SUMMARY
The preceding analysis of the movement of the Jewish immigration to
the United States and that of its Russian, Roumanian and
Austro-Hungarian tributaries, from 1881 to 1910, has revealed certain
facts of importance.
The progressive nature of the Jewish movement has been disclosed. The
greatest numbers have come within the last decade. This is
particularly true of the movement from Roumania, and to a less extent
of the movement from Russia. On the other hand, a larger relative
proportion of the Jews from Austria-Hungary came during the first two
decades. Throughout, the Jews from Russia have predominated in the
total movement, governing its course for practically the entire
period.
In the total movement from the three countries of Eastern Europe, the
Jews have participated most strongly in the Roumanian immigration,
constituting nine-tenths of this immigration. The Jews are nearly a
half of the immigrants from Russia. Their participation in the
immigration from Austria-Hungary is relatively much smaller, being
less than a tenth of the total immigration. In the immigration of the
two latter countries, the Jews show a lessening participation, due to
the great growth of the immigration of the other peoples. In the
movements from Russia and Roumania, the participation of the Jewish
immigrants rises greatly in all periods significant in the situation
of the Jews in these countries. The influence of the unusual
conditions facing the Jews in Russia and Roumania and of the
principal events in their history for these thirty years is reflected
in the annual fluctuations of the Jewish immigration of each of these
countries to the United States. The economic and social pressure
exerted upon the Jews in Russia and Roumania is reflected in the
degree emigration is utilized by them. The Jews from Russia have a
much higher rate of immigration than any other people immigrating from
Russia. The rate of immigration of the Jews from Roumania is the
highest among the Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. In both
annual fluctuations and rate of immigration the movement of the Jews
from Austria-Hungary does not indicate the existence of special
influences.
The participation of the Jews in the total immigration to the United
States is large and increasing in importance. For the last fifteen
years they formed the second largest body of immigrants. Their fate of
immigration is also higher than that of any other immigrant people. Of
note, too, is the slow response of their immigration to unfavorable
economic conditions in this country. When these facts are joined to
those which have shown the striking relative participation of the Jews
in the movements from Russia and Roumania, and the existence of
special causes operating in these countries and indicating their
influence in the yearly variations and in an extraordinary rate of
immigration, it becomes clear that for the largest part of this period
of thirty years Jewish immigration is controlled mainly by the
conditions and events affecting the fate of the Jews in the countries
of Eastern Europe.
That the conditions in the United States exercise an influence,
favorable or unfavorable, upon the immigration of Jews is undoubted.
The influences, however, exerted by the conditions abroad are far
stronger and steadier, and, on the whole, override the latter.
The conclusion previously reached that the Jewish immigration is for
the largest part the result of the expulsive and rejective forces of
governmental persecution is thus strengthened by this examination into
the situation as presented by the figures of the Jewish immigration to
the United States. With it as a guiding principle, some of the main
characteristics peculiar to the Jewish immigration are explained. To
these we now turn.
PART II
JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES
B. ITS CHARACTERISTICS
CHAPTER I
FAMILY MOVEMENT
Vital aspects of an immigrant people are revealed in its sex and age
distribution. Generally speaking, whether an immigration is composed
of individuals or of families is shown in the relative proportion of
males and females, and of adults and children, of which it is
composed.
That the Jewish movement is essentially a family movement is shown by
the great proportion of females and children found in it.[94] From
1899 to 1910, out of a total immigration of 1,074,442 Jews, 607,822,
or 56.6 per cent were males, and 466,620, or 43.4 per cent, were
females. These proportions have varied but slightly throughout the
period. The greatest departures were in the years 1904 and 1905. The
increase of the immigration of males in these years is explained by
the unusual conditions existing in Russia at this time--economic
unrest, revolution--which had the effect of sending over the men as an
_avantgarde_ to prepare the way for their families. Young men fleeing
to escape conscription also swelled the numbers. In 1906, however, the
number of males decreased by 2,000, but that of females increased by
more than 25,000. In this tremendous increase of females is registered
the effect of the _pogroms_ of 1905-6, in which years the movement
became a veritable flight.
The general tendency has been towards an increase in the proportion of
females. For the thirteen years preceding, from 1886 to 1898,[95] out
of a total immigration at the port of New York of 251,623 Jewish
adults, 147,053, or 58.4 per cent, were males, and 104,570, or 41.6
per cent, were females. The proportion of males is here somewhat
higher than that for the period from 1899 to 1910. The difference is,
however, relatively small. The tendency, previously noted, towards the
increase in the proportion of females is found here. The greater
relative diminution of the males in the later years--in 1894 reaching
the point where there were more females--is even striking.
Turning to a consideration of the ages of the Jewish immigrants, we
learn that, between 1899 and 1910, 267,656, or practically one-fourth
of all the Jewish immigrants, were children under fourteen years.[96]
The large part that is taken in the Jewish immigration by the children
is apparent.
Here, again, 1904 and 1905 represent periods of great increase in the
immigration of those between fourteen and forty-four years. As was the
case with the females, the proportion of children in the immigration
is at its greatest in the year 1906, by far the largest part of the
increase for this year being children, thus giving a significant
indication of the extent and literalness of the flight from Russia in
this year of _pogroms_.[97] In the thirteen years preceding, from 1886
to 1898, of the 380,278 Jewish immigrants that entered the port of New
York for this period, 128,655, or 33.8 per cent, were children under
sixteen years of age.[98] A steady increase in the latter years is
noted in the proportion of children, which harmonizes with a similar
tendency noted of the females for the same period.
That these facts reveal a family movement of considerable size, there
is no question. They become truly significant when comparison is made
with the proportions of the females and the children in the general
immigration and with those of the peoples of which it is composed.
A comparison of the proportion of males and females in the total and
the Jewish immigration from 1899 to 1910 shows that for the entire
period the percentage of females in the Jewish was much higher than in
the total immigration, 43.4 per cent of the Jewish immigration being
females as compared with 30.5 per cent of the total.[99] The
percentage of females in the Jewish immigration was higher for every
year from 1899 to 1910.
While the percentage of males in the total immigration was above 70
per cent in five years, the percentage of males in the Jewish
immigration was less than 60 per cent in all but two years, 1904 and
1905, when it rose to 61.2 per cent and 63.2 per cent. The latter,
which represents the highest point in the percentage of males in the
Jewish immigration, was smaller than the percentage of males in the
total immigration for every year but 1899. In other words the maximum
percentage of males in the Jewish and the minimum percentage in the
total immigration practically coincide.
In the period between 1899 and 1909 the proportion of children under
fourteen years of age in the Jewish immigration was 24.8 per cent,
while that in the total immigration was only 12.3 per cent.[100] The
Jewish thus had proportionately twice as many children as the total
immigration.
The exceptional position of the Jews in regard to their family
movement is most strikingly shown when the composition of the Jewish
immigration by sex and age is compared with that of the other
immigrant peoples.[101] In a comparison with immigrant races which
contributed more than 100,000 to the total immigration from 1899 to
1910, the Jews are seen to have a higher proportion of females than
any other people except the Irish. The Irish present in this regard an
anomaly, in that they have more females than males in their
immigration. That it is not in the main a family movement is shown by
reference to the proportion of children under fourteen in the Irish
immigration, which is only 5 per cent, one of the lowest in the entire
series. The anomaly is easily explained by the well-known fact that
their females for the most part are single, who come to the United
States to work as servants.[102]
Only one other people, the Bohemian and Moravian, approached the
Jewish in its high proportion of females. On the other hand, the one
people with a larger immigration than the Jewish, the South Italian,
presents a striking contrast to the Jewish immigration, in that its
proportion of females was about half that of the Jews. Although its
immigrants numbered twice as many as the Jewish, the females in the
Italian movement were only 408,965, as compared with 466,620 females
in the Jewish immigration.
A comparison of the immigrant peoples with reference to their
composition by age shows that the Jewish movement contains without any
exception the largest proportion of children.[103] Out of a total of
990,182 Jewish immigrants from 1899 to 1909, 245,787, or 24.8 per
cent, were children under fourteen. In this regard, again, the
Bohemian and Moravian approach the Jewish, though not as closely as
in the proportion of females. The contrast with the South Italians
obtains here as well. As the Jewish immigration, during the twelve
years from 1899 to 1910, was the second highest in numbers,
contributing more than a million to the total, the number of females
and children found in its movement was higher than that of any other
immigrant race, not only relatively but absolutely as well.
Most striking, indeed, is the contrast in these respects between the
Jewish immigrants and the other races coming from the countries of
Eastern Europe, particularly the Slavic immigrant races with whom the
Jews have been associated in the official statistics.[104] An
examination of the proportion of females in the immigration of the
eight races composing the Slavic group, shows that, with the exception
of the Bohemians and Moravians (whose movement presents strong
similarities to that of the Jews), the percentage of females was less
than a third of the total immigration of each race, the highest being
that of the Poles, which was 30.5 per cent. The contrast is even more
striking in respect to children under fourteen. Here, again, excluding
the Bohemians and Moravians, the highest percentage in the group was
that of the Poles, 9.5 per cent. In this respect, therefore, the
association of the Jewish immigrants with the other immigrants from
Eastern Europe, under the rubric "Slavic races", is seen to be
untenable.
