RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES
In order to fully understand the anomalous position occupied by Church
and State in the Spanish-American republics, it will be well to go back
several centuries and study for a moment the development of the clerical
policy of Spain, and its relations with the Church of Rome. With the
discovery of the New World, the Church was placed in a position where
it felt called upon to do something which it was next to impossible to
undertake independently. It felt the responsibility of evangelizing
the heathen in the newly-discovered countries, and yet it appreciated
its inability to assume this burden, because it had not the means to
propagate religion amongst a hostile people, which could only be advanced
efficiently by means of a costly expedition. Hence it was necessary for
the Holy See to proceed to convert the inhabitants of the New World
through ecclesiastics, or other persons who followed the invading forces.
In compliance with this view the Pope issued the famous bull of
Alexander VI, in 1493, which is in part as follows: “We give, concede
and assign them (lands in the New World) in perpetuity to you and the
Kings of Castile and of Leon, your heirs and successors: and we make,
constitute and depute you and your heirs and successors, the aforesaid,
lords of these lands, with free, full and absolute power, authority and
jurisdiction.”[2] This absolute power granted to Spain was not used
against the Church, as subsequent events showed, for the priests and
monks everywhere accompanied the soldiers, and conquests of the civil
power were invariably attended with at least the nominal conversion
of the natives to Christianity. This alliance placed in the absolute
power of the king of Spain the privilege to name the priests, or other
ecclesiastics, who might accompany the expeditions, and gave him
absolute power over their work. All causes of friction between bishops,
priests and other dignitaries were decided alone by the sovereign or
his representatives in the New World, although it might be regarded
entirely as a spiritual matter. Under the interpretation given to this
papal authority, the King of Spain had it within his power to define the
boundaries of the archbishoprics and bishoprics, and the Church was even
compelled to secure his consent for the erection of vicarages, churches,
monasteries, convents and other places for religious worship.
One decree of the King of Spain, which is similar to many others, reads
as follows: “We wish and command that there shall not be created,
instituted, founded or conceded any cathedral or parochial church,
monastery, hospital, votive church, or any other pious or religious place
without our express command, or that of the person who shall have our
authority of commission for this purpose.” And again, “That there shall
not be instituted or established any archbishopric, dignitary, canonry,
prebend, benefice, curacy, or any other benefice or ecclesiastical or
religious office without our consent or presentation.” At another time it
was decreed: “If in effect, or by dissimulation, any person shall make
or begin to make any of these edifices without this prerequisite the
viceroys, audiencas or governors shall cause them to be demolished, and
everything reduced to its previous state without cause or delay.” For
the erection of the cathedral churches the royal treasury contributed
one-third.
These privileges were at first jealously guarded by the royal
authorities. In maintaining the right of patronage the civil courts were
given jurisdiction instead of the ecclesiastical courts, which likewise
gave the civil authorities an advantage. There was in each bishopric,
however, an ecclesiastical court over whose decision appeal might be made
to the archbishop. The cases which might be brought before this court
were those which concerned tithes, patronages, marriages, legitimation,
funerals, donations to churches and such other pious matters. If a
case arose in which a layman brought action against a priest, this was
tried before an ecclesiastical church, but, if a priest brought action
against a layman, the cause was tried before a secular tribunal. The
Church likewise had a general council, which was composed of a number
of archbishops, cardinals and other high church officials. It was the
general aim of the Church to have the ecclesiastical division correspond
with the civil divisions of the territory, thus making the political
capitals also the seats of religious authorities, although there were
exceptions to this rule. One of these was in Chile, where, although the
captaincy-general of Chile was independent of the vice-royalty of Peru,
yet the Bishop of Santiago was subservient to the Archbishop of Lima.
Thus at every step in the administration of ecclesiastical affairs in
America, the authority and domination of the civil power was recognized.
In the first century of the colonial period the Archbishop of Lima was
the metropolitan for all of South America under Spanish rule, but this
was later divided.
Wherever the Spaniards established themselves in America, they made
the natives serfs, and forced them to approximately unrequited labour.
