Short bar, similar to the Macron.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
1. _What is the signification of A as a Prefix?_
On, in, at, to, or towards.
2. _Is A as a prefix ever redundant?_
It is.
3. _Give examples._
Adry and ameliorate.
4. _What does the prefix Ab signify?_
From.
5. _What does Ab signify?_
Away from.
6. _What is the signification of Ante?_
Before.
7. _Name all the prefixes meaning To._
Ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, and at.
8. _What does Anti signify?_
Against.
9. _What does Bis signify?_
Twice.
10. _What other prefix means the same?_
Dis, from the Greek.
11. _What does Be signify?_
Upon.
12. _What does Circum signify?_
Around, as circumscribe.
13. _What is the meaning of Cis?_
On this side, as cisalpine.
14. _What prefixes signify With?_
Con, com, co, col, and cor.
15. _What prefixes signify Against?_
Contra and counter.
16. _What does Di signify?_
Two, as ditone.
17. _What prefixes signify Out of, or From?_
E, and ex.
18. _What does Dys signify?_
Ill, or difficult, as dysentery and dyspepsia.
19. _What does Enter signify?_
Between or among.
20. _What does Epi signify?_
On, as epitaph; during, as ephemeral.
21. _What prefix signifies Equal?_
Equi, as equidistant.
22. _What does Extra signify?_
Beyond, as extraordinary.
23. _What is the signification of Eu?_
Well, or agreeable, as euphony.
24. _What does Gain signify?_
Against, as gainsay.
25. _What is the signification of Hex?_
Six, as Hexagon.
26. _What does Hyper signify?_
Over, as hypercriticism.
27. _What does Hypo signify?_
Under, or beneath, as hypotenuse and hypocrite.
28. _What prefixes signify Not or In?_
In, im, il, and ir.
29. _What is the signification of Inter?_
In the midst of, or between, as intellect and intermarry.
30. _What does Intra signify?_
Within, or on the inside of.
31. _What other prefix means the same as Intra?_
Intro.
32. _What is the signification of Juxta?_
Joined to, or next, as juxtaposition.
33. _What does Mal signify?_
Bad, as malpractice and maladministration.
34. _What is the signification of Meta?_
In the middle, after, and with.
35. _What does Mis signify?_
Amiss, or wrong, as misapply and mishap.
36. _What is the signification of Mono?_
One, as monotheistic.
37. _What prefixes signify Many?_
Multi and poly, as multiform and polysyllable.
38. _What does Non signify?_
Not, as nonsense, nonessential, etc.
39. _What other prefixes signify Not?_
Neg, as in negative, and ne, as in nefarious.
40. _What does Ob signify?_
In the way of, as obstruct.
41. _What does Oct signify?_
Eight, as octagon.
42. _What does Omni signify?_
All, or complete, as omnipresent.
43. _What is the signification of Out?_
Beyond, as outlaw, outbid, outbalance, etc.
44. _What does Over signify?_
Above, as overseer, overreach, etc.
45. _What does Ovi signify?_
An egg, as oviform.
46. _What does Para signify?_
Beside, as parallel, paragraph, etc.
47. _What is the signification of Pene?_
Almost, as peninsula--almost an island.
48. _What does Per signify?_
Through, or by, as permit, perchance, etc.
49. _What does Peri signify?_
Around, as perimeter, periosteum.
50. _What does Pleni signify?_
Completeness, or full, as plenitude, etc.
51. _What does Post signify?_
After, or backwards, as postfix, and postpone.
52. _What does Pre signify?_
Before, as prefer, prefix, etc.
53. _What is the signification of Preter?_
Beyond, as preternatural.
54. _What is the signification of Pro?_
Before, forth, and for.
55. _What does Pros signify?_
To, as proselyte.
56. _What is the signification of Proto?_
First, as protocol, protoplasm, etc.
57. _What does Quad signify?_
Four, as quadrangle, etc.
58. _What does Re signify?_
Back, or again, as react, recollect, etc.
59. _What prefixes signify Right?_
Rect and Recti.