Strongest of all is the contrast between the Jewish immigration and
that of the Roumanian people.[105] The Roumanian movement is seen to
be composed practically wholly of individuals, only 9 per cent being
females, while that of the people from Roumania (nine-tenths of whom
are Jews[106]) is seen to have a proportion of females higher even
than that in the total Jewish immigration. Even greater is the
contrast with respect to age, only 2.2 per cent of the Roumanians
being children under fourteen.
The division of the peoples represented in the immigration to the
United States into "old" and "new", the former consisting of the
peoples from Northern and Western Europe, the latter of the peoples
from Southern and Eastern Europe, is a convenient classification
essentially of two periods of immigration coinciding largely with
changes in the economic conditions in the United States.
A comparison of the proportion of females and children in the "old"
and the "new" immigration with that in the Jewish shows that the
Jewish immigration has proportionately almost twice as many females as
the "new" immigration (Jews excepted), and surpasses even the "old"
immigration in this regard.[107] Of children under fourteen the Jewish
movement has proportionately more than two and one-half times as many
as the "new" immigration (Jews excepted), and nearly twice as many as
the "old" immigration.
This analysis shows conclusively that the Jewish immigration is
essentially a family movement; that it is approached by no other
immigrant people in this regard; that it not only cannot be classed
with the "new" immigration, but shows a tendency towards family
movement far stronger than that of the peoples composing the "old"
immigration.
The significance of this characteristic of the Jewish immigration is
obvious. Their unequaled family movement gives one of the clearest
indications that the Jewish immigrants are essentially composed of
permanent settlers.
FOOTNOTES:
[94] _Cf._ table XXXIII, p. 176.
[95] _Cf._ table XXXIV, p. 176.
[96] _Cf._ table XXXV, p. 177.
[97] _Cf._ Hersch, _op. cit._, p. 76.
[98] _Cf._ table XXXVI, p. 177.
[99] _Cf._ table XXXVII, p. 178.
[100] _Cf. Abstract of Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 14. See
Bibliography.
[101] _Cf._ table XXXVIII, p. 179.
[102] _Cf. Abstract of Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 15, for
the high proportion of servants among the Irish immigrants.
[103] _Cf._ table XXXIX, p. 180.
[104] _Cf._ table XL, p. 181.
[105] _Cf._ table XLI, p. 181. The Roumanian immigrants come
principally from Austria-Hungary, and only slightly from Roumania.
[106] _Cf. supra_, p. 131, note 2.
[107] _Cf._ table XLII, p. 182.
CHAPTER II
PERMANENT SETTLEMENT
Our studies of the sex and age distribution of the Jewish immigrants
have shown a family movement unsurpassed in degree. This in itself is
sufficient indication that the Jews are essentially permanent settlers
in this country and not transients, "who have no intention of
permanently changing their residence and whose only purpose in coming
to America is temporarily to take advantage of greater wages paid for
industrial labor in this country."[108]
Equally convincing evidence is afforded by a survey of the facts
regarding the outward movement of Jews from this country.[109] The
figures of Jewish immigration are obtainable only from 1908, the law
of 1907 having required all steamship companies to furnish information
regarding their emigrant passengers.
The relative stability of an immigration may be determined by
contrasting the departure of the aliens composing the immigration with
the arriving immigrants of this group for the same period. From 1908
to 1912, 33,315 Jews left the United States--an average annual
emigration of 6,660 Jews. This is a strikingly low number, especially
when compared with the large Jewish immigration for the same period,
which numbered 417,016, and averaged annually 83,400 Jewish
immigrants. Thus, for every hundred Jews admitted, only eight Jews
left the country. This average proportion was largely exceeded only in
1909, not, however, because of any great increase in the absolute
numbers of the Jewish emigrants, but because of the great fall in the
number of Jewish immigrants of this year.
The part that is taken by the Jewish emigrants in the total emigration
is insignificant and is in striking contrast with the great part taken
by the Jewish immigrants in the total immigration.[110] From 1908 to
1912, the Jewish immigrants constituted 9.7 per cent of the total
immigrants. In the same period, the Jewish emigrants constituted only
2.3 per cent of the total emigrants. Moreover, while the proportion
that the Jewish immigrants constituted of the total immigrants
exhibited a considerable and significant variation, fluctuating from
7.7 per cent to 13.2 per cent, the proportion the Jewish emigrants
constituted of the total emigrants remained around 2 per cent and
showed practically no variation. Relatively both to the number of
Jewish immigrants and of total emigrants, therefore, the number of the
Jewish emigrants is exceedingly small and practically negligible.
How great the relative stability of the Jewish immigration is may be
seen when its return movement is compared with that of the total
immigration and of other peoples conspicuous in the immigration to the
United States.[111] Whereas, from 1908 to 1910, for every hundred
admitted in the total immigration, thirty-two departed--the outward
movement thus approximating one-third of the inward--in the case of
the Jewish immigration, only eight departed, an outward movement only
one-quarter as large, relatively, as the total. This was the smallest
outward movement, relatively to the inward, of any immigrant people,
except the Irish, whose outward movement was 6 per cent of the inward.
Relatively to the inward movement, the Jews had an outward movement
one-seventh as large as the South Italians, almost one-fourth as large
as the Poles, and less than one-half as large as the Germans.
In the total immigration for these years, the Jews were the third
largest group with 236,100 immigrants, which constituted 10.2 per cent
of the total immigration. To the outward movement for this period,
however, they contributed 18,543 Jews, which constituted only 2.5 per
cent of the total number of emigrants, one of the smallest
contributions. The Poles, who constituted 11.7 per cent of the
immigration for the three years, contributed practically the same
proportion, 11.4 per cent, to the outward movement. Even more striking
is the contrast with the Italian movement. The Italians contributed
19.8 per cent of the inward movement for the period and 35.7 per cent
of the outward movement for the three years. Though their immigration
for these three years was only twice as large as that of the Jews,
their emigration was more than fourteen times that of the Jews. In
other words, no people combined in an equal degree as the Jews so
small a number of emigrants with so large a number of immigrants.
It is interesting to determine what is the emigration tendency of the
Jews coming from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary. This may be
gathered from the number of emigrants returned for each of these
countries, from 1908 to 1912, as compared with the number
admitted.[112] From 1908 to 1912, 294,813 Jews from Russia entered the
United States and 20,546 Jews departed for Russia; 11,246 Jews from
Roumania entered the United States and 546 Jews departed for Roumania;
60,408 Jews from Austria-Hungary entered the United States, and 8,513
Jews departed for Austria-Hungary. In other words, for every hundred
Jews entering from Russia seven departed, for every hundred Jews
entering from Roumania five Jews departed, for every hundred Jews
entering from Austria-Hungary fourteen departed for their respective
countries. The emigration tendency was thus smaller with the Roumanian
and the Russian Jews than with the Austro-Hungarian Jews. This held
true for each of the five years. Relatively twice as many Jews from
Austria-Hungary as from Russia returned. The Roumanian Jews showed the
smallest tendency to return.
Of importance is the question of the relative stability of the Jewish
movement from Russia and Austria-Hungary and that of their close
neighbors in these countries, the Poles, who contributed almost as
large a current of immigrants to the United States as the Jews, and
who, since they constitute the most important Slavic group, may be
taken as the type of the Slavic movement to this country.
From 1908 to 1912, 265,964 Polish immigrants from Russia were admitted
to the United States and 60,290 Poles departed for Russia, this
constituting an average emigration of twenty-two per hundred
admitted.[113] As, for every hundred Russian Jews admitted in this
period, only seven departed, this constituted a relative emigration
one-third as large as that of the Poles. For the same period, 214,931
Poles were admitted from Austria-Hungary and 88,994 Poles left for
that country, which constituted an average emigration of forty-one per
hundred admitted. The average emigration of the Jews from
Austria-Hungary was fourteen per hundred admitted or practically
one-third as large as that of the Poles. Thus, the Jewish immigrants
from Russia and Austria-Hungary present relatively three times as
stable a movement as the Polish immigrants from these countries.
The fact that the Jewish emigration from Galicia was a movement of
families and was essentially a movement of permanent settlement in
their new home was noted by Buzek as characteristic of this emigration
even in the early eighties, and as strongly contrasted with the
emigration of the Poles from Galicia.[114]
A comparison of the return movement of the "old" and the "new"
immigration with that of the Jewish immigration gives similar
results.[115] For every hundred admitted, there were, in the "new"
immigration, forty-two emigrants, relatively more than five times as
many as among the Jews. Even in the "old" immigration, which is
largely accepted as the type of permanent immigration, for every
hundred admitted, there were thirteen emigrants, about one and a half
times as many relatively as among the Jews. The Jewish immigration
must thus be accorded the place of distinction in American immigration
for permanence of settlement.
