AFTER remaining a fortnight at the unfortunate town of Cholula, Cortes
prepared to march on; but, before starting, called his officers
together, and determined upon sending a messenger to Montezuma, to tell
him that he was coming. The messenger was likewise directed to inform
him that the Cholulans charged him with the guilt of their conspiracy,
but that the Spanish general could not believe them, for he could not
think that he would thus attempt to murder men who had done him no harm;
that he had heard that Montezuma was a powerful king, and thought if he
had any unkind feeling towards him, he would meet him boldly in the open
field, and not resort to the cowardly meanness of stratagem; moreover,
that the Spaniards were ready for any difficulty, whether their enemies
were secret or open.
The messenger found Montezuma very unhappy. The news of the massacre at
Cholula completely overcame him. He could not think without horror of
allowing the Spaniards to enter his capital; and yet (poor undecided
man!) in his fright and sorrow, he returned an answer, inviting Cortes
to visit his city, and solemnly declaring that he had no part in the
guilt of the Cholulans. The messenger had scarcely left, before he began
to mourn bitterly over what he had done.
In the mean time, Cortes had left Cholula, and was rapidly advancing
towards Mexico. He met with no opposition by the way. Wherever he
passed, the people cheered him on; everywhere he heard from them bitter
complaints of the tyranny of Montezuma, mingled with prayers that he
would deliver them. The Spaniards felt great joy: they saw that the
empire was divided; that the people, even in the very neighborhood of
the capital, were dissatisfied and ready to rise. Pressing on with
renewed spirit, they at length reached the top of Ithualco, when the
beautiful valley of Mexico burst upon their sight. Now they were greatly
delighted. As far as the eye could see, rich meadows, cultivated fields,
and beautiful forests covered the plain. In the midst, like a sheet of
silver, lay the lake Tezcuco, skirted around with pretty villages; while
from its centre rose glittering in the sun the lofty temples and turrets
of the city of Mexico. They looked upon the country which they had long
panted to see, and felt that it was as beautiful as they had expected.
While the Spaniards had thus marched as far as Ithualco, Montezuma was
in the heaviest sorrow--still undecided--not knowing what to do. The
news of Cholula had so much overwhelmed him, that he had gone to the
palace of Tlillancalmecatl, the place to which he always went when he
would mourn and pray. Here he remained eight days, fasting, grieving,
and going through with many religious services, to please the gods. From
this place he sent another messenger to Cortes, entreating him not to
enter the city of Mexico, and making him rich promises if he would
comply with his request. He would pay a yearly tribute to the King of
Spain, and he would give four loads of gold to Cortes, and one to each
of his men. The messenger found Cortes at Ithualco, and delivered his
message; but the Spanish chief only sent back the old answer--that he
must see Montezuma, and deliver the message of his master Don Carlos.
Before his messenger had time to return, Montezuma (with his fears
greatly increased by the dreams and traditions of which his priests had
told him) called in his brother Cuitlahuatzin, and his nephew
Cacamatzin, the lord of Tezcuco, to advise with them as to what he
should do. His brother urged that the Spaniards should not be allowed
to enter the city, while the nephew advised that they should. The advice
of the latter was taken; and the Emperor ordered him to go out and meet
the Spanish chief, and in his name to speak to him very kindly. At the
same time he told him, if it were possible, to dissuade Cortes from
entering the city.
Four noblemen were instantly started for Cortes, to inform him that
Cacamatzin, the lord of Tezcuco, and nephew of the great Montezuma, was
coming, and to beg that he would wait to receive him. In a little time,
Cacamatzin appeared upon a splendid litter, borne by eight of his
principal men, and surrounded by a crowd of Mexicans and Tezcucans. The
Spaniards were wonderfully struck with the richness of this litter. It
was adorned with jewels and pillars of gold, and from every golden
pillar there were branches of rich green feathers. The noblemen helped
Cacamatzin to alight, and then swept the ground before him as he moved
towards Cortes. The Spanish chief received him with great respect; but
when he spoke of Montezuma’s wish, he received from Cortes the same
stubborn answer that had always been given--that he must enter Mexico,
and see the monarch himself.
