--------+----------------------_Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. LIX, No. 4, 1914

| Ratio of immigration

--------+----------------------

1899 | 53

1900 | 83

1901 | 63

1902 | 62

1903 | 90

1904 | 97

1905 | 84

1906 | 72

1907 | 91

1908 | 74

1909 | 41

1910 | 63

--------+----------------------

Total | 74

--------+----------------------

[1] For Jewish population in Austria-Hungary _cf._ Ruppin, _The

Jews of To-Day_, pp. 38-39.

TABLE XXVII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

1881-1890 | 193021 | 12.3

1891-1900 | 393516 | 25.2

1900-1910 | 976263 | 62.5

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

Total | 1562800 | 100.0

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XXVIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY SIX-YEAR PERIOD

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

Period | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

1881-1886 | 77105 | 4.9

1887-1892 | 243687 | 15.6

1893-1898 | 167566 | 10.7

1899-1904 | 396404 | 25.4

1905-1910 | 678038 | 43.4

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

Total | 1562800 | 100.0

-----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XXIX

JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910

-------+-------------------+--------------------

Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total

-------+-------------------+--------------------

1881 | 5692 | .4

1882 | 13202 | .8

1883 | 8731 | .5

1884 | 11445 | .7

1885 | 16862 | 1.1

1886 | 21173 | 1.3

1887 | 33044 | 2.1

1888 | 28881 | 1.8

1889 | 25352 | 1.6

1890 | 28639 | 1.8

| |

1891 | 51398 | 3.3

1892 | 76373 | 4.9

1893 | 35322 | 2.3

1894 | 29179 | 1.9

1895 | 26191 | 1.7

1896 | 32848 | 2.1

1897 | 20372 | 1.3

1898 | 23654 | 1.5

1899 | 37415 | 2.4

1900 | 60764 | 3.9

| |

1901 | 58008 | 3.7

1902 | 57688 | 3.7

1903 | 76203 | 4.9

1904 | 106236 | 6.8

1905 | 129910 | 8.3

1906 | 153748 | 9.9

1907 | 149182 | 9.6

1908 | 103387 | 6.6

1909 | 57551 | 3.7

1910 | 84260 | 5.4

-------+-------------------+--------------------

Total | 1562800 | 100.0

-------+-------------------+--------------------

TABLE XXX

TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND

PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

-----------+------------+------------+----------

Decade | Total | Jewish | Per cent

| immigrants | immigrants | of total

-----------+------------+------------+----------

1881-1890 | 5246613 | 193021 | 3.7

1891-1900 | 3687564 | 393516 | 10.7

1901-1910 | 8795386 | 976263 | 11.1

-----------+------------+------------+----------

Total | 17729563 | 1562800 | 8.8

-----------+------------+------------+----------

TABLE XXXI

TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND

PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

-----------+------------+------------+-----------

Year | Total | Jewish | Per cent

| immigrants | immigrants | of total

-----------+------------+------------+-----------

1881 | 669431 | 5692 | .9

1882 | 788992 | 13202 | 1.7

1883 | 603322 | 8731 | 1.4

1884 | 518592 | 11445 | 2.2

1885 | 395346 | 16862 | 4.3

1886 | 334203 | 21173 | 6.3

1887 | 490109 | 33044 | 6.7

1888 | 546889 | 28881 | 5.3

1889 | 444427 | 25352 | 5.7

1890 | 455302 | 28639 | 6.3

| | |

1891 | 560319 | 51398 | 9.2

1892 | 579663 | 76373 | 13.2

1893 | 439730 | 35322 | 8.0

1894 | 285631 | 29179 | 10.2

1895 | 258536 | 26191 | 10.1

1896 | 343267 | 32848 | 9.6

1897 | 230832 | 20372 | 8.8

1898 | 229229 | 23654 | 10.7

1899 | 311715 | 37415 | 12.0

1900 | 448572 | 60764 | 13.5

| | |

1901 | 487918 | 58098 | 12.1

1902 | 648743 | 57688 | 8.9

1903 | 857046 | 76203 | 8.9

1904 | 812870 | 106236 | 11.8

1905 | 1026499 | 129910 | 12.6

1906 | 1100735 | 153748 | 13.4

1907 | 1285349 | 149182 | 11.6

1908[1] | 782870 | 103387 | 13.2

1909[1] | 751786 | 57551 | 7.7

1910[1] | 1041570 | 84260 | 8.1

-----------+------------+------------+-----------

Total | 17729563 | 1562800 | 8.8

-----------+------------+------------+-----------

[1] Only immigrant aliens taken these years.

TABLE XXXII

TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE

OF INCREASE OR DECREASE

--------+-------------------+-------------------

| Total immigrants | Jewish immigrants

+-------------------+-------------------

Year | Increase (+) | Increase (+)

| or decrease (-) | or decrease (-)

+----------+--------+---------+---------

| Number | Per | Number | Per

| | cent | | cent

--------+----------+--------+---------+---------

1881 | -- | -- | -- | --

1882 | +119561 | +17.9 | + 7509 | +131.9

1883 | -185670 | -23.5 | - 4471 | - 33.9

1884 | - 84730 | -14.0 | + 2714 | + 31.1

1885 | -123246 | -23.8 | + 5417 | + 47.3

1886 | - 61143 | -15.5 | + 4491 | + 26.7

1887 | +155906 | +46.7 | +11871 | + 56.1

1888 | + 56780 | +11.6 | + 4163 | + 12.6

1889 | -102462 | -18.7 | - 3529 | - 12.2

1890 | + 10875 | + 2.4 | + 3287 | + 13.0

| | | |

1891 | +105017 | +20.9 | +22759 | + 79.5

1892 | + 19344 | + 3.4 | +24975 | + 48.6

1893 | -139933 | -24.1 | -39051 | - 51.1

1894 | -154099 | -35.0 | - 6143 | - 17.4

1895 | - 27095 | - 9.5 | - 2988 | - 10.2

1896 | + 84731 | +32.8 | + 6657 | + 25.4

1897 | -112435 | -32.8 | -12476 | - 38.0

1898 | - 1533 | - .7 | + 3282 | + 16.1

1899 | + 82416 | +36.0 | +13761 | + 58.2

1900 | +136857 | +43.9 | +23349 | + 62.4

| | | |

1901 | + 39346 | + 8.8 | - 2666 | - 4.4

1902 | +160825 | +33.0 | - 410 | - .7

1903 | +208303 | +32.1 | +18515 | + 32.1

1904 | - 44176 | - 5.2 | +30033 | + 39.4

1905 | +213629 | +26.3 | +23674 | + 22.1

1906 | + 74236 | + 7.2 | +23838 | + 18.2

1907 | +184614 | +16.8 | - 4566 | - 3.0

1908 | -502479 | -39.1 | -45795 | - 30.7

1909 | - 31084 | - 4.0 | -45836 | - 44.3

1910 | +289784 | +38.5 | +26709 | + 46.4

--------+----------+--------+---------+---------

TABLE XXXIII

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------+---------+-----------------+---------------