An unusual test of this conclusion was afforded by the remarkable
emigration following the crisis of 1907.[116] The general opinion that
"the causes which retard emigration from abroad also accelerate the
exodus from the United States", was considerably strengthened by the
great exodus of 1908. To this rule the Jewish immigration forms,
again, a most striking exception. Although its number in 1907--149,182
immigrants--was only slightly below its maximum for thirty years, and
constituted the second highest immigration for the year, only 7,702
Jews left the country in 1908. This constituted only two per cent of
the total emigration for that year. Relatively to the number admitted
the Jewish emigration was, without exception, the lowest, being only
five departed for every hundred admitted. The remarkable disparity in
this regard with the Poles and the Italian was again shown here. For
every hundred Poles entering in 1907, thirty-three emigrated in 1908.
For every hundred South Italians entering in 1907, sixty emigrated in
1908.
That the business conditions of this country affect Jewish immigration
is unquestioned, but the difference in the degree and the manner of
the response puts it in a class apart. A comparison of the total gain
in population in 1908 and 1909 in the immigration of Italians and Jews
shows that whereas in the Italian inward and outward movement in 1908
there was a net loss to this country of 79,966, but in 1909 a net gain
of 94,806, in the Jewish inward and outward movement in 1908 there was
a net gain of 95,685, and in 1909 a net gain of 50,705.[117] The
Jewish immigration responds in its inward movement much more slowly
and less completely to the pressure of unfavorable conditions in this
country. In its outward movement it shows practically no response.
The conclusion that the Jewish immigrants constitute to an unusual
degree a body of permanent settlers is strengthened by an examination
of the figures concerning immigrants who have been in the United
States previously.[118] Of the total from 1899 to 1910 of 9,220,066
immigrants, 1,108,948, or 12 per cent, had been here before. Of the
1,074,442 Jews who entered the country during this period, only
22,914, or 2.1 per cent, had been previously in the United States. The
proportion of Jews who have been in this country before is by far the
lowest of any immigrant peoples.
As the total Jewish exodus is insignificant as compared both with the
total emigration and the proportion of the Jewish immigration in the
total inward movement; as the Jewish outward movement shows
practically no response to unfavorable economic conditions in this
country, and as the Jewish inward movement presents the phenomenon of
a practically new body of immigrants, we are led to conclude that the
Jewish immigration exhibits a quality of permanence and stability to
so great a degree as to render this fact one of its distinguishing
characteristics.
FOOTNOTES:
[108] Immigration Commission: _Conclusions and Recommendations_, p.
16.
[109] _Cf._ table XLIII, p. 182.
[110] _Cf._ table XLIV, p. 183.
[111] _Cf._ table XLV, p. 183.
[112] _Cf._ table XLVI, p. 134.
[113] _Cf._ table XLVII, p. 184.
[114] Buzek, _op. cit._, p. 467.
[115] _Cf._ table XLVIII, p. 185.
[116] _Cf._ table XLIX, p. 185.
[117] The number of Jewish emigrant aliens in 1908 was deducted from
the number of Jewish immigrant aliens: the combined number of Jewish
emigrant and non-emigrant aliens in 1909 was deducted from the
combined number of Jewish immigrant and non-immigrant aliens. _Cf._
Fairchild, _Immigration_, 1913, p. 361.
[118] _Cf._ table L, p. 186.
CHAPTER III
OCCUPATIONS
The occupations of an immigrant people throw light upon their
industrial equipment and their probable future occupations in this
country. A study of the occupational distribution of the Jewish
immigrants from 1899 to 1910 will serve to illuminate some of the
characteristics of their movement.[119]
The largest group is that classed as having "no occupation". This
group comprises 484,175 immigrants, and is 45.1 per cent of the total.
In the fact that it holds so large a place in the occupational
distribution, there is reflected the great number of women and
children among the Jewish immigrants. The rise in the proportion of
the "no occupation" group in the second half of the twelve years
follows a similar rise in the proportion of women and children in the
Jewish movement, which has been previously noted.[120] These are, in
the main, economically dependent, a fact which is of the highest
importance with reference to the character of this immigration, as
well as in its influence upon the economic and social problems facing
the immigrant Jews in their new home.
Skilled laborers were the second largest group, numbering 395,823
immigrants and comprising 36.8 per cent of the total. Next in order
was the group classed as "miscellaneous", with 186,989 immigrants,
representing 17.4 per cent of the total. This group included common
and farm laborers, servants, merchants and dealers, _etc._ In
professional occupations there were 7,455 immigrants, comprising 7 per
cent of the total.
Omitting the "no occupation" group, and considering the 590,267 Jewish
immigrants reporting occupations, we find that of these the great
majority--67.1 per cent--were skilled laborers.[121] Laborers numbered
69,444 and comprised 11.8 per cent. Next in order of numbers were
servants, 65,532, who comprised 11.1 per cent. A much smaller group
was that composed of merchants and dealers (chiefly petty merchants,
hucksters, and peddlers), who numbered 31,491 and were 5.3 per cent of
the total. Of farm laborers there were 11,460, comprising 1.9 per
cent. The entire professional class comprised 1.3 per cent of the
total. There were 1,000 farmers, who comprised .2 per cent.
In the professional classes the teachers were the largest group,
represented by 2,192, and comprising 29.4 per cent.[122] The next
class were the musicians, who numbered 1,624, comprising 21.8 per cent
of the total. Together these two groups were more than half of the
total.
Thus, by far the most important occupational group was that of the
skilled laborers.[123] An examination of the distribution of this
group shows that they were represented in thirty-five trades. By far
the largest group of the skilled laborers were the tailors, numbering
145,272, and comprising 36.6 per cent. The dressmakers and
seamstresses numbered 39,482, and comprised one-tenth of the total.
Including the closely allied trades such as hat and cap makers,
milliners, _etc._, the garment workers composed practically one-half
of the entire body of skilled laborers. Second in rank were the
carpenters and joiners, who, together with the cabinet makers and
woodworkers (not specified) numbered 40,901, and comprised more than
one-tenth of the total. The fourth highest group were the shoemakers,
with 23,519, or 5.9 per cent of the total. Clerks and accountants, and
painters and glaziers contributed an almost equal number--the former
17,066, the latter 16,387--representing 4.3 per cent and 4.1 per cent
respectively of the total. Of butchers there were 11,413, or 2.9 per
cent, and of bakers 10,925, or 2.8 per cent. There were also 9,385
locksmiths, or 2.4 per cent, and 8,517 blacksmiths, or 2.2 per cent.
Together, these ten groups comprised 318,104, or 80.4 per cent of the
Jews in skilled occupations.
Another skilled occupation represented by more than 5,000 was tinners.
Trade groups of more than 3,000 were watch and clock makers, tobacco
workers, hat and cap makers, barbers and hairdressers, weavers and
spinners, tanners and curriers, furriers and fur workers, and
bookbinders. More than a thousand skilled laborers were found in the
following trades: photographers and upholsterers, mechanics (not
specified), masons, printers, saddlers and harness makers, milliners,
metal workers (other than iron, steel and tin), machinists, jewelers
and millers. Less than a thousand laborers were found in two groups:
iron and steel workers, and textile workers (not specified).
The Jewish immigrants were therefore concentrated in the two groups of
"no occupation" and "skilled laborers", to which belonged more than
four-fifths of the total number.
In the part taken by the Jewish immigrants in the occupational
distribution of the total immigrants from 1899 to 1909, these two
groups are prominent.[124] To the 1,247,674 skilled laborers, the
Jewish immigrants contributed 362,936, or 29.1 per cent. This was
more than twice the proportion of the Jewish immigrants in the total
number of immigrants. They were also represented in the "no
occupation" group by more than one and one-half times their proportion
of the total immigration, contributing to a total of 2,165,287
immigrants, 445,728, or 20.6 per cent. In striking contrast with the
great contribution to these two classes is their insignificant
contributions to the groups of common laborers and farmers, and farm
laborers, to which they contributed respectively 2.9 per cent, 1.1 per
cent, and 0.1 per cent.
It is, however, in comparison with the occupational grouping of the
other races that the peculiarities of the distribution of the Jewish
immigrants are most clearly seen.[125] An examination of the number of
those classed as having "no occupation" of each European immigrant
people and the percentage this group comprised of the total
immigration of each people, shows that the Jews have the highest
proportion, 45.1 per cent, of all immigrants belonging to this group.
The Bohemians and Moravians are next in order, with 39.5 per cent. The
absolute numbers of the Jews belonging to this group are also higher
than those of any other people. The Italians have only 440,274
immigrants in the "no occupation" group, as compared with the 484,175
Jewish immigrants in this group. Even more striking is the contrast
with the Poles, who have only 200,634 immigrants belonging to this
group. This corresponds closely with similar facts as to the relative
proportions of females and children found in the Jewish immigration
and among the other immigrant races.