Without waiting longer, Cortes pressed on towards the capital, along the
causeway of Iztapalapan. He pretended on the way that he had friendly
feelings towards Montezuma, and expected to be kindly received by him;
but at the same time was very cautious, as he moved along, to avoid any
stratagem. At length he came to a place called Xoloc, about half a
league from the city, where the main road to Mexico is met by that to
Cojohuacan. At this place there was a fortress, crowned with two towers.
Here he found great numbers of the people assembled to look upon him and
his companions, the strange beings of whom they had heard so much. A
long train of Mexican nobles, clothed in their richest dresses, now came
forward, and passing before Cortes, made a low bow, at the same time
touching the ground and kissing their hands. Passing this place, he had
almost reached the city, when messengers came out to inform him that the
great Montezuma was approaching. Presently, a long procession was seen.
Three officers, each bearing a golden rod, walked before, giving notice
to the people that the monarch was coming, while they instantly threw
themselves upon the ground, in token of respect. Montezuma was next
seen, sitting upon a splendid litter, borne by four noblemen on their
shoulders. Then came two hundred noblemen, dressed in their rich cotton
mantles, and wearing large plumes on their heads. These marched two by
two, barefooted, with their eyes cast down to the ground, afraid to look
up in the presence of the King. The Spaniards were amazed at the scene;
Cacamatzin’s appearance was forgotten in the splendor of this. The
litter was covered with plates of gold, and surmounted by a splendid
canopy of green feathers, beautifully ornamented with precious stones
and golden fringes, while Montezuma himself was dressed most
magnificently. He wore upon his head a crown of gold; upon his legs were
gold buskins filled with precious stones; while, thrown loosely over his
shoulders, hung a mantle bespangled with gold and gems. As he came near
the Spanish chief, he was lifted from his litter, and borne upon the
arms of the lords of Tezcuco and Iztapalapan, while the lords of Tacuba
and Cojohuacan spread cotton mantles upon the ground, that the great
King might not touch the earth with his feet. Cortes now dismounted his
horse, and came forward with great respect, “addressing the King with
deep reverence, after the fashion of Europe.” Montezuma, following the
fashion of his country, returned his compliment by touching the ground
and then kissing it. Cortes then came near, and threw around his neck a
thin collar of gold, strung with glass beads of different colors. This
greatly pleased the King. Cortes would then have embraced him, but the
nobles of Montezuma held him back.
This meeting raised the Spaniards greatly in the esteem of the Mexicans.
Thousands had assembled to see it: the whole causeway was covered with
the crowd, while the tops of houses and windows were filled with the
multitude. Never before had they seen their great Emperor Montezuma do
reverence to any man; for the first time in their lives, they saw him
leave his palace, to greet with kindness a band of strangers. Naturally
enough, they now thought the Spaniards were _Teules_, or deities indeed!
The feelings of the Spaniards were likewise strange. It was now the
eighth day of November (seven months since their landing in the
country), and they had at length reached the rich and beautiful city of
Mexico. There it was, with its lofty domes and turrets, its splendid
houses, and great masses of people. They felt already that they were
rich. But with all this, they could not help thinking of other things.
They were a band of four hundred and fifty men only, far away from home,
in the heart of an unknown and populous country; they might enter that
rich city only to be borne down by the multitudes; perhaps treachery
might destroy them; the bridges of the causeways might be lifted, and
all chance of escape be for ever cut off. Joy and anxiety filled their
hearts.
They marched into the city more than a mile, before they came to the
place which Montezuma had ordered to be made ready for their reception.
This was the old palace of King Axajacatl, the father of Montezuma.
Montezuma now took Cortes by the hand, and leading him to a large hall
covered with tapestry and embroidered with gold and gems, said to him,
“Malitzin, you and your companions are now in your own house: refresh
and rest yourselves until my return.” He, with all the Mexicans, then
left him.
Cortes found his quarters very comfortable: there was ample room for all
his men, as well as his Indian allies. Montezuma had no sooner left,
than he began to examine them with great care, to see that all was safe.
He next ordered the artillery to fire their guns, by way of frightening
the Mexicans, and then commenced putting his quarters in a state of
defence. Guns were fixed in front of the gate, sentinels were posted
round, and his men were commanded to act with the same prudence as
though they were facing the camp of an enemy.