| | Number | Per cent

Year | Total +--------+--------+------+--------

-------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

1899 | 37415 | 21153 | 16262 | 56.5 | 43.5

1900 | 60764 | 36330 | 24434 | 59.8 | 40.2

1901 | 58098 | 32345 | 25753 | 55.7 | 44.3

1902 | 57688 | 32737 | 24951 | 56.7 | 44.3

1903 | 76203 | 43985 | 32218 | 57.7 | 42.3

1904 | 106236 | 65040 | 41196 | 61.2 | 38.8

1905 | 129910 | 82076 | 47834 | 63.2 | 36.8

1906 | 153748 | 80086 | 73662 | 52.1 | 47.9

1907 | 149182 | 80530 | 68652 | 54.0 | 46.0

1908 | 103387 | 56277 | 47110 | 54.4 | 45.6

1909 | 57551 | 31057 | 26494 | 54.0 | 46.0

1910 | 84260 | 46206 | 38054 | 54.8 | 45.2

-------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

Total | 1074442 | 607822 | 466620 | 56.6 | 43.4

-------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XXXIV

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ADULTS[1] AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO

1898[2]

-------+---------+-----------------+---------------

| | Number | Per cent

Year | Total +--------+--------+------+--------

-------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

1886 | 14212 | 9598 | 4614 | 67.5 | 32.5

1887 | 22223 | 13872 | 8351 | 62.4 | 37.6

1888 | 19456 | 11691 | 7765 | 60.1 | 39.9

1889 | 17155 | 9946 | 7209 | 58.0 | 42.0

1890 | 19449 | 11524 | 7925 | 59.3 | 40.7

1891 | 33343 | 20980 | 12363 | 62.9 | 37.1

1892 | 43155 | 25338 | 17817 | 58.7 | 41.3

1893 | 18314 | 9715 | 8599 | 53.0 | 47.0

1894 | 13142 | 6404 | 6738 | 48.7 | 51.3

1895 | 12366 | 6275 | 6091 | 50.7 | 49.3

1896 | 17052 | 9703 | 7349 | 56.9 | 43.1

1897 | 10226 | 5447 | 4779 | 53.3 | 46.7

1898 | 11530 | 6560 | 4970 | 56.9 | 43.1

-------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

Total | 251623 | 147053 | 104570 | 58.4 | 41.6

-------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

[1] Sixteen years of age and over.

[2] From _Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City_.

TABLE XXXV

AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

------+---------+--------------------------+------------------------

| | Number | Percentage

Year| Total +--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------

| | Under | 14 to | 45 and | Under | 14 to | 45 and

| | 14 | 44 | over | 14 | 44 | over

------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------

1899 | 37415 | 8987 | 26019 | 2409 | 24.0 | 69.5 | 6.5

1900 | 60764 | 13092 | 44239 | 3433 | 21.6 | 72.8 | 5.6

1901 | 58098 | 14731 | 39830 | 3537 | 25.4 | 68.6 | 6.0

1902 | 57688 | 15312 | 38937 | 3439 | 26.5 | 67.5 | 6.0

1903 | 76203 | 19044 | 53074 | 4085 | 25.0 | 69.6 | 5.4

1904 | 106236 | 23529 | 77224 | 5483 | 22.1 | 72.7 | 5.2

1905 | 129910 | 28553 | 95964 | 5393 | 22.0 | 73.9 | 4.1

1906 | 153748 | 43620 | 101875 | 8253 | 28.4 | 66.2 | 5.4

1907 | 149182 | 37696 | 103779 | 7707 | 25.3 | 69.5 | 5.2

1908 | 103387 | 26013 | 71388 | 5986 | 25.1 | 69.1 | 5.8

1909 | 57551 | 15210 | 38465 | 3876 | 26.5 | 66.7 | 6.8

1910 | 84260 | 21869 | 57191 | 5200 | 26.0 | 67.9 | 6.1

------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------

Total| 1074442 | 267656 | 747985 | 58801 | 24.9 | 69.6 | 5.5

------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XXXVI

AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO 1898[1]

-------+--------+--------------------+---------------------

| | Number | Percentage

Year | Total +--------+-----------+--------+------------

-------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+------------

1886 | 19548 | 14212 | 5336 | 72.7 | 27.3

1887 | 30866 | 22223 | 8643 | 72.0 | 28.0

1888 | 26946 | 19456 | 7490 | 72.2 | 27.8

1889 | 23958 | 17155 | 6803 | 71.6 | 28.4

1890 | 26963 | 19449 | 7514 | 72.1 | 27.9

1891 | 47098 | 33343 | 13755 | 70.8 | 29.2

1892 | 66544 | 43155 | 23389 | 64.8 | 35.2

1893 | 29059 | 18314 | 10745 | 63.0 | 37.0

1894 | 23444 | 13142 | 10302 | 56.1 | 43.9

1895 | 21422 | 12366 | 9056 | 57.7 | 42.3

1896 | 27846 | 17052 | 10794 | 61.2 | 38.8

1897 | 17362 | 10226 | 7136 | 58.9 | 41.1

1898 | 19222 | 11530 | 7692 | 60.0 | 40.0

-------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+------------

Total | 380278 | 251623 | 128655 | 66.2 | 33.8

-------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+------------

[1] From _Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City_.

[2] Children under sixteen.

TABLE XXXVII

SEX OF TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------+-------------------+------------------

| Total immigrants |Jewish immigrants

+-------------------+------------------

Year | Per cent | Per cent

+--------+----------+--------+---------

| Male | Female | Male | Female

-------+--------+----------+--------+---------

1899 | 62.6 | 37.4 | 56.5 | 43.5

1900 | 67.8 | 32.2 | 59.8 | 40.2

1901 | 67.9 | 32.1 | 55.7 | 44.3

1902 | 71.9 | 28.1 | 56.7 | 43.3

1903 | 71.5 | 28.5 | 57.7 | 42.3

1904 | 67.6 | 32.4 | 61.2 | 38.8

1905 | 70.6 | 29.4 | 63.2 | 36.8

1906 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 52.1 | 47.9

1907 | 72.4 | 27.6 | 54.0 | 46.0

1908 | 64.8 | 35.2 | 54.4 | 45.6

1909 | 69.2 | 30.8 | 54.0 | 46.0

1910 | 70.7 | 29.3 | 54.8 | 45.2

-------+--------+----------+--------+---------

Total | 69.5 | 30.5 | 56.6 | 43.4

-------+--------+----------+--------+---------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XXXVIII

SEX[1] OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[2] 1899 TO 1910[3]

