ROUMANIAN LIFE.
The Roumanians seem to be a long-lived race, and it is no uncommon
thing to come across peasants of ninety and upwards, in full possession
of all their faculties. In 1882 an old Roumanian peasant, being called
as witness in a court of justice in Transylvania, and desired to state
his age, was, like many people of his class, unable to name the year
of his birth, and could only designate it approximately by saying,
“I remember that, when I was a boy, our emperor was a woman,” which,
as Maria Theresa died in 1780, could not have made him less than one
hundred and ten years of age.
Many people have supposed the Roumanians to be more productive than
other races, but the truth will more likely be found to be that
although the births are not more numerous than among many other
races, the mortality among infants is considerably less; the children
inheriting the hardy resisting nature of the parents, and so to say,
coming into the world ready-seasoned to endure the hardships in store
for them.
Perhaps it is because the Roumanian has himself so few wants that he
feels no anxiety about the future of his children, and therefore the
rapid increase of his family occasions him no uneasiness. Having little
personal property, he is a stranger to the cares which accompany their
possession. Like the lilies of the field, he neither sows nor reaps,
and the whole programme of his life, of an admirable simplicity, may be
thus summed up:
In early infancy the Roumanian babe is treated as a bundle, often
packed in a little wooden oval box, and slung on its mother’s back,
thus carried about wherever she goes. If to work in the field, she
attaches the box to the branch of a tree; and when sitting at market
it can be stowed on the ground between a basket of eggs and a pair
of cackling fowls. When after a very few months it outgrows the box,
and crawls out of its cocoon, the baby begins to share its parents’
food, and soon learns to manage for itself. The food of both children
and adults chiefly consists of maize-corn flour, which, cooked with
milk, forms a sort of porridge called balmosch, or, if boiled with
water, becomes mamaliga—first-cousin to the polenta of the Italians.
This latter preparation is eaten principally in Lent, when milk is
prohibited altogether; and there are many families who, during the
whole Lenten season, nourish themselves exclusively on dried beans.
When the Roumanian child has reached a reasonable age, it is old enough
to be a help and comfort to its parents, and assist them in gaining an
honest livelihood. By a reasonable age may be understood five or six,
and an honest livelihood, translated—helping them to steal wood in the
forest. Later on the boy is often bound over as swine or cow herd to
some Saxon landholder for a period of several years, on quitting whose
service he is entitled to the gift of a calf or pig from the master he
is leaving.
Once in actual possession of a calf the Roumanian lad considers
himself to be a made man. He has no ground of his own; but such petty
considerations not affecting him, he proceeds to build himself a
domicile, wherever best suits his purpose, on some waste piece of
land. Stone hardly ever enters into the fabrication of his building;
the framework is roughly put together of wooden beams, and the walls
clay-plastered and wattled, while the roof is covered with thatch of
reeds or wooden shingles, according as he may happen to live nearest
to a marsh or a forest. Yet, such as it is, the Roumanian’s hut is
his castle, and he is as proud of its possession as the King can be
of his finest palace. Each man’s hut is regarded as his own special
sanctuary, and however intimate a man may be with his neighbor, it is
not customary for him to step over the threshold, or even enter the
court-yard, after dusk. Only in special and very pressing cases does
this rule admit of any exception.
The inside of a Roumanian hut is by no means so miserable as its
outward appearance would lead us to suppose. The walls are all hung
with a profusion of holy pictures, mostly painted on glass and framed
in wood; while the furniture is brightly painted in rough but not
inartistic designs—the passion these people have for ornamenting
all their wood-work in this fashion leading them even to paint the
yoke of their oxen and the handles of their tools. There is always a
weaving-loom set up at one end of the room, and mostly a new-born baby
swinging in a basket suspended from the rafters.
The products of the loom—consisting in stuffs striped, chiefly blue,
scarlet, and white, in Oriental designs, sometimes with gold or silver
threads introduced in the weaving—are hung upon ropes or displayed
along the walls. These usually belong to the trousseau of the daughter
(perhaps the self-same infant we see suspended from the ceiling), but
can occasionally be purchased after a little bargaining.
Every Roumanian woman spins, dyes, and weaves as a matter of course;
and almost each village has its own set of colors and patterns,
according to its particular costume, which varies with the different
localities, though all partake alike of the same general character,
which, in the case of the women, is chiefly represented by a long
alb-like under-garment of linen reaching to the feet, and above two
straight-cut Roman aprons front and back, which have the effect of a
tunic slit up at the sides. The subject of Roumanian dress offers a
most bewildering field for description, and the _nuances_ and varieties
to be found would lead one on _ad infinitum_ were I to attempt to
enumerate all those I have come across.
[Illustration: ROUMANIAN COSTUMES.]