An even greater contrast exists in the proportions of skilled laborers
between the Jewish and the other immigrant peoples.[126] Of those
reporting occupations the Jews have, by far, the highest proportion of
those in skilled occupations. The nearest approach to their proportion
of skilled laborers is found among the Scotch, with 57.9 per cent. The
next in order are the English, with 48.7 per cent. A much smaller
proportion is found among the Bohemians and Moravians and the Germans.
All these races contribute not only much smaller proportions than the
Jews, but very much smaller absolute numbers to the total body of
skilled laborers.
Of laborers (including farm laborers), the Jews, on the other hand,
have a smaller proportion, 13.7 per cent, than any people, except the
Scotch (who resemble the Jews most strongly in their high proportion
of skilled laborers and their low proportion of common laborers).
The most striking contrast, in occupational distribution, however, is
presented with the Slavic peoples.[127] Of those reporting
occupations, the Slavic peoples, with the exception of the Bohemians
and Moravians, are seen to be overwhelmingly concentrated in the two
related groups of common and farm laborers, whereas the Jews are
mostly to be found in the group of skilled laborers. Relatively ten
times as many Jews as Poles, for instance, are in the skilled
occupations.
That the Jews form a striking exception in their occupational grouping
is evident. A comparison of the occupational distribution of the "old"
and the "new" immigrants with that of the Jewish immigrants, from 1899
to 1909, leads to the same conclusion.[128] The Jewish immigrants have
twice as many in the "no occupation" group as the "new" immigrants,
and a much higher percentage than the "old" immigrants. They have
relatively four times as many skilled laborers as the "new"
immigrants, and more than one and one-half times as many as the "old"
immigrants. Most remarkable is the fact that in spite of the
relatively great proportion of women among the Jewish immigrants, they
have a smaller proportion of servants than the "new" immigrants and
one-third as large a proportion as the "old" immigrants. This
indicates that the Jewish women are, as a rule, not servants, but
either do not engage in work, or, if they do, are employed in skilled
occupations. The latter group is, however, relatively inconspicuous.
In professional occupations the Jews occupy an intermediate position
between the "old" and the "new" immigrants. In common and farm
laborers, the Jews have an exceedingly low proportion as compared with
the "old" and a strikingly low proportion as compared with the "new"
immigrants.
Some distinctive traits in the occupational grouping of the Jewish
immigrants have become evident. They are apart from all the other
immigrant peoples in the great number of those having "no occupation".
In other words, the Jewish immigrants are burdened with a far greater
number of dependents than any other immigrant people, standing apart
in this respect from the peoples of the "old" immigration and to a far
greater extent from the peoples of the "new" immigration. Secondly,
the Jewish immigrants are distinguished by a far greater proportion of
skilled laborers. In this respect again they exceed even the peoples
of the "old" immigration. The fact that the skilled laborers are more
largely represented among the Jewish immigrants than they are in the
occupations of the Jews in the countries of Eastern Europe is
significant as showing an unusual pressure upon these classes abroad.
FOOTNOTES:
[119] _Cf._ table LI, p. 186.
[120] _Cf. supra_, pp. 127-128.
[121] _Cf._ table LII, p. 187.
[122] _Cf._ table LIII, p. 187.
[123] _Cf._ table LIV, p. 188.
[124] _Cf._ table LV, p. 189.
[125] _Cf._ table LVI, p. 189.
[126] _Cf._ table LVII, p. 190.
[127] _Cf._ table LVIII, p. 191.
[128] _Cf._ table LIX, p. 191.
CHAPTER IV
ILLITERACY
The rate of illiteracy has been generally used as a rough standard for
estimating the mental equipment of the immigrants. A consideration of
the rate of illiteracy among the Jewish immigrants dispels the popular
impression that practically every Jew is able to read and write.[129]
Out of a total of 806,786 Jews fourteen years of age and over who
entered this country from 1899 to 1910, 209,507 or 26 per cent, were
unable to read and write. As the average rate of illiteracy among all
the immigrants, from 1899 to 1910, was 26.7 per cent, the rate of
Jewish illiteracy is seen to be only slightly below the average.
A number of considerations enter. One of these is the influence of
sex. It is generally recognized that, as a rule, females are more
usually unlettered than males. This difference of illiteracy between
the sexes is also more pronounced in countries where popular education
is less widely spread than in those where it is the rule. Such is the
case with the countries of Eastern Europe, which are the source of the
recent Jewish immigration. The contrast between male and female
illiteracy is strongest among the East-European Jews, who neglect the
education of their daughters as much as they strive to educate their
sons. This is reflected in the relative illiteracy of males and
females among the Jewish immigrants.[130] Of the 172,718 Jewish males
fourteen years of age and over entering this country from 1908 to
1912, 33,970, or 19.7 per cent, were illiterates. Of the 139,283
females fourteen years of age and over, 51,303, or 36.8 per cent, were
illiterates. The illiteracy of Jewish females is thus almost twice as
high as that of Jewish males. As the proportion of females in the
Jewish immigration is so large, the influence of the sex factor in
increasing the rate of illiteracy among the Jewish immigrants is
considerable. A tendency from a lower to a higher rate of illiteracy
is discernible. The average rate for the first six years was 23.8 per
cent, that for the last six years was 27.2 per cent. This corresponds
with the increase in the latter years in the proportion of females in
the Jewish immigration, which has been previously noted.
A comparison of the rate of illiteracy of the Jewish immigrants with
that of the other immigrant peoples shows that the Jews occupy an
intermediate position.[131] They have a relatively high rate of
illiteracy, as compared with the peoples from Northern and Western
Europe. In comparison with the Slavs, their rate of illiteracy is also
much higher than that of the Bohemians and Moravians, and, higher
also, though to a far less degree, than that of the Slovaks.
The relative position of the Jews is clearly shown in a comparison of
their rate of illiteracy from 1899 to 1910 with that for the same
period of the "old" and the "new" immigration (from the latter of
which the Jews are excepted.)[132] The rate of illiteracy of the "old"
immigration is 2.5 per cent, that of the "new" immigration (Jews
excepted) is 37.2 per cent, that of the Jews is 25.7 per cent. The
Jews occupy a middle ground, yet near enough to the "new" immigration
to be classed with it in this respect.
The conclusion reached in the first part that the educational standing
of the Jews is higher than that of the peoples in Eastern Europe among
whom they live is reflected in the greater relative literacy of their
immigrants.[133] The rate of illiteracy of the Jewish immigrants is
lower than that of the peoples among whom the Jews are found. In the
case of the Lithuanians and the Ruthenians the difference is
considerable. This is seen to hold true for each sex.[134] The
illiterates among the Jewish males constituted 21.9 per cent of the
total number of Jewish males. The illiterates among the Jewish females
constituted 40.0 per cent of the total number of Jewish females. In
both sexes, the proportion of illiterates was lower than that
prevailing among the other immigrant peoples.
Here, again, the fact is noticeable of a wider difference in the case
of the Jews between the illiteracy of their males and females than
exists among any of the other peoples. Owing to the fact that the Jews
have in their immigration a notably higher proportion of females than
any of these peoples, the difference between their rate of illiteracy
and that of these peoples is lessened to some extent.
That the illiteracy of the Jews is due chiefly to their exceptional
status in Russia and Roumania, our review of the conditions affecting
Jewish education in those countries has shown. No more striking
illustration exists of the fact that the literacy of the Jews is
conditioned by their freedom than the degree in which they are taking
advantage of the educational opportunities offered in this country,
remarkable testimony to which is presented in the reports of the
recent Immigration Commission.
FOOTNOTES:
[129] _Cf._ table LX, p. 192.
[130] _Cf._ table LXI, p. 192.
[131] _Cf._ table LXII, p. 193.
[132] _Cf._ table LXIII, p. 194.
[133] _Cf._ table LXIV, p. 194.
[134] _Cf._ table LXV, p. 194.
CHAPTER V
DESTINATION
The destination, or intended future residence, of immigrants is
influenced by certain considerations, such as the place of residence
of friends or relatives, the port arrived at, and the funds at the
disposal of the immigrants.
The most important influence is that exercised by the occupations of
the immigrants. The preponderance of the industrially skilled and
commercial groups among the Jewish immigrants makes for residence in
the industrial and commercial centers. The great majority of the
Jewish immigrants arriving from 1899 to 1910 were destined for the
eastern states.[135] Of the total number of Jewish immigrants from
1889 to 1910, 923,549 immigrants, or 86 per cent, gave the North
Atlantic States as their destination and 110,998 immigrants, or 10.3
per cent, the North Central States. Less than one-twentieth gave all
the other divisions as their destination.
A great proportion of the Jewish immigrants, numbering 690,296, or
64.2 per cent of the total, gave New York as their destination.[136]
Pennsylvania was the destination of the next largest number of
immigrants, 108,534, constituting 10.1 per cent of the total. For
Massachusetts there were destined 66,023 immigrants, or 6.1 per cent
of the total. Four-fifths of the total number of immigrants were
destined for these three states. Other eastern states receiving a
large number of immigrants were New Jersey, for which 34,279 were
destined, and Connecticut, for which 16,254 immigrants were destined.