------------------------+---------+-------------------+---------------

| | Number | Per cent

People | Total |---------+---------+------+--------

------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------+--------

Irish | 439724 | 210686 | 229038 | 47.9 | 52.1

Jewish | 1074442 | 607822 | 466620 | 56.6 | 43.4

Bohemian and Moravian | 100189 | 57111 | 43078 | 57.0 | 43.0

French | 115783 | 67217 | 48566 | 58.1 | 41.9

German | 754375 | 448054 | 306321 | 59.4 | 40.6

English | 408614 | 251421 | 157193 | 61.5 | 38.5

Scandinavian | 586306 | 362467 | 223839 | 61.8 | 38.2

Scotch | 136842 | 86938 | 49904 | 63.5 | 36.5

Finnish | 151774 | 100289 | 51485 | 66.1 | 33.9

Polish | 949064 | 659267 | 289797 | 69.5 | 30.5

Slovak | 377527 | 266262 | 111265 | 70.5 | 29.5

Lithuanian | 175258 | 123777 | 51481 | 70.6 | 29.4

Magyar | 338151 | 244221 | 93930 | 72.2 | 27.8

Ruthenian | 147375 | 109614 | 37761 | 74.4 | 25.6

Italian North | 372668 | 291877 | 80791 | 78.3 | 21.7

Italian South | 1911933 | 1502968 | 408965 | 78.6 | 21.4

Croatian and Slovenian | 355543 | 284866 | 50677 | 84.9 | 15.1

Greek | 216962 | 206306 | 10656 | 95.1 | 4.9

------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------+--------

Total[4] | 9555673 | 6641367 | 2914306 | 69.5 | 30.5

------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------+--------

[1] Arranged in order of percentage of females.

[2] Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000.

[3] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 49.

[4] Total includes all races.

TABLE XXXIX

AGE[1] OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[2] 1899 TO 1909.

----------------+----------------------------------+---------------------

| Number | Per cent

People +--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+-------

| Total | Under | 14 to | 45 and| Under| 14 to|45 and

| | 14 | 44 | over | 14 | 44 | over

----------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+-------

Jewish | 990182| 245787 | 690794 | 53601 | 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4

Moravian | 91727| 18965 | 67487 | 5275 | 20.7 | 73.6 | 5.8

German | 682995| 116416 | 520437 | 46142 | 17.0 | 76.2 | 6.8

Scotch | 112230| 17157 | 85123 | 9950 | 15.3 | 75.8 | 8.9

English | 355116| 52459 | 262334 | 40323 | 14.8 | 73.9 | 11.4

Italian, South | 1719260| 201492 |1416075 |101693 | 11.7 | 82.4 | 5.9

Scandinavian | 534269| 51220 | 457306 | 25743 | 9.6 | 85.6 | 4.8

Polish | 820716| 77963 | 723226 | 19527 | 9.5 | 88.1 | 2.4

Slovak | 345111| 32157 | 302399 | 10555 | 9.3 | 87.6 | 3.1

Finnish | 136038| 12623 | 119771 | 3644 | 9.3 | 88.0 | 2.7

Italian, North | 341888| 30645 | 297442 | 13801 | 9.0 | 87.0 | 4.0

Magyar | 310049| 27312 | 270376 | 12361 | 8.8 | 87.2 | 4.0

Lithuanian | 152544| 12004 | 137880 | 2660 | 7.9 | 90.4 | 1.7

Irish | 401342| 20247 | 363797 | 17298 | 5.0 | 90.6 | 4.3

Ruthenian | 119468| 5537 | 110705 | 3226 | 4.6 | 92.7 | 2.7

Slovenian | 295981| 12711 | 273685 | 9585 | 4.3 | 92.5 | 3.2

Greek | 177827| 7314 | 168250 | 2263 | 4.1 | 94.6 | 1.3

----------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+-------

Total[3] | 8213034|1013974 |6786506 |412554 | 12.3 | 82.6 | 5.0

----------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+-------

[1] Arranged in order of highest percentage of children.

[2] Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000, except the

Bohemian and Moravian.

[3] Total includes all European races.

TABLE XL

SEX,[1] 1899 TO 1910, AND AGE,[2] 1899 TO 1909, OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH

IMMIGRANTS

------------------------+-------------+------------------------------

|Sex--per cent| Age--per cent

Group +------+------+--------+--------+------------

------------------------+------+------+--------+--------+------------

Polish | 69.5 | 30.5 | 9.5 | 88.1 | 2.4

Ruthenian | 74.4 | 25.6 | 4.6 | 92.7 | 2.7

Russian | 85.0 | 15.0 | 7.5 | 90.0 | 2.5

Slovak | 70.5 | 29.5 | 9.3 | 87.6 | 3.1

Croatian and Slovenian | 84.9 | 15.1 | 4.3 | 92.5 | 3.2

Moravian | 57.0 | 43.0 | 20.7 | 73.6 | 5.8

Jewish | 56.6 | 43.4 | 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4

------------------------+------+------+--------+--------+------------

[1] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 49.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 25.

TABLE XLI

A. SEX OF ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS,[1] 1899 TO 1910, AND OF IMMIGRANTS

FROM ROUMANIA,[2] 1900 TO 1910

----------------+------------------------------------------------

| | Number | Per cent

Group | Total +---------+----------+--------+--------

----------------+---------+---------+----------+--------+--------

From Roumania | 59467 | 31968 | 27499 | 53.8 | 46.2

Roumanian | 82704 | 75238 | 7466 | 91.0 | 9.0

----------------+---------+---------+----------+--------+--------

B. AGE OF JEWISH AND ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS[3] 1899 TO 1909

-----------+--------+--------------------+------------------------

| | Number | Per cent

Race | Total +------+------+------+-------+-------+--------

| Number | Under| 14 to|45 and| Under | 14 to | 45 and

| | 14 | 44 | over | 14 | 44 | over

-----------+--------+------+------+------+-------+-------+--------

Jewish | 990182 |245787|690794| 53601| 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4

Roumanian | 68505 | 1476| 63997| 3032| 2.2 | 93.4 | 4.4

-----------+--------+------+------+------+-------+-------+--------

[1] From _Statistical Review of Emigration_, pp. 44-48.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 23.

[3] _Ibid._, p. 25.

TABLE XLII

SEX AND AGE OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED), AND OF

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]

---------------------+-------+---------------+------------------------

| | Sex--per cent | Age--per cent

Group | +------+--------+-------+-------+--------

| Total | | | Under | 14 to | 45 and

---------------------+-------+------+--------+-------+-------+--------

Old immigration |2273782| 58.5 | 41.5 | 12.8 | 80.4 | 6.8

(Jewish excepted) |4949070| 76.3 | 23.7 | 9.7 | 86.2 | 4.1

Jewish immigration | 990182| 56.7 | 43.3 | 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4

---------------------+-------+------+--------+-------+-------+--------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, pp. 23-26.

TABLE XLIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1912[1]

--------+-----------+-----------+---------------

| Jewish | Jewish | Number

Year | immigrant | emigrant | departed per

| aliens[2] | aliens[3] | 100 admitted

--------+-----------+-----------+---------------

1908 | 103387 | 7702 | 7

1909 | 57551 | 6105 | 10

1910 | 84260 | 5689 | 6

1911 | 91223 | 6401 | 7

1912 | 80595 | 7418 | 9

--------+-----------+-----------+---------------

Total | 417016 | 33315 | 8

--------+-----------+-----------+---------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] See note, page 93.

