BATTLES OF MEAUX AND THE MARNE
Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more,
Or close the wall up with our English dead!
... Teach them how to war! And you, good yeomen,
Whose limbs were made in England, show us here
The mettle of your pasture ...
I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips,
Straining upon the start.
The game’s afoot: Follow your spirit!
SHAKESPEARE.
Right well fought all the Frenchmen who fought for France to-day,
And many a lordly banner God gave them for a prey.
MACAULAY.
You all know what it is to be in a hurry. You have all said on some
occasion or other, “I must get that done quickly or I shan’t be able to
do it at all.” It is an anxious, worrying mood. Well, the Germans, when
they started on this war, were one and all of them in that kind of mood.
They all knew, from the Kaiser to the humblest soldier, that time was
all-important in the French campaign. I think you will guess at once why
this was so, but in case you have already forgotten, I may remind you
that it was owing to the fact that the Germans have to fight in this
great war, which they themselves provoked, not only the French and the
British, but also the Russians. You know that this was their excuse for
breaking their word of honour, and rushing through Belgium. This was
also the reason why they made that astonishing, and we must admit, that
magnificent rush towards Paris during our retreat from Mons.
But all the time they were pushing forward, deep in the heart of every
German soldier there must have echoed the dreaded tramp of the Russian
legions. The poet Marvell expressed in exquisite English exactly what
the enemy must have been feeling during the whole of the French
campaign:
“But at my back I always hear
Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying near.”
A retreat, in ordinary language, means a falling back. There are,
however, many ways of falling back; indeed, as in everything else, there
is a right way and a wrong way. Sir John French’s gallant army, and the
French forces under General Joffre, accomplished their retreat in the
right way. Although at the time the enemy was quite unaware of it,
everything was done according to a well-thought-out and careful plan;
and, as you have seen, while this falling back movement was going on,
our retreating army constantly turned, harried, and even forced back the
advancing enemy.
The object of the Germans may be told very shortly. It was to reach
Paris, to enter that great city in the guise of conquerors, conclude a
hasty peace with France, and then rush back by train and motor lorry to
fight the Russians. It will interest you to know how and why this plan
miscarried.
What I am going to tell you illustrates the soundness of the wise old
saying, “Speech is silvern, silence is golden.” Even Paris remained all
unknowing of the clever plan formed by the Allies. That great and
beautiful city believed herself to be doomed. The awful fate of the
inhabitants of Louvain was thought by many Parisians to be the
forerunner of what would happen to themselves. The French Government,
that is the President and his Ministers, left the capital for the
distant town of Bordeaux, and orders were given that all those
inhabitants of Paris who had babies and little children should leave the
city.
Though to the great majority of French people Paris is in a sense the
capital of the civilised world, the nation made up its mind to sacrifice
this beloved and beautiful city if the good of the country as a whole
required it. They did not say anything of their resolve. They simply
made it, and waited grimly for the end.
At last the German Army was within a day’s march of Paris. Pretty
American girls who had acquaintances among the German officers actually
received letters from them arranging to come to tea with them! Every
soldier in the great German Army believed that in twenty-four hours he
would be comfortably resting in the most luxurious quarters in Europe.
Then suddenly, it will never be known exactly how, but probably through
their clever airmen, the enemy’s commanders learnt that, hidden safely
in the Palace of Versailles and under the great trees of the park
surrounding that palace, was a new French army of fresh troops. Had the
Germans penetrated into Paris, this army would have cut off their
retreat and caught them, according to the proverbial saying, “like rats
in a trap.” So it was that, instead of making their triumphal entry into
Paris, the rushing, oncoming hosts swerved to one side, and very soon
there developed close to Paris the great fights which will live in
history under the names of the Battle of Meaux and the Battle of the
Marne.
Superior people rather despise those who believe in omens, but sometimes
even the holy and the learned find great comfort in them.
The most notable scholars in France belong to the Academy of
Inscriptions in Paris. Now, in spite of the fact that war was raging and
the enemy close to the gates of their city, these learned men decided to
hold their usual monthly meeting. The proceedings opened with the
statement that there had just been presented to the Louvre a Greek
statue of surpassing charm and interest, the first gift made to the
Louvre Museum since the outbreak of the war. After a short pause, the
speaker added the words, “Gentlemen, the statue is that of the Winged
Victory.” And all these grave old scholars rose to their feet and
cheered the omen to the echo!
It was near Meaux that the German Army, commanded by the skilful and
resourceful General von Kluck, seems to have met quite unexpectedly the
large reserves of men—perhaps it is a mistake to call them an army—which
had been brought up there by General Joffre. There are certain other
notable facts about this battle which make me wish you should specially
remember it, and that though its glories were somewhat dimmed by the
greater and more important Battle of the Marne.
