range of Ethiopian genera of, 313
range of Australian genera of, 485
Struthious birds, probable origin of, 287
_Stylinodontidæ_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Stylinodontia_, N. American Eocene, 139
Sub-regions, on what principle formed, 80
Palæarctic, 191
Ethiopian, 258
Oriental, 321
Australian, 408
_Suidæ_, European Miocene, 119
Sula Islands, fauna of, 433
_Sus_, European Pliocene, 113
Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, 332
_Symborodon_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Synaphodus_, European Miocene, 119
_Synoplotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 134
T.
Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, 177
_Talpa_, European Miocene, 117
_Tapir_, fossil in N. China, 123
Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, 154
Tapir, Malayan, figure of, 337
_Tapiridæ_, European Eocene, 125
_Tapirus_, European Pliocene, 113
Indian Miocene, 122
in Brazilian caves, 144
Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, 337
Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, 441
_Taxodon_, European Miocene, 118
_Telmatobius_, N. American Cretaceous, 164
_Telmatolestes_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Testudo_, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123
Testudo, great antiquity of the genus, 289
_Tetrachus_, European Miocene, 117
_Tetrao albus_, in Italian caverns, 161
_Thalassictis_, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 118
_Theridomys_, European Miocene, 126
European Eocene, 126
S. American Eocene, 148
_Thinohyus_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Thinolestes_, N. American Tertiary, 133
_Thylacinus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
_Thylacoleo_, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
_Tillodontia_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Tillotheridæ_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Tillotherium_, N. American Eocene, 139
Timor, physical features of, 389
group, mammalia of, 422
birds of, 422
origin of fauna of, 424
insects of, 426
_Tinoceras_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Titanomys_, European Miocene, 121
_Titanotherium_, N. American Tertiary, 137
_Tomarctos_, N. American Tertiary, 135
Tonga Islands, birds of, 443
Tortoises, classification of, 100
of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, 289
Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, 264
_Toxodon_, S. American Pliocene, 137
_Toxodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, 147
_Trachytherium_, European Miocene, 119
_Tragocerus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120
Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, 331
Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, 337
Tree-kangaroo, figure of, 415
_Trichechus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, 393
_Trionyx_, Indian Miocene, 123
Miocene and Eocene, 165
Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, 271
Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, 203
Trogon, European Miocene, 161
_Trogontherium_, Post-Pliocene of Europe, 111
_Trucijelis_, N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, 216
_Tupaiidæ_, European Miocene, 118
Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, 90
_Tylodon_, European Eocene, 125
_Typotherium_, S. American Pliocene, 147
U.
_Uintacyon_, N. American Tertiary, 134
_Uintatherium_, N. American Eocene, 139
_Uintornis_, N. American Eocene, 163
_Unio_, European Secondary, 169
Ungulata, classification of, 89
antiquity of, 151 {503}
of the Palæarctic region, 182
range of Palæarctic genera of, 241
range of Ethiopian genera of, 303
range of Oriental genera of, 374
range of Australian genera of, 476
_Ungulata_, European Pliocene, 112
Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 121
European Eocene, 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
of Brazilian caves, 144
S. American Pliocene, 146
Urania of Madagascar, 282
_Ursidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 135
in Brazilian caves, 144
_Ursitaxus_, Indian Miocene, 121
_Ursus_, Post-Pliocene, 112
Indian Miocene, 121
V.
Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, 278
_Varanus_, Miocene of Greece, 116
Indian Miocene, 123
Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, 186
summary of Ethiopian, 255
summary of Oriental, 318
summary of Australian, 397
_Vespertilio_, European Eocene, 125
_Viperus_, European Miocene, 165
_Viverra_, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
_Viverridæ_, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125
W.
Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine Islands, 346
on birds of Celebes, 428
_Washakius_, N. American Tertiary, 134
Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, 90
on classification of marsupials, 91
West African sub-region, description of, 262
mammalia of, 262
birds of, 262
Oriental or Malayan element in, 263
river scene with characteristic animals, 264
reptiles of, 264
amphibia of, 264
Oriental and Neotropical relations of, 265
insects of, 265
land-shells of, 265
islands of, 265
West Australia, peculiar birds of, 441
Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, 264
Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, 209
on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, 211
on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, 214
on coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, 215
on beetles of St. Helena, 270
X.