60. _What does Retro signify?_
Backwards, as retrospect and retrograde.
61. _What does Se signify?_
By itself, as separate, seclude, etc.
62. _What prefixes signify Half?_
Semi, demi, and hemi, as semicircle, demitone, and hemisphere.
63. _What does Sine signify?_
Without, as sinecure.
64. _What does Stereo signify?_
Solid, as stereotype.
65. _What does Sub signify?_
Under, or inferior, as subterranean and subordinate.
66. _What does Super signify?_
Over, above, or beyond, as supernatural, etc.
67. _What does Suf signify?_
Less or after, as suffix, etc.
68. _What does Supra signify?_
Same as Super.
69. _What does Sur signify?_
More than, as surcharge.
70. _What prefixes signify Together?_
Syn, sy, syl, and sym, as in syntax, system, syllable, and symbol.
71. _What does Trans signify?_
Beyond, across, and again, as transalpine, transatlantic, and
transform.
72. _What does Tra signify?_
Across, as traverse.
73. _What is the signification of Tri?_
Three, as trisyllable, triangle, etc.
74. _What does Ultra signify?_
Beyond, as ultramarine.
75. _What does Un signify?_
Not, as unhappy, unable, etc.
76. _What is the signification of Under?_
Below, as undercurrent, underrate, etc.
77. _What does Ve signify?_
No or not, as vehement.
78. _What does Vice signify?_
Instead of, as Vice-President.
79. _What does With signify?_
Against or back, as withstand, withdraw.
80. _What other signification has With in some words?_
Near, as within; together, as withal, etc.
81. _What suffixes signify "able to be"?_
Able, ible, and ile, as curable, audible, and visible.
82. _What suffixes signify rank, or office?_
Acy, ate, ric; dom, and ship, as in curacy, pontificate, bishopric,
kingdom, and clerkship.
83. _What is the signification of Age?_
Act of, as marriage, passage, etc.
84. _Has the suffix Age any other signification?_
From the Latin ago, it means collection.
85. _What does An signify?_
One who, or the person who acts, as equestrian, pedestrian, etc.
86. _What does Ana signify?_
A collection of memorable sayings, as Franklinana--the sayings of
Franklin.
87. _What does Ant signify?_
Being, and has the force of ing, as dominant, verdant, etc.
88. _What is the signification of the suffix Art?_
One who, as braggart.
89. _What does Ary signify?_
Place where, or place which, as library, aviary, etc.
90. _What does Ate signify?_
Full of, or abundance, as desolate, passionate, etc.
91. _What is the signification of Celli?_
Little, as vermicelli, etc.
92. _What other suffixes also signify Little?_
Cle, cule, el, en, kin, let, ot, ling, ock, and ie.
93. _What does Ene signify?_
Belonging to, as terrene, etc.
94. _What is the signification of Eous?_
Full of, as beauteous, etc.
95. _What does Ed signify?_
When added to a verb it signifies did, as played; but to a participle,
was, as completed.
96. _What is the signification of Er?_
More or often, as brighter, glimmer, etc.
97. _What does Erly signify?_
Direction of, as northerly.
98. _What does Es signify?_
More than one, as foxes, etc.
99. _What does Escent signify?_
Growing or becoming, as convalescent.
100. _What does Esque signify?_
Belonging to, or like, as picturesque, etc.
101. _What does Ess signify?_
Feminine when added to nouns, as tigress.
102. _What does Est signify?_
Greatest or least, as largest, smallest, etc.
103. _What does Head signify?_
State or nature, as Godhead.
104. _What does Ics signify?_
Things relating to, as optics, etc.
105. _What does Ides signify?_
Resemblance, as alkaloides, etc.
106. _What is the signification of Im?_
More than one, as cherubim.
107. _What does Ina signify?_
Feminine, as Czarina.
108. _What does Ing signify?_
Continuing, as singing, etc.
109. _What is the signification of Ior?_
More, as superior.
110. _What does Ique signify?_
Belonging to, as antique.