The Battle of Meaux turned the tide of the first German campaign. By a
strange irony of fate, Von Kluck seems to have first got wind of the new
French army on September 1. It was on September 2, 1870, that the Battle
of Sedan was fought, the French suffering a crushing defeat at the hands
of the Germans. The Germans confidently expected to enter Paris again on
September 2, 1914, and celebrate there the anniversary of their great
triumph. Not only was this confident expectation disappointed, but it
was on that very day that they were forced to begin their retreat.
Before I begin to tell you of some of the deeds of valour and heroism
performed during these two battles, I should like to tell you one or two
interesting things about the town of Meaux.
Bossuet, who spoke so beautifully that, like St. Chrysostom, he was
called “the golden mouthed,” was Archbishop of Meaux; he was also a
brave and fearless man, and one of those who leave the world in which
they live—in his case, a brilliant, frivolous, selfish world—better than
they find it.
The present Bishop of Meaux is a worthy successor to Bossuet. When the
Germans entered the town, the bishop was the only man of authority who
remained at his post. The Mayor had advised the inhabitants to leave as
soon as the Germans drew near. He and the other officials all went. The
bishop refused to join them, saying, “My duty is here. I do not think
the enemy will harm me, but if they do, God’s will be done. I cannot
leave my cathedral. I cannot leave those of my flock who remain.”
When the Germans arrived, the bishop parleyed with their commanding
officer and exacted a promise that his men should behave well. And they
did. So we may well exclaim, “Bravo, brave bishop!”
In a little town close to Meaux called Château-Thierry, where much
fighting took place, was the cheerful home of another Frenchman whose
name some of you certainly know. I mean La Fontaine, who wrote the
delightful animal fables. The hotels of Château-Thierry are very happily
and appropriately named: they are called The Elephant, The Giraffe, and
The Swan. The poor Giraffe was battered all to bits during the great
battle, I am sorry to say, by the shells of the French, who with their
help successfully dislodged the Germans. But the owner of the Giraffe is
such an unselfish patriot that when showing his wounded house to an
English gentleman after the battle, he exclaimed, “See how splendidly
true our gunners’ aim was!” pointing out with pride that every single
window had been neatly smashed.
I think most of you will envy the two Eton boys who were on a bicycle
tour in France when the war broke out, and who, when the tide began to
turn, suddenly found themselves in the fighting zone! By luck more than
anything else they stumbled on to the French General Staff, and there
came across an English officer. Both implored him to help them to get
into the French Army, and, amazing to tell, they were both made honorary
sub-lieutenants. Soon they were put on the Commission which had the
business of examining the villages improperly devastated by the enemy,
for sad to say, as soon as the Germans began to get the worst of it,
they wreaked their vengeance on the innocent inhabitants of the villages
and small towns through which they were retreating.
Mean people always suspect others of being as mean as themselves. The
Germans believe that the taking of an unfair advantage is quite the
right thing to do in war. But in the end these practices recoil on their
doers and keep them in a miserable state of constant fear and suspicion.
A worthy French priest and two innocent little boys very nearly fell a
victim to the enemy’s terrors. The Germans were having a rest in a
village, when their commander noticed that the church clock was stopped.
He sent for the priest, and demanded that the clock should be set going
again. The curé, accompanied by two of his choir boys, went to wind it
up; and as was natural, when once it was wound up it began to strike.
The German commander, in a great fright, decided that this was a dodge
invented by the curé to warn the French that a number of weary Germans
were in his village. At once he had him arrested, and the two little
boys as well. Without more ado all three were sentenced to be shot the
next morning.
All three were brave, but we can imagine what a sad night they must have
spent, and how especially sad the old priest must have been that, owing
to the fact that he had allowed the two lads to accompany him, they were
to have their young lives cut short in such a dreadful way. Early in the
morning, an hour before they were to have been executed, the news
reached the Germans that the French were on them. They rushed out of the
village, forgetting all about their captives. Meanwhile, the priest was
so convinced that his last hour had come that he himself opened the door
of his temporary prison and went to the village green in order to await
the firing party, and to make a last appeal to them to spare the two
lads. You can imagine his joy when he saw the familiar blue and red
uniforms of his fellow-countrymen.
This great war has been illumined by star-like deeds of beautiful,
simple humanity, performed, in many cases, by men who were unconscious
of their own heroism. One such still shines forth from the Battle of
Meaux.