Of the North Central States, Illinois was the destination of the
largest number, 50,931 immigrants, constituting 4.7 per cent of the
total. Ohio was the destination of the next largest number, 20,531
immigrants, or 1.9 per cent of the total. One state in the South
Central division, Maryland, was given as the destination of 18,700
immigrants, constituting 1.7 per cent of the total, and the largest
number of those destined for this division. The tendency of the Jewish
immigrants towards industrial and commercial centers is here
reflected.
The destination of the Jewish immigrants to the eastern states agrees
with that of the total immigration for the same period.[137] A larger
proportion of the Jewish immigrants than of the total immigrants was
destined for the North Atlantic States, which contain the commercial
and manufacturing centers. Less than one-half as many Jewish
immigrants as total immigrants were destined for the North Central
States. About an equal proportion of each was destined for the South
Atlantic States. A much smaller proportion of the Jewish than of the
total was destined for the Western States. In view of the industrial
equipment of the Jewish immigrants discussed previously, this tendency
is explained.
The Jewish immigrants destined for the eastern states play a
correspondingly large part among the total number destined for these
states.[138] The Jewish immigrants destined for the North Atlantic
States were 14.5 per cent of all the immigrants destined for this
division. Their next highest proportion was of those destined for the
South Central States, of which they constituted 9.9 per cent. They
constituted an almost equal proportion of the immigrants destined for
the North Central and the South Central States, 5.2 per cent, and 5.0
per cent, respectively. Of the immigrants destined for the Western
States they constituted only 1.2 per cent.
The final destination of the immigrants very frequently is different
from the destination stated at the time of landing. An examination of
the disposition of Jewish immigrants landing at the port of New York
from 1886 to 1906 showed that a large part of the immigrants left
within a very short time for other parts.[139] Of the 918,388
immigrants that landed at the port of New York, from 1886 to 1906,
669,453, or 72.9 per cent, remained in New York, and 248,935, or 27.1
per cent, left for other points.
FOOTNOTES:
[135] _Cf._ table LXVI, p. 195.
[136] _Cf._ table LXVII, p. 195.
[137] _Cf._ table LXVIII, p. 196.
[138] _Cf._ table LXIX, p. 196.
[139] _Cf._ reports of the United Hebrew Charities of New York City,
1886 to 1906.
CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Some of the principal characteristics of the Jewish immigration to the
United States have been presented in the preceding pages. The Jewish
immigration has been shown to consist essentially of permanent
settlers. Its family movement is incomparable in degree, and contains
a larger relative proportion as well as absolute number of women and
children, than any other immigrant people. This in turn is reflected
in the greater relative proportion as well as absolute number of those
classified as having "no occupation". The element of dependency thus
predicated is another indication of the family composition of the
Jewish immigration. Its return movement is the smallest of any, as
compared both with its large immigration and the number of total
emigrants. The Jewish immigrants are distinguished as well by a larger
relative proportion and absolute number of skilled laborers, than any
other immigrant people. In these four primary characteristics the
Jewish immigrants stand apart from all the others.
It is with the neighboring Slavic races emigrating from the countries
of Eastern Europe and with whom the Jewish immigrants are closely
associated that the contrasts, in all these respects, are strongest.
The Slavic immigrants are chiefly male adults. Their movement is
largely composed of transients, as evidenced by a relatively large
outward movement and emphasized by the fact that the vast majority of
them are unskilled laborers. An exception, in large measure, must be
made of the Bohemian and Moravian immigrants who present
characteristics strongly similar to those of the Jewish immigrants.
The division into "old" and "new" immigration brings out even more
clearly the exceptional position of the Jews in regard to these
characteristics. Although the Jewish immigration has been
contemporaneous with the "new" immigration from Eastern and
Southeastern Europe, and is furthermore essentially East-European in
origin, its characteristics place it altogether with the "old"
immigration.[140] Most striking, however is the fact that in all of
these respects--family composition, and small return movement (both
indicating permanent settlement) and in the proportion of skilled
laborers--the Jewish immigration stands apart even from the "old"
immigration.
Further confirmation may be obtained, in the study of the
characteristics of the Jewish immigration, of the principle
established in the preceding sections that the rejective forces of
governmental oppression are responsible for the largest part of this
immigration. The large family movement of the Jewish immigration is a
symptom of abnormal conditions and amounts almost to a reversal of the
normal immigration, in which single or married men without families
predominate. Even the family movement of the "old" immigrants may
largely be attributed to the longer residence of their peoples in the
United States as well as to their greater familiarity with the
conditions and customs of the United States. That so large a part of
the Jewish immigrants is composed of dependent females and children
creates a situation of economic disadvantage for the Jewish
immigrants, all the stronger because of their relative unfamiliarity
with the language or the conditions facing them in this country.
Again, the Jews respond slowly and incompletely to the pressure of
unfavorable economic conditions in this country. This was emphasized
by the almost complete lack of response to the panic of 1907, as well
as expressed in the small, practically unchanging return movement of
the Jews to their European homes.
The pressure upon the Jewish artisans, or skilled laborers, in Eastern
Europe is reflected in the predominance of this class among the Jewish
immigrants to this country. That so useful an element in Eastern
Europe with its still relatively backward industrial development--a
fact that was given express recognition by the permission accorded the
Jewish artisans in Alexander II's time to live in the interior of
Russia--should have been compelled to emigrate indicates that the
voyage across the Atlantic was easier for them than the trip into the
interior of Russia, access to which is still legally accorded to them.
That the oppressive conditions created particularly in Russia and
Roumania and operating as a pressure equivalent to an expulsive force
does not explain the entire Jewish immigration to this country is
evident from the preceding pages. In a great measure, the immigration
of Jews from Austria-Hungary is an economic movement. The existence,
however, of a certain degree of pressure created by economic and
political antisemitism has however been recognized. The Jewish
movement from Austria-Hungary shares largely with the movement from
Russia and Roumania the social and economic characteristics of the
Jewish immigration which we have described. A strong family movement
and a relative permanence of settlement, especially as compared with
the Poles, and a movement of skilled laborers must be predicated of
the Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary, though undoubtedly not to
the same degree as in the case of the Jewish movements from Russia and
Roumania.
It is also clear that the forces of economic attraction in the United
States do not play an altogether passive part in the Jewish
immigration. The very fact of an immigrant-nucleus formed in this
country and serving as a center of attraction to relatives and friends
abroad--a force which increases in direct and multiple proportion to
the growth of immigration--is an active and positive force in
strengthening the immigration current. This was early understood by
the _Alliance Israelite Universelle_ which had acted upon this
principle in the seventies and had prophetically sought to direct a
healthy movement of Jewish immigrants to this country in the hope of
thereby laying a foundation for future Jewish immigration to this
country. This current, however, once started and growing only by the
force of its increasing attraction, would reflect in its movement
almost wholly the economic conditions in this country. That so large a
part of the Jewish immigration, and so many of the phenomena peculiar
to it, find their explanation, for the largest part of the thirty
years, in the situation and the course of events in the countries of
Eastern Europe leads to the inevitable conclusion that the key to the
Jewish immigration is to be found not in the force of economic
attraction exercised in the United States but rather in the
exceptional economic, social and legal conditions in Eastern Europe
which have been created as a result of governmental persecution.
Reviewing the various phases of the history of Jewish immigration for
these thirty years, we are enabled to see more closely its nature. The
study of the immigration, its movement and its social and economic
characteristics, in comparison with those of other immigrant peoples,
has revealed in it a number of distinguishing traits. In the causes of
the emigration of the Jews, in the pressure exerted upon their
movement as reflected in their rate of immigration, in their family
movement, in the permanence of their settlement, and in their
occupational distribution have been found characteristics which mark
them off from the rest of the immigrant peoples. The number of these
characteristics and the degree in which they are found in the Jewish
immigration, put it in a class by itself.
The facts of governmental pressure amounting to an expulsive force,
and reflected in an extraordinary rate of immigration, in a movement
of families unsurpassed in the American immigration, the largest part
economically dependent, in an occupational grouping of skilled
artisans, able to earn their livelihood under normal conditions, and
in a permanence of settlement in this country incomparable in degree
and indicating that practically all who come stay--all these facts
lead irresistibly to the conclusion that in the Jewish movement we are
dealing, not with an immigration, but with a migration. What we are
witnessing to-day and for these thirty years, is a Jewish migration of
a kind and degree almost without a parallel in the history of the
Jewish people. When speaking of the beginnings of Russian Jewish
immigration to Philadelphia, David Sulzberger said: "In thirty years
the movement of Jews from Russia to the United States has almost
reached the dignity of the migration of a people," he used no literary
phrase. In view of the facts that have developed, this statement is
true without any qualification.
This migration-process explains the remarkable growth of the Jewish
population in the United States, within a relatively short period of
time. In this transplantation, the spirit of social solidarity and
communal responsibility prevalent among the Jews has played a vital
part.