[3] Emigrant aliens are aliens whose permanent residence has been in

the United States and who intend to reside permanently abroad.

TABLE XLIV

TOTAL AND JEWISH EMIGRANT ALIENS AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH IMMIGRANT

ALIENS OF TOTAL IMMIGRANT ALIENS, 1908 TO 1912[1]

-------+---------------------------+------------------------------

| Emigrant aliens | Immigrant aliens

+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

-------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

1908 | 381044 | 7702 | 2.0 | 782870 | 103387 | 13.2

1909 | 225802 | 6105 | 2.7 | 751876 | 57551 | 7.7

1910 | 202436 | 5689 | 2.8 | 1041570 | 84260 | 8.1

1911 | 295666 | 6401 | 2.1 | 878587 | 91223 | 10.4

1912 | 333262 | 7418 | 2.2 | 838172 | 80595 | 9.5

-------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

Total | 1438210| 33315 | 2.3 | 4293075 | 417016 | 9.7

-------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XLV

EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED[1] AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS

DEPARTED, 1908, 1909 AND 1910[2]

-----------------+-----------------+-------------------------------

|Immigrant aliens | Emigrant aliens departed

| admitted |

+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------------

-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------------

Jewish | 236100 | 10.2 | 18543 | 2.5 | 8

Slovenian | 78658 | 3.4 | 44316 | 5.2 | 56

English | 101611 | 4.4 | 11152 | 1.5 | 11

German | 192644 | 8.3 | 35823 | 5.0 | 19

Greek | 86257 | 3.7 | 21196 | 2.9 | 25

Irish | 93090 | 4.0 | 5728 | .8 | 6

Italian, North | 77661 | 3.3 | 47870 | 6.7 | 62

Italian, South | 457414 | 19.8 | 255188 | 35.7 | 56

Lithuanian | 51129 | 2.2 | 7185 | 1.0 | 14

Magyar | 78910 | 3.4 | 50597 | 7.1 | 64

Polish | 269646 | 11.7 | 82080 | 11.4 | 30

Ruthenian | 55106 | 2.3 | 6681 | .9 | 12

Scandinavian | 113786 | 4.8 | 11193 | 1.5 | 10

Slovak | 70717 | 3.0 | 41383 | 5.8 | 59

-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------------

Total[3] |2297338 | | 713356 | | 32

-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------------

[1] All peoples with an inward movement of less than 50,000 excluded.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 41.

[3] Total for all races, including Syrians.

TABLE XLVI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND

ROUMANIA, 1908 TO 1912[1]

---------+--------------------------------------------+

| Russia |

+-------------+------------+-----------------+

| Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed |

Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted|

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

1908 | 71978 | 5439 | 7 |

1909 | 39150 | 3989 | 10 |

1910 | 59824 | 3295 | 5 |

1911 | 65472 | 3375 | 5 |

1912 | 58389 | 4448 | 7 |

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

Total | 294813 | 20546 | 7 |

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

---------+--------------------------------------------+

| Austria-Hungary |

+-------------+------------+-----------------+

| Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed |

Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted|

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

1908 | 15293 | 1758 | 11 |

1909 | 8431 | 1398 | 16 |

1910 | 13142 | 1409 | 10 |

1911 | 12785 | 1827 | 14 |

1912 | 10757 | 2121 | 19 |

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

Total | 60408 | 8513 | 14 |

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

---------+---------------------------------------------

| Roumania

+-------------+------------+-----------------+

| Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed |

Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted|

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

1908 | 4455 | 158 | 3

1909 | 1390 | 87 | 6

1910 | 1701 | 101 | 6

1911 | 2188 | 78 | 3

1912 | 1512 | 122 | 8

---------+-------------+------------+------------------

Total | 11246 | 546 | 5

---------+-------------+------------+------------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XLVII

POLISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1908 TO

1912[1]

---------+--------------------------------------------+

| Russian Poles |

+-------------+------------+-----------------+

| Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed |

Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted|

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

1908 | 73122 | 18187 | 25 |

1909 | 37770 | 8421 | 22 |

1910 | 63635 | 6705 | 10 |

1911 | 40193 | 12276 | 30 |

1912 | 51244 | 14701 | 28 |

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

Total | 265964 | 60290 | 22 |

---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+

---------+--------------------------------------------+

| Austro-Hungarian Poles

+-------------+------------+------------------

| Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed

Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted

---------+-------------+------------+------------------

1908 | 59719 | 28048 | 47

1909 | 336483 | 10292 | 28

1910 | 60565 | 9609 | 15

1911 | 27515 | 18499 | 67

1912 | 30649 | 22546 | 73

---------+-------------+------------+------------------

Total | 214931 | 88994 | 41

---------+-------------+------------+------------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XLVIII

"OLD" AND "NEW" (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND

EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1910[1]

---------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------

| Immigrant | Emigrant | Number

Class | aliens | aliens | departed per

| | | 100 admitted

---------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------

Old Immigration | 599732 | 79664 | 13

New immigration (Jewish | | |

excepted) | 1461506 | 615549 | 42

Jewish immigration | 236100 | 18543 | 8

---------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------

Total | 2297338 | 713356 | 32

---------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 42.

TABLE XLIX

EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS,[1] 1907, AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS,

1908[2]

-----------------+---------------------+----------------------------

| Immigrant aliens | Emigrant aliens, 1908

| 1907 |

+-----------+---------+--------+---------+--------

-----------------+-----------+---------+--------+---------+---------

Jewish | 149182 | 12.1 | 7702 | 2.0 | 5

Bulgarian, | 27174 | 2.2 | 5965 | 1.6 | 22

Slovenian | 47826 | 3.9 | 28584 | 7.5 | 60

English | 51126 | 4.1 | 5320 | 1.4 | 10

German | 92936 | 7.5 | 14418 | 3.8 | 15

Greek | 46283 | 3.7 | 6763 | 1.8 | 14

Irish | 38706 | 3.1 | 2441 | .6 | 6

Italian, North | 1564 | 4.2 | 19507 | 5.1 | 37

Italian, South | 242497 | 19.6 | 147828 | 38.8 | 60

Lithuanian | 25884 | 2.1 | 3388 | .9 | 13

Magyar | 60071 | 4.9 | 29276 | 7.7 | 48

Polish | 138033 | 11.2 | 46727 | 12.3 | 33

Scandinavian | 53425 | 4.3 | 5801 | 1.5 | 11

Slovak | 42041 | 3.4 | 23573 | 6.2 | 56

-----------------+-----------+---------+--------+---------+---------

Total | 1237341[3]| | 381044 | | 32

-----------------+-----------+---------+--------+---------+---------

[1] All peoples with an inward movement of less than 25,000 omitted.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, pp. 39-40.