Looking upon these natives as an inferior race, it soon became
unpopular among the Spaniards to perform any labour which might be
considered menial. This made the opportunities for profitable employment
comparatively scarce. The doors of the monasteries were always open,
however, and the life within the cloisters, although seemingly one
of self abnegation and denial, in reality offered opportunities for
intellectual development, for vague contemplation and day dreaming, and
also a chance to enjoy more of the things of the world than fell to the
lot of the average man outside of the cloistered walls. Furthermore,
the fact that the ecclesiastical offices were at the disposal of the
representatives of the Crown gave opportunities to those persons to
favour friends who wore the cloak of the Church, which they could not
do if the same persons were following secular pursuits, because of the
limited number of positions at their disposal in civil life. Hence it
was that the ranks of the ecclesiastics came to be recruited not so much
from those who were religiously inclined, as from those who sought ease,
indulgence in the appetites and passions, and were ambitious for power
and authority.
A century after the beginning of Spanish rule, the missionaries on the
frontier had lost their enthusiasm to make converts, and thereafter
assisted in advancing the civilization of the natives very little. The
cupidity of those priests, who were not noted for their piety, was
excited by the opportunities which their position gave them. There were
numerous opportunities to charge fees and perquisites for the services
required of them, and they took full advantage of it. Furthermore, they
sold to the Indians various articles, such as rosaries and images, at
an enormous profit, and persuaded them to labour upon their buildings
and in their little settlements without compensation other than a bare
living. Likewise many persons who had acquired great wealth in the New
World, but had probably lived reckless and immoral lives, when nearing
the end of life were anxious to secure absolution for their sins, and as
short an experience as possible in the purgatory of the next world. The
representatives of the Church urged upon them the necessity of giving
all of their worldly goods into its keeping, in return for the desired
absolution. The mysticism with which the Church surrounded itself was
favourable to the securing of such a boon, and the monastic and convent
orders accordingly accumulated great wealth.
Thus it was that the power of the Church in the later period of colonial
rule was greatly increased through the accumulation of wealth, and
through the access to its ranks of men who were influenced by political
and covetous, rather than pious principles. After a century or more from
the beginning of Spanish rule the church dignitaries were able to a
great extent to defy the civil authorities. As a natural consequence, the
civil authorities then sought the aid and influence of the ecclesiastics.
The evil effects of these various influences upon the Church can be
traced down even to the present time in Chile, as well as the other
countries in South America. Most of the political troubles have been
the result of friction between the conservatives, who were aided by the
Church, and the liberals, who were intent upon restricting the power of
that body.
[Illustration: A CHILEAN PRIEST.]
The wealth of the Catholic Church in Chile is still enormous, even after
a considerable portion of it has been taken by the government for public
uses. Many of the public school and college buildings were formerly the
property of the Jesuit or other monastic order. It is said that the
church property in Santiago alone is worth not less than one hundred
million dollars in gold. It owns some of the best business blocks, as
well as hundreds of houses, and great _haciendas_ upon which wine is
manufactured and other products raised. A great part of this wealth is
owned by the various orders established in the country. The Carmelite
nuns of Santiago are a very wealthy organization and possess an enormous
income. These nuns never allow their faces to be seen by men. The
monastic order, known as the Dominican Friars, is also a very wealthy
body. They dress in black hats and gowns, with white flannel undergowns
which reach clear to the feet. This gives them quite a strange appearance
to one not familiar with the sight of such costumes worn by religious
orders.
The Catholic Church of the west coast of South America is less liberal
than on the east coast. The reason for this condition, probably, is that
it has been less influenced by outside causes, because of the comparative
isolation of the countries and remoteness from Europe. One will find
still less liberality as you proceed along the west coast from Chile
northward. In Chile, there is an element of tolerance towards other forms
of worship, at least on the part of the officials. Protestant churches
exist in nearly all of the towns of any size, and quite a number of
mission workers are busily engaged in spreading their doctrines. In
Peru, a few Protestant congregations exist. They are not allowed to
own churches, and their congregations are gathered together by printed
invitations, which is simply a means of evading the letter of the law
that is permitted by the authorities. In Ecuador, although the government
attempts to observe religious tolerance, yet the power of the priesthood
is so strong that Protestant workers outside of Quito and Guayaquil are
oftentimes exposed to danger of violence.