The family rather than the individual thus becomes the unit for the
social life of the Jewish immigrant population in the United States.
In this respect the latter approaches more nearly the native American
population than does the foreign white or immigrant population. One of
the greatest evils incident to and characteristic of the general
immigration to this country is thereby minimized.
Again, the concentration of the Jewish immigrants in certain trades
explains in great measure the peculiarities of the occupational and
the urban distribution of the Jews in the United States. The
development of the garment trades through Jewish agencies is largely
explained by the recruiting of the material for this development
through these laborers.
These primary characteristics of the Jewish immigration of the last
thirty years will serve to explain some of the most important phases
of the economic and social life of the Jews in the United States,
three-fourths of whom are immigrants of this period.
Of all the features of this historic movement of the Jews from Eastern
Europe to the United States, not the least interesting is their
passing from civilizations whose bonds with their medieval past are
still strong to a civilization which began its course unhampered by
tradition and unyoked to the forms and institutions of the past. The
contrast between the broad freedom of this democracy and the
intolerable despotism from whose yoke most of them fled, has given
them a sense of appreciation of American political and social
institutions that is felt in every movement of their mental life.
FOOTNOTES:
[140] So strongly was this the case that the Immigration Commission in
discussing these characteristics was compelled to separate the Jewish
from the "new" immigration, in order to bring out the essential
differences of the latter from the "old" immigration.
STATISTICAL TABLES
TABLE IA
PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1897[1]
------------------------+----------+----------+-------------------
Group of occupation | Total | Jews | Per cent of total
------------------------+----------+----------+-------------------
Agricultural pursuits | 18245287 | 40611 | .2
Professional service | 988813 | 71950 | 7.5
Personal service[2] | 5150012 | 277466 | 5.4
Manufacturing and | | |
mechanical pursuits | 5169919 | 542563 | 10.5
Transportation | 714745 | 45944 | 6.4
Commerce[2] | 1256330 | 452193 | 36.0
------------------------+----------+----------+-------------------
Total | 31525106 | 1430727 | 4.5
------------------------+----------+----------+-------------------
[1] Compiled from Rubinow, p. 500.
[2] _Cf._ Rubinow, note, p. 500.
TABLE IB
PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE PALE OF JEWISH SETTLEMENT,
1897[1]
-----------------------+----------+----------+------------------
Group of occupation | Total | Jews |Per cent of total
-----------------------+----------+----------+------------------
Agricultural pursuits | 6071413 | 38538 | .6
Professional service | 317710 | 67238 | 21.1
Personal service[2] | 2139981 | 250078 | 11.6
Manufacturing and | | |
mechanical pursuits | 1573519 | 504844 | 32.1
Transportation | 211983 | 44177 | 20.8
Commerce[2] | 556086 | 426628 | 76.7
-----------------------+----------+----------+------------------
Total | 10870692 | 1331503 | 12.2
-----------------------+----------+----------+------------------
[1] Compiled from Rubinow, p. 501.
[2] _Cf._ Rubinow, note, p. 500.
TABLE II
JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND
BALTIMORE, JULY TO JUNE, 1886 to 1898[1]
-------+----------+--------------+-----------+--------
Year | New York | Philadelphia | Baltimore | Total
-------+----------+--------------+-----------+--------
1886 | 19548 | 1625 | -- | 21173
1887 | 30866 | 2178 | -- | 33044
1888 | 26946 | 1935 | -- | 28881
1889 | 23958 | 1394 | -- | 25352
1890 | 26963 | 1676 | -- | 28639
1891 | 47098 | 2719 | 1581[2]| 51398
1892 | 66544 | 4677 | 5152 | 76373
1893 | 29059 | 4322[3] | 1941 | 35322
1894 | 23444 | 3833 | 1902 | 29179
1895 | 21422 | 3672 | 1097 | 26191
1896 | 27846 | 3016 | 1986 | 32848
1897 | 17362 | 1613 | 1397 | 20372
1898 | 19222 | 2121 | 2311 | 23654
-------+----------+--------------+-----------+--------
Total | 380278 | 34781 | 17367 | 432426
-------+----------+--------------+-----------+--------
[1] Table II and all succeeding tables are arranged from July 1st to
June 30th, the fiscal year.
[2] Baltimore statistics begin October.
[3] Philadelphia figures for August missing.
TABLE III
JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JULY, 1885, TO JUNE, 1886,
BY MONTH AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITY[1]
-----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+-------
Month | Russia | Austria-Hungary | Roumania | Others | Total
-----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+-------
July | 1130 | 354 | 58 | 107 | 1649
August | 1512 | 448 | 33 | 121 | 2114
September | 945 | 185 | 20 | 119 | 1269
October | 785 | 236 | 12 | 216 | 1249
November | 1347 | 589 | 21 | 80 | 2037
December | 574 | 249 | 17 | 62 | 902
January | 565 | 202 | 4 | 26 | 797
February | 492 | 228 | 16 | 44 | 780
March | 1077 | 444 | 35 | 66 | 1622
April | 639 | 309 | 28 | 55 | 1031
May | 791 | 521 | 31 | 70 | 1413
June | 3017 | 1365 | 210 | 93 | 4685
-----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+-------
Total | 12874 | 5130 | 485 | 1059 | 19548
-----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+-------
[1] Compiled from reports of the United Hebrew Charities of New
York.
TABLE IVA
JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF PHILADELPHIA, 1886 TO 1898, BY
COUNTRY OF NATIVITY
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
| | Per |Austria-| Per | | Per | | Per |
Year |Russia| cent|Hungary | cent|Roumania| cent|Others| cent|Total
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
1886 | 1218 | 75 | 196 | 12 | 33 | 2 | 178 | 11 | 1625
1887 | 1699 | 78 | 262 | 12 | 86 | 4 | 131 | 6 | 2178
1888 | 1432 | 74 | 232 | 12 | 97 | 5 | 174 | 9 | 1935
1889 | 1129 | 81 | 125 | 9 | 42 | 3 | 98 | 7 | 1394
1890 | 1424 | 85 | 184 | 11 | 34 | 2 | 34 | 2 | 1676
1891 | 2447 | 90 | [1] | -- | [1] | -- | 272 | 10 | 2719
1892 | 3929 | 84 | 561 | 12 | 47 | 1 | 140 | 3 | 4677
1893 | 3025 | 70 | 519 | 12 | 43 | 1 | 735 | 17 | 4322
1894 | 2951 | 77 | 422 | 11 | 77 | 2 | 383 | 10 | 3833
1895 | 1983 | 54 | 624 | 17 | 73 | 2 | 992 | 27 | 3672
1896 | 1538 | 51 | 875 | 29 | 60 | 2 | 543 | 18 | 3016
1897 | 1049 | 65 | 355 | 22 | 32 | 2 | 177 | 11 | 1613
1898 | 1611 | 76 | 382 | 18 | 64 | 3 | 64 | 3 | 2121
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
Total |25435 | 73 | 4737 | 14 | 688 | 2 | 3921 | 11 |34781
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
[1] Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year
grouped under "all others" in the original tables.
TABLE IVB
JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF BALTIMORE, 1891 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY
OF NATIVITY
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
| | Per |Austria-| Per | | Per | | Per |
Year |Russia| cent|Hungary | cent|Roumania| cent|Others| cent| Total
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
1891 | 1423 | 90 | [1] | -- | [1] | -- | 158 | 10 | 1581
1892 | 4328 | 84 | 618 | 12 | 52 | 1 | 154 | 3 | 5152
1893 | 1388 | 70 | 232 | 12 | 19 | 1 | 302 | 17 | 1941
1894 | 1465 | 77 | 209 | 11 | 38 | 2 | 190 | 10 | 1902
1895 | 592 | 54 | 187 | 17 | 22 | 2 | 296 | 27 | 1097
1896 | 1013 | 51 | 576 | 29 | 40 | 2 | 357 | 18 | 1986
1897 | 908 | 65 | 307 | 22 | 28 | 2 | 154 | 11 | 1397
1898 | 1757 | 76 | 416 | 18 | 69 | 3 | 69 | 3 | 2311
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
Total |12874 | 74 | 2545 | 15 | 268 | 2 | 1680 | 9 |17367
-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------
[1] Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year
grouped under "all others" in the original tables.