[3] All European immigrants, including Syrians.

TABLE L

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED[1] AND TOTAL OF THOSE ADMITTED

DURING THIS PERIOD IN THE UNITED STATES PREVIOUSLY, 1899 TO 1910[2]

--------------------------+----------+-----------------------

| | In United States

| | previously

People | Number |---------+-------------

| admitted | | Per cent of

| | Number | admitted

--------------------------+----------+---------+-------------

Jewish | 1074442 | 22914 | 2.1

Bohemian and Moravian | 100189 | 4066 | 4.1

Croatian and Slovenian | 355542 | 43037 | 12.8

English | 408614 | 103828 | 25.4

Finnish | 151774 | 17189 | 11.3

French | 115783 | 33859 | 29.2

German | 754375 | 86458 | 11.5

Greek | 216962 | 12283 | 5.7

Irish | 439742 | 80636 | 18.3

Italian, North | 372668 | 56738 | 15.2

Italian, South | 1911933 | 262508 | 13.7

Lithuanian | 175258 | 6186 | 3.5

Magyar | 337351 | 39785 | 11.8

Polish | 949064 | 65155 | 6.9

Ruthenian | 147375 | 18492 | 12.5

Scandinavian | 586306 | 86700 | 14.8

Scotch | 136842 | 27684 | 20.2

Slovak | 377527 | 71889 | 19.0

--------------------------+----------+---------+-------------

Total[3] | 9220066 | 1108948 | 12.0

--------------------------+----------+---------+-------------

[1] All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 51.

[3] Includes all European peoples entered and Syrians.

TABLE LI

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------------------+-----------+------------

Group | Number | Per cent

-------------------+-----------+------------

No occupation | 484175 | 45.1

Skilled laborers | 395823 | 36.8

Professional | 7455 | .7

Miscellaneous | 186989 | 17.4

-------------------+-----------+------------

Total | 1074442 | 100.0

-------------------+-----------+------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------------------------+----------+------------

Group | Number | Per cent

-------------------------+----------+------------

Professional | 7455 | 1.3

Skilled laborers | 395823 | 67.1

Laborers | 69444 | 11.8

Merchants and dealers | 31491 | 5.3

Farm laborers | 11460 | 1.9

Farmers | 1008 | .2

Miscellaneous | 8051 | 1.3

-------------------------+----------+------------

Total | 590267 | 100.0

-------------------------+----------+------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LIII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS[1]

-------------------------------------+---------

Occupation | Number

-------------------------------------+---------

Actors | 232

Architects | 108

Clergymen | 350

Editors | 84

Electricians | 359

Engineers | 484

Lawyers | 34

Literary and scientific persons | 385

Musicians | 1624

Officials (gov.) | 18

Physicians | 290

Sculptors and artists | 357

Teachers | 2192

Others | 938

-------------------------------------+---------

Total | 7455

-------------------------------------+---------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LIV

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

A. _Principal skilled occupations_

-----------------------------------+----------+------------

| | Per cent

Occupation | Number | of total

| | skilled

-----------------------------------+----------+------------

Tailors | 145272 | 36.6

Carpenters, joiners, etc.[2] | 40901 | 10.3

Dressmakers and seamstresses[2] | 39482 | 10.0

Shoemakers | 23519 | 5.9

Clerks and accountants | 17066 | 4.3

Painters and glaziers | 16387 | 4.1

Butchers | 11413 | 2.9

Bakers | 10925 | 2.8

Locksmiths | 9385 | 2.4

Blacksmiths | 8517 | 2.2

-----------------------------------+----------+------------

Total | 322867 | 81.5

-----------------------------------+----------+------------

B. _Other skilled occupations_

--------------------------------------------------+-----------+--------

Occupation | Number |

--------------------------------------------------+-----------+--------

Tinners | 6967 |

Watch and clockmakers | 4444 |

Tobacco workers | 4350 |

Hat and capmakers | 4070 |

Barbers and hairdressers | 4054 |

Weavers and spinners | 3971 |

Tanners and curriers | 3715 |

Furriers and fur workers | 3144 |

Bookbinders | 3009 |

Masons | 2507 |

Plumbers | 2455 |

Saddlers and harness makers | 2311 |

Milliners | 2291 |

Metal workers (other than iron, steel and tin) | 2231 |

Machinists | 1907 |

Jewelers | 1837 |

Millers | 1390 |

Mechanics (not specified) | 1203 |

Upholsterers | 1109 |

Photographers | 1013 |

Iron and steel workers | 604 |

Textile workers (not specified) | 436 |

Others | 13938 |

--------------------------------------------------+-----------+--------

Total | 72956 |

+-----------+

Grand total | 395823 |

--------------------------------------------------+-----------+--------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] Seamstresses are included with dressmakers; cabinetmakers and

woodworkers (not specified) with carpenters and joiners.

TABLE LV

OCCUPATIONS OF TOTAL EUROPEAN AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1909, AND

PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL[1]

--------------------+------------+------------+----------

Group | Total | Jewish |Per cent

| immigrants | immigrants |of total

--------------------+------------+------------+----------

Professional | 803222 | 6836 | 8.5

Skilled laborers | 1247674 | 362936 | 29.1

Farm laborers | 1290295 | 9633 | 0.1

Farmers | 841466 | 908 | 1.1

Common laborers | 2282565 | 66311 | 2.9

Servants | 890093 | 61611 | 6.9

No occupation | 2165287 | 445728 | 20.6

Miscellaneous | 172652 | 36219 | 21.0

--------------------+------------+------------+----------

Total | 8213034 | 990182 | 12.1

--------------------+------------+------------+----------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 27.

TABLE LVI

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] AND IMMIGRANTS WITHOUT OCCUPATION, 1899

TO 1910[2]

--------------------------+-----------+------------------+---------

| Total |Without occupation|Per cent

People |Immigrants | (including women | of

| | and children) | total

--------------------------+-----------+------------------+---------

Jewish | 1074442 | 484175 | 45.1

Bohemian and Moravian | 100189 | 39700 | 39.5

Croatian and Slovenian | 355542 | 37219 | 11.1

English | 408614 | 158616 | 38.8

Finnish | 151774 | 28766 | 18.9

French | 115783 | 45745 | 39.5

German | 745375 | 296082 | 39.7

Greek | 216962 | 19244 | 8.9

Irish | 439724 | 63456 | 14.4

Italian, North | 372668 | 76046 | 20.4

Italian, South | 1911933 | 440274 | 23.0

Lithuanian | 175258 | 33718 | 19.2

Magyar | 338151 | 78875 | 23.3

Polish | 949064 | 200634 | 21.1

Ruthenian | 147375 | 18915 | 12.9

Scandinavian | 586306 | 111212 | 18.9

Scotch | 136842 | 47634 | 34.9

Slovak | 377527 | 87280 | 23.1

--------------------------+-----------+------------------+---------

Total | 9555673[3]| 2506713 | 26.2

--------------------------+-----------+------------------+---------

[1] All races with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.