Thus in one village the costume is all black and white, the cut and
make of an almost conventual simplicity, forming a _piquante_ contrast
to the blooming faces and seductive glances of the beautiful wearers,
who thus give the impression of a band of light-hearted maidens
masquerading in nun’s attire. In other hamlets I have visited blue or
scarlet was the prevailing color; and a few steps over the Roumanian
frontier will show us glittering costumes covered with embroidery
and spangles, rich and gaudy as the attire of some Oriental princess
stepped straight out of the “Arabian Nights.”
The Roman aprons, here called _câtrinte_, are in some districts—as,
for instance, in the Banat—composed of long scarlet fringes, fully
three-quarters of a yard in length, and depending from a very few
inches of solid stuff at the top. The _résumé_ of this attire—a
linen shirt and a little fringe as sole covering for a full-grown
woman—may, in theory, be startling to our English sense of propriety,
but in practice the effect has nothing objectionable about it. Dress,
after all, is merely a matter of comparison, as we are told by a witty
French writer. A Wallachian woman considers herself fully dressed with
a _chemise_, while a Hungarian thinks herself naked with only three
skirts.
The head-dress varies much with the different districts; sometimes it
is a brightly colored shawl or handkerchief, oftener a creamy filmy
veil, embroidered or spangled, and worn with ever-varied effect;
occasionally it is wound round the head turban fashion, now floating
down the back like a Spanish mantilla, or coquettishly drawn forward
and concealing the lower part of the face, or again twisted up in
Satanella-like horns, which give the wearer a slightly demoniacal
appearance.
Whatever is tight or strained-looking about the dress is considered
unbeautiful; the folds must always flow downward in soft easy lines,
the sleeves should be full and bulging, and the skirt long enough to
conceal the feet, so that in dancing only the toes are visible.
The men have also much variety in their dress for grand occasions,
but for ordinary wear they confine themselves to a plain coarse linen
shirt, which hangs down over the trousers like a workman’s blouse,
confined at the waist by a broad red or black leather belt, which
contains various receptacles for holding money, pistols, knife and
fork, etc. The trousers, which fit rather tightly to the leg, are in
summer of linen, in winter of a coarse sort of white cloth. Of the same
cloth is made the large overcoat which he wears in winter, sometimes
replaced by a sheepskin pelisse.
Both sexes wear on the feet a sort of sandal called _opintschen_, which
consists of an oval-shaped piece of leather drawn together by leather
thongs, beneath which the feet are swaddled in wrappings of linen or
woollen rags.
Dress makes the man, according to the Roumanian’s estimate, and rather
than want for handsome clothes a man should deprive himself of food
and drink. _Stomacul nu are oglinda_ (the stomach has no mirror), says
their proverb; therefore the man who has no fitting costume to wear on
Easter Sunday should hide himself rather than appear at church shabbily
attired.
[Illustration: ROUMANIAN WOMEN.]
To be consistent with the Roumanian’s notion of cleanliness, his
clothes should by rights be spun, woven, and made at home. Sometimes
he may be obliged to purchase a cap or coat of a stranger, but in such
cases he is careful to select a dealer of his own nationality.
Roumanian women are very industrious, and they make far better domestic
servants than either Hungarians or Saxons, the Germans living in towns
often selecting them in preference to their own countrywomen. In some
places you never see a Roumanian woman without her distaff; she even
takes it with her to market, and may frequently be seen trudging along
the high-road twirling the spindle as she goes.
The men do not seem to share this love of labor, having, on the
contrary, much of the Italian _lazzarone_ in their composition, and not
taking to any kind of manual labor unless driven to it by necessity.
The life of a shepherd is the only calling which the Roumanian embraces
_con amore_, and his love for his sheep may truly be likened to the
Arab’s love of his horse. A real Roumanian shepherd, bred and brought
up to the life, has so completely identified himself with his calling
that everything about him—food and dress, mind and matter—has, so to
say, become completely “sheepified.” Sheep’s milk and cheese (called
_brindza_) form the staple of his nourishment. His dress consists
principally of sheepskin, four sheep furnishing him with the cloak
which lasts him through life, one new-born lamb giving him the cap he
wears; and when he dies the shepherd’s grave is marked by a tuft of
snowy wool attached to the wooden cross above the mound. His whole
mental faculties are concentrated on the study of his sheep, and so
sharpened have his perceptions become in this one respect that he is
able to divine and foretell to a nicety every change of the weather,
merely from observing the demeanor of his flock.
Forests have no charm for the shepherd, who, regarding everything
from a pastoral point of view, sees in each tree an insolent intruder
depriving his sheep of their rightful nourishment; and he covertly
seeks to increase his pasture by setting fire to the woods whenever he
can hope to do so with impunity. Whole tracts of noble forest have thus
been laid waste, and it is much to be feared that half a century hence
the country will present a bleak and desolate appearance, unless some
means can be discovered in order to prevent this abuse.