111. _What is the signification of Ish?_
Like, as boyish, girlish, etc.
112. _What does Isk signify?_
Little, as asterisk, etc.
113. _What does Ite signify?_
That which, as appetite.
114. _What does Ive signify?_
Able to do, as adhesive, etc.
115. _What does Ion signify?_
State or act, as location.
116. _What does Ism signify?_
Doctrine, as Calvinism, etc.
117. _What does Ix signify?_
Feminine of nouns, as testatrix.
118. _What does Kin signify?_
A son of, or little, as lambkin.
119. _What does Kind signify?_
Race, as mankind.
120. _What does Less signify?_
Without, as guiltless, breathless, etc.
121. _What does Ling signify?_
Young, as duckling, etc.
122. _What does Ly signify?_
Like, or in a manner, as manly, calmly, etc.
123. _What does Most signify?_
Greatest or furthest, as hindmost.
124. _What does Ment signify?_
State or act, as settlement, judgment, etc.
125. _What does Ness signify?_
The quality of, or state of, as whiteness, etc.
126. _What does Ock signify?_
Small or young, as hillock, bullock, etc.
127. _What does Oid signify?_
Likeness, as spheroid, etc.
128. _What does Or signify?_
One who, as actor, director, etc.
129. _What does Ory signify?_
Having the quality of, as vibratory, etc.
130. _What does On signify?_
Large, as million, etc.
131. _What does Ous signify?_
Having the quality of, as solicitous.
132. _What does Ot signify?_
Little, as idiot.
133. _What does Re signify?_
Same as _Er_, as it is another form of it.
134. _What does Red signify?_
Those who, as kindred, etc.
135. _What is the signification of Ress?_
Feminine of nouns, as instructress.
136. _What does Ric signify?_
Office of, as bishopric.
137. _What does Ry signify?_
Place where, or things collectively.
138. _What does Se signify?_
To make, as cleanse.
139. _What does San signify?_
The person who, as partisan, etc.
140. _What does Ship signify?_
The condition, as professorship.
141. _What does Some signify?_
Full, as quarrelsome.
142. _What does Ster signify?_
The person who, as teamster.
143. _What does Teen signify?_
Ten to be added, as fourteen.
144. _What is the signification of Tude?_
The state of being, as similitude.
145. _What does Ty signify?_
To multiply into, as seventy, forty, etc.
146. _What does Ude signify?_
Same as _Tude_, the state of being.
147. _What does Ule signify?_
Little, as globule.
148. _What does Ward signify?_
Direction of, as eastward, etc.
149. _What does Ways signify?_
Manner, as crossways, lengthways, etc.
150. _What does the suffix Y signify?_
Plenty, as smoky; also abounding in, as wealthy.
151. _Are there any exceptions to the meaning of the foregoing
Prefixes and Postfixes?_
There are some, and therefore great judgment must be exercised in
applying them to the analysis of words.
152. _What is meant by the term "Good Bye"?_
God be with you.
153. _What does the suffix Ster signify?_
Feminine, as spinster.
PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS.
1. _Is A the first letter of all written alphabets?_
All but one, the Abyssinian.
2. _What number is A in the Abyssinian alphabet?_
The thirteenth.
3. _Is double A ever written together as a word?_
It is, as a proper noun.
4. _What is Aa the name of?_
About forty small rivers in Europe.--_Cyclopedia._
5. _Is B the second letter of all alphabets?_
All except the Ethiopic.
6. _What number is B in the Ethiopic?_
Ninth.
7. _Give a word in which P has the sound of B._
Cupboard.
8. _What letter is the Sonorous counterpart of T?_
The letter D.--_Cyclopedia._
9. _Give the Periodic changes of the English language._
Saxon, Semi-Saxon, Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.
10. _Give date of "Saxon period."_
Previous to 1150 A.D.
11. _Give date of "Semi-Saxon period."_
1150 to 1250.
12. _Give date of "Old English period."_
1250 to 1350.
13. _Give date of "Middle English period."_
1350 to 1550.
14. _Give date of "Modern English period."_
Time since 1550.