[2] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 52.

[3] Total includes all races.

TABLE LVII

OCCUPATIONS OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO

1910[2]

----------------+----------+--------------------------------------------

| | Per cent

| +------------+-----------+---------+---------

----------------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+---------

Jewish | 590267 | 1.3 | 67.1 | 13.7 | 18.0

Moravia | 60489 | 1.3 | 40.8 | 28.5 | 29.4

Montenegrin | 90991 | .1 | 3.3 | 92.0 | 4.6

Slovenian | 298324 | .1 | 5.0 | 86.4 | 8.5

English | 249908 | 9.0 | 48.7 | 14.1 | 28.1

Finnish | 123008 | .3 | 6.0 | 67.2 | 26.5

French | 70038 | 9.3 | 34.5 | 26.0 | 30.2

German | 458293 | 3.5 | 30.0 | 37.7 | 28.8

Greek | 197718 | .3 | 7.7 | 86.2 | 5.8

Irish | 376268 | 1.3 | 12.6 | 35.2 | 50.9

Italian, North | 296622 | 1.1 | 20.4 | 66.5 | 12.0

Italian, South |1471659 | .4 | 14.6 | 77.0 | 7.9

Lithuanian | 141540 | .1 | 6.7 | 76.1 | 17.2

Magyar | 259276 | .5 | 8.6 | 77.5 | 13.4

Polish | 748430 | .2 | 6.3 | 75.3 | 18.1

Roumanian | 75531 | .2 | 2.7 | 93.8 | 3.3

Russian | 69986 | 1.4 | 9.1 | 82.7 | 6.8

Ruthenian | 128460 | .1 | 2.0 | 80.6 | 17.4

Scandinavian | 475094 | 1.2 | 20.5 | 43.8 | 34.5

Scotch | 89208 | 5.7 | 57.9 | 12.1 | 24.3

Slovak | 290247 | .1 | 4.4 | 80.0 | 15.5

----------------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+---------

Total |7048953[3]| 1.4 | 20.2 | 79.3 | 19.1

----------------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+---------

[1] All races with an immigration below 50,000 omitted.

[2] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 53.

[3] Total includes all races.

TABLE LVIII

OCCUPATIONS OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899

TO 1910[1]

---------------+-----------+--------------------------------------------

| | Per cent

| +------------+-----------+----------+--------

| No. |In |In |(including|laneous

---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------+--------

Jewish | 590267 | 1.3 | 67.1 | 13.7 | 18.0

Moravian | 60489 | 1.3 | 40.8 | 28.5 | 29.4

Montenegrin | 90991 | .1 | 3.3 | 92.0 | 4.6

Slovenian | 298324 | .1 | 5.0 | 86.4 | 8.5

Polish | 748430 | .2 | 6.3 | 75.3 | 18.1

Russian | 69986 | 1.4 | 9.1 | 82.7 | 6.8

Ruthenian | 128460 | .1 | 2.0 | 80.6 | 17.4

Slovak | 290247 | .1 | 4.4 | 80.0 | 15.5

---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------+--------

[1] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 53.

TABLE LIX

OCCUPATIONS OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]

------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------

| |"New" immigration| Jewish

|"Old" immigration|(Jewish excepted)| immigration

Occupations +-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

------------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

Professional | 56406| 2.5 | 17080| .3 | 6836| .7

Skilled laborers | 442754| 19.5 | 441984| 8.9 | 362936| 36.7

Farm laborers | 138598| 6.1 |1142064| 23.1 | 9633| 1.0

Farmers | 40633| 1.8 | 42605| .9 | 908| .1

Common laborers | 402074| 17.7 |1814180| 36.7 | 66311| 6.7

Servants | 424698| 18.7 | 403784| 8.2 | 61611| 6.2

No occupation | 678510| 29.8 |1041049| 21.0 | 445728| 45.0

Miscellaneous | 90109| 4.0 | 46324| .9 | 36219| 3.7

------------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

Total |2273782| 100.0 |4949070| 100.0 | 990182| 100.0

------------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 29.

TABLE LX

ILLITERACY OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

---------+-----------------+-----------------------+-----------

|Jewish immigrants| Jewish immigrant | Per cent

Year | 14 years of age |illiterates[2] 14 years|illiterate

| and over | of age and over |

---------+-----------------+-----------------------+-----------

1899 | 28428 | 5637 | 19.5

1900 | 47672 | 10607 | 22.2

1901 | 43367 | 10119 | 23.3

1902 | 42376 | 11921 | 28.1

1903 | 57159 | 14980 | 26.2

1904 | 82707 | 18763 | 22.6

1905 | 101357 | 22770 | 22.4

1906 | 110128 | 29444 | 26.7

1907 | 111486 | 31885 | 28.6

1908 | 77374 | 23217 | 30.3

1909 | 42341 | 12201 | 28.8

1910 | 62391 | 17963 | 28.8

---------+-----------------+-----------------------+-----------

Total | 806786 | 209507 | 26.0

---------+-----------------+-----------------------+-----------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] Those who could neither read nor write.

TABLE LXI

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ILLITERATES, 1908 TO 1912[1]

---------+---------------------+-----------------------------------

| | Jewish immigrant illiterates

| Jewish immigrants | 14 years of age and over

| 14 years of age |-----------------+-----------------

Year | and over | Number | Per cent

|----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

---------+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

1908 | 43270 | 34104 | 9455 | 13762 | 21.9 | 40.4

1909 | 23452 | 18889 | 4832 | 7369 | 20.6 | 39.0

1910 | 35272 | 27120 | 7593 | 10370 | 21.5 | 38.2

1911 | 38018 | 31370 | 6453 | 10304 | 16.9 | 32.8

1912 | 32706 | 27799 | 5637 | 9498 | 17.2 | 34.2

---------+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

Total | 172718 | 139282 | 33970 | 51303 | 19.7 | 36.8

---------+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

[1] In order to ascertain the number of males and females, 14 years

of age and over, the number of Jewish immigrants under 14 years

of age were distributed equally between the sexes. Subtracting

these respectively from the number of males and females, we

obtain the above totals. Cf. _Report of New York State

Commission on Immigration_, 1908, p. 171.

TABLE LXII

ILLITERACY OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[1] 1899 to 1910[2]

------------------------+---------------+---------------------------

| | Immigrant illiterates 14

| Immigrants 14 | years of age and over

People | years of age +-------------+-------------

| and over | Number | Per cent

------------------------+---------------+-------------+-------------

Jewish | 806786 | 209507 | 26.0

Bohemian and Moravian | 79721 | 1322 | 1.7

Croatian and Slovenian | 320977 | 115785 | 36.1

English | 347458 | 3647 | 1.0

Finnish | 137916 | 1745 | 1.3

German | 625793 | 32236 | 5.2

Greek | 208608 | 55089 | 26.4

Irish | 416640 | 10721 | 2.6

Italian, North | 339301 | 38897 | 11.5

Italian, South | 1690376 | 911566 | 53.9

Lithuanian | 161441 | 79001 | 48.9

Magyar | 307082 | 35004 | 11.4

Polish | 861303 | 304675 | 35.4

Ruthenian | 140775 | 75165 | 53.4

Scandinavian | 530634 | 2221 | .4

Scotch | 115788 | 767 | .7

Slovak | 342583 | 82216 | 24.0

------------------------+---------------+-------------+-------------

Total[3] | 8398624 | 2238801 | 26.7

------------------------+---------------+-------------+-------------

[1] All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 excluded, except

the Bohemian and Moravian.