TABLE V[1]
JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND
BALTIMORE, 1886 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITY
-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------+--------
| | Ports |
Year | Country of |----------+------------+-----------| Total
| nativity | New York |Philadelphia| Baltimore |
-------+-----------------+----------+------------+-----------+--------
1886 | Russia | 12874 | 1218 | -- | 14092
| Austria-Hungary | 5130 | 196 | -- | 5326
| Roumania | 485 | 33 | -- | 518
1887 | Russia | 21404 | 1699 | -- | 23103
| Austria-Hungary | 6636 | 262 | -- | 6898
| Roumania | 1977 | 86 | -- | 2063
1888 | Russia | 18784 | 1432 | -- | 20216
| Austria-Hungary | 5753 | 232 | -- | 5985
| Roumania | 1556 | 97 | -- | 1653
1889 | Russia | 17209 | 1129 | -- | 18338
| Austria-Hungary | 4873 | 125 | -- | 4998
| Roumania | 1016 | 42 | -- | 1058
1890 | Russia | 19557 | 1424 | -- | 20981
| Austria-Hungary | 6255 | 184 | -- | 6439
| Roumania | 428 | 34 | -- | 462
1891 | Russia | 39587 | 2447 | 1423 | 43457
| Austria-Hungary | 5890 | [1] | [1] | 5890
| Roumania | 854 | [1] | [1] | 854
1892 | Russia | 55996 | 3929 | 4328 | 64253
| Austria-Hungary | 7464 | 561 | 618 | 8643
| Roumania | 641 | 47 | 52 | 740
1893 | Russia | 20748 | 3025 | 1388 | 25161
| Austria-Hungary | 5612 | 519 | 232 | 6363
| Roumania | 493 | 43 | 19 | 555
1894 | Russia | 16331 | 2951 | 1465 | 20747
| Austria-Hungary | 5285 | 422 | 209 | 5916
| Roumania | 501 | 77 | 38 | 616
1895 | Russia | 14152 | 1983 | 592 | 16727
| Austria-Hungary | 5236 | 624 | 187 | 6047
| Roumania | 423 | 73 | 22 | 518
1896 | Russia | 17617 | 1538 | 1013 | 20168
| Austria-Hungary | 8380 | 875 | 576 | 9831
| Roumania | 644 | 60 | 40 | 744
1897 | Russia | 11106 | 1049 | 908 | 13063
| Austria-Hungary | 5010 | 355 | 307 | 5672
| Roumania | 456 | 32 | 28 | 516
1898 | Russia | 11581 | 1611 | 1757 | 14949
| Austria-Hungary | 6569 | 382 | 416 | 7367
| Roumania | 587 | 64 | 69 | 720
-------+-----------------+----------+------------+-----------+--------
Total | ------ | 380278 | 34781 | 17367 | 432426
-------+-----------------+----------+------------+-----------+--------
[1] See note to Tables IVa and IVb. For Tables VI and VII, see
pp. 93 and 94.
TABLE VIII
JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910, ABSOLUTE
NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES, BY DECADE AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITY
-------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------
| Absolute numbers | Percentages
Country of +-------+---------------+-------+-----+-----+------
nativity | | 1881- | 1891- | 1901- |1881-|1891-|1901-
| Total | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 |1890 |1900 |1910
-------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+-----+------
Russia |1119059| 135003| 279811| 704245| 69.9| 71.1| 72.1
Austria-Hungary | 281150| 44619| 83720| 152811| 23.1| 21.3| 15.7
Roumania | 67057| 6967| 12789| 47301| 3.6| 3.2| 4.8
United Kingdom | 42589| -- | -- | 42589| --| --| 4.4
Germany | 20454| 5354| 8827| 6273| 2.8| 2.3| .7
British North | | | | | | |
America | 9701| -- | -- | 9701| --| --| 1.0
Turkey | 5081| -- | -- | 5081| --| --| .5
France | 2273| -- | -- | 2273| --| --| .2
All others | 15436| 1078| 8369| 5989| .6| 2.1| .6
-------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+------------
Total |1562800| 193021| 393516| 976263|100.0|100.0|100.0
-------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+------------
TABLE IX
JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR
-------+-------------------+-------------------
Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total
-------+-------------------+-------------------
1881 | 3125 | 0.3
1882 | 10489 | 0.9
1883 | 6144 | 0.5
1884 | 7867 | 0.7
1885 | 10648 | 1.0
1886 | 14092 | 1.3
1887 | 23103 | 2.1
1888 | 20216 | 1.8
1889 | 18338 | 1.6
1890 | 20981 | 1.9
1891 | 43457 | 3.9
1892 | 64253 | 5.7
1893 | 25161 | 2.2
1894 | 20747 | 1.9
1895 | 16727 | 1.5
1896 | 20168 | 1.8
1897 | 13063 | 1.2
1898 | 14949 | 1.3
1899 | 24275 | 2.2
1900 | 37011 | 3.3
1901 | 37660 | 3.4
1902 | 37846 | 3.4
1903 | 47689 | 4.3
1904 | 77544 | 6.9
1905 | 92388 | 8.2
1906 | 125234 | 11.2
1907 | 114932 | 10.3
1908 | 71978 | 6.4
1909 | 39150 | 3.5
1910 | 59824 | 5.3
-------+-------------------+-------------------
Total | 1119059 | 100.0
-------+-------------------+-------------------
TABLE X
JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1887 to 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
1881-1890 | 135003 | 12.1
1891-1900 | 279811 | 25.0
1901-1910 | 704245 | 62.9
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
Total | 1119059 | 100.0
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
TABLE XI
JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JANUARY 1,
1891 TO DECEMBER 31, 1891, AND JANUARY 1, 1892 TO DECEMBER 31, 1892,
BY MONTH
(From reports of United Hebrew Charities of New York City, 1891 and
1892)
---------------+-----------------------
| Jewish immigrants
+----------+------------
Month | 1891 | 1892
---------------+----------+------------
January | 2179 | 3276
February | 2185 | 3057
March | 3150 | 2397
April | 2714 | 1468
May | 1225 | 1620
June | 8667 | 4028
July | 8253 | 5673
August | 9109 | 4842
September | 9422 | 1729
October | 5255 | 416
November | 3792 | 121
December | 4310 | 198
---------------+----------+------------
Total | 60261 | 28834
---------------+----------+------------
TABLE XII
TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881
TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL
--------+------------+------------+-------------
| Total | Jewish | Per cent of
| immigrants | immigrants | total
--------+------------+------------+-------------
1881 | 5041 | 3125 | Est.
1882 | 16918 | 10489 |
1883 | 9909 | 6144 | at
1884 | 12689 | 7867 |
1885 | 17158 | 10648 | 62.0
1886 | 17800 | 14092 | 79.2
1887 | 30766 | 23103 | 75.1
1888 | 33487 | 20316 | 60.4
1889 | 33916 | 18338 | 54.1
1890 | 35598 | 20981 | 58.9
| | |
1891 | 47426 | 43457 | 91.6
1892 | 81511 | 64253 | 78.8
1893 | 42310 | 25161 | 59.5
1894 | 39278 | 20747 | 52.8
1895 | 35907 | 16727 | 43.2
1896 | 51435 | 20168 | 39.2
1897 | 25816 | 13063 | 50.6
1898 | 29828 | 14949 | 50.1
1899 | 60982 | 24275 | 39.8
1900 | 90787 | 37011 | 40.8
| | |
1901 | 85257 | 37660 | 44.2
1902 | 107347 | 37846 | 35.3
1903 | 136093 | 47689 | 35.0
1904 | 145141 | 77544 | 53.4
1905 | 184897 | 92388 | 50.0
1906 | 215665 | 125234 | 58.1
1907 | 258943 | 114932 | 44.4
1908 | 156711 | 71978 | 45.9
1909 | 120460 | 39150 | 32.5
1910 | 186792 | 59824 | 32.1
--------+------------+------------+-------------
Total | 2315868 | 1119059 | 48.3
--------+------------+------------+-------------
TABLE XIII
TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881
TO 1910, BY DECADE, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL
------------+------------+------------+-------------
Decade | Total | Jewish | Per cent of
| immigrants | immigrants | total
------------+------------+------------+-------------
1881-1890 | 213282 | 135003 | 63.3
1891-1900 | 505280 | 279811 | 55.4
1901-1910 | 1597306 | 704245 | 44.1
------------+------------+------------+-------------
Total | 2315868 | 1119059 | 48.3
------------+------------+------------+-------------
TABLE XIV
IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1899 TO
1910, BY ANNUAL PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTION OF PRINCIPAL PEOPLES[1]
-------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+---------
| Finnish | German | Jewish | Lithuanian | Polish | Russian
-------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+---------
1899 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 39.8 | 11.2 | 25.4 | 2.7
1900 | 13.8 | 5.9 | 40.8 | 11.3 | 24.8 | 1.3
1901 | 11.7 | 6.6 | 44.2 | 10.0 | 25.2 | .8
1902 | 12.9 | 8.0 | 35.3 | 9.3 | 31.5 | 1.4
1903 | 13.8 | 7.7 | 35.0 | 10.6 | 29.1 | 2.6
1904 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 53.4 | 8.8 | 22.4 | 2.7
1905 | 9.0 | 3.6 | 50.0 | 9.5 | 25.5 | 1.8
1906 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 58.1 | 6.4 | 21.4 | 2.4
1907 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 44.4 | 9.6 | 28.2 | 6.2
1908 | 4.0 | 6.4 | 45.9 | 8.5 | 24.2 | 10.4
1909 | 9.3 | 6.5 | 32.5 | 12.1 | 31.4 | 7.6
1910 | 8.0 | 5.4 | 32.1 | 11.6 | 34.1 | 7.9
-------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+---------
Total | 8.5 | 5.8 | 43.8 | 9.6 | 27.0 | 4.4
-------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+---------
[1] From Immigration Commission: _Emigration Conditions in
Europe_, p. 338.