In a little time, Montezuma returned in the same splendid style as when
he met Cortes on the causeway. He had brought with him rich presents for
the Spanish general, and remained some time with him. It is said that he
now told Cortes freely of his fears as regards the Spaniards; stating
that it was not a great while since his ancestors came from the North,
to rule the country only until Quetzalcoatl, the great god and lawful
king, should return, and that these Spaniards (he believed) were his
subjects. Cortes very artfully encouraged this belief in him, because he
knew it would help his designs. At all events, he received the presents
very kindly from Montezuma, and then talked to him of the greatness of
his master Don Carlos. He was the greatest monarch in the world, and had
sent him to make a treaty of friendship with the great Emperor of
Mexico. He wished to alter certain laws and customs in his kingdom, and
to offer him a religion far better than the bloody religion of Mexico.
After the talk, they parted seemingly good friends on both sides.
The next day, Cortes, together with Alvarado, Sandoval, Velasquez de
Leon, and Ordaz, paid a visit to Montezuma. They were received kindly,
and the three following days were appointed by the Emperor for them to
look at his capital. Their first visit in the morning was to the great
square or market-place, Tlateloco. On one side, numbers of slaves were
exposed for sale; on another, were vegetables, fruits, &c.; here were
meats and poultry, and there were merchants selling all manner of
furniture. The whole place was crowded with buyers and sellers, while
perfect order was kept throughout. Three judges sat at one end of the
square, while a number of officers moved through the crowd, to prevent
riot or confusion. There were other small market-places scattered
throughout the city, containing fountains, fish-ponds, and beautiful
gardens; but this was the principal place for buying and selling in
Mexico. From this place they went to the great temple of Mexico, passing
through several large courts enclosed by heavy double walls, and paved
with white cut stones. It seems that Montezuma, when he gave them
permission to visit the city, had been afraid that the Spaniards might
offer some violence to his gods in the temple, and consequently had gone
there with many of his nobles. Cortes now met him. There were one
hundred and fourteen steps to the temple--and Montezuma at once ordered
six priests to lift Cortes up; but the Spaniard preferred walking up
himself. When he reached the top of the platform, there were several
large stones or altars for sacrificing, and at a little distance stood a
horrid figure of a dragon, besmeared with blood. Montezuma came forward,
and asked Cortes to look down upon his city now. From this high spot he
could see everything: the whole city and surrounding country lay spread
out before him. It was impossible to count the number of boats passing
all the time between Mexico and the towns on the shore of the lake: and
the crowds below in the streets of the city surprised Cortes more than
ever. He now desired that he might see the principal gods of the temple,
and after talking with his priests, Montezuma consented. The Spaniards
were now carried into a large hall, the walls of which were smeared with
blood, and the roof curiously carved and ornamented. Here they saw two
altars, richly dressed, and behind them the figures of two monstrous
men. The face of one of these images expressed terrible passion and
rage; his body was ornamented with precious stones, while an immense
golden serpent was coiled around him. On his neck there was a collar,
covered with heads and hearts wrought in gold. In his right hand he held
a bow, in his left a bundle of arrows. Before him was a large fire, in
which Cortes saw at the moment three human hearts burning. This was
_Huitzilopochtli_, the god of war. By the side of the god, there was
standing a little image, bearing a beautifully ornamented lance and
shield: this was the page of the god. The other large figure had a face
like a bear, with great shining eyes. In the fire before him there were
five hearts. This was _Tezcatlipoca_, the god of providence, and brother
of _Huitzilopochtli_. Next, on the top of the temple, he was shown the
great religious drum. This was an immense drum, covered with the skin of
a serpent. When this drum was struck, the doleful sound, it is said,
could be heard for two leagues. Then they showed him the large knives
for sacrifices, reeking with fresh blood, together with the horns and
trumpets of the temple. Cortes now turned away in disgust, and demanded
of Montezuma why he worshipped such monstrous idols, and allowed his
people to be butchered before them. The King was very angry: he declared
that Cortes should never have entered the temple, had he supposed that
he would thus insult the gods. In a rage, he cried out--“Go, go hence,
while I remain to appease the wrath of the gods, whom you have justly
provoked by your blasphemous words!”
Cortes, with his companions, now passed out to a tower that was near by.