A Scottish regiment was occupying a trench, swept by violent rifle and
artillery fire, when two privates noticed that a Frenchman, attached to
the battalion as interpreter, occupied the most exposed place in the
trench.
“The Frenchman is awkwardly placed,” observed one of them, “let us widen
his trench.”
At once the two Scots, paying no attention to the hail of bullets and
shrapnel, set to deepening the trench, after which they calmly went back
to their own stations.
I expect some of you will envy a certain French boy named André. He
lived in Paris, and on the declaration of war he watched with very mixed
feelings his brother and most of the grown-up men he knew start off for
the front. In France every man between the ages of eighteen and
forty-five is, in time of war, a soldier, ready to defend his dear
country to the last drop of his blood.
André was only twelve years old, but when he heard that the enemy was
now close to Paris, he decided that he must go and defend his country
too. So he suddenly disappeared, leaving a letter which ran:
“My dear father and mother,
“I am starting for the war. Don’t worry about me. I have my savings bank
money.”
After nearly a fortnight a sunburnt André reappeared in Paris, and told
all that had befallen him. It had been quite easy for him to find the
army, and the soldiers hadn’t had the heart to send him away. Marching
with them by day, and sleeping in their bivouacs or billets at night, he
stayed with them until the battalion reached Meaux. There the colonel
began to ask questions. André’s soldier friends had to confess that they
had adopted him as a human mascot. The colonel sent for André, and
although at first very angry, soon relaxed into a broad smile, but
insisted that the boy’s share in the campaign must now come to an end,
and so André went sadly home.
In these days when hundreds of thousands of soldiers are pitted against
one another, a battle consists of a number of separate fights, or, as we
call them now, engagements. It was in one of these, during this same
battle of Meaux, that a perambulator figures in a grand deed of heroism.
The hero of this story is an infantry officer, one who had only just
left St. Cyr (the French Sandhurst, and once, funnily enough, the most
famous girls’ school in the whole world), and who first went under fire
at the Battle of Meaux. Looking round in the thick of the fight he saw
his major, who was a very small man, lying severely wounded in a field
swept by the fire of the German guns.
There were some houses close by. Into one of these Lieutenant Gesrel
ran, and he came out wheeling a perambulator. The men lying about him,
taking what shelter they could, looked at him in amazement. He wheeled
it briskly, but without appearing to hurry, out into the bullet-swept
open space, until he came to where the major lay.
The men could hear the wounded officer protest. “Go away,” he said.
“Leave me; I shall be all right. It’s madness to expose yourself like
that.”
The lieutenant took no heed of this, but picked his major up, put him in
the perambulator, and started to wheel it back to the edge of the little
wood. At last he reached safety with his precious burden. Then he ran
and joined his men in the fight again.
I expect you have heard how, at Fontenoy, the French called out to the
British, “Fire first, gentlemen.” But the latter refused to fire,
shouting back at once rudely and politely, “No, gentlemen and assassins,
you begin!”
This famous exchange of courtesies is recalled by the action of another
French lieutenant, who, during a sharp fight which took place round a
small railway station near Meaux, pursued a German officer into a
locomotive shed, and found him under the tender of an engine. The two
looked each other up and down, and by tacit agreement took up a duelling
position at fifteen paces. “Please fire first,” cried the French
officer. The German fired and missed. Then the Frenchman fired and hit.
The last human quality one would naturally associate with war is
kindness. Yet it is not too much to say that every great battle, every
scene of carnage, is brightened by truly wonderful acts of kindness. By
this I do not mean deeds of heroism, the saving of one gallant soldier
by a pal, but simple, homely kindness. Such was the following:
Trooper Philippe, of the 2nd Chasseurs, under heavy artillery fire,
bullets and shrapnel falling thickly, not only brought his captain in,
but after that went back eight times more to take water to the wounded.
A French soldier, wounded in this same battle of Meaux, had with him a
dog nestled in his coat while the fighting was going on, as it was
apparently terrified at the noise of the firing. The soldier fed it from
his rations, and after he was wounded smuggled it in the train which
took him to the hospital.
Our own soldiers have always had a special fondness for dogs. It is said
that when a dog once enters barracks he never afterwards seeks to change
his quarters.
At Vittoria the Guards made a poodle puppy a prisoner, and it became
their pet. At Bidart, when Colonel Ponsonby was encouraging his men to
advance, they were delighted to see the poodle jumping and barking, much
amused at the bullets which rained round him. Colonel Ponsonby and the
poodle were wounded at the same moment, a bullet breaking one of the
dog’s legs. He was, however, tenderly nursed, and the rest of his life
was happy, although spent on only three legs.