_Xenurus_, in Brazilian caves, 145
_Xiphodontidæ_, European Miocene, 119
Z.
_Zeuglodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, 140
_Zonites priscus_, Palæozoic, 169
Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, 181
Ethiopian region, 252
Oriental region, 315
Australian region, 390
Zoological regions, discussion on, 50
END OF VOL. I.
LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL.
Notes
[1] Marcel de Serres states this as a general fact for wading and swimming
birds. He says that the old birds arrive in the extreme north almost
alone, the young remaining on the shores of the Baltic, or on the
lakes of Austria, Hungary, and Russia. See his prize essay, _Des
Causes des Migrations_, &c. 2nd. ed., Paris, 1845, p. 121.
[2] Quoted in Lyell's _Principles of Geology_ (11th ed. vol. ii. p. 374),
from _Amoen. Acad. Essay 75_.
[3] This estimate has been made for me by Mr. Stanford from the materials
used in delineating the contours of the ocean-bed on our general map.
It embodies the result of all the soundings of the _Challenger_,
_Tuscarora_, and other vessels, obtainable up to August, 1875.
[4] Mr. John Hickman of Desborough.
[5] _Trans. Zool. Soc. of London_, vol. viii. p. 381.
[6] Malta is interesting as forming a resting-place for migratory birds,
while crossing the Mediterranean. It has only eight land and three
aquatic birds which are permanent residents; yet no less than 278
species have been recorded by Mr. E. A. Wright as visiting or passing
over it, comprising a large proportion of the European migratory
birds. The following are the permanent residents: _Cerchneis
tinnunculus_, _Strix flammea_, _Passer salicicola_, _Emberiza
miliaria_, _Corvus monedula_, _Monticola cyanea_, _Sylvia
conspicillata_, _Columba livia_, _Puffinus cinereus_, _P. anglorum_,
_Thalassidroma pelagica_.
[7] A remarkable confirmation of this theory, is furnished in the Report
to the Royal Society of the naturalist to the Kerguelen Island,
"Transit Expedition"--the Rev. A. E. Eaton. Insects were assiduously
collected, and it was found that almost all were either completely
apterous, or had greatly abbreviated wings. The only moth found,
several flies, and numerous beetles, were alike incapable of flight.
As this island is subject to violent, and almost perpetual gales, even
in the finest season, the meaning of the extraordinary loss of wings
in almost all the insects, can, in this case, hardly be misunderstood.
[8] The facts on which these statements rest, will be found more fully
detailed in the Author's Presidential Address to the Entomological
Society of London for the year 1871.
[9] _Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society_, 1874, p. 494.
[10] Dr. Schweinfurth has accurately determined the limits of the
sub-region at the point where he crossed the watershed between the
Nile tributaries and those of the Shari, in 4½° N. Lat. and 28½° E.
Long. He describes a sudden change in the character of the vegetation,
which to the southward of this point assumes a West-African character.
Here also the chimpanzee and grey parrot first appear, and certain
species of plants only known elsewhere in Western Africa.
[11] There are also some special resemblances between the plants of
Madagascar and South Africa, according to Dr. Kirk.
[12] As so many typical Malay groups are absent only from the Philippines,
I have adopted the term "Malaya," to show the distribution of these,
using the term "Indo-Malaya" when the range of the group includes the
Philippines. This must be remembered when consulting the tables of
distribution at the end of this chapter.
[13] See _Ann. Nat. Hist._, 1873, p. 418, where the species is said to
inhabit the Aru Islands and Celebes, which renders it not improbable
that it may have been carried to the former islands from the latter.
[14] I also find about this proportion in my Amazonian collections, even
counting all the humming-birds, parrots, and toucans as handsome
birds.
[15] The general form of the skull agrees best with that of _Cynocephalus
mormon_, the largest and most typical of the African baboons; while
the position of the nostrils brings it nearer the macaques.
[16] A new genus of Beetles (_Apterocyclus_) of the family Lucanidæ, has
recently been described from the Sandwich Islands, and it is said to
be most nearly related to a group inhabiting Chili,--an indication
either of the great antiquity of the fauna, or of the varied
accidental migrations from which it has had its origin.