15. _What constitutes a Period in Language?_
Any great change in the Literature of a People.
16. _What causes these changes?_
Mostly national invasion.
17. _What is assimilation of Consonants?_
When an aspirate and subvocal comes together, it is necessary
to change the sound of one or the other, to make the
combination pronounceable.
18. _What is meant by an Element of Speech?_
An indivisible portion of language.
19. _What is a Sonant sound?_
One uttered with intonated or resonant breath.
20. _In changing the word traffic to trafficked, why supply the
letter k?_
To preserve the proper sound of c.
21. _Under what condition is a consonant never doubled at the end
of a word?_
When immediately following a diphthong.--_Webster._
22. _When is C followed by K in spelling?_
Words ending with the sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel.
23. _Give some examples._
Back, black, fleck, etc.
24. _Are there any exceptions?_
There are, as sac, arc, etc.
25. _Why is the word Humbugged spelt with two g's?_
To prevent sounding the g like j.
26. _Give some words spelled differently in the U.S. and in
England._
Woolen--woollen, honor--honour, etc.
27. _When do words, ending in double e, drop one e on taking an
additional syllable?_
When the suffix begins with e.
28. _Why?_
To prevent three e's coming together.
29. _Does pluralizing a word ever change the accent?_
Sometimes it does.
30. _Give an example._
An'tipode--Antip'odes.
31. _In such words as Defense, which is correct, se or ce for the
termination?_
Se, because the s belongs to the words from which they are
derived.--_Webster._
32. _Should words of English origin end in ise or ize?_
Ize; same as those from the Greek.
33. _Are there any exceptions to these rules?_
There are; as advertise, from English, etc.
34. _Are the words ox, calf, sheep, and pig of French or Saxon
origin?_
Saxon.
35. _From what language do the words beef, veal, mutton, and pork
come?_
The Norman-French.
36. _What is a Lexicon?_
A Dictionary.
37. _What is an irregular sound?_
Sound of a Redundant letter.
38. _How are words divided as regards Specie?_
Primitive and Derivative.
39. _How may the meaning of a word be changed?_
By accent; as Aug'ust, August'.
40. _What is an irregular derivative?_
One in which the letters of the root are changed in forming the
derivative.
41. _What is Pronunciation?_
The distinct utterance of the sounds of a word.
42. _What are the significant parts of a word?_
Root, prefix, and suffix.
43. _How are words divided as to variety?_
Italic, Roman, Old English, etc.
44. _Name some compound word in which both parts retain their own
accent._
Writ'ing-mas'ter.
45. _Name some word in which one part loses its accent._
Gentle-manly.
46. _Can all the vowels form syllables themselves?_
All except W.
47. _When has R a rough sound?_
When it begins a word.
48. _How are words distinguished?_
By their forms and uses.
49. _Why do Consonants ever unite?_
To form complex sounds: as rr in Burr.
50. _From what language are most words derived that end in less?_
Anglo-Saxon.
51. _Is Z the last letter of all alphabets?_
All except the Greek, and Hebrew.
52. _What is its place in the Greek alphabet?_
Sixth.
53. _What is its place in the Hebrew?_
Seventh.
54. _What letter is the sonorous counterpart of S?_
The letter Z.--_Cyclopedia._
55. _What is spelling of Z in England?_
Zed, and also Izzard.
56. _What language has two letters representing the sound of Z?_
The Russian.
57. _When was the letter W first used?_
About the end of the Seventh Century.
58. _What changes the sound of a vowel from long to short?_
The absence of the accent.
59. _In what situation is gh always silent?_
After i in the same syllable.
60. _How many words of two syllables are changed from nouns to
verbs by accent?_
About eighty.
61. _What word contains a consonant Tetragraph?_
Phthisic.
62. _What is Philology?_
The science of language.
63. _When is ue final, silent?_
After g and q; as fatigue and oblique.
64. _What are the elements of spoken language?_
Vocal and articulate sounds.
65. _What are Hybrid words?_
Mongrel compounds.