“The religion of the republic of Chile is the Roman Apostolic Catholic
to the exclusion of any other.” These are the words of the Constitution
of Chile, which thus gives to the Roman Catholic Church the protection
and support of the government. Nevertheless religious freedom prevails
for, by an act of July 27, 1865, it was established that those who do
not profess the Roman Catholic religion are allowed to worship within
the enclosure of private buildings, and are permitted to establish and
maintain schools in the doctrine of their respective faiths. From a
religious standpoint the republic is divided into one archbishopric,
three bishoprics and two vicarages. The cathedral at Santiago is the
church of the archbishop, and a magnificent residence for his use stands
alongside of the church. The bishoprics are known as Serena, Concepción
and Ancud. Two ecclesiastical vicarages have been established at
Antofagasta and Tarapacá.
The Catholic Church in Chile, however, is as different from the same
church in the United States as it is possible for two branches of the
same general head to be. There is no spirit of liberality, and no general
purpose to recognize religious freedom except as it is compelled by
law. The influx of foreigners has naturally modified things to some
extent, because many of those coming in have been members of Protestant
denominations, but the old condition of affairs has not yet been entirely
eradicated.
It is the women who support the Church, and they are intense devotees of
its worship. The men are generally absolutely indifferent to religion in
any form. As a prominent Chilean gentleman told me, “we leave the women
attend to the religious duties.” This statement seemed to be borne out
by the facts, as a number of visits to different churches at the hour of
mass showed that not one out of perhaps fifteen or twenty present were
men. The others were entirely women, girls and small children. The power
of the priesthood over the women is very strong, and it is in this way
that they exert whatever influence they have, as the women will blindly
do anything that the priests advise them to do.
This condition of affairs would be less reprehensible, if every member of
the priesthood was an intelligent and proper person. It is an unfortunate
fact, however, that many members of the priesthood come from the lower
strata of society, rather than from the higher. They are persons of
low intelligence, rather than men of high attainments. To this class
of priests is due many of the strange practices which one will find
in the churches, or see done in the name of the Church in the remote
districts. Some of the processions are so grotesque that they seem
almost ridiculous, and certainly would not have the direct approval of
the Pontiff. As one of the priests said: “The ignorant people of these
regions are fond of demonstrations in which they can participate, and
it does them more good to carry a banner and walk in a procession than
you can imagine. If the Church does not provide such amusements, the
politicians will do so, and it is very important that we keep our people
under our own control.” It is upon this theory, that the ignorant natives
demand these public processions, that they are permitted to exist. But
the fact that they also provide a considerable source of revenue probably
has something to do with their continuation as well.
In the city of Santiago a festival is held each year, which is a fair
illustration of the origin of many of these local celebrations. On
the fifth of May, 1848, there occurred in that city a most disastrous
earthquake. It was learned that a woman in that city, who had been
disgusted with the refusal of her particular saint to answer her prayers,
tore the image from the altar, and, stripping it of its decorations,
threw it into the street. At that very moment the earthquake began.
As it happened, however, a priest who was hurrying away from danger
saw the image, picked it up and carried it into a neighbouring church,
where it was reverently placed upon an altar. At that very moment the
earthquake ceased, and so from that time to this the fifth of May is
a holiday, which is second in importance only to Independence Day. It
used to be that this image was taken from the altar on these occasions,
carried through the streets under a scarlet canopy, and was followed by
a procession which included the president of the republic, his cabinet,
members of congress, justices, archbishop, bishop and all of the other
prelates of the Church and thousands of people with bands of music and
regiments of soldiers. This saint became known as Saint Cinco de Mayo
(Saint Fifth of May), because the woman who threw it into the street
and her family were killed in the earthquake, and it was impossible to
ascertain what particular saint it was originally intended to represent.
In recent years, however, this celebration has lost much of its
importance, although the Church still recognizes it as a regular holiday
in its calendar.
The high fees charged for the services of the Church have been much
criticized, and deservedly so. In most places not a single service will
be performed without the payment of the fee in advance. This is specially
to be condemned in the case of the fees that are charged for marriages.