At the entrance, which was always open, there were many idols,
resembling serpents and other loathsome beasts. Upon entering, the
Spaniards found in one part of the building piles of wood near a large
reservoir of water, together with pots of water ready to boil the flesh
of victims who were sacrificed, as food for the priests. In another
part, were the tombs of the Mexican nobles; in another, were seen
immense piles of human bones, curiously but regularly laid up. As in the
temple, so in this tower priests were moving about in their long black
mantles, with their ears cut and torn, and their long hair clotted with
blood.
When Cortes again returned to his quarters, the Tlascalans came around
him, talking earnestly of what they had often talked before--the
treachery of Montezuma. They declared that he and his people were all
crafty and treacherous: they knew them well; that the kind reception
given to the Spaniards was only intended to deceive them; and that they
believed they had been allowed to enter the city only that the bridges
of the causeways might be lifted, all chance of escape cut off, and the
whole of them be thus massacred. Moreover, that the Emperor was a fickle
and uncertain man. Even if he was their friend now, he was likely, in
some moment of passion, without any cause, to become their bitterest
enemy. This increased the alarm which Cortes already felt about the same
thing, for it was no news to him that Montezuma was treacherous. His own
soldiers were ignorant of the fact, but Cortes perfectly understood it.
Whatever Montezuma might say as to his innocence in the affair at
Cholula, Cortes knew that he had made an effort to destroy his colony at
Villa Rica. This he heard at Cholula, but carefully kept it from his
men, fearful of discouraging them.[10]
It seems that after Cortes left that settlement, Montezuma sent to
Quauhpopoca (the lord of Nauhtlan, a city on the coast) his secret
orders to subdue the Totonacas, and punish them for their friendship to
the Spaniards. The chief immediately attacked all their settlements. The
poor Totonacas applied to the Spaniards at Villa Rica to help them. Juan
de Escalante, who had charge at the post, instantly sent his orders to
Quauhpopoca to cease troubling these Indians. Upon this, Quauhpopoca
sent back for answer, that “if the Spaniards were disposed to take up
the cause of the Totonacas, he was ready to meet them in the plains of
Nauhtlan.” Juan de Escalante now went out to meet him with fifty
Spaniards, two thousand Totonacas, two cannons, and two horses. At the
first attack of the Mexicans, the Totonacas fled. In spite of numbers,
Escalante and his little band continued the fight: with their cannons,
forced the Mexicans from the field, pursuing them and cutting many to
pieces as far as the city of Nauhtlan. The victory was theirs, but they
paid for it dearly: seven Spaniards and one horse were killed, and the
brave Escalante, who was severely wounded, died three days afterward.
One Spanish prisoner was taken, badly wounded. Fortunately, he died of
his wounds, and thereby escaped being sacrificed. Quauhpopoca caused his
head to be cut off, and after carrying it in triumph through many
cities, to show the people that the Spaniards might be killed as well as
others, at last sent it as a present to Montezuma.
Cortes had felt a deep sorrow for the death of Escalante; and the
recollection of the cause of it, together with the suspicions of the
Tlascalans, induced him now to seek some of his Indians whom he supposed
were not prejudiced, and to inquire of them if they had seen anything
like treachery on the part of the Mexicans. These thought that the
common people showed no signs of it, but they were doubtful about
others. Some of the nobles had been overheard saying that it would be an
easy thing to break down the bridges on the causeways. It was likewise
reported that Montezuma had seen the head of a Spaniard that had been
sent to him by one of his generals, and then ordered it to be secretly
taken away, that it might not be known to Cortes. This was, no doubt,
the head of the poor Spaniard sent by Quauhpopoca.
Cortes was now greatly alarmed; he felt assured that treachery was at
work. With a heart full of anxiety, he went to his quarters, where he
spent the whole night walking to and fro over the floor. A thousand
plans floated through his mind: none pleased him; yet it was necessary
to act promptly and decidedly. At last a thought crossed him, the very
boldness of which made even Cortes shudder. His plan was formed. He
would seize Montezuma himself, and make him a prisoner. This would
secure his safety; the Mexicans would hardly attempt any act of violence
when the life of their King was in his hands. He and his brave
companions might perish in the attempt, but it were better to die in it
than to be cut to pieces retreating, or be massacred in the streets of
Mexico. The next morning, by his command, all his officers were
assembled. Cortes now told them of the danger which threatened them. He
declared that Montezuma was treacherous; the affair at Villa Rica, and
consequent death of Escalante, plainly showed it; that even now his
treachery was at work; the Tlascalans had suspected it, but it was now
proved; his nobles had been overheard, secretly talking of breaking down
the bridges. For his part, he was resolved upon what he would do. The
danger was great, the remedy hazardous; but he would die or accomplish
it. He would seize Montezuma, and bring him a prisoner to his quarters.