[2] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 51.

[3] Total for all races.

TABLE LXIII

ILLITERACY OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]

---------------------+-----------------+---------------------------

| | Immigrant illiterates 14

| Immigrants 14 | years of age and over

Classed | years of age +------------+--------------

| and over | Number | Per cent

---------------------+-----------------+------------+--------------

Old immigration | 1983618 | 52833 | 2.7

New immigration | | |

(Jewish excepted) | 4471047 | 1667754 | 37.3

Jewish immigration | 744395 | 191544 | 25.7

---------------------+-----------------+------------+--------------

Total | 7199060 | 1912131 | 26.6

---------------------+-----------------+------------+--------------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 30.

TABLE LXIV

ILLITERACY OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1899 TO 1910[1]

---------------------+-----------------+-------------------------

| Immigrants 14 | Illiterates

People | years of age +------------+------------

| and over | Number | Per cent.

---------------------+-----------------+------------+------------

Jewish | 806786 | 209507 | 26.0

Lithuanian | 161441 | 79001 | 48.9

Polish | 861303 | 304675 | 35.4

Russian | 77479 | 29777 | 38.4

Ruthenian | 140775 | 75165 | 63.4

---------------------+-----------------+------------+------------

[1] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 51.

TABLE LXV

SEX OF ILLITERATES OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1908[1]

---------------+-----------------------+---------------------

| Number illiterates 14 | Per cent.

| years and over |

Race +-----------+-----------+----------+----------

| Male | Female | Male | Female

---------------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------

Jewish | 9455 | 13762 | 21.9 | 40.4

Lithuanian | 4215 | 2897 | 53.4 | 63.4

Polish | 14573 | 8813 | 36.7 | 42.9

Russian | 5820 | 828 | 40.1 | 50.8

Ruthenian | 4203 | 1836 | 49.6 | 57.4

---------------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------

[1] From _Report of New York State Commission on Immigration_,

1908, p. 171.

TABLE LXVI

DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISION[1]

--------------------------+-------------------+----------

Division | Jewish immigrants | Per cent

--------------------------+-------------------+----------

North Atlantic States | 923549 | 86.0

North Central States | 110998 | 10.3

South Atlantic States | 25149 | 2.3

South Central States | 8324 | .8

Western States | 6384 | .6

--------------------------+-------------------+----------

Total | 1074404[2] | 100.0

--------------------------+-------------------+----------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] 27 were destined for Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, and 11 were

tourists.

TABLE LXVII

DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 to 1910, BY PRINCIPAL STATES

----------------+-------------------+-------------------

State | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total

----------------+-------------------+-------------------

New York | 690296 | 64.2

Pennsylvania | 108534 | 10.1

Massachusetts | 66023 | 6.1

Illinois | 59931 | 4.7

New Jersey | 31279 | 3.2

Ohio | 20531 | 1.9

Maryland | 18700 | 1.7

Connecticut | 16254 | 1.5

Missouri | 12476 | 1.2

Minnesota | 7029 | .7

Wisconsin | 6369 | .6

Michigan | 5970 | .6

Rhode Island | 5023 | .5

All others | 31989 | 3.0

----------------+-------------------+-------------------

Total | 1074404[1] | 100.0

----------------+-------------------+-------------------

[1] _Cf._ note 2 of table LXVI.

TABLE LXVIII

PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH AND TOTAL IMMIGRANTS DESTINED FOR EACH DIVISION,

1899 TO 1910[1]

-----------------------+------------------+-------------------

Division | Per cent of | Per cent of

| total immigrants | Jewish immigrants

-----------------------+------------------+-------------------

South Atlantic States | 67.5 | 86.0

North Central States | 22.4 | 10.3

South Atlantic States | 2.7 | 2.3

South Central States | 1.8 | .8

Western | 5.6 | .6

-----------------------+------------------+-------------------

Total | 100.0 | 100.0

-----------------------+------------------+-------------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LXIX

PARTICIPATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN DESTINATION OF TOTAL IMMIGRANTS,

1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISION

-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------

Division | Total | Jewish | Per cent

| immigrants | immigrants | Jewish of total

-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------

North Atlantic | 6368243 | 923549 | 14.5

North Central | 2116327 | 110998 | 5.2

South Atlantic | 254936 | 25149 | 9.9

South Central | 167437 | 8324 | 5.0

Western | 532824 | 6384 | 1.2

-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------

Total | 9439757 | 1074404[2] | 11.4

-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] _Cf._ note 2 of table LXVI.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A.

PRESIDENT HARRISON'S MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, DECEMBER 9, 1891.[141]

This Government has found occasion to express in a friendly spirit,

but with much earnestness, to the Government of the Czar its concern

because of the harsh measures now being enforced against the Hebrews

in Russia. By the revival of antisemitic laws, long in abeyance, great

numbers of those unfortunate people have been constrained to abandon

their homes and leave the Empire by reason of the impossibility of

finding subsistence within the pale to which it is sought to confine

them. The immigration of these people to the United States--many other

countries being closed to them--is largely increasing and is likely to

assume proportions which may make it difficult to find homes and

employment for them here and to seriously affect the labor market. It

is estimated that over 1,000,000 will be forced from Russia in a few

years. The Hebrew is never a beggar; he has always kept the law--life

by toil--often under severe and oppressive civil restrictions. It is

also true that no race, set or class has more fully cared for its own

than the Hebrew race. But the sudden transfer of such a multitude

under conditions that tend to strip them of their small accumulations

and to depress their energies and courage is neither good for them nor

for us.

The banishment, whether by direct decree or by not less certain

indirect methods, of so large a number of men and women is not a local

question. A decree to leave one country is in the nature of things an

order to enter another--some other. This consideration, as well as the

suggestion of humanity, furnishes ample ground for the remonstrances

which we have presented to Russia, while our historic friendship for

that government can not fail to give assurance that our

representations are those of a sincere wellwisher.

FOOTNOTES:

[141] (_Messages and Papers of the Presidents_, 1789-1897, vol. ix,

1889-97, p. 188. Washington, 1898).

APPENDIX B.

ARTICLE VII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF ROUMANIA.

Difference in religious beliefs and confessions does not constitute in

Roumania an obstacle to the obtainment of civil and political rights,

nor to the exercise of these rights.