Although a marriage to be legal in Chile must have a civil ceremony,
for which only a small charge is made, yet those who are devoted to the
Church consider the religious ceremony the essential one. As the priests
will not perform this ceremony without the regular fee being paid, which
amounts to several dollars, and the contracting parties do not consider
the civil ceremony as of any value, because they are so instructed
by the priesthood, the result is that neither ceremony is performed,
and an injustice is done to all parties concerned. Even in the higher
circles great confusion sometimes arises where the man, for instance,
considers the civil ceremony necessary, and the woman, under the advice
of her counsellor, is not willing to have it performed. The result has
been considerable confusion, and also has made the Church and civil
authorities unnecessarily opposed to each other in many instances.
Many claim that South America is not a legitimate field for Protestant
missionary work. Their theory is that the country was at one time
evangelized by missionaries, and therefore should not be touched by other
missionary effort. The fact is that religious conditions in South America
savour much of the darkness of the Middle Ages. There is to-day an
unbelief and utter indifference to spiritual things among the men, which
is hard to realize until one has had actual contact with it. Whatever
effort can better these conditions, and thereby improve the morals of
the people, should be encouraged. The Roman Catholics pursue their
efforts among the strongest Protestant countries, and they should not be
criticized for so doing. If they can reach a class or element that has
not been touched by Protestant effort, they are thereby doing good for
that nation and the world in general. True religion and true Christianity
should be recognized and encouraged under whatever name it may be found.
It would be far better if the Catholic Church in Chile, and other South
American countries, would welcome the Protestant ministers, and join
hands with them in their efforts to raise the standards of living among
the people.
One will find signs of the Protestant invasion of Chile from Arica,
in the extreme north, to Tierra del Fuego. The movement has generally
been accompanied by educational enterprise, of which there are several
splendid examples in Chile. One of these is the American College for
Girls, and the Instituto Ingles, an institution for boys, both of which
are in Santiago. The former, which is under the control and direction
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, has achieved more than a national
reputation in Chile, and many of the very best families send their girls
to that college for their education. It is recognized as giving the very
best education that can be obtained in the Republic, and the enrollment
has included the names of the children of presidents of the republic,
and many others in high authority. The same may be said of the latter
institution, which is under the control of the American Presbyterian
Church, and which is always crowded to its utmost capacity, with many
names upon the waiting list who cannot be accommodated. The patrons of
the two institutions understand that the schools are Protestant schools,
that the Bible is read and studied, that morning prayers are compulsory,
but beyond that the students are at liberty to attend any religious
services that may be desired by the parents. Outside of the regular
religious services, no effort is made to alienate the students from the
church in which they have been baptized. The Methodists also conduct
grammar schools at Concepción and Iquique, and schools of the primary
and lower grammar grades at other places. In all more than fifty day
schools are conducted by these two denominations. The work that has been
begun is a beneficial one in a moral way, and the results have been very
satisfactory to those engaged in the work.
At the present time the American Presbyterian and the Methodist Episcopal
Churches are the only American denominations that are aggressively
doing missionary work in Chile. The former began their work in 1873,
and the latter in 1878. The Methodists have thirty missionaries and a
large number of native workers assisting them, and have established
fifty-eight stations. The Presbyterians have twenty-six missionaries, and
these workers, together with native helpers, are at work in sixty-five
different communities. Both in Valparaiso and Santiago there is a Union
Church, to which members of various Protestant bodies come for the
religious services, and both of these churches are doing a very effective
work.
The Protestant Anglican Church was the first to begin any evangelistic
work in Chile. Its first mission was established more than sixty years
ago. They began work in the extreme south, and still have stations
on Tierra del Fuego for the Indians. They also have churches at
Santiago, Valparaiso, Iquique, Concepción and Punta Arenas for the
English-speaking people who live in those cities.
The American and British Bible Societies have aggressively spread over
the country. The colporteurs of these societies have gone up and down
over the country, by train and coach, on foot and mule-back, with copies
of the Scriptures in various languages. These books are sold for a very
small sum, and, if the person is too poor to buy, they are freely given.
The work has not always been easy or pleasant, for such deep prejudice is
oftentimes encountered that insults and little indignities have followed.