The officers were startled by this bold declaration. Some cried out that
it was impossible: if undertaken, it would prove the sure destruction of
all the Spaniards; others thought it best to retreat back to Villa Rica
as fast as they could; but Velasquez de Leon and Sandoval agreed with
their leader, saying that it could and must be done. The matter was
talked over a long time, until at last they all agreed that the plan of
Cortes should be executed at all hazards.
Cortes now proceeded with great prudence. It would not do to march with
his soldiers in a body to the palace of the King: this would at once
rouse the Mexicans. He chose, therefore, Alvarado, Sandoval, Velasquez
de Leon, Lugo, and Davila, five of his best tried officers, together
with five of his bravest soldiers, to accompany him. Twenty-five picked
men were to follow on at intervals, strolling along as though they were
brought to the palace by accident. Christoval de Olid and Diego de Ordaz
were placed in command of all the soldiers left behind, with orders to
be ready to rush out at the first alarm.
He now marched to the palace. Without suspicion, he was admitted, and
received kindly by the King. In a little time, Cortes began, in a very
severe way, to upbraid him about the conduct of Quauhpopoca. It was by
his advice (he said) that his people at Villa Rica had been disturbed.
He believed now that he was also guilty of contriving the plot of
Cholula, and was sorry to find so great a monarch acting so meanly. He
had not spoken of this before, from motives of prudence, but now that he
had discovered another plot preparing in Mexico, he came to assure him
that he should protect his men at all hazards. When Doña Marina and
Aguilar interpreted the language of the general, Montezuma changed
color, and was for some time speechless. At length he spoke, solemnly
declaring that he was innocent. He had given no orders to Quauhpopoca to
trouble the Spaniards. Then taking from his wrist the signet of
_Huitzilopochtli_, he gave it to some of his officers, with a positive
command to seize Quauhpopoca and bring him to Mexico. Cortes now
expressed himself well pleased; in his own mind (he said) he was
satisfied of his innocence. But the Spaniards were dissatisfied and
alarmed, and ready to rise. One thing alone he believed could pacify
them, and make them feel perfectly safe: that was, for Montezuma to
leave his palace, and take up his abode in the Spanish quarters.
Montezuma was now enraged; he could scarcely speak. He cried out, that
he would never thus humble himself; that the Kings of Mexico were not
used to surrendering themselves prisoners without a struggle; and if he
were base enough to do so, his people would rise in a mass. Cortes, in
reply, expressed his surprise that the King should think himself a
prisoner, for removing to the Spanish quarters; that it was only
returning to the palace of his old father Axajacatl, and that the
Mexicans could neither be alarmed nor surprised at it. But no persuasion
could move him; he was firmly resolved not to go. Velasquez de Leon,
seeing his resolution, now cried out very angrily, “Why should we waste
more time in words? He must yield himself our prisoner, or we will
forthwith stab him to the heart! Let us secure our lives, or perish at
once.” His fierce and threatening manner startled Montezuma. He turned
to Doña Marina, and asked what that fierce Spaniard meant. She at once
answered, “Prince, I am your subject, and am anxious for your safety;
but, as the friend of these strangers, I know their characters. Yield to
their request, and they will treat you with every kindness; refuse it,
and they will not hesitate to take your life.” Montezuma was now
completely subdued, and readily consented to go. “Let us, then, depart
to your quarters,” he said; “the gods have decreed it so, and I trust
myself to your honor.” Cortes now caused him to call some of his lords,
and inform them that it was his choice and pleasure to make his home in
the Spanish quarters. He was then placed upon his splendid litter, and
carried from his palace. The Mexicans, hearing what was done, were
greatly roused: they thought the Spaniards were stealing away their
King, and made awful threats against them. But when they saw the litter
passing through the streets, surrounded by the officers of the Emperor,
and Montezuma waved his hand to them in token of command, they were at
once satisfied and quiet.