(1) A foreigner without distinction of religion, and whether a subject

or not of a foreign government, can become naturalized under the

following conditions:

(a) He shall address to the government an application for

naturalization, in which he shall indicate the capital he possesses,

the profession or craft which he follows, and his abode in Roumania.

(b) He shall reside, after this application, ten years in the country,

and prove, by action, that he is of service to it.

(2) The following may be exempted from the intermediary stages:

(a) Those who have brought into the country industries, useful

inventions, or talent, or who have founded large establishments of

commerce or industry.

(b) Those who, born and bred in Roumania, of parents established in

the country, have never been subjected, either themselves or their

parents, to any protection by a foreign power.

independence; these may be naturalized collectively by government

decree, by a single resolution, and without any further formality.

(3) Naturalization can not be given except by law, and individually.

(4) A special law shall determine the manner in which foreigners may

establish their home on Roumanian territory.

(5) Only Roumanians, and those who have been naturalized Roumanians,

can buy rural estates in Roumania.

APPENDIX C.

SECRETARY HAY'S NOTE.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, }

WASHINGTON, _August 11, 1902_. }

"Excellency:--In the course of an instruction recently sent to the

Minister accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the

bases of negotiation begun with that government looking to a

convention of naturalization between the United States and Roumania,

certain considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance

concerning the character of the emigration from that country, the

causes which constrain it, and the consequences so far as they

adversely affect the United States.

"It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations,

relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories

of the Treaty of Berlin, of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the

attention of the Governments concerned, and commended to their

consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet

the approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem

wise may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider

the subject of the grievances in question.

"The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the

foundation of its Government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens

coming hither under conditions fitting them to become merged in the

body politic of this land. Our laws provide the means for them to

become incorporated indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and

prescribe their absolute equality with the native born, guaranteeing

to them equal civil rights at home and equal protection abroad. The

conditions are few, looking to their coming as free agents, so

circumstanced physically and morally as to supply the healthful and

intelligent material of free citizenhood. The pauper, the criminal,

the contagiously or incurably diseased are excluded from the benefits

of immigration only when they are likely to become a source of danger

or a burden upon the community. The voluntary character of their

coming is essential; hence we shut out all immigration assisted or

constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of our generous treatment

of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him alike--not to afford

to another state a field upon which to cast its own objectionable

elements. The alien, coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take

upon himself the preparatory and in due course the definitive

obligations of citizenship, retains thereafter, in domestic and

international relations, the initial character of free agency, in the

full enjoyment of which it is incumbent upon his adoptive State to

protect him.

"The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of

the purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim.

It behooves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of

the immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to

objection, to examine the causes which render it so. Should those

causes originate in the act of another sovereign State, to the

detriment of its neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State,

to point out the evil and to make remonstrance: for with nations, as

with individuals the social law holds good, that the right of each is

bounded by the right of the neighbor.

"The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for

many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I

refer to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while

the Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions, which

only war and a general action of European powers sufficed to end, the

persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in

1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of

Berlin was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express

provisions of its forty-fourth article, prescribing that "in

Roumania, the difference of religious creeds and confessions shall not

be alleged against any person as ground for exclusion or incapacity in

matters relating to the enjoyment of civil and political rights,

admission to public employments, functions, and honors, or the

exercise of the various professions and industries in any locality

whatsoever," and stipulating freedom in the exercise of all forms of

worship to Roumanian dependents and foreigners alike, as well as

guaranteeing that all foreigners in Roumania shall be treated, without

distinction of creed, on a footing of perfect equality.

"With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered

nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation

and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and

controvertible premise that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled

there for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection,"

the ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that

suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until

nearly every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the

helpless poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such

proportions as to cause general concern.

"The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion

from the public service and the learned professions, the limitations

of their civil rights and the imposition upon them of exceptional

taxes, involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of

liberal modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present

purpose as the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a

breadwinner in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are

prohibited from owning land, or even from cultivating it as common

laborers. They are debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many

branches of petty trade and manual production are closed to them in

the overcrowded cities where they are forced to dwell and engage,

against fearful odds, in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as

ordinary artisans or hired laborers they may only find employment in

proportion of one "unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any

one employer. In short, by the cumulative effect of successive

restrictions, the Jews of Roumania have become reduced to a state of

wretched misery. Shut out from nearly every avenue of self-support

which is open to the poor of other lands, and ground down by poverty

as the natural result of their discriminatory treatment, they are

rendered incapable of lifting themselves from the enforced degradation

they endure. Even were the fields of education, of civil employment

and of commerce open to them as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury

would prevent their rising by individual effort. Human beings so

circumstanced have virtually no alternatives but submissive suffering

or flight to some land less unfavorable to them. Removal under such

conditions is not and cannot be the healthy, intelligent emigration of

a free and self-reliant being. It must be, in most cases, the mere

transplantation of an artificially produced diseased growth to a new

place.

"Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid

conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is

necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the

fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance and the knowledge and ability

that evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the

same time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where

competition is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of

history and the experience of our own nation show that the Jews

possess in a high degree the mental and moral qualifications of

conscientious citizenhood. No class of immigrants is more welcome to

our shores, when coming equipped in mind and body for entrance upon

the struggle for bread, and inspired with the high purpose to give the

best service of heart and brain to the land they adopt of their own

free will. But when they come as outcasts, made doubly paupers by

physical and moral oppression in their native land, and thrown upon

the long-suffering generosity of a more favored community, their

migration lacks the essential conditions which make alien immigration

either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this appreciated on the

Continent that, even in the countries where anti-Semitism has no

foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to obtain any

lodgment. America is their only goal.

"The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But

its sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right

to weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon

this country and to judge accordingly.

"Putting together the facts now plainly brought home to this

Government during the past few years, that many of the inhabitants of

Roumania are being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to

quit their native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this

country is almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither

unfitted, by the conditions of their exile, to take part in the new

life of this land under circumstances either profitable to themselves

or beneficial to the community; and that they are objects of charity

from the outset and for a long time--the right of remonstrance against

the acts of the Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor

of this Government. Whether consciously and of purpose or not, these

helpless people, burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced

by the sovereign power of Roumania upon the charity of the United

States. This Government cannot be a tacit party to such an

international wrong. It is constrained to protest against the

treatment to which the Jews of Roumania are subjected, not alone

because it has unimpeachable ground to remonstrate against the

resultant injury to itself, but in the name of humanity. The United

States may not authoritatively appeal to the stipulations of the

Treaty of Berlin to which it was not and cannot become a signatory,

but it does earnestly appeal to the principles consigned therein

because they are the principles of international law and eternal

justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn compact

enjoins and standing ready to lend its moral support to the fulfilment

thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself has

effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party in

this regard.

"You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the

Minister for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him

a copy.

"I have the honor to be,

"Your obedient servant,

"JOHN HAY".

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Henry Holt & Co., 1905.

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1905.

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Stuttgart and Berlin, 1913.

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London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.

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Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910 Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. LIX, No. 4, 1914 · 第 9 / 9 章