66. _What is Terminology?_
A treatise on technicalities.
READING AND ELOCUTION.
1. _What is Reading?_
Silent perusal or distinct utterance of thought and feeling, as
seen expressed in written language.
2. _How many kinds of Reading are there?_
Two.
3. _What are they?_
Silent and Audible.
4. _What is Silent Reading?_
The perusal of Language without utterance.
5. _What is Audible Reading?_
The utterance of thought and feeling, as seen expressed in written
Language.
6. _What is Elocution?_
The science and art of the delivery of composition.
7. _How many kinds of Delivery are there?_
Three.
8. _What are they?_
Speaking, Declamation, and Oratory.
9. _What is Speaking?_
The utterance of thought and feeling without reference to the
written page.
10. _What is Declamation?_
The delivery of another's composition.
11. _What is Oratory?_
The delivery of one's own composition.
12. _How many kinds of Oratory are there?_
Two.
13. _What are they?_
Prepared and Extempore.
14. _What is Prepared oratory?_
That which has been studied previous to delivery.
15. _What is Extempore oratory?_
That which is accomplished simultaneously with the delivery.
16. _What is Vocal Culture?_
The training of the organs of speech for effective delivery.
17. _What should be the primary object in Audible reading?_
To convey to the hearer the ideas and sentiments of the writer.
18. _In order to accomplish this, what should the Reader do?_
Endeavor to make the feelings and sentiments of the writer his own.
19. _What are some of the essential qualities of a good Reader?_
To read slowly, observe the pauses, give proper inflections, read
distinctly, and with expression.
20. _What is Enunciation?_
The utterance of words.
21. _Under how many Divisions should the subject of reading be
treated?_
Six.
22. _What are they?_
Articulation, Inflection, Accent, Emphasis, the Voice, and Gesture.
23. _What is Articulation?_
Distinct utterance of the elementary sounds, and of the
combinations.
24. _Name four common faults in Articulation._
Omitting an unaccented vocal, dropping the final sound, sounding
incorrectly an unaccented vowel, and omitting syllables.
25. _What is Inflection?_
Sliding of the voice upward or downward.
26. _How many kinds of Inflection are there?_
Two.
27. _What are they?_
Rising and falling.
28. _What is the Rising inflection?_
An upward slide of the voice.
29. _What is the Falling inflection?_
A downward slide of the voice.
30. _Are the rising and falling inflections both ever given to the
same sound?_
They are.
31. _How is such inflection marked?_
By the Circumflex.
32. _How many kinds of Circumflex?_
Two.
33. _What are they?_
Rising and falling.
34. _What is the Rising Circumflex?_
The sliding of the voice downward and then upward on the same sound.
35. _What is the Falling Circumflex?_
The sliding of the voice upward and then downward on the same sound.
36. _What is a Monotone?_
Reading without sliding the voice either upward or downward.
37. _Give Rule 1 for falling inflection._
Propositions which make complete sense require the falling
inflection.
38. _Does Emphasis ever reverse this rule?_
It does sometimes.
39. _Give Rule 2._
Emphasis generally requires the falling inflection.
40. _Where the sense is dependent, what inflection is generally
used?_
The rising.
41. _Does Emphasis ever affect this rule?_
Relative emphasis sometimes reverses it.
42. _What kind of inflection should be used at the end of an
interrogative sentence?_
Falling, if it cannot be answered by yes or no.
43. _Negative sentences require what kind of inflection?_
Rising.
44. _Does Emphasis ever affect this rule?_
It does; often reversing it.
45. _Imperative sentences have what inflection?_
Usually the falling.
46. _What kind of words require opposite inflection?_
Words or members expressing antithesis or contrast.
47. _What is a Series?_
A number of particulars following one another in the same
construction.
48. _How many kinds of Series?_
Two.
49. _What are they?_
Commencing and Concluding.
50. _What is a Commencing Series?_
One that commences a sentence.
51. _What is a Concluding Series?_
One that concludes a sentence.
52. _What inflection is given to the members of a commencing
series?_
The rising.