TABLE XV
RATE OF IMMIGRATION OF PEOPLES PREDOMINANT IN THE IMMIGRATION FROM
RUSSIA, 1899 TO 1910[1]
------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------
| |Average annual |
|Population in Russia|immigration to U.S.| Ratio of
People |1897 and in Finland |from Russia and | immigration
| 1900 combined |Finland 1899-1910 | to population
------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------
Jewish | 5082343[2] | 63794 | 1 to 79
Finnish | 2352990 | 12348 | 1 to 191
Polish | 7865437 | 39282 | 1 to 200
German | 1721387 | 8401 | 1 to 205
Lithuanian | 3077436 | 14062 | 1 to 212
Swedish | 349733 | 1135 | 1 to 308
Russian | 75434753 | 6530 | 1 to 11552
------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------
[1] Ibid., p. 339.
[2] The figure for the Jewish population in Russia as given in
_Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 339, is incorrect.
See Goldberg, _Juedische Statistik_, pages 266 and 270.
TABLE XVI
RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH
POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910
------+----------------------
Year | Ratio of immigration
------+----------------------
1899 | 47
1900 | 72
1901 | 74
1902 | 74
1903 | 93
1904 | 152
1905 | 181
1906 | 246
1907 | 226
1908 | 141
1909 | 77
1910 | 117
------+----------------------
Total | 125
------+----------------------
TABLE XVII
JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
1881-1890 | 6067 | 10.4
1891-1900 | 12789 | 19.1
1901-1910 | 47301 | 70.5
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
Total | 67057 | 100.0
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
TABLE XVIII
JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR
--------+-------------------+-------------------
Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total
--------+-------------------+-------------------
1881 | 30 | [1]
1882 | 65 | .1
1883 | 77 | .1
1884 | 238 | .3
1885 | 803 | 1.2
1886 | 518 | .8
1887 | 2063 | 3.1
1888 | 1653 | 2.5
1889 | 1058 | 1.6
1890 | 462 | .7
| |
1891 | 854 | 1.3
1892 | 740 | 1.1
1893 | 555 | .8
1894 | 616 | .9
1895 | 518 | .8
1896 | 744 | 1.1
1897 | 516 | .8
1898 | 720 | 1.1
1899 | 1343 | 2.0
1900 | 6183 | 9.2
| |
1901 | 6827 | 10.2
1902 | 6589 | 9.8
1903 | 8562 | 12.8
1904 | 6446 | 9.6
1905 | 3854 | 5.7
1906 | 3872 | 5.8
1907 | 3605 | 5.4
1908 | 4455 | 6.6
1909 | 1390 | 2.1
1910 | 1701 | 2.5
--------+-------------------+-------------------
Total | 67057 | 100.0
--------+-------------------+-------------------
[1] Below one-tenth per cent.
TABLE XIX
TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA,
1899 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL
--------+----------------+-----------------+-------------------
Year |Total immigrants|Jewish immigrants|Per cent of total
--------+----------------+-----------------+-------------------
1899 | 1606 | 1343 | 83.6
1900 | 6459 | 6183 | 95.7
1901 | 7155 | 6827 | 95.4
1902 | 7196 | 6589 | 91.6
1903 | 9310 | 8562 | 91.9
1904 | 7087 | 6446 | 91.0
1905 | 4437 | 3854 | 86.8
1906 | 4476 | 3872 | 86.5
1907 | 4384 | 3605 | 82.2
1908 | 5228 | 4455 | 85.2
1909 | 1590 | 1390 | 87.4
1910 | 2145 | 1701 | 79.3
--------+----------------+-----------------+-------------------
Total | 61073 | 54827 | 89.8
--------+----------------+-----------------+-------------------
TABLE XX
RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH
POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910[1]
--------+-----------------------
Year | Ratio of immigration
--------+-----------------------
1899 | 51
1900 | 238
1901 | 262
1902 | 253
1903 | 329
1904 | 246
1905 | 148
1906 | 149
1907 | 138
1908 | 171
1909 | 53
1910 | 65
--------+-----------------------
Total | 175
--------+-----------------------
[1] For Jewish population in Roumania _cf._ Ruppin, _The Jews of
To-Day_, p. 39.
TABLE XXI
JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
1881-1890 | 44619 | 15.9
1891-1900 | 83720 | 29.8
1901-1910 | 152811 | 54.3
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
Total | 281150 | 100.0
-----------+-------------------+-------------------
TABLE XXII
JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR, AND
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR
----------+-------------------+-------------------
Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total
----------+-------------------+-------------------
1881 | 2537 | .9
1882 | 2648 | .9
1883 | 2510 | .9
1884 | 3340 | 1.2
1885 | 3938 | 1.4
1886 | 5326 | 1.9
1887 | 6898 | 2.4
1888 | 5985 | 2.1
1889 | 4998 | 1.8
1890 | 6439 | 2.3
| |
1891 | 5890 | 2.1
1892 | 8643 | 3.1
1893 | 6363 | 2.3
1894 | 5916 | 2.1
1895 | 6047 | 2.2
1896 | 9831 | 3.5
1897 | 5672 | 2.0
1898 | 7367 | 2.6
1899 | 11071 | 3.9
1900 | 16920 | 6.0
| |
1901 | 13006 | 4.6
1902 | 12848 | 4.6
1903 | 18759 | 6.7
1904 | 20211 | 7.2
1905 | 17352 | 6.2
1906 | 14884 | 5.3
1907 | 18885 | 6.7
1908 | 15293 | 5.4
1909 | 8431 | 3.0
1910 | 13142 | 4.7
----------+-------------------+-------------------
Total | 281150 | 100.0
----------+-------------------+-------------------
TABLE XXIII
TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY
DECADE AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL
-----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------
Decade |Total immigrants|Jewish immigrants|Per cent of total
-----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------
1881-1890 | 353719 | 44619 | 12.6
1891-1900 | 592707 | 83720 | 14.1
1901-1910 | 2145266 | 158811 | 7.4
-----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------
Total | 3091692 | 281150 | 9.1
-----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------
TABLE XXIV
TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, AND
PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Year | Total immigrants | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total
----------+------------------+-------------------+------------------
1881 | 27935 | 2537 | Est.
1882 | 29150 | 2648 | at
1883 | 27625 | 2510 |
1884 | 36571 | 3340 | 9.0
1885 | 27309 | 3938 | 14.4
1886 | 28680 | 5326 | 18.6
1887 | 40265 | 6898 | 17.1
1888 | 45811 | 5985 | 13.1
1889 | 34174 | 4998 | 14.6
1890 | 56199 | 6439 | 11.5
| | |
1891 | 71042 | 5890 | 8.3
1892 | 76937 | 8643 | 11.2
1893 | 57420 | 6363 | 11.1
1894 | 38638 | 5916 | 15.3
1895 | 33401 | 6047 | 18.1
1896 | 65103 | 9831 | 15.1
1897 | 33031 | 5672 | 17.2
1898 | 39797 | 7367 | 18.5
1899 | 62401 | 11071 | 17.7
1900 | 114847 | 16920 | 14.7
| | |
1901 | 113390 | 13006 | 11.5
1902 | 171989 | 12848 | 7.5
1903 | 206011 | 18759 | 9.1
1904 | 177156 | 20211 | 11.4
1905 | 275693 | 17352 | 6.3
1906 | 265138 | 14884 | 5.6
1907 | 338452 | 18885 | 5.6
1908 | 168509 | 15293 | 9.1
1909 | 170191 | 8431 | 5.0
1910 | 258737 | 13142 | 5.1
----------+------------------+-------------------+------------------
Total | 3091692 | 281150 | 9.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------
TABLE XXV
PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTRIBUTED BY
PRINCIPAL PEOPLES, 1899 TO 1910[1]
--------+--------+--------+-----------
Year | Polish | Jewish | Ruthenian
--------+--------+--------+-----------
1899 | 18.7 | 17.7 | 2.2
1900 | 19.9 | 14.7 | 2.5
1901 | 17.9 | 11.5 | 4.7
1902 | 18.9 | 7.5 | 4.4
1903 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 4.8
1904 | 17.1 | 11.4 | 5.3
1905 | 18.4 | 6.3 | 5.2
1906 | 16.5 | 5.6 | 5.9
1907 | 17.6 | 5.6 | 7.0
1908 | 15.7 | 9.1 | 7.2
1909 | 21.4 | 5.0 | 9.0
1910 | 22.6 | 4.9 | 10.2
--------+--------+--------+-----------
Total | 18.6 | 7.8 | 6.2
--------+--------+--------+-----------
[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 373.
TABLE XXVI
RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, PER 10000 OF JEWISH
POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910[1]