53. _What inflection is given to the members of a concluding
series?_
The falling.
54. _Are there any exceptions to these rules?_
There are.
55. _What causes the exceptions?_
Emphasis.
56. _What is a Parenthesis in reading?_
A sentence, or clause, set off by curves from the context.
57. _How should the Parenthesis be read?_
In a lower tone and more rapidly.
58. _What is the use of the Circumflex?_
To express irony, or sarcasm.
59. _What meaning is always suggested by the Circumflex?_
Doubtful or double meaning.
60. _What is the use of the Monotones?_
To produce an effect in grave and solemn subjects.
61. _What is Accent in reading?_
Increase of force on certain syllables of a word.
62. _Give an example of Emphatic accent._
This corrup'tion must put on in'terruption.
63. _What does Pitch signify?_
The place in the musical scale on which an element is sounded.
64. _What is Force?_
That property of the voice which relates to loudness of sound.
65. _How many different kinds of Force?_
Five.
66. _What are they?_
Suppressed, subdued, ordinary, energetic, and vehement.
67. _To what does Stress relate?_
Different modes of applying force.
68. _How many kinds of Stress?_
Three.
69. _What are they?_
Expulsive, Explosive, and Vanishing.
70. _What is meant by Quantity?_
Length of time the voice dwells on a word.
71. _What is Quality?_
That property which relates to the kind of voice.
72. _What is Movement?_
The degree of rapidity with which the voice moves from one word to
another.
73. _How many kinds of Movement?_
Six.
74. _What are they?_
Very slow, slow, moderate, lively, rapid, and very rapid.
75. _What does Expression comprehend?_
The practical application of all the principles of reading and
elocution.
76. _What is Cadence?_
The natural dropping of the voice at the end of a sentence,
denoting completeness of thought.
77. _What is a Rhetorical pause?_
A suspension of the voice for rhetorical effect.
78. _What is Emphasis?_
Giving force and energy to certain words.
79. _How many kinds of Emphasis?_
Two.
80. _What are they?_
Absolute and relative.
81. _What is Absolute emphasis?_
Emphasis made without any contrast with other words.
82. _What is Relative emphasis?_
Emphasis used where there is antithesis either expressed or implied.
83. _Is a whole Phrase ever made emphatic?_
It is often.
84. _For what purpose?_
To give it great force.
85. _What is the Emphatic pause?_
Pause made for emphasis.
86. _What is Antithesis?_
Two or more words opposed to each other in meaning.
87. _What is a Climax?_
A series of particulars increasing in importance to the last.
88. _What is Anti-climax?_
A series of particulars decreasing in importance to the last.
89. _What is meant by Transition?_
Any sudden change in reading.
90. _What is Emphatic repetition?_
Words repeated for emphasis.
91. _What is an Interrogation?_
A statement, or assertion, put in the form of a question.
92. _What is an Exclamation?_
A statement denoting strong emotions.
93. _What is Personation?_
One person imitating the actions and manners of some other person
or persons.
94. _How many kinds of style in reading?_
Five.
95. _What are they?_
Description, Argument, Narration, Persuasion, Exhortation.
96. _What should be characteristic of the Descriptive style?_
The Speaker should use the same manner that he would if he were
actually describing the thing spoken of.
97. _What should be characteristic of the Argumentative style?_
Directness and earnestness.
98. _What should characterize the Narrative?_
The Reader should proceed as though relating his own experience.
99. _What the Persuasive?_
Those tones, looks, and gestures which bring conviction to the
hearer.
100. _What should characterize the Exhortative?_
The performer should appeal, beseech, and implore, as the case may
require.
101. _What is the Slur?_
The smooth gliding of the voice in parenthetic clauses, etc.
102. _How are Emphatic words distinguished?_
By different styles of printing.
103. _How many kinds of letters are used to denote emphasis?_
Three usually.
104. _What are they?_
Italics, small capitals, and capitals.
105. _What is Antithetic emphasis?_
Same as Relative.
106. _What is Modulation?_
Variation of the voice in speaking and reading.